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Ing. José Napoleón Irigoyen Programa Nacional de Frutas de El Salvador. Se permite la reproducción total o parcial de este documento por medios impresos o electrónicos, haciendo referencia a la fuente. Primera e dición Primera consta de 1,000 ejemplar ejemplares es Santa Tecla, El Salvador, junio de 2004
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Í N D I C E D E C O N T EN I D O I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI.
I N TR T R O D U C CI C I Ó N . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .4 .4 VARIABILIDA DAD D FENOTÍ NOTÍPI PIC CA...... ............ ............ ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ .......5 .5 O RI R I G EN EN . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. 5 D IS ISTRIBU C IÓ IÓ N . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . 5 ZONAS ZONA S POTE POTENC NCIIALES DE PR PRODUCC ODUCCIIÓN.... ÓN...... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... ...6 .6 N O M BR BRES C O M U N ES ES. .. . . .. . . .. . . . ... . .. . . .. . . .. . . . ... . .. . . .. . . .. . . . ... . .. . . .. . . . ... . .. . . .. . . .. . . . ... . .. . . .. . . .. . . . ... . .6 .6 ASPE PECT CTO O S BOT OTÁ ÁNI NICOS COS.... ........ ........ ........ ......... .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .....7 .7 SUE UEL LO Y CL CLIIMA MA...... ............. .............. ............. ............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ........9 .9 VARIED AD AD ES ES. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . ... . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . 1 0 P RO RO P AG AG AC AC IÓ N . . . .... . .... ... . . .... ... . . .... ... . . .... ... . . .... ... . . .... ... . . .... ... . . .... . .... ... . . .... ... . . .... ... . . .... ... . . .... .1 .1 0 ESTABLECI CIMI MIE ENT NTO O DE DEL L CULT CULTIVO........ O............. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .....16 16 MANE MA NEJJO DE LA PL PLA ANT NTA ACI CIÓ Ó N....... N............. ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........20 ..20 C O SE S EC H A. A. . . . ... . . . . ... . . . ... . . . . ... . . . ... . . . . ... . . . ... . . . . ... . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . ... . . . . ... . . . ... . . 2 8 U SO S O S . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .3 .3 0 MER ME RCADO...... DO.......... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ ........ ....... .....32 ..32 BIBLIOG RAFÍA.... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .......... ........32 ...32
ÍND ICE DE CUADROS CUADR CUA DRO O 1: Cl Clasif asificación icación taxonómica de las anon as........... as............................ ......................7 .....7 CUADR CUA DRO O 2 : Cr Cronograma onograma de acti activi vidades dades para injer injertaci tación ón de plantas de anonas en vivero..................................................................14 CUADR CUA DRO O 3: Dis Distanci tanciamient amientoo de d e siembra siembra recomendados en anona di diver versi siffoli olia... a....16 .16 CUA UADR DRO O 4: 4:
Rec ecome omenda ndaci cione oness de fer erttiliza zaci ción ón par paraa an anona ona di divver erssifol oliia. a... .... .... .... ..21 21
CUADR CUA DRO O 5: Enf nfermedades ermedades más frecuent frecuentes es e importancia importancia de la anona............ anona.............24 .24 CUADR CUA DRO O 6: Pl Plagas agas insect insectil iles es importantes importantes en el cu lt ltiivo de la anona............ anona................ ........ ....24 24 CUADR CUA DRO O 7: Resumen del proceso de estableci establecimient mientoo y producción del cultivo de la anona..................................................................26 CUADR CUA DRO O 8: Pr Proyecci oyección ón de rendi rendimient mientos os promedio promedio de anona div divers ersif ifoli oliaa
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AUTO RI RIDAD DAD ES DEL M AG Lic. Ma rio Salaverría Ministro Minist ro de Agricu Agricu ltltura ura y G ana dería
Ing. Em Em ililio io Suad i V icic e - M i n isis trtr o d e A g r icic u l t u r a y G a n a d e r íaía
IICA D r. Keith Keith L. Andre w s
PRESENTACIÓN El Gobierno de El Salvador, a través del M Min inist istee rio d e Agricu Ag ricu ltu ra y Gan ade ría (MAG), en coordinación con el Institutoo Intera Institut Inte ram m ericano de Coop Cooperación eración para la la Agricultura (IICA), en el marco ma rco de d e la políti p olítica ca de apo apoyo yo a la div d iversif ersificac icación ión del agro, y con fondos provenientes de la privatización de ANTEL, decide dar un fuerte impulso a la producción de frutas en el país, por medio del Programa Nacional de Frutas de El Salvador (FRUTAL ES).
Represen tante d e IICA IICA en El Salvador Salvador
Ing. Joge Joge Escoba r d e León C o o r d i n a d o r Pr Pr o g ra ra m a
F R U T A L ES
Lic. José José G il Ma gañ a O r ga ga n i z a c ió ió n y M e r c a d o s
Ing. Melisa Domínguez Poscosecha y Agroindustria
Ing. René Pére z P r o d u c c i ó n y Te Te c n o l o g ía ía
Lic. Carlos Fuentes Gestión Financiera
Lic. Fern Fern and o Anto nio Alas C o m u n i c a c i ó n y D i fu fu s i ó n
EQ U IPO D E ESPE SPECIAL CIALIST ISTAS AS Ing. Me dard o Antonio Lizano Lizano Especialista en Cocotero
Ing. Mau rici ricioo d e Jesús Vane gas Espec ialis ialista ta en Cítr Cítricos icos
Ing.. Antonio Galdáme z Cácere s Ing Es p e c i a l isis ta ta e n M a r a ñ ó n
Ing. Vl Vladimir adimir H um berto Bai Baiza za Espec Es pec iali ialista sta en Fr Frutas utas N ativ ativas as
Ing. Vi Vicen cen te G arcía Ma rtínez
El objetivo del Programa es aumentar la capacidad del sector agrícola para contribuir con la diversificación, el crecimiento econó mico de l país, la generación de div divis isas, as, la creación de fuentes de empleo y el mejoramiento del medio med io ambiente. El El Progr Programa ama se desarrolla desarrolla co n un enfoque de cadena agro exportadora, siendo el mercado el orientador de las decisi de cisiones ones de producc ión y quien de fine los cultivos cultivos que se de ben promover. promover. El cultivo de la anona manifiesta una demanda con crecimiento significativo e importante en el mercado nacional, además, El Salvador presenta un alto porcentaje de tierras aptas para establecer plantaciones de tipo comercial. En El Salvador, la mayoría de plantaciones son del tipo “Patio” sin ningún manejo agronómico, por tal razón FRUTAL ES quiere colaborar con aquellos productores interesados inter esados en establecer y manejar plantaciones come rci rciales ales de anona, en tal sentido se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y consultas a productores, obteniendo como resultado la Guía Técnica del Cultivo de la Anona. En dicha guía se ha considerado información útil sobre las generalidade generali dadess del de l cultivo, cultivo, aspectos botánicos, requeri reque rimientos mientos agroclimáticos, zonificación del cultivo, propagación, plagas, usos de la ano na, co st stos os de e st stablecimient ablecimientoo y producción, entre otros.
Espec Es pec ialis ialista ta en Viveros
EDICIÓN Ing. Jorge Jorge Escob ar de Leó n
En esta oportunidad el Programa FRUTAL ES se complace en presentar al sector agrícola de El Salvador, la Guía Técnica del Cultivo Cultivo de la Anona , esperando que la misma sirv sirva de orientación a los productores y al mismo tiempo despierte
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I. IN TRO D U CCIÓ CCIÓN N La familia Annonaceae, está compuesta aproximadamnte por 2,300 especies, alrededor de 300 a 400 especies producen frutos comestibles, de formas muy variadas; estas especies corresponden a unos 35 géneros. La mayoría son frutos de subsistencia en la selva, sin embargo, existen algunas decenas que ofrecen frutos de excelente calidad, los que merecen mayor investi investigación. gación. Alg Algunas unas ti tienen enen , ademá a demá s del uso alimenticio, el potencial medicinal, insecticida, perfumería, condimentario y ornamental. La palabra Annonaceae, se deriva del latín y signif sig nifica: ica: “la cosecha anua l” l”,, de los 121 géne ros totales total es de ano nácea s, solo solo 4 co nti ntienen enen e species de importancia económica en la fruticultura mode rna, e stas son: Annon Annon a, Rolli ollinia, nia, U var varia ia y Asimia. El El género Annona , es el má s importante en la fruticultura , y contiene alrededor de 60 especies, muchas much as de ellas comestibles, comestibles, incluyendo incluyendo la anona, la guanaba y la chirimoya. Las anonas son frutas tropicales, en nuestro país se encuentran 9 especies diferentes, siendo las más comunes comu nes y de mayor import importancia ancia económica: ec onómica: la anona de casti castill lla, a, anona rosada, anona blanca, blanca , la guanaba y la anona colorada.
La anona (Annona diversifolia) , a pesar de ser muy apetecida en El Salvador, no se encuentra desarrollada como un cultivo comercial y es plantada generalmente en los patios patios de las casas, como una “planta de recolección”, sin sin mayores prácticas de manejo; a esto contribuye, la falta de financiamiento, apoyo técnico y promoción del cultivo, a pesar de ser considerado uno de los frutos más finos y con pulpa de excelente calidad. Otros factores que contribuyen negativamente a su desarrollo son: Falta de identificación de materiales de alta productividad, semillas de difícil germinación (al presente se conocen métodos que mejoran la germinación) ger minación),, poco poc o conocimientos co nocimientos de las prácticas de propagación asexual (recientemente se ha iniciado la propagación a través de injertación), entre otras. Los frutos de la Anona (Annona diversifolia) , presentan una gran variedad en color de cáscara y pulpa, y en sabor, sabor, por lo que se ha ce ne cesario conocer la diversidad presente, con el propósito de seleccionar materiales sobresalientes.
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II. VARIABIL VARIA BILIDA IDAD D FEN O TÍPIC TÍPICA A
Dive rsidad de fru to s, in clu cluso so en la f orm a de d e rajar cuando alcanza alcanza su completa m adurez.
La Anona Anona presenta un a diversidad diversidad d e c olores de pulpa, que pueden ser: púrpura, rosada cremo sa y b lanca. Esta variabilidad variabilidad fenotípica, se localiza desde el sur de México, hasta Centro América. La cáscara, presenta diferentes texturas, de lisas a rugosas; según la forma del fruto, se encuentran de forma acorazonada, cónicas, ovaladas y redondas; en cuanto a las protuberancias o prominencias de la cáscara, varían var ían de poco perceptibl perceptibles es a muy m uy pronunciadas, generalmente esta cualidad se relaciona con la cantidad de d e e ll llas as por superf superficie, icie, las pronunciadas generalmente son de mayor tamañ tamañ o y de men or densidad, por el contrario las de poca pronunciación, son de menor tamaño y por consiguiente de alta densidad o presencia en la cáscara.
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Figura 1: Áreas p ote ncial nciales es p ar araa siem bra de anon a en El Salvador Salvador..
Fuente: MAG Elaboración: Ing. José Napoleón Irigoyén Ing. Mauricio de Jesús Vanegas Vanegas Criterios: Agrología y Altitud
D IS T R I BU C I Ó N EN EL S A LV A D O R Las principales zonas “anoneras de El Salvador son: las áreas geográficas o Franjas: Tacuba – Cara Sucia – Guayman G uaymango go (Ahua (Ahuacha chapán pán)); El El Congo, El Resbaladero – Tacachico (Santa Ana – La Libertad); Mizata – La Libertad (La Libertad); Berlín
– Mercedes Umaña – Estanzuelas (Usulután); Tonacatepeque – Guazapa (San Salvador); Iloba lobasco sco – Jutiapa Jutiapa – El El Guayabo Guayab o (Cabañas); (Cabañ as); toda toda s ellas caracterizadas por poseer árboles silvestres o cultivados en patios y áreas marginales, sin manejo técnico y con énfasis en la recolección de frutos.
V. ZONAS POTENCIALES DE PRODUCCIÓN
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VII. ASPECTOS BOTÁNICOS El género Annona posee 60 especies, este se caracteriza por poseer frutos compuestos o sincarpos, estos también son también llamados frutos colectivos colectivos o concrescentes, concresce ntes, en los que todas las flores flores de u na inf inflorescencia lorescencia pa rt rticipan icipan en el desarrollo desarrol lo de una estr estructura uctura que pa rece un solo fruto, pero que en realidad está formada por muchos frutos, siendo las especies Annona cherimolla, Annona muricata y la Annona diversif div ersifolia olia las de mayor importancia com ercial.
En nuestro país, la Annona diversifolia es muy conocida y es muy importante por ser la más apetecida; la Annona muricata, tiene muy poca presencia com o fruta fruta fresca fresca en el mercad o na cional, la Anno Anno na cherimolla, no e s cultivada cultivada en nue st stro ro país, principalmente principalmente p or la exigencia exigencia de cond ici iciones ones climáticas, sin sin em bargo, se po dría cultivar cultivar en área geográficas especiales como en Las Pilas, Chalatenango. La clasificación taxonómica de las anonas se presenta en el cuadro1.
Cuadro 1: Cl Clasi asificaci ficación ón taxon óm ica de las anonas. Clasi Cl asificaci ficación ón Taxonóm ica Fa m ilia : G é n e ro : Esp e c ie s:
An o n á c e a s An n o n a m u ric a ta : re tic u la ta gla b ra sq u a m o sa p u rp ú re a d ive rsifo lia Ch e rim o lla
N om bres Com Comune uness
Guanaba, Guanábana An o n a Co lo ra d a , Po sh te An o n a d e Ma n gla r, An o n a b la n c a An o n a Silve stre , An o n a Bayu n c a Sin c u ya , sa n c o ya An o n a d e Ca stilla , Ro sa d a , Ro ja y Blanca lanca,, Ilama Ilama,, Papa Papause. use. Ch irim o ya , An o n a d e Mo n ta ñ a .
Figura 2: Diferentes especies de anonáceas
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RAÍZ RA ÍZ:: La raíz de la anona es del tipo pivotante, lo que le permite permite a la planta una un a bue na fijación fijación a suelos con condiciones de marginalidad, aún en aquellos que presentan un alto grado de pedregosidad, volviéndose por lo tanto plantas menos exigentes en cuan cuanto to a suelos, que qu e otr o tros os cultivos cultivos comerciales.
semillas. La semillas. La cáscara cá scara es gruesa y coriácea, coriáce a, de color verde a rojo cenizo, con apariencia polvosa, al igual que la parte inferior de las hojas.
TALLO: Son arbustos relativamente pequeños con copa abierta, ya que su tallo tiende a ramificarse desde su base, sin emba rg rgoo presentan un eje principal dominante, su ramificación ramificación es de poco desarrol desarrollo lo y se origina origina del de l eje o tallo central; ce ntral; el arbusto tiene la característica característica de presentar p resentar un crecimiento co n tendencia erecta. La altura promedio de los arbustos es de 4 a 8 metros.
HO H O JA S: La anona se distingue por presentar dos clases de hojas: las primeras que son corrientes obovadas, glabras, con pecíolo. Las otras en forma de brácteas, redondas, caedizas, sin pecíolo, éstas crecen en la base de las ramillas. ramillas. Las Las hojas son de u n co lor verde verde grisáceo. grisáceo.
FLOR: Las flores tienen tres pétalos externos de 2 a 5 centímetros de largo y tres internos de tamaño bien peq pequeñ ueño. o. El El color de los pétalos (flor) (flor) tienen diferentes dif erentes t lidades que varían varían de rosado a
Planta de anon a Planta (Annona diversifolia), com part partiendo iendo terreno con plan p lan ta c ió n d e gr gran an o s b ás ásic icoo s (m aíz ).
Flor de ano na Rosada
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D ififee re n t e s c o lo rac io n e s d e la p u lp a d e an o n a, d e sd e u n a p u lp a p ú rp u ra h as astt a u n a p u lp a b la lann c a, asimismo as imismo , se ob ser servan van diferentes form as del fruto
SEMILLA: Las semillas son de forma cilíndrica alargada, con u na longitud longitud ap rox roximada, imada, que oscil oscilaa de 1.5 a 2.5 cm, c m, el grosor grosor es de aproximadam aproximadamente ente 1 cm. cm . La semilla esta cubierta por una testa dura, posee texturaa lisa, c olor ca fé y b ril textur rillante. lante. La semilla, posee un período largo de dormancia, difícil dif ícil de interr interrump umpir ir.. Para Para rom per la dorma dormancia, ncia, la semilla se debe almacenar de 6 a 8 meses
previos a la siembra, el almacenamiento junto con la escarificación, permiten alcanzar porcentajes de germinación germinación del 80 al 90%, entre los 20 a 30 días después de sembrada. Se ha observ observado ado dif diferencia erencia e ntre el almacen aje de 6 y 8 meses, siendo mayor la germinación para el e l segundo pe rí ríodo. odo. Si la semilla semilla se siembra al momento mome nto de cosecha cosecharr los frutos, frutos, la la germinación es muy baja y desuniforme.
VIII. SU SUE ELO Y CL CLIMA IMA SUELO: La anona se puede sembrar en terrenos con diferente dif erente topogr topo grafí afía, a, ya sean planos, sem iplanos, laderas y hasta terrenos escarpados, siempre y cuando se implementen las respectivas obras de conservación conserv ación de suelo y agua. La anona se adapta a una gran variedad de suelos, incluyendo incluy endo los suelos considerados m argi arginales, nales,
En El El Salvador Salvador se adap a dapta ta a a lti ltitudes tudes desde d esde 150 a 800 metros sobre el nivel del mar, el rango rango idea l es de los 200 a 700 m.s.n.m. La temperatura puede variar de los 20 a los 37º centígrados, temperaturas de 7º C. provocan la caída de las hojas y frutos
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IX. VARIEDA VARIEDAD D ES En El Salvador, no se conocen variedades específicas, específ icas, sin embarg emba rgo, o, exi e xiste ste una gr gran an cantidad de tipos de excelente calidad distribuidas en las zonas anoneras. A nivel de otros países existen algunas variedades, que en nuestro país no se cultivan culti van ni manejan c omo: ‘Fairchild’, ‘Rosendo Pérez’, ‘Guillermo’ y ‘Gramajo’, las cuales tienen frutos de cásca c áscara ra gruesa, gr uesa, ver verde de gr grisácea, isácea, con aréolas aréolas prominentes prominent es y redondas, la pulpa de color rosada.. ‘Rosen rosada osendo do Pérez’ y ‘Grama Gramajo’ jo’ posee n frutos grandes. Estas variedades fueron seleccionadas por investigadores de la Florida, USA a partir de materiales guatemaltecos de la costa del pacífico. ‘Imery’, seleccionada en El Salvador por CENTA, presenta frutos grandes, cáscara delgada y prominencias bajas, de color verdeverderosada (grisáceo-café) (grisáceo-café),, la p ulpa e s de color rosada con manchas más intensas. Es una
a producir hasta 200 frutos por árbol. Además, se conocen clones mejorados de Anona Blanca y Anona Rosada, con frutos de diferente dif erente tamaño tama ño y sabor, las que se adaptan ad aptan muy bien a tierras bajas e intermedias. ‘Pajapita’, el fruto fruto es de d e color c olor caf ca fé, la cásc cáscara ara es de superf superficie icie suave suave y rosada, la pulpa e s de color rosado brillante, originaria de Guatemala. ‘Nilito’, la característica del fruto es que tiene una superficie ligeramente irregular, color verde-azulada y la pulpa es roja. ‘Román’ los frutos de esta variedad son pequeños, poseen una cáscar cáscaraa dura de color verde ver de azulada az ulada con manchas rosadas, la pulpa es de color con tendencia a morado. ‘Génova White’, White’, posee una cáscara de lg lgada, ada, de color verde blancuzca, la pulpa es de
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El transplante transplante se puede p uede realizar cuando cuand o la planta tiene unos 10 centímetros de altura, lo que significa alrededor de 15 a 25 días después de emergida la p lántul lántula. a. La propagación má s recomenda da e s por medio de material vegetativo o por vía asexual, obteniéndose plantas más uniformes uniformes y con inici inicioo de producción temprana. El proceso de propagación que se recomienda es la injertaci injertación, ón, siendo si endo el de mayor uso el injerto injerto de ench apado lateral, que presenta alta eficiencia y buen desarrolloo de la yema o injerto. desarroll injerto. Recientemen te se evalúa la propagación a través de cultivo de tejidos. La injertación comprende varias etapas: 1. Selección de las las plantas de donde se obtendrá la semil semilla la que serv servir iráá de patrón, la cual puede ser de la misma misma especie especie (Annona diversifolia) u otra especie que posea mejores ventajas, como la Anona Colorada (Anno na reticulata) y la Anon Anon a de Manglar (Annona glabra), que son
Semillas de Anona Colorada (Annona reticulata), utilizadas com o patrón para injertar Anona Blancaa y Rosad a. Blanc
grados centígrados, si se almacena a
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Cuando se siembra directamente a la bolsa, se deben colocar dos semillas por bolsa, a una profundidad de 1.5 a 2 centímetros. Si se desarrolla en semillero, el transplante se realizará cuando la plántula tenga de tres a cuatro hojas.
Las plántulas estarán listas para ser injertadas cuando cuan do el tallo tallo alcance alcanc e la altura altura de 40 4 0 centí cen tímetros metros y cuando el tallo a la altura de 30 centímetros, tenga el grosor de un lápiz, lo que normalmente ocurre después de 9 o 10 meses.
De preferencia las bolsas de vivero no deben ser menores a 9 x 12 pu lg lgadas adas y con un plástico plástico de 3 geish de calibre (300 micras).
Una vez prendido el injerto, injerto, se de be espe rar de 3 a 5 meses para llevarlo llevarlo al campo, procurando que e ll lloo conc uerde con el establecimient establecimientoo de la época ll lluvi uviosa. osa.
El sustrato sustrato p ara e l vivero vivero estará co mpu esto po r dos partes de suelo franco arcillo-arenoso y una de materia orgánica completamente descompuesta. Para evitar el aparecimiento de plagas del suelo, se recomienda realizar un tratamiento del sustrato. Por cada metro cúbico de esta mezcla, agregar 2 libras li bras de cal Dolom it ita, a, 1.5 li libras bras de Cloruro de Potasio (Muriato (Muriato d e p otasio) otasio),, 1 libra de 16-48-0.
En el cuadro 2, se presenta un diagrama que podrá orientar orientar en el proceso de producción de plantas de anon a injertadas: injertadas:
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INJJERT IN RTACIÓ ACIÓ N Inicia con la selección de la planta proveedora de yemas que se desea propagar o reproducir, la cual debe ser: productiva, tolerante a plagas, producir frutos con calidad superior, precoz y vigorosa. La yema se prepara, eliminando las hojas del tejido o rama que se usará, esta actividad se realiza con 15 o 20 días de anticipación a la
injertación, para mejorar el pegue del injerto (si se usa materi m aterial al que se ha def defoli oliado ado natural naturalmente, mente, se obtienen mejores resultados), resultados), generalmente la época de preparar la yemas es de febrero a marzo. En febrero la defoliación defoliación e s inducida y en ma rzo se da en forma natural. El injerto se efectúa a 30 ó 35 centímetros de altura, partiendo de la base del tallo. Se recomienda que las plantas injertadas se mantengan bajo ba jo sombrío sombrío de 20 a 30 días, mientras mientras
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se da el pegue de la yema, este sombrío puede ser el mismo follaje follaje de las plantas, posteriormente pueden ser colocadas a pleno sol o se elimina un 80% 80 % de las hojas para favorecer favorecer la entrada de luz y mejorar el desarrollo y aclimatación del injerto.
Durante el tiempo de aclimatación, es necesario el riego riego p ara garantizar garantizar un mayor prendimiento de yemas. Se utilizan materiales aislantes de la humedad, que eviten la entrada de agua a los injertos, como por ejemplo e jemplo plastilina plastilina comercial c omercial o cintas plásticas. plásticas.
Cuadro No. 2: Cronograma de actividades para injertación de plan p lantt as d e an anoo n as e n viv vivee ro A c t i v i d a d Recolección de semil semilla la Tr a ta ta m i e n t o y a l m a c e n a m i e n t o d e l a s e m i llll a Tr a t a m i e n t o y e s c a r i fifi c a c i ó n d e l a s e m i llll a Siembra Transplante Injertación Siembra lugar definitivo
M e s e s A S O N D E FM AM J J AS O N D E F M AM J
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A
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XI. EST STA A BL BLE ECIM CIMIE IEN N TO D EL CULTIVO CULTIVO El establecimiento de un culti c ultivo vo de anona an ona con conllev llevaa una serie de actividades, las que garantizan la productividad y por ende la rentabilidad del mismo, entre estas actividades se encuentran:
AN Á LISIS D EL SUE SU ELO Para conocer las características físico químicas del s uelo donde se establecerá la plantación, es
nece sar sario io realizar realizar un muestr muestreo eo d e suelo para su respectivo aná lis lisis. is.
se usará poda), si será sembrada en asocio o como culti cultivo vo solo y por último último las co ndiciones climáticas de l lugar. lugar. El distanciamiento de siembra para las anonas puede variar desde 5 x 5 metros (280 a 322 plantas por manzana), hasta 7 x 7 metros (143 a 164 plantas por manzan a) a).. En suelos fértiles, ricos en materia orgánica, las plantas pueden pue den presentar un desarrollo vegetati vegetativo vo exagerado, exager ado, por lo tanto e l distanciamiento distanciamiento de
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Sistema “Tres Bolillos” Las plantas se siembran usando el diseño de un triángulo equilátero, por lo tanto las plantas tendrán entre sí igual igual distanciamiento; distanciam iento; este sistema sistema se recomienda para terrenos accidentados o con pendiente mayor al 10%, ya que su arreglo contribuye a disminuir los problemas de erosión, que frecuentemente ocurren es este tipo de
terrenos. Este sistema también es conocido como hexagonal.
Sistema en triángulo Es muy similar al anterior, anterior, c on la diferencia q ue en este sistema se usa el diseño de un triangulo isósceles, en donde la base y la altura del triángulo tienen igual distancia; también se recomienda para terr te rren en os acc ide identad ntad os.
Figura 3: Sistemas de siembra recomendados para anona
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También se pued en e fectuar siembras al cuad ro, tresbolillos o en rectángulo, siempre perpendiculares a la pendiente principal,
efectuando terrazas individuales individuales amp li lias, as, de p or lo menos 2.5 me tr tros os alrededo alrededo r de ca da p ost ostura. ura.
Figura 4: O rient rientación ación de los los surcos para para plantacion es CURVAS AL CONTORNO
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TRAN SP SPO O RT RTE E Y TRASLADO DE D E LA S PLAN TA S Normalmente el productor no le da mucha importancia al transporte y traslado del material vegetativo del vivero de anonas, al lugar de siembra; sin embargo, este descuido es responsable, muchas veces, del alto porcentaje de plantas perdidas en el establecimiento de la plantación. A continuación se presentan algunas recomenda ciones para el traslado traslado de las plantas plantas de anona:
h)
Nunca colocar las plantas amontonadas y bajo sombra, porque al llevarlas al cam po defi definiti nitivo vo serán muy susce ptibles a sufrir quemaduras del sol.
h)
Cuando se llevan las plantas a la finca, se deben sembrar lo más rápido posible.
i)
Las plantas durante el traslado o acarreo hacia el interior de la finca, se deben tratar con cuidado, si es posible trasladarlas en jabas o canastos, sin amontonarlas, maltratarlas o tirarlas violentamente.
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Q uitar la la bo ls lsaa plástica antes de sembrar la planta, teniendo el cuidado que el pilón se mantenga entero.
En la parte media del hoyo de siembra, colocar 2 onzas de fertilizante, utilizando siempre alguna de las fórmulas 15-15-15, 16–48-0 u otra similar, teniendo en cuenta que tiene que
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Cuadro 4: Recom end endaci acione oness de fertil f ertilización ización p ar araa anona diversifoli diversifoliaa AÑ O
Época / fertilizante / dosis por planta (onzas) Mayo / ju n io Ago st o / se p t ie m b r e
O ctubre
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Los propósitos de la poda son: regular la cantidad de follaje de la planta, favorecer el crecimiento del tejido nuevo y productivo, mejorar la
pen etr etración ación y distri distribuc buc ión de la luz al interior interior
Boro y Zinc Zinc y en p osf osfloración, loración, con prod ucto que tengan alto contenido de Fósforo y Potasio.
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Cuadro 5: Enfermedades más frecuentes e importancia de la anona Nombre
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