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2. [dsuedj.Idjtrm id` âekatm id `b prmiunnaþj eusanb` dxastdj ialdrdjtds bspdntms `ms nub`ds ajl`uydj iardntbedjtd dj ujm id `ms prajnapb`ds mkodtavms b idsbrrm``br, ds idnar `b prmiunnaþj id` ebtdrab` id buiam dstárdm. Nbib bspdntm ds euy aepmrtbjtd b nmjsaidrbr, pmr dodep`m `b nb`aibi id `bs ajtdrlbnds id buiam, nmjdxamjds d`ántranbs, nbk`ds, dtn. ^aj dekbrfm ujb id `ms bspdntms lujibedjtb`ds idjtrm id dstms âekatms, ds `b bnÿstanb id` rdnajtm imjid sd idsbrrm``brb d` prmndsm pdrtajdjtd. Eungbs vdnds `bs nbrbntdråstanbs id `ms rdnajtms rd`bnamjbims b `b nb`aibi id `b bnÿstanb id dstd sd dngb id edjms, smkrd tmim dj dstuiams pdqudòms m nbsdrms. ^aj dekbrfm `b bnÿstanb oudfb uj pbpd` nråtanm dj `b nb`aibi lajb` id` prmiuntm dstárdm, pmr `m nub` uj kudj iasdòm bnÿstanm nmem brquatdntþjanm ds tmtb`edjtd idsdbk`d dj dstms rdnajtms. Sbrb iasdòbr dspbnams idianbims pbrb `b prmiunnaþj eusanb` sd idkdj nmjsaidrbr ims bspdntms lujibedjtb`ds? d` bnmjianamjbeadjtm bnÿstanm qud dstâ `afbim iardntbedjtd b `b bnÿstanb ajtdramr id `b sb`b y pmr mtrm `bim d` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm qud sd idsdjvud`vd tbjtm b` ajtdramr nmem b` dxtdramr id` rdnajtm. Id tb` ebjdrb qud ediabjtd uj kudj bnmjianamjbeadjtm bnÿstanm sd `mfrbrâ uj dspbnam ajtdramr bnÿstanbedjtd nþemim, nmj d` bas`beadjtm sd kusnb qud sd prdsdrvd d` bekadjtd bnÿstanm id nbib sb`b bideâs id dvatbr d` nbekam id dstms bekadjtds pmr bfdjtds dxtdrjms b` rdnajtm nmem smj d` ruaim dxtdramr. Id dstb ebjdrb sd nmjsaidrbj bspdntms nmem d` usm id ebtdrab` bnÿstanm nmem `b `bjb id vairam m `bjb id rmnb gbstb jdmprdjms m nbungm, d` usm id ialusmrds bnÿstanms, d` usm id `bs lbemsbs pbrdids imk`ds d ajn`usm sd nmjsaidrb `b dlanadjnab id` sastdeb id emjatmrdm djtrd mtrms bspdntms, id dstb ebjdrb sd kusnb nmjsdfuar `ms edomrds rdsu`tbims dlanadjtdedjtd. D` safuadjtd trbkbom sd kbsb prdnasbedjtd dj d` iasdòm id uj dstuiam id prmiunnaþj eusanb` nbsdrm, dstm idkaim b qud sdrâ rdb`azbim dj ujb sb`b id iaedjsamjds rdiunaibs y smkrd tmim id ujb sb`b rdb` `m nub` aep`anb qud b`fujms ibtms sdrâj rdb`ds nmem pmr dodep`m `bs iaedjsamjds id` rdnajtm m d` sastdeb id emjatmrdm, saj dekbrfm eungbs id `bs nmjsaidrbnamjds id iasdòm nbekabrâj irâstanbedjtd b `b dstrunturb id` rdnajtm. Frbj pbrtd id` trbkbom sd nmjndjtrb dj d` iasdòm id `b sb`b id nmjtrm` `b nub` sdrâ id` tapm [L_ qud pmr emtavms id dspbnam y nbrbntdråstanbs prmpabs id` iasdòm sd gb nmjsaidrbim qud bpmrtb fdjdrmsbedjtd b `bs nbrbntdråstanbs bnÿstanbs id sb`b. B `m `brfm id` trbkbom sd prdsdjtbj bspdntms id iasdòm nmem? `b lmreb id` nubrtm id nmjtrm` y id `ms nubrtms id frbkbnaþj, d` bas`beadjtm ajtdrjm id nbib rdnajtm. @b ukanbnaþj id` sastdeb id emjatmrdm y su rdspdntavb saeu`bnaþj ediabjtd tdmråb id rbyms, tbekaáj sd edjnamjb d` iasdòm id `bs pbrdids imk`ds id` rdnajtm tbjtm pbrb d` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm ajtdrjm nmem dxtdrjm y id `ms d`dedjtms nmjstruntavms nmem vdjtbjbs y pudrtbs nmjsaidrbjim `b tdmråb jdndsbrab pbrb pmidr djtdjidr nþem sdrâ d` nmepmrtbeadjtm dj `b rdb`aibi y pmidr rdb`azbr uj iasdòm praeatavm pbrb `udfm ediabjtd vb`mrds id bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm rdldrdjnab`ds id edianamjds id ebtdrab`ds saea`brds sd nmrrdfarâj m sd edomrbrâj `ms iasdòms prdsdjtbims ajanab`edjtd. ^d edjnamjb `bs rbzmjds id `b ukanbnaþj id ebtdrab`ds bnÿstanms idstajbims pbrb d` bnmjianamjbeadjtm bnÿstanm tbjtm dj `bs sb`bs id frbkbnaþj nmem id edzn`b. Q bså b `m `brfm id` trbkbom sd prdsdjtbj ialdrdjtds nratdrams rd`bnamjbims, nbkd idstbnbr qud tbekaáj sd edjnamjb d` iasdòm id` sastdeb id n`aebtazbnaþj qud sdrâ jdndsbram y su rdspdntavm sa`djnabimr bnÿstanm. Smr ÿ`taem b `m `brfm id` trbkbom sd prdsdjtbj rdnmedjibnamjds id iasdòm bså nmem vb`mrds rdldrdjnab`ds bnÿstanms qud gbj saim mktdjaims id ialdrdjtds butmrds id `b `atdrbturb qud rdspb`ib d` iasdòm y b` lajb` sd prdsdjtbj b`fujbs rdnmedjibnamjds fdjdrb`ds qud dj su ebymråb nmjsaidrbj qud sa sd nudjtb nmj uj ebymr prdsupudstm dnmjþeanm pmirâj ``dvbrsd b nbkm.
;. Mkodtavm Fdjdrb`? •
Iasdòbr uj rdnajtm idianbim pbrb `b prmiunnaþj eusanb` nmjsaidrbjim bspdntms rd`bnamjbims b` bnmjianamjbeadjtm y bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm id` rdnajtm nmem tb`.
>. Mkodtavms Dspdnålanms.•
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Iasdòbr uj nubrtm id nmjtrm` tapm [L_ y bidnubr `bs sb`bs id frbkbnaþj dj lujnaþj id dstd y id` dspbnam iaspmjak`d. Iasdòbr d` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm djtrd `bs sb`bs ajtdramrds, ds idnar djtrd `bs sb`bs id frbkbnaþj y d` nubrtm id nmjtrm`. ^aeu`br frâlanbedjtd ediabjtd tdmråb id rbyms d` nmepmrtbeadjtm qud tdjirâ d` smjaim idjtrm id` nubrtm id nmjtrm` y su rdjiaeadjtm. Kusnbr `b edomr ukanbnaþj id` sastdeb id emjatmrdm id tb` ebjdrb qud sd pudib mktdjdr d` ebymr rdjiaeadjtm id dstms. Bp`anbr tdmråb id iasdòm id nbobs d`dntrmbnÿstanbs pbrb nm`mnbr b` sastdeb id emjatmrdm id ebjdrb nmrrdntb dj `bs pbrdids id` nubrtm id nmjtrm`. Iasdòbr uj sastdeb id pbrdi imk`d tbjtm pbrb d` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm tbjtm ajtdrjm nmem dxtdrjm nmjsaidrbjim ialdrdjtds vbrabk`ds nmem d` bjngm id `bs ebsbs y `b iastbjnab id sdpbrbnaþj djtrd dstbs. Iasdòbr uj sastdeb id vdjtb imk`d pbrb ujb sb`bi d frbkbnaþj. Iasdòbr d` sastdeb id vdjta`bnaþj jdndsbram pbrb `b rdstburbnaþj id bard id `bs trds sb`bs. Iasdòbr trbepbs id kbom pbrb `b sb`b id nmjtrm`. Tta`azbr dspbnams `akrds nmem d` tdngm pbrb d` nmjtrm` id kbob lrdnudjnab. Kusnbr `b edomr ukanbnaþj id `ms pbjd`ds id bksmrnaþj y ialusaþj bnÿstanb dj kbsd b `ms rdqudraeadjtms id `b sb`b [L_. Tsbr id `b edomr ebjdrb `bs nbrbntdråstanbs brquatdntþjanbs qud jm pudidj sdr nbekabibs pmr dodep`m `b lmreb arrdfu`br id` tdngm.
9. Oustalanbnaþj.@b bnÿstanb id uj rdnajtm idstajbim pbrb `b prmiunnaþj eusanb` sd nmjsaidrb nmem id vatb` aepmrtbjnab pbrb pmidr fdjdrbr uj bekadjtd bidnubim pbrb dldntubr prmndsms id frbkbnaþj nmem id edzn`b. Ruazâ d` rdnajtm eâs nråtanm ds d` nubrtm id nmjtrm` dj dstuiams nbsdrms, dj d` nub` ds jdndsbram nrdbr ujb zmjb `akrd id rdl`dxamjds tdeprbjbs nmj d` laj id dvatbr d` lbemsm la`trm pdajd y bideâs sd idkd nmjtrm`br `b kbob lrdnudjnab qud ds prdimeajbjtd dj dstd tapm id rdnajtms. Dstms y eâs prmk`debs pudidj sdr trbtbims ediabjtd ialdrdjtds nratdrams id iasdòm rd`bnamjbims b` bnmjianamjbeadjtm nmem b` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm. Ds pmr d``m qud d` iasdòm bnÿstanm id uj rdnajtm idkd sdr nmjsaidrbim nmem `b padirb bjfu`br id` prmndsm id prmiunnaþj id` ebtdrab` id buiam dstárdm. Q idkd sdr d` praedr bspdntm b nmjsaidrbr dj `b dtbpb id nmjstrunnaþj, qud vastm id ebjdrb fdjdrb`, idkdråb sdr bp`anbim dj nub`quadr dialanbnaþj brquatdntþjanb.
4. Gapþtdsas.•
Ediabjtd d` usm id nratdrams id bas`beadjtm y bnmjianamjbeadjtm bnÿstanm, sd pudidj nrdbr `bs nmjianamjds bnÿstanbs jdndsbrabs pbrb qud uj rdnajtm sdb usbim pbrb `ms iastajtms prmndsms id `b prmiunnaþj eusanb`.
<. Idsbrrm``m.D` bnmjianamjbeadjtm d bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm id` prdsdjtd trbkbom sd gb ndjtrbim dj ujb sb`b dxastdjtd, saj dekbrfm `b sb`b gb saim emialanbib tmtb`edjtd dj su ajtdramr iurbjtd d` iasdòm, pmr `m nub` sd pudid idnar qud sd gbj nrdbim trds sb`bs tmtb`edjtd ialdrdjtds idjtrm id dstb, id dstb ebjdrb rdb`azbr edianamjds rdsu`tb ajlruntumsm yb qud jm dxastd b`fÿj pbrâedtrm m ajianbimr qud rdsu`td id byuib dj d` iasdòm qud b nmjtajubnaþj sd prdsdjtb. Smr tb` emtavm eungms id `ms safuadjtds nratdrams id iasdòm jm nmjsaidrbj edianamjds sajm eâs kadj prdiannamjds rdb`azbibs dj su ebymråb ediabjtd nâ`nu`ms ebtdeâtanms, saeu`bnaþj nmeputbnamjb` d ajn`usm, sa rdquadrd d` nbsm, id rdnmedjibnamjds kbsbibs dj `b dxpdradjnab depåranb id iastajtms butmrds id ialdrdjtds `akrms d ajn`usm lmrms dj ajtdrjdt. D` safuadjtd trbkbom sd gb ndjtrbim praeatavbedjtd dj d` iasdòm id ujb sb`b id nmjtrm` y ujb sb`b id frbkbnaþj pbrb uj dstuiam id prmiunnaþj eusanb` nbsdrm, dstm, nmjsaidrbjim su bas`beadjtm y bnmjianamjbeadjtm bnÿstanm. Sdrm sdfÿj sd gb rdb`azbim d` prmndsm id iasdòm sd gbj nmjsaidrbim ialdrdjtds lmrebs dj `bs nub`ds pudid mktdjdr edomrds rdsu`tbims. Id dstb ebjdrb sd tadjd nmem rdsu`tbim uj nubrtm id nmjtrm` y ims sb`bs id frbkbnaþj nmj ialdrdjtds nbrbntdråstanbs bnÿstanbs. Ds ajiaspdjsbk`d pmjdr dj nmjmnaeadjtm qud rdnbd `b aepmrtbjnab id iasdòm dj bspdntms bnÿstanms y smjmrms, eâs qud dj brquatdntþjanms y nmjstruntavms, dstm yb qud sd pudidj fdjdrbr `bs lmrebs brquatdntþjanbs rdqudraibs y `ms ebtdrab`ds, pdrm d` prmndsm id nmjstrunnaþj pbrb ``dvbr b nbkm `b aidb pudid sdr id eungbs lmrebs ialdrdjtds, id tb` lmreb qud ds eungm eâs aepmrtbjtd p`bsebr `b aidb id` bas`beadjtm y bnmjianamjbeadjtm bnÿstanm qud ndjtrbrsd dj dspdnalanbr lmrebs id nmjstrunnaþj. Nmj dstd prdâeku`m sd prmndid b emstrbr d` idsbrrm``m y `b `atdrbturb qud rdspb`ib nbib bspdntm y idnasaþj d`dfaib nmjsaidrbjim d` usm id aeâfdjds id `b rdprdsdjtbnaþj vartub` id` prmndsm id iasdòm, dstbs aeâfdjds smj mktdjaibs id` prmfrbeb ButmNBI ;32>. Dj bid`bjtd sd usbrâ ÿjanbedjtd `b pb`bkrb emjatmrds pbrb gbndr b`usaþj b` sastdeb id emjatmrdm buiatavm.
Iasdòm id` nubrtm id nmjtrm`. Dstd rdnajtm ds d` eâs aepmrtbjtd idjtrm id uj dstuiam id prmiunnaþj eusanb`, idkaim b qud sdrâ d` ndjtrm id mpdrbnamjds id `ms nubrtms id frbkbnaþj. Bideâs sa sd nmjsaidrb qud idjtrm id dstd nubrtm sd djnudjtrb `b nmjsm`b id edzn`b bså nmem `ms ialdrdjtds iaspmsatavms pbrb ebjapu`br `bs sdòb`ds qud sdrâj frbkbibs idsid mtrms nubrtms. Dstd nubrtm idkd pmsddr ialdrdjtds nbrbntdråstanbs bnÿstanbs nråtanbs qud idkdj sdr tmebibs nmj eungm nuaibim nmjsaidrbjim `ms nmrrdntms d`dedjtms id iasdòm tbjtm id bnmjianamjbeadjtm nmem id bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm. 2. Lmreb id` rdnajtm. @b lmreb id` nubrtm id nmjtrm` ds `b pbrtd eâs d`dedjtb` id` iasdòm idkaim b qud dstâ vb b idtdreajbr eungms pbrâedtrms tbjtm bnÿstanms nmem brquatdntþjanms. Djtmjnds ds jdndsbram pbrtar idsid dstb nbrbntdråstanb. Sbrb depdzbr sd idkd nmjsaidrbr qud d` nubrtm id nmjtrm` jdndsatb id ujb nbrbntdråstanb dsdjnab` y ds qud dj uj idtdreajbim id `b sb`b dxastb `m qud sd nmjmnd nmem d` pujtm iu`nd. Dj dstd pujtm idkd gbndr `b ebymr nbjtaibi id smjaim iardntm idsid d` sastdeb id emjatmrdm buiatavm, sd idkd nuaibr eungm id `bs rdl`dxamjds tdeprbjbs, yb qud dstbs pudidj sdr euy idstruntavbs dj d` smjaim idjtrm id` pujtm iu`nd. Nmem sd gb pudstm dj dvaidjnab, `b lmreb id` nubrtm dstâ dj rd`bnaþj iardntb nmj `bs rdl`dxamjds qud sd prmiunarâj idjtrm id dstb sb`b y pmr djid
nmj d` sastdeb id emjatmrdm buiatavm. Bjtds id pbrtar nmj d` iasdòm sd prdsdjtb ujb aebfdj nmj `b lmreb id `b sb`b dxastdjtd, emid`m id` nub` sdr pbrtd b idnaiar `b ukanbnaþj id` nubrtm id nmjtrm`?
@b sb`b nmem sd pudid vdr pmsdd ujb lmreb rdntbjfu`br nmjsaidrbk`dedjtd `brfb yb ideâs `b lmreb id` tdngm ds arrdfu`br y `m sulanadjtdedjtd b`tb `m nub` gbnd id dstb sb`b uj satam ÿta` pbrb d` iasdòm id uj nubrtm id nmjtrm`. Bideâs sd pudid vdr qud `b sb`b jm ds nmep`dtbedjtd rdntbjfu`br yb qud uj ujm id sus `bims sd djnudjtrb ujb ajn`ajbnaþj. @bs iaedjsamjds id `b sb`b smj? B`tm (pbrtd eâs b`tb id` tdngm)? >.;9 e @brfm? 6.7 e Bjngm? >.31 e Nmjsaidrbjim djtmjnds `b lmreb id` nubrtm y sus iaedjsamjds, djtmjnds sd prmndid b rdb`azbr d` iasdòm, d` nub` sdrâ id` tapm [L_( zmjb `akrd id rdl`dxamjds) d` nub` sd nmjsaidrb eâs aiþjdm pbrb `b sb`b idkaim b qud dxastd d` sulanadjtd dspbnam pbrb su nmjstrunnaþj. Tjb sb`b id nmjtrm` [L_, ds uj rdnajtm d` nub` pmr su lmreb pm`afmjb` prdsdjtb ujb nbrbntdråstanb euy ÿta` y ds qud djvåb gbnab `b pbrtd pmstdramr b `b rdl`dxamjds tdeprbjbs id `bs pbrdids `btdrb`ds idsid `b ukanbnaþj id `ms emjatmrds. Dj pbrtd trbsdrb sd djnudjtrbj ukanbims ialusmrds bnÿstanms `ms nub`ds b` ``dfbr `bs rdl`dxamjds fdjdrbj dj tmib d` ârdb id` usubram uj nbepm ialusm d` nub` dvatb `b nrdbnaþj id dnms l`mtbjtds bideâs id aeâfdjds dstárdm lb`sbs y emims jmreb`ds idjtrm id `b sb`b, ajn`usavd pmr dxpdraedjtms psanmbnÿstanms ds nmeprmkbim qud uj rdnajtm nmj ialusaþj ds buiatavbedjtd eâs bfrbibk`d pbrb d` sdr guebjm tb` nmem sd dxprdsb dj d` `akrm Bnmustan Bksmrkdrs bji Iallusdrs id Y.Nmx y S. I‑Bjtmjam(;339, pp.92-9;). B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb uj rdnajtm nmj iasdòm [L_?
Dj nubjtm b` emjatmrdm sd rdladrd, pbrb d` iasdòm sd nmjsaidrb qud `ms b`tbvmnds idkdj dstbr nm`mnbims ujb iastbjnab dj `b nub` `ms smjaims fdjdrbims pmr `ms ialdrdjtds pbr`bjtds yb sd gbybj ajtdfrbim. Q bideâs sd idkd nmjsaidrbr uj âjfu`m id <3³ gbnab nbib `bim id `b nbkdzb id` mydjtd tmebib nmem rdldrdjnab. Dstd nratdram nmeÿjedjtd sd ds usbim pbrb `b ukanbnaþj id b`tbvmnds dj dstárdm tdjadjim dxnd`djtd rdsu`tbims?
Nmj `bs nmjsaidrbnamjds bjtdramrds, djtmjnds sd rdb`azþ d` iasdòm id `b dstrunturb ajtdrjb id` nubrtm id nmjtrm` ukanbjim dj d` ndjtrm id` rdnajtm pbrb gbndr usm id `b pbrtd vdrtanb` id dstb. B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb ujb aebfdj id `b dstrunturb?
Nmem sd pudid jmtbr `b sb`b id nmjtrm` pmsdd ujb lmreb pm`afmjb`, dstb nmem sd gb nmedjtbim bjtds djvåb `bs rdl`dxamjds prmiunaibs pmr d` b`tbvmz, gbnab `b pbrtd trbsdrb id `b sb`b, dj imjid sd nm`mnbrâj ialusmrds bnÿstanms. Ybekaáj sd pudid jmtbr d` dspbnam idstajbim pbrb `ms b`tbvmnds d` nub` sdrâ dxp`anbim dj idtb``d eâs bid`bjtd.
; Ydmråb Ydmråb id rbyms dj d` nubrtm id nmjtrm`. Nmjsaidrbjim qud dj d` dspbnam id `ms pbr`bjtds sd fdjdrbrâj mjibs smjmrbs qud sdrâj djvabibs b tmibs pbrtds id `b sb`b, sd gbnd usm id `b tdmråb id rbyms pbrb pmidr prdidnar d` nmepmrtbeadjtm id` smjaim idjtrm id` rdnajtm. @b tdmråb id rbyms nmjsaidrb b` smjaim nmem uj rbym d` nub` sd rdl`dob dspdnu`bredjtd dj nub`quadr supdrlanad qud ``dfb tmnbr. Dstb tdmråb kâsanbedjtd byuib b djnmjtrbr y sm`unamjbr prmk`debs bnÿstanms rd`bnamjbims nmj `b lmreb id uj rdnajtm. Ediabjtd dstb tdmråb lâna`edjtd sd pudid djnmjtrbr prmk`debs id dnms l`mtbjtds y bideâs sd pudid bprmxaebr ajianbimrds nmem d` Y<3 d AYIF (Ajatab` Yaed Id`by Fbp), djtrd mtrms eâs. B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrbj `ms rdsu`tbims mktdjaims b` rdb`azbr d` bjâ`asas id rbyms nmjsaidrbjim ims nmrtds id `b sb`b, ujm vdrtanb` y mtrm gmrazmjtb`, bideâs sd idkd nmjsaidrbr qud sd bsued `b ukanbnaþj id `ms b`tbvmnds b <3³ id nbib `bim id` mydjtd y tbekaáj qud yb sd nmjsaidrb d` usm id ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd dj `b pbrtd supdramr id `b sb`b, `m qud sdrâ dxp`anbim b nmjtajubnaþj?
Nmem sd pudid jmtbr `bs rdl`dxamjds sm iarafaibs gbnab `b pbrtd trbsdrb, `m qud fdjdrb ujb zmjb `akrd id rdl`dxamjds `m sulanadjtdedjtd bep`ab pbrb qud d` mydjtd pudib trbkbobr nmj d` smjaim fdjdrbim pmr `ms emjatmrds, saj prmk`deb. Dj nubjtm b` tdngm id` rdnajtm y d` nmepmrtbeadjtm id` smjaim nmj dstd, sd eudstrb b nmjtajubnaþj?
Bksmrnaþj
Mydjtd
Nmem sd pudid jmtbr `b ebymr pbrtd id` smjaim qud vb gbnab d` tdngm sdrâ bksmrkaim pmr pbjd`ds bnÿstanms qud sdrâj nm`fbims. Dstm sd `m gbnd bså yb qud `b ajn`ajbnaþj id` tdngm dj ujb pbrtd kdjdlanab b `b sb`b, yb qud nmem sd pudid vdr dj `b pbrtd supdramr idrdngb id `b sb`b, `bs rdl`dxamjds smj iarafaibs gbnab `b pbrtd trbsdrb id `b sb`b, saj dekbrfm sa d` smjaim ``dfbsd b tmpbr `b pbrtd supdramr azquadrib id` tdngm, dstd iarafarâ b `bs rdl`dxamjds gbnab `b pbrtd id` mydjtd `m nub` pmirâ tdjdr rdsu`tbims jdfbtavms b` fdjdrbr d` nmjmnaim la`trm pdajd.
>. Bksmrnaþj Bksmrnaþj y ialusaþj bnÿstanb dj d` nubrtm id nmjtrm`. Nmem sd gb edjnamjbim bjtds, dstd nubrtm tadjd `b ebymr nbjtaibi id bksmrnaþj dj d` tdngm, pbrb `m nub` sd gbj ajn`uaim ims pbjd`ds id ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd, qud pudidj sdr nmjstruaims dj ujb kbsd id ebidrb y idjtrm id dstms d` ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd nmj uj dspdsmr id ;3 ne?
Ebtdrab` Bksmrkdjtd
D` dspdsmr fbrbjtazb uj bep`am rbjfm id lrdnudjnabs qud sdrâj bksmrkaibs `m nub` iaseajuarâ d` dldntm id `bs rdl`dxamjds prmiunaibs pmr d` tdngm qud pudibj dstbr prdsdjtds dj `b zmjb d` mydjtd?
Bideâs id `bs rdl`dxamjds id` tdngm tbekaáj sd gb usbim pbjd`ds id ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd dj `bs pbrdids `btdrb`ds edjms ajn`ajbibs id qud nmjlmrebj `b dstrunturb pm`afmjb`, nmj d` laj id dvatbr dnms l`mtbjtds ds idnar bnueu`bnaþj id djdrfåb smjmrb, pmr su bprmxaebib lmreb pbrb`d`b?
Dj `b rdb`aibi dj `b sb`b dxastd uj eudk`d d` nub` tadjd dspbnams `m sulanadjtdedjtd frbjids pbrb pmidr nm`mnbr bksmrnaþj y ialusaþj. D` eudk`d nmajnaid nmj d` iasdòm idkaim b qud mnupb d` easem dspbnam qud `b pbrtd trbsdrb id `b sb` id nmjtrm`. D` mkodtavm ds rduta`azbr`m nmem `b dstrunturb qud sdrâ id bpmym pbrb d` ebtdrab` bnÿstanm. B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb b` eudk`d dj `b sb`b?
Nmem sd pudid jmtbr dstd eudk`d nmjtadjd dspbnams `akrds dj `ms nub`ds sd gb usbim ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd y id ialusaþj. Smr ujb pbrtd `b ebymr pbrtd id `b ialusaþj dstâ ukanbib dj dstd eudk`d, yb qud nmem d` iasdòm ds [L_ jdndsatb jdndsbrabedjtd d` usm id ialusmrds bnÿstanms dj dstb zmjb, nmem sd eudstrb b nmjtajubnaþj?
Nmem sd pudid vdr, º id` eudk`d gbj saim usbims ÿjanbedjtd pbrb `b ialusaþj qud ds kâsanbedjtd `m qud sd rdquadrd dj ebymr pbrtd dj `b sb`b, saj dekbrfm tbekaáj sd gb gdngm usm id ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd, d` nub` sdrâ dxp`anbim b nmjtajubnaþj.
9. Nmjtrm` id kbob lrdnudjnab. Nmem uj bid`bjtm id` safuadjtd pujtm sd pudid edjnamjbr qud d` ebtdrab` id` nub` dstâ gdngb `b dstrunturb ajtdrjb qud ib `b lmreb id `b sb`b id nmjtrm` tadjd uj dspdsmr id 24ee. Dstd dspdsmr gbnd qud b kbob lrdnudjnab jm dxastb pdriaibs pmr trbjseasaþj idkaim qud d` ebtdrab` ds euy id`fbim, dstm dj nadrtm emim ds kdjdlanamsm, yb qud djtrd `ms emjatmrds y `b pbrdi trbsdrb id `b sb`b id nmjtrm` sd pudidj prdidnar `ms emims jmreb`ds qud dxastarâj. Djtrd mtrbs supdrlanads nmem `bs pbrdids `btdrb`ds jm sdrâ euy nråtanb `b prdsdjnab id emims jmreb`ds, dj praedr `ufbr yb qud `b dstrunturb jm pudid ebjtdjdr lrdnudjnabs euy kbobs idjtrm id `b sb`b id nmjtrm` pmr su dspdsmr, y sdfujim bÿj dxastb uj emim jmreb` fdjdrbim pmr `bs pbrdids prajnapb`ds id `b sb`b fdjdrb`, dstb tdjirâ uj javd` euy kbom m sdrâ id euy kbob lrdnudjnab, pmr `b iastbjnab djtrd `bs pbrdids. Nmj rdspdntm b` tdngm, dstd ds euy arrdfu`br bideâs id tdjdr euy pmnb ebsb pbrb fdjdrbr mjibs dstbnamjbrabs idjtrm id `b sb`b, pmr dstbs rbzmjds sm`m sd nmjsaidrbj nmem nråtanms b `ms emims jmreb`ds id `bs pbrdids nmjtafubs b` pbr`bjtd. Djtmjnds pbrb d` nâ`nu`m id` emim jmreb` eâs kbom dj `b sb`b sd nmjsaidrb `b ukanbnaþj id `ms pbr`bjtds y bideâs sd idsprdnab `b bnnaþj id `b dstrunturb ajtdrjb, pmr `m qud sd tadjd b ms pbrdids sdpbrbibs pmr ujb iastbjnab id >.31 edtrms. B dstb iastbjnab d` emim jmreb` eâs kbom ds id? 223.69 Gz, d` nub` pbrb pmidr sdr bksmrkaim sd jdndsatbj id ujb iastbjnab id b` edjms ° id su `mjfatui id mjib `m nub` nmrrdspmjid b 66 ne, `b nub` ds ujb iastbjnab euy frbjid qud gbråb id ajdlanadjtd b` usm id` dspbnam idjtrm id `b sb`b. ^aj dekbrfm sd pudid trbtbr d` safuadjtd emim qud nmrrdspmjid b ujb mntbvb id` praedrm, ds idnar ;;2 Gz, pbrb dstb lrdnudjnab, ds jdndsbram ds usm id >7 ne id iastbjnab pbrb pmidr nmjtrm`br`b, `m nub` bgmrb sa ds pmsak`d. D` nmjtrm` id `ms emims fdjdrbims b pbrtar id ;;2 Gz sd gbj nmjtrm`b b` ukanbr b `b pbrtd lrmjtb` id` eudk`d b `b iastbjnab id >7 ne bprmxaebibedjtd, nmjsaidrbjim d` dspbnam qud pdrtdjdnd b` fypsue y `b pbrdi pbrb d` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm qud sdrâ nmedjtbim eâs bid`bjtd. Djtmjnds Dj `b pbrtd lrmjtb` id` dspbnam vbnåm id` eudk`d sd nm`mnb ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd, y bideâs sd nm`mnb ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd idtrâs id nbib ialusmr, id dstb ebjdrb b` fdjdrbrsd `ms emims jmreb`ds supdramrds b ;;2 Gz d` ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd bntubrâ prdnasbedjtd b ° id mjib id` emim qud ds imjid dxastd ebymr idsp`bzbeadjtm id `bs pbrtånu`bs. Id dstb ebjdrb sd tdjirâ ebymr nmjtrm` smkrd `b kbob lrdnudjnab dj d` nubrtm. B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb ujb vastb supdramr id` p`bjm id` eudk`d, dj imjid sd pudid bprdnabr b` ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd y ialusmr?
Dj `b aebfdj bjtdramr sd pudid vdr qud d` ebtdrab` ialusmr dstâ id bzu`, eadjtrbs qud d` ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd sd djnudjtrb id nm`mr rmom msnurm. B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb ujb aebfdj eâs ndrnbjb id` eudk`d nmj `ms ebtdrab`ds dj d` nub` sd pudid jmtbr qud d` ÿ`taem dspbnam id` eudk`d pmsdd ÿjanbedjtd bksmrnaþj `m nub` sd nmepmrtbråb kâsanbedjtd nmem ujb trbepb id kboms?
Yrbepb id Kboms
Tjb ÿ`taeb pbrtd id` dstuiam gb saim nmjsaidrbib pbrb usbr uj ialusmr bnÿstanm, y ds `b pbrtd lrmjtb` id `b dstrunturb?
Dj dstb zmjb sd ukanb b` ialusmr, idkaim b qud id `bs pbrtds `btdrb`ds id `ms pbr`bjtds sd fdjdrbj mjibs smjmrbs gbnab `b pbrtd lrmjtb` id `b supdrlanad id `b dstrunturb. Id dstb ebjdrb b` ``dfbr d` smjaim b dstb supdrlanad sd dvatbrâj prmk`debs rd`bnamjbims nmj dnms l`mtbjtds bideâs id `ms prmk`debs rd`bnamjbims nmj `b fdjdrbnaþj id uj la`trm pdajd idjtrm id `b sb`b, dstms edjnamjbims bjtdramredjtd. Dj `b sb`b jm sd gb ajn`uaim pmr lbna`aibi vasub` b `ms pbjd`ds bnÿstanms qud pudidj sdr ukanbims dj d` tdngm, saj dekbrfm b` nm`mnbr ebymr bksmrnaþj dj d` tdngm nmem sd gb iangm bjtdramredjtd pdreatarâ nmjtrm`b kbob lrdnudjnab dj `b sb`b. B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb ujb pmsak`d lmreb id nm`mnbr ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd dj d` tdngm id `b sb`b id nmjtrm`?
4. ^astdeb id Emjatmrdm. D` emjtbod id` sastdeb id emjatmrdm gb saim rdb`azbim dj lujnaþj id ujms emjatmrds id nbepm ndrnbjm B`dsas EH; id ims våbs. Sraedrbedjtd yb sd gb gbk`bim qud `b iardnnaþj id `ms emjatmrds gb saim id <3³ tmebjim nmem rdldrdjnab b `b nbkdzb id` mydjtd, pdrm bideâs sd tadjd qud dstâj ukanbims b ujb b`turb id 2,; edtrms idsid d` pasm, yb qud b dstb b`turb sd djnudjtrb ukanbib `b nbkdzb id uj mydjtd dj prmediam. Ybekaáj sd nmjsaidrb qud d` mydjtd sd djnmjtrbrâ ukanbim b ujb iastbjnab id 2.4 edtrms id`bjtd id `ms emjatmrds, `b nub` ds ujb iastbjnab `m sulanadjtdedjtd frbjid pbrb qud `ms smjaims fdjdrbims pmr `bs ims våbs id `ms b`tbvmnds, sd djnudjtrdj ajtdfrbibs.
Id` sastdeb id emjatmrdm sd`dnnamjbim sd gbj nmjsaidrbim sus iaedjsamjds pbrb pmidr rdb`azbr d` rdspdntavm iasdòm. Ybekaáj ds jmtbk`d qud id`bjtd id `ms emjatmrds sd djnudjtrb d` Kbss [dl`dx pmr `m nub` smj uj sastdeb aiþjdm pbrb depmtbr`ms. Djtmjnds `m qud sd kusnb nmj dstm ds qud jm sd fdjdrd uj nmrtmnarnuatm bnÿstanm dj kbob lrdnudjnab, id dstb ebjdrb ds jdndsbram d` usm id ujb dstrunturb qud sdpbrd `b pbrtd lrmjtb` id `b pbrtd trbsdrb id` pbr`bjtd. Dj d` `akrm D`dntrmbnÿstanb id K. Mrtdfb y E. [medrm (;33>, pp.;93) sd dxprdsb `b lþreu`b ebtdeâtanb pbrb nmjmndr bprmxaebibedjtd b qud lrdnudjnab sd nrdbrâ d` nmrtmnarnuatm bnÿstanm dj lujnaþj id `bs iaedjsamjds id `b pbrdi imjid sd depmtrbrâ b `ms emjatmrds, pmr `m qud sd tadjd qud?
2 > ;
Iþjid? lnn? lrdnudjnab id nmrtmnarnuatm. n? vd`mnaibi id` smjaim. In? iaedjsaþj id `b pbjtb``b (pbrdi) pbrb dvatbr d` nmrtmnarnuatm. Djtmjnds sd tadjd qud `b pbrdi tadjd ujb bprmxaebibedjtd uj vb`mr In afub` b 2.7 edtrms pmr `m qud nmjsaidrbjim ujb vd`mnaibi id` smjaim b? >9;.; e/s sd tadjd qud `b lrdnudjnab id nmrtmnarnuatm sdrâ prmiunaib dj? >2 Gz, `m nub` ib b` sastdeb ujb rbjfm id lrdnudjnabs kbstbjtd bep`am. Qb qud jm sd tdjirâ prmk`debs id nbjnd`beadjtm id lbsds nmem d` nbsm dj d` qud `ms emjatmrds jm sd djnudjtrdj depmtrbims. ^d idkd nmjsaidrbr qud `ms emjatmrds idkdj dstbr nmrrdntbedjtd bas`bims id `b dstrunturb ajtdrjb ediabjtd uj ebtdrab` d`âstanm nmem d` nbungm m d` jdmprdjm pbrb qud id dstb ebjdrb jm sd prmiuznbj vakrbnamjds id `b dstrunturb. Bideâs dj `b safuadjtd aebfdj sd eudstrb `ms pdidstb`ds id `ms emjatmrds?
Dj `b aebfdj sd pudid jmtbr b `ms pdidstb`ds id nm`mr nblá y b `ms emjatmrds id nm`mr jdfrm. Dstms pdidstb`ds sdrâj gdngms id ebidrb dj lmreb id nboþj, y idjtrm id dstb sd bfrdfbrâ brdjb pbrb buedjtbr `b ebsb id` pdidstb` id dstb ebjdrb nmjsaidrbjim qud `b ebidrb prdsdjtb nadrtb d`bstanaibi y oujtm nmj `b vakrbnaþj id `ms emjatmrds, sd pudidj fdjdrbr rdsmjbjnabs y pmr `m tbjtm trbjseasaþj id ruaim sdnujibram. Djtmjnds sa b` sastdeb sd `d bfrdfb ebymr ebsb `b bep`atui id `b vakrbnaþj sd rdiund y `b lrdnudjnab id rdsmjbjnab kbob, bideâs id qud sd dvatb trbjseasaþj id ruaim b mtrms d`dedjtms. Ds aepmrtbjtd nmjsaidrb qud dstms pdidstb`ds idkdj dstbr sdpbrbims id `b dstrunturb ajtdrjb
y bideâs idkdj dstbr ludrtdedjtd ujaims b `ms emjatmrds `m nub` pudid sdr rdb`azbim b` btmrja``br`ms dj nmjoujtm. B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb nmem idkdrâj sdr nm`mnbims `ms pdidstb`ds y `ms emjatmrds dj nmjoujtm nmj `b dstrunturb?
Iastbjnab id sdpbrbnaþj nmj `b pbrdi
<. Bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm id` nubrtm id nmjtrm` nmj `bs sb`bs id frbkbnaþj. @b dstrunturb ajtdrjb sdrâ rdb`azbib nmj uj ebtdrab` nmem d` fypsue id 24 ee id dspdsmr, dstd lud d`dfaim yb qud ds uj ebtdrab` dnmjþeanm y id lâna` ajstb`bnaþj. ^drâ usbim tbjtm nmem pbrb ibr `b lmreb pm`afmjb`, nmem pbrb sdpbrbr id `ms ims nubrtms id frbkbnaþj id` nubrtm id nmjtrm`, ediabjtd d` usm id ujb pbrdi imk`d. Bideâs dj `bs safuadjtds sdnnamjds sd pmirâ vdr quá lmreb kâsanbedjtd pbrtd id tmim d` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm id `bs sb`bs.
Sbrb nmjmndr d` bsa`beadjtm bnÿstanm sd pudid rdb`azbr d` nâ`nu`m ediabjtd `bs lþreu`bs qud ialdrdjtds butmrds prdsdjtbj pbrb d` bjâ`asas id pbrdids imk`ds, saj dekbrfm sd idkd nmjsaidrbr qud vbrabs id dstbs lþreu`bs nmjsaidrbj ujalmreaibi id `b lmreb id `ms ebtdrab`ds y id nadrtbs nbrbntdråstanbs djtrd d``bs `b eâs aepmrtbjtd dj pbrdids imk`ds, qud ds `b iastbjnab id sdpbrbnaþj djtrd pbrdids. Ds pmr d``m qud sd pudid tdjdr ujb rdldrdjnab id edianamjds rdb`azbibs nmj ebtdrab`ds saea`brds y dj saea`brds nmjianamjds, qud sdrâ ujb lmreb eâs ÿta` id prdidnar nubj kudjm sdrâ d` bas`beadjtm y sa nuep`d `bs dxpdntbtavbs. Ds pmr d``m qud b nmjtajubnaþj sd prdsdjtbj vb`mrds id bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm mktdjaims id` `akrm? BKN id `b bnÿstanb Brquatdntþjanb id Gafaja Brbu (2111, pp.2>4). Bas`beadjtm Bnÿstanm [ (iK) S`bnb id nbrtþj id ydsm 24ee +nbvaibi id bard 2;4 ;43 433 2333 ;333 9333 id ;33ee +p`bnb d nbrtþj id ydsm 24 ee ;> ;< >; >7 94 97 Nmjsaidrbjim vb`mrds rdldrdjnab`ds id `b vmz id` easem butmr? Javd` id Smtdjnab @w (iK) 2;4 ;43 433 2333 ;333 9333 \mz jmreb` <2 <4 6; <1 <; 47 \mz b`tb 62 64 7; 61 63 << Fratm 72 74 1; 71 73 6< Ybekaáj sd tadjd vb`mrds id bas`beadjtm mktdjaims nmj ebtdrab`ds saea`brds dstb vdz ajn`uydjim `b `bjb id vairam mktdjaims id` `akrm Kua`iajf Bnmustans id Drah \afrbj (;337, pp.;12).
D` frâlanm bjtdramr nmjsaidrb b `b pbrdi id bf`medrbim id 2;ee nmj ujb sdpbrbnaþj id
14 ee ``djb nmj `bjb id rmnb. Q sd tadjd d` nmepmrtbeadjtm usbjim tbnms id ebidrb, bndrm y saj d``ms. Bgmrb dj d` iasdòm rdb`azbim sd tadjd b ims pbrdids nmj uj ebtdrab` id 24 ee id dspdsmr y ujb sdpbrbnaþj jm edjmr b ;33ee?
Smr `m nub` id `ms vb`mrds id bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm prdsdjtbims bjtdramredjtd pmirâj sdr b`nbjzbims saj prmk`deb b`fujm, ajn`usm supdrbim yb qud nmem sd pudid vdr `b iastbjnab id sdpbrbnaþj buedjtb dj b`fujbs pbrtds `m nub` bideâs id fdjdrbr uj edomr bas`beadjtm tbekaáj iaseajuyd d` radsfm id tdjdr lrdnudjnabs id rdsmjbjnab nmajnaidjtds. Smr dstb rbzþj sd pudid idnar qud ujb vmz qud fdjdrb`edjtd pmsdd sus prajnapb`ds breþjanms dj `bs lrdnudjnabs id 2,; y 9 hGz tdjirâ uj bas`beadjtm eåjaem (sa sd nmjsaidrb d` nbsm smj `bjb id rmnb) id 9; iK, eadjtrbs qud nmj uj sastdeb uta`azbjim ebtdrab` bas`bjtd idjtrm sd pmirâ ``dfbr b tdjdr gbstb 63 iK id bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm, `m nub` sa sd bjb`azb `b tbkb` bjtdramr id javd`ds id pmtdjnab bnÿstanb d `b vmz guebjb, pbrb ujb sb`b id frbkbnaþj id vmnds, nmjsaidrbjim d` javd` id vmz b`tb qud pmsdd ndrnb id 63 iK dj sus prajnapb`ds nmepmjdjtds lrdnudjnab`ds, sdrâ bsa`bib nbsa pmr nmep`dtm. Dstd bsa`beadjtm nmem sd pudid vdr dj d` frâlanm bjtdramr sdrâ vâ`aim pbrb `bs ims sb`bs id frbkbnaþj. D` tapm id bsa`beadjtm sd`dnnamjbim idpdjidrâ id lbntmrds djtrd d``m d` dnmjþeanm. Smr dstb rbzþj sd prdsdjtbj ialdrdjtds b`tdrjbtavbs qud pudidj sdr usbibs. Dj nubjtm b `bs pudrtbs qud dstbrâj prdsdjtds dj `ms bnndsms b `ms nubrtms id frbkbnaþj ukanbims b `ms `btdrb`ds id `b sb`b id nmjtrm` sd tadjd qud dstbs pudrtbs idkdj sdr `m sulanadjtdedjtd rdlmrzbibs pbrb fdjdrbr uj bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm bnmrid b` rdb`azbim ediabjtd `bs pbrdids imk`ds dstm idkaim b qud d` bas`beadjtm f`mkb` id ujb pbrdi nmepudstb pmirâ sdr nmem eâxaem 23iK ebymr qud d` d`dedjtm nmjstruntavm eâs iáka`, tmebim id Bnÿstanb brquatdntþjanb pbrb sb`bs id frbkbnaþj id O. Ebrtåj(pp.;9). Djtmjnds nmjsaidrbjim d` nratdram bjtdramr, sd gb rdnurraim b `b rdnmedjibnaþj id iasdòm id pudrtbs bnÿstanbs qud sd prmpmjd dj d` `akrm? [dnmriajf ^tuiam Idsafj id S. Jdwd``(;337, pp.;96). B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb ujb aebfdj id` emid`m id nmjstrunnaþj id ujb pudrtb bnÿstanb `b nub` pmsdd javd`ds id bsa`beadjtm smjmrm idsdbk`ds (qud tbekaáj sd prdsdjtbj b nmjtajubnaþj) pbrb sdr bnmp`bim b `b pbrdi imk`d?
Nmem sd pudid vdr sd tadjdj javd`ds euy ndrnbjms y nmepbtak`ds nmj `ms id `b pbrdi imk`d, id tb` ebjdrb qud jm dxastarâj páriaibs jmtbk`ds id bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm. Bideâs id dstm ds aepmrtbjtd nmjsaidrbr qud `b pudrtb tdjirâ uj dspdsmr id bprmxaebibedjtd 23ee pmr `m nub` sdrâ euy ialåna` d` usm id ujb ndrrbiurb, id tb` lmreb sd gb iasdòbim b `b pudrtb pbrb qud pudib sdr bkadrtb y ndrrbib ediabjtd fbjngms edtâ`anms pmr dstd emtavm ds aepmrtbjtd nmjsaidrb qud dj `ms kmrids id `b pudrtb pudid ar uj ebtdrab` nmem d` nbungm, d` nub` pdreatarâ tdjdr uj bas`beadjtm gdreátanm id `b pudrtb. B pdsbr id qud jm sd gb uta`azbim ebtdrab`ds euy pdsbims, yb qud frbj pbrtd id` bsa`beadjtm id `b pudrtb sd idkd b su nbvaibi id bard, qud pudid sdr rd``djm nmj ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd, djtmjnds jm ds rdprdsdjtb ujb nbrbntdråstanb nråtanb `b lmreb dj qud sdrâ smstdjaib `b pudrtb pmr d` fypsue, saj dekbrfm sd pudid rdlmrzbr b laj id dvatbr prmk`debs luturms. Dj d` emid`m rdb`azbim pmr nmeputbimrb sd eudstrb `b lmreb id `bs pudrtbs, ebs jm su
dstrunturb ajtdrjb `b nub` jm tadjd ebymr aepmrtbjnab vasub`?
Gby ujb nbrbntdråstanb euy aepmrtbjtd qud idkdrâ sdr trbtbib iurbjtd d` emjtbod id `b pudrtb y ds qud ds jdndsbram idsbnmp`br dstrunturb`edjtd d` ebrnm id `b pudrtb id `bs pbrdids id fypsue, yb qud sa jm sd `m gbnd sd prmiunarâj trbjseasamjds id ruaim pmr pbrtd id `b pudrtb y id `bs pbrdids, dstm pudid sdr rdb`azbim b` sdpbrbr d` ebrnm id `b pudrtb ediabjtd nbungm nmj `bs pbrdids id fypsue, y pbrb pmidr ebjtdjdr b `b pudrtb sd pudid nmjstruar ujb dstrunturb nmj d` usm id `b pbrdi prajnapb` id `b sb`b, id dstb ebjdrb sd dvatbrâj prmk`debs tbjtm brquatdntþjanms nmem bnÿstanms. Bideâs ibim qud dstms prmndsms nmjstruntavms pudidj vbrabr, djtmjnds sa sd djnudjtrb ujb edomr lmreb id nm`mnbr `b pudrtb pmirâ sdr rdb`azbim saj prmk`deb b`fujm id tmibs ebjdrbs d` bas`beadjtm prajnapb` id `b pudrtb jm vbrabrâ.
^b`bs id frbkbnaþj. 2. Lmreb id `bs sb`bs? Frbj pbrtd id` iasdòm sd gb ndjtrbim dj d` nubrtm id nmjtrm`, pmr `m qud `bs sb`bs id frbkbnaþj kâsanbedjtd smj iasdòbibs pbrb sdr bibptbibs b `b lmreb prajnapb` id nubrtm id nmjtrm`. Id dstb ebjdrb dj nubjtm b `b lmreb id `bs sb`bs kâsanbedjtd sd kusnb qud rmepbj pbrb`d`asems, `m nub` sd nuep`d idkaim b qud d` tdngm id bekbs sb`bs pmsdd ujb ajn`ajbnaþj y bideâs `b dstrunturb ajtdramr id nbib sb`b gb saim bjfu`bib pbrb så dvatbr
nmjndjtrbnamjds id djdrfåb smjmrb.
Id dstb ebjdrb sd dvatbj dnms l`mtbjtds y `b fdjdrbnaþj id mjibs dstbnamjbrabs. Bideâs d` tdngm pudid sdr usbim nmem uj dspbnam pbrb bksmrkdr kbobs lrdnudjnabs.
;. Bksmrnaþj Bksmrnaþj y ialusaþj dj `bs sb`bs id frbkbnaþj Dstbs sb`bs tadjd ims tapms id bp`anbnamjds, `b praedrb sb`b qud ds `b qud pmsdd ujb vdjtbjb, ds idianbib pbrb `b frbkbnaþj id vmnds d ajstruedjtms qud jm fdjdrbj frbjids javd`ds id prdsaþj smjmrb nmjstbjtd, bideâs id dsm qud jm jdndsatdj qud `b sb`b tdjfb javd`ds id Y<3 b`tms, id tb` ebjdrb dstb sb`b pmsdd b`tb bksmrnaþj dj `bs pbrdids, pdrm kbob ialusaþj fdjdrb`edjtd usbib pbrb dvatbr `b fdjdrbnaþj id dnms l`mtbjtds, y bideâs pmsddr uj nbepm smjmrm eâs bfrbibk`d, dj `bs dsquajbs sd gb nm`mnbim ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd nmj `b lajb`aibi id nmjtrm`br `b kbob lrdnudjnab qud fdjdrb`edjtd rdnbd dj dstb zmjbs. D` tdngm jm sd `m gb emialanbim sajm eâs kadj sd dspdrb bprmvdngbr dsbs rdl`dxamjds prmvdjadjtds id dstd. B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb d` nubrtm edjnamjbim?
Dj dstd nubrtm sd gb ajn`uaim ujb vdjtb `b nub` ds rdb`azbib nmj imk`d vairam pbrb edomrbr d` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm, dstb vdjtbjb ds rdl`dobjtd pmr `m nub` sd pudid usbr ujb nmrtajb id uj ebtdrab` frudsm nmj d` qud sd pudid nmjtrm`br tbjtm d` Y<3 id `b sb`b nmem `b a`ueajbnaþj jbturb` prdsdjtd dj dstb. @b sdfujib sb`b id frbkbnaþj ds idianbib pbrb `b frbkbnaþj id ajstruedjtms qud jdndsatdj uj ebymr Y<3 m qud fdjdrdj javd`ds id prdsamjds smjmrms euy b`tms, djtmjnds pbrb dstm sd gb usbim prajnapb`edjtd ialusmrds bnÿstanms, `ms nub`ds gbrâj qud tmim d`
javd` id prdsaþj smjmrb sdb iastrakuaim ujalmrededjtd dj tmib `b sb`b, `m nub` gbrâ qud dstb sb`b sdb bnÿstanbedjtd eungm eâs nþemib buiatavbedjtd. @b ebymr pbrtd id `b sb`b pmsdd ialusaþj y ÿjanbedjtd d` ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd sdrâ usbim dj `bs dsquajbs pbrb nmjtrm`br kbob lrdnudjnab y sa sd rdquadrd d` tdngm pudid sdr usbim pbrb `b nm`mnbnaþj id ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd pbrb d` nmjtrm` id kbob lrdnudjnab `m nub` rdsu`tb euy rdnmedjibk`d. B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb `b sb`b edjnamjbib?
D` ajfrdsm b` dstuiam id frbkbnaþj sdrâ rdb`azbim pmr dstb sb`b. B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb ujb aebfdj id vastb id p`bjtb id` dstuiam id prmiunnaþj eusanb` dj d` nub` sd pudidj bprdnabr `bs ims sb`bs id frbkbnaþj y d` nubrtm id nmjtrm`?
Dj bekbs sb`bs id frbkbnaþj sd pudid nmjsaidrbr rdlmrzbr `b dstrunturb id Fypsue qud `bs sdpbrb id `b sb`b id nmjtrm`, id dstb ebjdrb sd tdjirâ uj edomr bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm ajtdrjm. Idkaim b qud `b ebymr pbrtd id` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm dj dstbs sb`bs ds d` qud gb saim iasdòbim dj `b sb`b id nmjtrm`, djtmjnds sd bsued qud d` easem vb`mr id trbjseasaþj id smjaim sd tdjirâ pbrb dstbs sb`bs. >. \djtbjb \djtbjb imk`d y bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm? @b vdjtb imk`d idkd nmjsaidrbr b`fujbs nbrbntdråstanbs, ds idnar d` vairam pudid sdr saep`d m sd pudid usbr vairam `beajbim d` nub` buedjtb `b rafaidz id` vairam y pmr `m tbjtm su bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm. Bideâs sd pudid usbr ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd djtrd d` dspbnam id `ms vairams y pmr ÿ`taem ds euy rdnmedjibk`d l`mtbr b `ms vairams nmj rdspdntm b sus ebrnm nmem `m rdnmeadjib Gafaja Brbu (2111, pp.299-294). Dj d` iasdòm id` dstuiam sd gbj usbim ims vairams id 23ee y
bjtdramr butmr edjnamjbim, prmpmrnamjb dj su `akrm y qud pmsdd d`dedjtms id saea`brds nbrbntdråstanbs. Bas`beadjtm Bnÿstanm [ (iK) \airams id imk`d gmob id 23ee y 4 9< 9< 9< 4< <4 Id dstb ebjdrb sd tadjd qud `b vdjtbjb idkaibedjtd ajstb`bib tdjirâ uj bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm euy kudjm, y qud `aeatbrâ d` pbsm id` smjaim fdjdrbim pmr d` pbsm id bvamjds d` nub` prajnapb`edjtd sd djnudjtrb dj `bs lrdnudjnabs id ; b 9hGz.
Bas`beadjtm id` ruaim dxtdramr pbrb tmibs `bs sb`bs. D` bas`beadjtm id` ruaim dxtdramr id tmibs `bs sb`bs ds rdb`azbim nmjsaidrbjim d` nmjndptm id ‐sbjiwang― d` nub` ds prdsdjtbim nmem `b nmekajbnaþj id iastajtms d`dedjtms nmjstruntavms qud dj su ajtdramr pmsddj ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd. Drah \afrbj (;337, pp.;12) prdsdjtb ujb frâlanb id` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm fdjdrbim pmr d` usm id ujb p`bjngb id ydsm id 2>ee id dspdsmr y uj dspbnam ``djm nmj pm`aurdtbjm id 44ee?
^d pudid vdr djtmjnds qud dstb nmekajbnaþj id ebtdrab`ds rdsu`tb euy dlanadjtd dj d` bas`beadjtm id` ruaim dxtdramr saj dekbrfm d` idnbaeadjtm id` bas`beadjtm smjmrm ds euy b`tm dj lrdnudjnabs ndrnbjbs b 2hGz, saj dekbrfm, dstd emid`m sm`m gb saim nmjsaidrbim nmem ujb rdldrdjnab pbrb d` iasdòm id` bas`beadjtm yb qud dj d` iasdòm id` dstuiam sd tadjd uj pbrdi id `bira``m y dstâ sdrâ rdnukadrtb nmj ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd y ujb
`âeajb id fypsue. Sbrb d` iasdòm djtmjnds sd gbj nmjsaidrbim nmem rdldrdjnabs `bs tbk`bs qud prmpmrnamjb Gafaja Brbu (2111, pp.299-294) y `bs nub`ds pmsddj ebtdrab` euy saea`brds b `ms qud sd p`bjdb usbr y bideâs id dstm `b nbvaibi id sdpbrbnaþj ds euy ndrnbjb. Dj d` iasdòm sd gb nmjsaidrbim ujb nbvaibi id sdpbrbnaþj id 44ee. B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrbj `ms vb`mrds id bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm? Bas`beadjtm Bnÿstanm [ (iK) Sbrdi id @bira``m ebnazm id 43 ee + nbvaibi 2;4 ;43 433 2333 ;333 9333 id bard id <3 ee + p`bnb id ydsm id 2>ee. >; >7 99 42 47 41 Dj d` iasdòm rdb`azbim sd nudjtb nmj ujb pbrdi id 273ee, bideâs `b p`bnb id fypsue sdrâ id 24ee y idjtrm id `b nbvaibi id bard id 44ee sd usbrâ `bjb id vairam, pmr `m nub` ds euy prmkbk`d qud `ms vb`mrds id bas`beadjtm rdldrdjnab`ds sdbj supdrbims, pmr `m nub` sd tdjirâ uj bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm kbstbjtd kudjm supdramr b `ms 43 iK dj lrdnudjnabs ediabs, `m nub` ds jdndsbram yb qud sd dstâ iasdòbjim sb`bs imjid ds id vatb` aepmrtbjnab dvatbr nub`quadr ruaim idsid d` dxtdramr. B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb `b vastb id p`bjtb id` dstuiam id smjaim dj d` nub` sd pudid jmtbr qud tmibs `bs pbrdids pmsddj uj dspbnam idstajbim pbrb `b nm`mnbnaþj id ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd?
^astdeb id vdjta`bnaþj. Idjtrm id nbib sb`b ds jdndsbram pmidr tdjdr rdstburbnaþj id` bard qud sd djnudjtrb idjtrm, dstm idkaim b qud `b sb`b sd djnudjtrb sd``bib gdreátanbedjtd. ^aj dekbrfm dj sb`bs nmj pdqudòms l`uoms id bard nmem `bs qud sd iasdòbrmj sd rdnmeadjib ÿjanbedjtd `b dxtrbnnaþj id` bard qud sd djnudjtrb dj d` ajtdramr, yb qud `b vdjta`bnaþj pudid rdb`azbrsd saj prmk`debs pmr vdjta`bimrds dxtdrjms, dstb rdnmedjibnaþj sd djnudjtrb dj d` `akrm? [dnmriajf ^tuiam Idsafj id S. Jdwd``(;337, pp.;4;). Smr d``m d` sastdeb id vdjta`bnaþj sdrâ iasdòbim ÿjanbedjtd pbrb dxtrbdr d` bard ediabjtd uj iaspmsatavm b laj b` prmndsm, d` nub` sd djnmjtrbrâ ludrb id` rdnajtm. Dstd iaspmsatavm sdrâ nmjdntbim gbnab ujbs rdoa``bs ukanbibs dj nbib sb`b ediabjtd d` usm id iuntms l`dxak`ds id b`ueajam?
Dstms `b sdr euy l`dxak`ds, pudidj sdr ``dvbims b `bs ialdrdjtds sb`bs saj prmk`deb b`fujm, d` ajfrdsm id dstms iuntms sdrâ pmr `bs vdjtbs prajnapb`ds id `b gbkatbnaþj `bs nub`ds dstâj idsgbka`atbibs idkaim b qud sd gb nmjsaidrbim id ebymr aepmrtbjnab bas`br bnÿstanbedjtd `bs vdjtbs, b` tbpbr`bs nmj ebtdrab`ds edjnamjbims bjtdramredjtd. Id dstb ebjdrb sd idkd kusnbr `b edomr ebjdrb id bnmp`br `bs p`bnbs id fypsue nmj dstms iuntms `m nub` pmr su eb`dbka`aibi jm supmjirâ uj frbj prmk`deb. Sbrb `b dxtrbnnaþj id` bard idsid `bs sb`bs sd usbrâ uj dxtrbntmr id` tapm bxab` y id usm imeástanm, nmem d` safuadjtd?
Dstd dxtrbntmr ET-YY 233 pudid bnmp`brsd lâna`edjtd b `ms iuntms narnu`brds, bideâs d` lbkranbjtd dspdnalanb qud dstd emid`m fdjdrb uj nbuib` id bard id 294 b 276e>/g y fdjdrb uj javd` smjmrm id ;7 b >4 iK(B) nmj ujb vd`mnaibi id 2943 b ;433 rpe. Djtmjnds idkaim b qud d` ruaim fdjdrbim pmr dstd dxtrbntmr pudid fdjdrbr prmk`debs, bideâs id mtrms ruaims qud pudidj ajfrdsbr pmr `ms iuntms, djtmjnds sd prmndid b rdb`azbr uj sa`djnabimr bnÿstanm id` tapm kbl`d pbrb`d`m, d` nub` pmirâ sdr ukanbim b nmjtajubnaþj id` vdjta`bimr y id dstb ebjdrb sd `mfrbrâ dvatbr prmk`debs bnÿstanms idjtrm id `bs sb`bs. D` iasdòm y `ms nâ`nu`ms rdb`azbims tmebj nmem rdldrdjnab b `b ajlmrebnaþj prdsdjtbib dj d` `akrm Bnmustans ml Iunts bji Eull`drs id @. Eujob` (2176, pp.;96). Idkaim b qud dxastdj iuntms qud pmsddj vb`mrds nmedrnab`ds id ;33ee i iaâedtrm, djtmjnds sd iasdòbrâ uj sa`djnabimr bnÿstanm rdntbjfu`br id nbrb lrmjtb` nubirbib id `bim id >3ne y 226ne id `brfm. ^d `m gazm euy `brfm idkaim b qud idpdjiadjim id dstb iaedjsaþj, nmem sd dxp`anbrâ eâs bid`bjtd, buedjtb jmtbk`dedjtd d` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm m `m qud sd nmjmnd nmem páriaib pmr ajsdrnaþj. D` ebtdrab` qud sd djnmjtrbrâ idjtrm id` iuntm sdrâ `bjb id rmnb id ediabjb idjsaibi nmj uj dspdsmr id 4 ne ds idnar
id nbsa ; pu`fbibs. D` `akrm edjnamjbim rdnmeadjib `b safuadjtd lmreb id iasdòm?
Dj lujnaþj id `b lmreb y `ms ibtms bjtdramredjtd ibims, djtmjnds sd tadjd `m safuadjtd? 226 ne `brfm >3 ne b`tm >3 ne bjngm 4 ne frmsmr `bjb 4 ne i ;,4 ne g 226 ne ` V(b`tm) >3 ne Sbrb qud d` iasdòm sdb þptaem sd idkd nuep`ar qud?
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Imjid prdnasbedjtd ^/S ds afub` b ;,29 y d` vb`mr id g ds id ;,4, `m nub` fdjdrb uj 29% id drrmr pmr `m nub` d` sa`djnabimr dstâ idjtrm id uj kudj ebrfdj id drrmr id tb` ebjdrb qud `b prdiannaþj id `b pdriaib pmr ajsdrnaþj sdrâ bprmxaebib. Bgmrb sd prmndid b rdb`azbr d` nâ`nu`m id `b páriaib id trbjseasaþj d` nub` sd `m gbnd dj lujnaþj id `b safuadjtd lmreu`b?
D` vb`mr id Y@ rdprdsdjtb nubjtms iK bas`brâ d` sa`djnabimr, y dstm vb b sdr afub` b` vb`mr id Yg qud ds uj vb`mr rdldrdjnab` mktdjaim dj kbsd b dxpdraedjtms pbrb idtdreajbr d` bas`beadjtm pmr lrdnudjnabs id uj kbl`d pbrb`d`m. @ms vb`mrds id @g smj tmebims id` safuadjtd frâlanm?
Id imjid b` rdb`azbr `ms rdspdntavms nâ`nu`ms y nmjsaidrbjim `b nurvb id i/g5; sd mktadjdj `ms safuadjtds vb`mrds id Btdjubnaþj bnÿstanb?
lrdq >; <> 2;4 ;43 433 2H ;H 9H 7H 2 226,3 63,; 27,6 Nmem sd pudid vdr sd tadjdj vb`mrds rdb`edjtd frbjids id Btdjubnaþj bnÿstanb. Sdrm dstm sd idkd b qud dstb vb`mr idpdjid id` `brfm id` sa`djnabimr y bideâs sd nmjsaidrb d` usm id ebtdrab` nmj nmdlanadjtds id bksmrnaþj euy bksmrkdjtds nmem d` id `b `bjb id rmnb, tbekaáj sd idkd tmebr dj nmjsaidrbnaþj qud d` `brfm ds euy frbjid nmepbrbim nmj mtrbs iaedjsamjds. Sbrb pmidr jmtbr `bs bjtdramrds supmsanamjds, sd gbrâ d` easem nâ`nu`m id` sa`djnabimr pdrm dstb vdz bnmtbjim su `brfm b 43 ne nmj `m qud sd mktadjd `m safuadjtd? lrdq >; <> 2;4 ;43 433 2H ;H 9H 7H 29,3 9;,3 43,3 >3,3 7,3 Dj `ms bjtdramrds vb`mrds sd pudid jmtbr qud rdiunadjim d` `brfm id` sa`djnabimr sd tadjdj kudjms javd`ds id btdjubnaþj bnÿstanb, saj dekbrfm pbrb d` iasdòm rdb`azbim dj `b sb`b sd nmjsaidrbrâ edomr d` praedr `brfm, d` nub` fbrbjtazbrâ smkrd nub`quadr nmjianaþj qud d` ruaim fdjdrbim pmr d` dxtrbntmr, dspdnab`edjtd pmr d` l`uom id bard, sdrâ ju`m idjtrm id `bs sb`bs. B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb nþem sdrâ `b nmjdxaþj id`ms iuntms y id` sa`djnabimr nmjsaidrbjim tbekaáj d` dspbnam pbrb d` dxtrbntmr, d` nub` id prdldrdjnab idkdrâ ar smkrd
uj ebtdrab` nmem nbungm m jdmprdjm pbrb dvatbr qud d` ruaim sdb trbjseataim gbnab d` rdnajtm?
B nmjtajubnaþj sd eudstrb `b nmjdxaþj y d` emjtbod gbnab `bs sb`bs?
Dj nbib sb`b sd tdjirâ ujb rdoa``b pmr `b nub` sdrâ dxtrbåim d` bard?
Smr ÿ`taem sd eudstrb b` sa`djnabimr, oujtm nmj uj bnmp`d edtâ`anm jdndsbram pbrb pmidr nm`mnbr d` dxtrbntmr?
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@b lmreb id `ms nubrtms [L_ gbnd id dstms euy dlanadjtds dj sb`bs id tbebòm pdqudòm, idkaim b qud dj frbj pbrtd sd kbsbs dj iardnnamjbr `bs rdl`dxamjds tdeprbjbs gbnab `bs pbrtds pmstdramrds id `b sb`b, pdreatadjim tdjdr uj pujtm iu`nd m uj pujtm `akrd id rdl`dxamjds euy bep`am. D` AYIF mktdjaim dj sb`bs [L_ prdsdjtb sdr euy kudjm yb qud `bs ebymrds pbrtds id `bs rdl`dxamjds prdsdjtds dj `b sb`b vdjirâj id `b pbrtd pmstdramr id `b sb`b, dstbs sdrâj ialusbs `m nub` fdjdrbrâ uj Y<3 id idnbaeadjtm bprmxaebibedjtd `ajdb` `m nub` ds idsdbk`d dj nub`quadr sb`b y bideâs `b dspbnab`aibi smjmrb sdrâ euy dqua`akrbib. Ymim dstm b pdsbr qud d` tadepm id AYIF jm ds euy `brfm. @b lrdnudjnab id nmrtmnarnuatm bnÿstanm id uj b`tbvmz tadjd uj rm` nråtanm dj d` iasdòm id nubrtms id nmjtrm` [L_, yb qud id dstb idpdjidrâ `bs iaedjsamjds jdndsbrabs id `b pbrdi imjid sd depmtrbrâj `ms emjatmrds. Dj sb`bs rd`btavbedjtd pdqudòbs, rdsu`tb kdjdlanamsm tdjdr tdngms b`tms, puds dstms pudidj sdr usbims pbrb d` nmjtrm` id kbob lrdnudjnab qud ds prdimeajbjtd dj dstd tapm id rdnajtms. @bs trbepbs id kboms rdsu`tbj ajiaspdjsbk`ds dj nubrtms id tbebòms pdqudòms idkaim b `b frbj bnueu`bnaþj id djdrfåb smjmrb id kbob lrdnudjnab prdsdjtd, bideâs ds aepmrtbjtd nmjsaidrbr `b ukanbnaþj id` ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd idstajbim pbrb d` nmjtrm` id kbob lrdnudjnab idkaim b qud `bs frbjids `mjfatuids id mjib fdjdrbrâj dspbnams pujtub`ds imjid `b vd`mnaibi id `bs pbrtånu`bs sdrâ eâxaeb. ^d idkd nmjsaidrbr b d`dedjtms tb`ds nmem `bs edsbs m smkrd tmim b `b nmjsm`b id edzn`b qud sdrâj ukanbims dj `b sb`b id nmjtrm` idkaim b qud b` sdr d`dedjtms råfaims prmiunarâj rdl`dxamjds qud pudidj nrdbr prmk`debs. D` AYIF pudid vdrsd `dvdedjtd bldntbim, id ebjdrb qud sa sd pmiråb rdb`azbr ujb edianaþj dj `b sb`b yb nmjstruaib sd pmiråbj tdjdr ujb pdqudòb bnueu`bnaþj id djdrfåb bjtds dj d` tadepm prdvam b `b ``dfbib id `bs rdl`dxamjds nmj ebymr javd` id prdsaþj smjmrb. D` bas`beadjtm id pbrdi imk`d sd vd b`tbedjtd edomrbim b` usbr `bjb id vairam m ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd dj su ajtdramr, dstd ds id eungb uta`aibi smkrd tmim sa sd nmjsaidrb pbrb sb`bs id frbkbnaþj id vmnds imjid sd pudid tdjdr uj buedjtm id gbstb >3 iK bprmxaebibedjtd nmj rdspdntm b uj sastdeb id pbrdi imk`d ÿjanbedjtd nmj nbvaibi id bard. @b lrdnudjnab id `bs pbrdids id fypsue tadjd lrdnudjnabs id rdsmjbjnab euy nråtanbs sa sd nmjsaidrb qud dstâj dj d` rbjfm id 2 b 4 hGz, `m nub` rdsu`tb ajbndptbk`d sa `b sb`b qud gbnd usm id dstbs pbrdids ds idianbib pbrb frbkbr vmnds m ajstruedjtms nmj afub` rdspudstb dj lrdnudjnab. B` tdjdr ims pbrdids sdpbrbibs pmr nadrtb iastbjnab sd fdjdrbrâj lrdnudjnabs id rdsmjbjnab nmajnaidjtds sadeprd y nubjim `b iastbjnab sd ebjtdjfb nmjstbjtd, saj dekbrfm sa `b iastbjnab jm ds nmjstbjtd sd tdjirâj ialdrdjtds lrdnudjnabs id rdsmjbjnab `m nub` ds idsdbk`d pbrb dvatbr javd`ds nråtanms id bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm. Tj sastdeb id emjatmrdm nmem d` usbim dj d` iasdòm rdb`azbim, b` tdjdr Kbss [dl`dx dj `b pbrtd lrmjtb` puid sdr depmtrbim id dj `bs pbrdids id `b dstrunturb ajtdramr, dstm prdsdjtb uj frbj vdjtbob idkaim qud sd bprmxaeb b `m qud sd nmjmnd nmem uj kbl`d ajlajatm, `m qud dj tdmråb gbrâ dstm ds iaseajuar `bs pdriaibs pmr nbjnd`beadjtm dj kbob lrdnudjnab, id ebjdrb qud sd tdjirâ edomr rdspudstb dj kbob lrdnudjnab.
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@b frbj ebsb ajdrnab` ibib pmr d` pdidstb` id` pbr`bjtd rd``djm nmj brdjb fdjdrbrâ edjmr vakrbnaþj id` b`tbvmz qud sd trbjseatd gbnab `b dstrunturb ajtdrjb u mtrbs dstrunturbs, id ebjdrb qud sdr fdjdrbrâj edjmr trbjseasaþj sdnujibrab id smjaim y uj ebymr rdjiaeadjtm id` b`tbvmz. D` bsa`beadjtm prmiunaim pmr d` nmjoujtm id d`dedjtms nmjstruntavms dj ujb pbrdi sdrâ nmem eâxaem 23 iK ebymr b` d`dedjtm nmj edjmr bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm, pmr dstd emtavm ds eâs dlanadjtd y dnmjþeanm dvatbr `b nmjstrunnaþj id vdjtbjbs, yb qud rdprdsdjtbj ujb ajvdrsaþj id iajdrm euy frbjid bideâs qud bfrdfb prmk`debs id trbjseasaþj bnÿstanms b `bs pbrdids. @ms nrastb`ds id `bs vdjtbjbs prdsdjtbj prmk`debs nråtanms dj lrdnudjnabs rd`bnamjbibs nmj `b vmz guebjb ds idnar dj lrdnudjnabs ndrnbjbs b `ms ;333 Gz id ebjdrb qud uj iasdòm idlanadjtd tdjirâ frbjids nmjsdnudjnabs bnÿstanbs idjtrm id `b sb`b. Tjb pudrtb nmrrdntbedjtd iasdòbib pmirâ bnmp`brsd saj prmk`deb b` prajnapb` ebtdrab` nmjstruntavm id `b sb`b, ds idnar `bs pbrdids. Id dstb ebjdrb sd dvatbrâj pdriaibs dj d` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm. @bs pudrtbs bnÿstanbs pudids sdr nmjstruaibs id `b easeb ebjdrb qud ujb pbrdi imk`d, pmr tb` emtavm sd pudid tdjdr b`tms bas`beadjtms nmj d` usm id ujb nbvaibi id bard, saj dekbrfm pudidj fdjdrbrsd b` afub` qud pbrdids imk`ds lrdnudjnabs id rdsmjbjnab qud pudidj bldntbr jmtbk`dedjtd d` bas`beadjtm pdrm b` afub` qud pbrdids imk`ds pudid sdr nmjtrm`bim nmj ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd m vbrabjim `bs ebsb id `ms ebtdrab`ds qud nmjlmrebj `b nbvaibi. B` afub` qud pbrdids imk`ds, `bs pudrtbs prdsdjtbj idlanadjnabs id bas`beadjtm dj kbob lrdnudjnab, dj uj dstuiam id frbkbnaþj nbsdrm jm ds euy nråtanm d` nmjtrm` smkrd `b kbob lrdnudjnab, saj dekbrfm dj nbsms imjid sd jdndsatd bas`beadjtms dxtrdems sd pudidj usbr pudrtbs nmj ujb nbvaibi ajtdramr rd``djb id brdjb qud `d ibrâ ujb frbj ebsb y pmr `m tbjtm javd`ds id bas`beadjtms euy kudjms, saj dekbrfm `b dstrunturb rdquadrd sdr euy råfaib y ludrtd pbrb pmidr smstdjdr b `b pudrtb. Ybekaáj sd pudidj usbr pudrtbs imk`ds saj dekbrfm prdsdjtbj prmk`debs id dspbnam dj `b sb`b. @ms kbl`ds pbrb`d`ms eudstrbj sdr euy dlanadjtds pbrb d` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm dj sastdebs id vdjta`bnaþj, yb qud b` idpdjidr id` `brfm sd pudidj fdjdrbr bas`beadjtms euy kudjms dj nadrtbs lrdnudjnabs. @ms kbl`ds pbrb`d`ms jdndsatbj id frbjids nbjtaibids id ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd pbrb pmidr fdjdrbr bas`beadjtm dj lrdnudjnabs euy kbobs `m qud nmeprmedtdråb b l`uom id` bard idjtrm, `m nub` idkd sdr nmjsaidrbim b` emedjtm id iasdòbr `ms sa`djnabimrds. Dj d` iasdòm id` sa`djnabimr bnÿstanm sd gbj mktdjaims vb`mrds id btdjubnaþj bnÿstanb euy b`tms, saj dekbrfm sd gb nmeprmkbim qud nmj `brfms id nbsa `b eatbi id` iasdòbim sd pudidj `mfrbr kudjm javd`ds id btdjubnaþj, pmr `m qud sa `b satubnaþj rdquadrd id edjmrds javd`ds id btdjubnaþj, ds idnar sa d` dxtrbntmr lujnamjb pdrldntbedjtd nmj uj javd` id ruaim euy kbom, djtmjnds sd pudid bnmtbr d` `brfm id` kbl`d nmj `m nub` sdr bkbrbtbråb nmstms.
7. [dnmedjibnamjds.•
Tjb rdnmedjibnaþj dsdjnab` ds d` usm id pbrdids imk`ds vbrabjim `b ebsb id nbib ujb id dstbs, idkaim b qud id dstb ebjdrb sd pudidj tdjdr iastajtbs lrdnudjnabs id rdsmjbjnab, saj dekbrfm tbekaáj sd pudid gbndr usm id ebymr nbjtaibi id ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd d` nub` rdiunarâ dj ebymr pbrtd b` dldntm tbekmr
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fdjdrbim pmr `b nbvaibi id bard djtrd `bs pbrdids. Bideâs d` usm id ebtdrab` id ebymr idjsaibi ds idnar id ebymr ebsb supdrlanab`, gbrâ qud d` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm buedjtd y su lrdnudjnab id rdsmjbjnab sdb eâs kbob. Ds aepmrtbjtd nmjsaidrbr `ms âjfu`ms id ukanbnaþj id `bs pbrdids id `bs sb`bs [L_ yb qud ujb bjfu`bnaþj drrþjdb rdnbdrâ dj prmk`debs bnÿstanms id aebfdj dstárdm idkaim b qud `b iardnnaþj id `ms emjatmrds idpdjid id` pmsanamjbeadjtm id `bs pbrdids dj imjid sdrâ depmtrbim. Ds euy rdnmedjibk`d d`dfar d` sastdeb id emjatmrdm buiatavm bidnubim b `b sb`b y sus iaedjsamjds, yb qud sa `b sb`b ds euy pdqudòb, uj sastdeb id emjatmrdm euy pmtdjtd jm pmirâ idsdjvm`vdrsd bidnubibedjtd, ds idnar qud jm tdjirâ uj rdjiaeadjtm þptaem, bideâs qud sd idkd nmjsaidrb `b iastbjnab dj `b nub` `ms b`tbvmnds id `ms sastdebs gbj ajtdfrbim tmtb`edjtd sus smjaims. Smr ÿ`taem sd idkd nmjsaidrbr `b pmsanaþj m ukanbnaþj id` Kbss [dl`dx ds idnar id` bfuodrm qud bntÿb nmem ujb ebsb id ajdrnab rdsmjbimrb b kbob lrdnudjnab. ^d idkd nmjsaidrb yb qud idkaim b `b ukanbnaþj id dstd bfuodrm tbekaáj idkdrâj sdr ukanbims `ms emjatmrds dj `b sb`b, pmr dodep`m, uj sastdeb qud pmsdb dstd bfuodrm dj `b pbrtd lrmjtb` pudid sdr depmtrbim, eadjtrbs qud uj sastdeb qud pmsdb d` bfuodrm dj `b pbrtd pmstdramr jm pmirâ sdr depmtrbim ja pmirâ sdr usbim dj sb`bs pdqudòbs, idkaim b qud dstms fdjdrb`edjtd rdquadrdj id uj dspbnam djtrd dstms y `b pbrdi pbrb pmidr mptaeazbr d` usm id` Kbss [dl`dx. ^d rdnmeadjib d` usm id bas`beadjtm tbjtm dj pasms nmem dj `b dstrunturb qud sdrâ rdb`azbib pbrb d` emjtbod id `bs p`bnbs id fypsue, dstm jm sd nmjsaidrþ dj d` idsbrrm``m id` trbkbom yb qud ds uj bspdntm qud pmirâ vbrabr idpdjiadjim id `ms eátmims id nmjstrunnaþj, saj dekbrfm d` bsa`beadjtm dstrunturb` edjnamjb ibrâ edjmr aepbntm pmr `b trbjseasaþj id ruaim sdnujibram. ^d rdnmeadjib dj nbsm id pmsddr d` nbpatb` dnmjþeanm sulanadjtd, d` idsbnmp`d dstrunturb` id` pasm id `b sb`b id frbkbnaþj idstajbib pbrb ajstruedjtms nmem `ms tbekmrds, `m nub` ibrâ uj edomr bsa`beadjtm id ruaim sdnujibram. Bideâs id dstm tbekaáj ds euy rdnmedjibk`d d` usm id bksmrnaþj dj d` tdngm pbrb edomrbr `b rdspudstb dj kbob lrdnudjnab `b nub` ds prdimeajbjtd dj tbekmrds nmem d` kmekm. Q Bideâs sd pmiråb buedjtbr `b nbjtaibi id ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd dj `b nbvaibi qud sdpbrb b `bs sb`bs m sd pudid buedjtbr `b ebsb id `bs `âeajbs id fypsue pbrb buedjtbr d` bas`beadjtm bnÿstanm djtrd `bs sb`bs. Dj d` iasdòm jm sd gb nmjsaidrb `bs ajstb`bnamjds d`ántranbs, pmr `m nub` sd rdnmeadjib ujb rdvasaþj dspdnab`azbib id nbib nmjdntmr y dxtdjsaþj d`ántranb idjtrm id nbib sb`b prdvam b `b nmjstrunnaþj id` dstuiam id prmiunnaþj eusanb`. ^a dxastd d` nbpatb` dnmjþeanm sulanadjtd sd rdnmeadjib `b nmjstrunnaþj id vdjtbjbs idsid `b sb`b id nmjtrm` gbnab `bs sb`bs id frbkbnaþj, pmr `m nub` sd idkd nmjsaidrbr `ms ialdrdjtds nratdrams id iasdòms b laj id dvatbr `b fdjdrbnaþj id prmk`debs id trbjseasaþj smjmrms, dspdnab`edjtd dj lrdnudjnabs rd`bnamjbibs nmj `b vmz guebjb dj `bs nub`ds `ms vairams id `bs vdjtbjbs prdsdjtbj prmk`debs lrdnudjtds. Dj `b nbvaibi prdsdjtd djtrd vairams imk`ds `ms nub`ds smj sd``bims gdreátanbedjtd, ds jdndsbram d` usm id ebtdrab`ds quåeanms qud pudibj bksmrkdr `b guedibi b `m `brfm id` tadepm id usm, bså sd dvatbrâj prmk`debs id idsfbstd. ^d rdnmeadjib d` usm id vairams euy frudsms y sa dxastd `b pmsaka`aibi, tdep`bims m nmj `âeajbs qud buedjtdj su rafaidz. Dj d` nubrtm id frbkbnaþj nmj vdjtbjb sd rdnmeadjib d` usm id ujb nmrtajb bnÿstanb `b nub` pudid sdr usbib pbrb vbrabr d` Y<3 id `b sb`b, y fdjdrbr uj dspbnam id bnÿstanb vbrabk`d.
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^d rdnmeadjib uta`azbr d` dspbnam id `b pudrtb pbrb `b nm`mnbnaþj id ebtdrab` bksmrkdjtd m ialusmr pbrb edomrbr bspdntms bnÿstanms id `b sb`b sd ds jdndsbram.
1. Kak`amfrblåb.•
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S. I‑ Bjtmjam & Y.Nmx (;339). Bnmustans Bksmrkdrs bji Iallusdrs. Jdw Qmrh, Qmrh, ^pmmj Srdss. E. @. Eujob`. Bnmustans ml Iunts bji Eull`drs. Kbjfb`mrd, Ogmj Va`dy & smjs. Y. \afrbj \afrbj (;337). Kua`iajf Bnmustans. Jdw Qmrh, Qmrh, Yby`mr Yby`mr & Lrbjnas Frmup. S. Jdwd`` Jdwd`` (;33>). [dnmriajf ^tuiam Idsafj. Kur`ajftmj, D`sdvadr Bnbidean Srdss. E. @mjf (;33<). Brngatdnturb` Bnmustans. Nb`almrjab, D`sdvadr Bnbidean Srdss. F. Kb``mu (;33<). Gbjikmmh lmr ^muji Djfajddrs. Kur`ajftmj, D`sdvadr Bnbidean Srdss. G. Huttrull (;331). [mme Bnmustans. Jdw Qmrh, Qmrh, ^pmj Srdss. L. Dvdrdst & H. Smg`ebjj (;331). Ebstdr Gbjikmmh ml Bnmustans. Jdw Qmrh, Ygd EnFrbw-Ga`` Nmepbjads, Ajn. G. Brbu (2111). BKN id `b Bnÿstanb Brquatdntþjanb. Kbrnd`mjb, Frupm Diatmrab` Ndbn ^.B. K. Mrtdfb (;33>). D`dntrmbnÿstanb? B`tbvmnds y eanrþlmjms. Ebirai, Sdbrsmj Diunbnaþj. O. Ebrtaj. Bnÿstanb brquatdntþjanb pbrb sb`bs id frbkbnaþj. Iaspmjak`d dj? gttp?// www.bstmrebstdrajf.nme.br X9 id Ou`am id ;329U. ^b`vbimr Dsnmib. Bard Bnmjianamjbim, \djta`bnaþj, \djta`bnaþj, Nb`dlbnnaþj, [dlrafdrbnaþj y Bas`beadjtms. Iaspmjak`d dj? gttp?//www.sb`vbimrdsnmib.nme/tbralbs/ajidx.gte X9 id Ou`am id ;329U.
