ACADEMIA DE BIOINSTRUMENTA BIOINSTRUMENTACIÓN CIÓN
3.1 DIAGRAMA A BLOQUES DE SISTEMAS DE CONTROL 3.1.1 DIAGRAMAS DE BLOQUES: FUNDAMENTOS Un diaga!a d" #$%&'"( "( 'na ")"("n*a+i,n g-i+a / a#"iada d" $a "$a+i,n d" +a'(a / ""+*% "n*" $a "n*ada / $a (a$ida d" 'n (i(*"!a (i+%. %)%+i%na 'n !*%d% 4*i$ / +%n"ni"n*" )aa +aa+*"i5a $a( "$a+i%n"( 'n+i%na$"( "n*" $%( di"(%( +%!)%n"n*"( d" 'n (i(*"!a d" +%n*%$. L%( +%!)%n"n*"( d"$ (i(*"!a (" $$a!an d" !an"a a$*"na "$"!"n*%( d"$ (i(*"!a. La %!a !-( (i!)$" d" 'n diaga!a d" #$%&'"( "( 'n (%$% #$%&'" +%n 'na "n*ada / 'na (a$ida +%!% (" !'"(*a "n $a ig'a 3.1.
Fig'a 3.1 Diaga!a d" 'n (%$% #$%&'" Fig'a 3.3 E8"!)$%( d" )'n*%( d" ('!a
E$ in*" *"i% d"$ " "+*-ng'$% &'" ")"("n*a "$ #$%&'" '('a$!"n*" +%n*i"n" $a d"(+i)+i,n % "$ n%!#" d"$ "$"!"n*% % "$ (!#%$% d" $a %)"a+i,n !a*"!-*i+a &'" (" a a ""+*'a (%#" $a "n*ada )aa )%d'+i $a (a$ida. La( $"+7a( ")"("n*an $a di"++i,n d" $a in%!a+i,n % $'8% d" $a ("9a$. EEMLO 3.1.
Fig'a 3.2 C%!)%n"n*"( d" 'n diaga!a d" #$%&'"(.
La( %)"a+i%n"( d" adi+i,n / ('(*a++i,n *i"n"n 'na ")"("n*a+i,n "()"+ia$. E$ #$%&'" (" +%ni"*" "n 'n )"&'"9% ++'$% $$a!ad% )'n*% d" ('!a +%n "$ (ign% a)%)iad% !-( % !"n%( a(%+iad% +%n $a( $"+7a( &'" "n*an a$ ++'$%. La (a$ida "( $a ('!a a$g"#ai+a d" $a( "n*ada(. C'a$&'i" n4!"% d" "n*ada( )'"d" $$"ga a 'n )'n*% d" ('!a. EEMLO 3.2.
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A$g'n%( a'*%"( )%n"n 'na +'5 "n "$ ++'$%:
Fig'a 3.=
E(*a n%*a+i,n (" "i*a- a&' )%&'" a$g'na( "+"( (" +%n'nd" +%n $a %)"a+i,n d" !'$*i)$i+a+i,n. aa 7a+" &'" $a !i(!a ("9a$ % aia#$" ("a 'na "n*ada a !-( d" 'n #$%&'" % )'n*% d" ('!a (" '*i$i5a 'n )'n*% d" #i'+a+i,n. E(*" )"!i*" &'" $a ("9a$ )%(iga ina$*"ada )% di""n*"( *a/"+*%ia( a ai%( d"(*in%(. EEMLO 3.3
Fig'a 3.? E8"!)$%( d" )'n*%( d" #i'+a+i,n.
3.1.2 DIAGRAMAS DE BLOQUES DE SISTEMAS CON RETROALIMENTACIÓN
DE CONTROL CONTINUOS
L%( #$%&'"( &'" ")"("n*an $%( di""n*"( +%!)%n"n*"( d" 'n (i(*"!a d" +%n*%$ "(*-n +%n"+*ad%( d" 'n !%d% &'" +aa+*"i5a ('( "$a+i%n"( 'n+i%na$"( d"n*% d"$ (i(*"!a. En $a ig'a 3.6 (" i$'(*a $a +%nig'a+i,n #-(i+a d" 'n (i(*"!a d" +%n*%$ (i!)$" "n !a$$a +"ada <"*%a$i!"n*ad%> +%n 'na (%$a "n*ada / 'na (%$a (a$ida )aa 'n (i(*"!a +%n ("9a$"( +%n*in'a( 4ni+a!"n*".
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Fig'a 3.6 C%nig'a+i,n #-(i+a d" 'n (i(*"!a d" +%n*%$ (i!)$" "n !a$$a + "ada <"*%a$i!"n*ad%>.
Ena*i5a!%( &'" $a( $"+7a( d" 'na !a$$a +"ada &'" +%n"+*an 'n #$%&'" +%n %*% ")"("n*an $a di"++i,n d"$ $'8% d" $a "n"ga d" +%n*%$ % in%!a+i,n &'" a !"n'd% n% "( $a '"n*" )in+i)a$ d" "n"ga )aa "$ (i(*"!a. En "$ +a(% d"$ "8"!)$% 3.2. La '"n*" )in+i)a$ d" "n"ga )aa "$ +a$"n*ad% +%n*%$ad% *"!%(*-*i+a!"n*" )% $% g"n"a$ "( &'!i+a )%"ni"n*" d" $a +%!#'(*i,n d" ga(%$ina +a#,n % ga(. "% "(*a '"n*" d" "n"ga n% a)a"+" "n $a !a$$a d" +%n*%$ +"ada d"$ (i(*"!a. 3.1.3 TERMINOLOGA DEL DIAGRAMA DE BLOQUES EN LAO CERRADO. E( i!)%*an*" &'" (" "n*i"ndan +$aa!"n*" $%( *!in%( '(ad%( "n "$ diaga!a d" #$%&'"( "n $a5% +"ad%. La( $"*a( !in4(+'$a( (" '*i$i5an )aa ")"("n*a $a( aia#$"( d" "n*ada / d" (a$ida d" +ada "$"!"n*% +%!% *a!#in $%( (!#%$%( )aa $%( #$%&'"( g1 g2 / 7. E(*a( +an*idad"( ")"("n*an 'n+i%n"( d" *i"!)% a n% (" &'" (" "()"+ii&'" %*a +%(a. EEMLO 3.=
<*>
U(a!%( $"*a( !a/4(+'$a( )aa Indi+a +an*idad"( d" *an(%!ada d" La)$a+" % d" *an(%!ada 5 +%!% 'n+i%n"( d" $a aia#$" +%!)$"8a ( , 5 "()"+*ia !"n*" % +an*idad"( d" *an(%!ada d" F%'i" <'n+i%n"( d" "+'"n+ia> +%!% 'n+i%n"( d" $a aia#$" i!aginaia )'a 8. A !"n'd% $a( 'n+i%n"( d" ( , d" 5 (" a#"ian )"("n*and% $a $"*a !a/4(+'$a (%$a. La( 'n+i%n"( d" "+'"n+ia n'n+a (" a#"ian. EEMLO 3.?
R<(> (" )'"d" a#"ia +%!% R % F<5> +%!% F. R< 8> n'n+a (" a#"ia.
S" "(+%gi"%n $a( $"*a( +. " "*+.H )aa )"("a $a na*'a$"5a g"ni+a d"$ diaga!a d" #$%&'"(. E(*a +%n"n+i,n a7%a "( +$-(i+a. ¾
La )$an*a <)%+"(% % (i(*"!a +%n*%$ad%> g2 "( "$ (i(*"!a ('#(i(*"!a )%+"(% ' %#8"*% +%!andad% )% "$ (i(*"!a d" +%n*%$ +%n "*%a$i!"n*a+i,n.
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La (a$ida +%n*%$ada + "( $a aia#$" d" (a$ida d" $a )$an*a #a8% "$ !and% d"$ (i(*"!a d" +%n*%$ +%n "*%a$i!"n*a+i,n.
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La *a/"+*%ia di"+*a "( $a '*a d" *an(!i(i,n d"$ )'n*% d" ('!a a$ )'n*% d" (a$ida +%n*%$ada +.
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L%( "$"!"n*%( an*i+i)a*i%( g1 (%n $%( +%!)%n"n*"( d" $a *a/"+*%ia di"+*a &'" g"n"an $a( ("9a$"( d" +%n*%$ ' % ! a)$i+ada( a $a )$an*a. N%*a: En*" $%( "$"!"n*%( an*i+i)a*i%( d" +%n*%$ +%i"n*"!"n*" (" "n+'"n*an +%n*%$ad%"( +%!)"n(ad%"( <% "$"!"n*%( d" "+'a$i5a+i,n> /J% a!)$ii+ad%"(.
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La ("9a$ d" +%n*%$ ' <% $a aia#$" !ani)'$ada !> "( $a ("9a$ d" (a$ida d". $%( "$"!"n*%( an*i+i)a*i%( g1 a)$i+ada +%!% "n*ada "n $a )$an*a g2.
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La *a/"+*%ia d" "*%a$i!"n*a+i,n "( $a '*a d" *an(!i(i,n d" $a (a$ida +%n*%$ada + &'" "g"(a a$ )'n*% d" ('!a.
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L%( "$"!"n*%( d" "*%a$i!"n*a+i,n 7 "(*a#$"+"n $a "$a+i,n 'n+i%na "n*" $a (a$ida +%n*%$ada + / $a ("9a$ )i!aia d" "*%a$i!"n*a+i,n #.
N%*a: En*" $%( "$"!"n*%( d" "*%a$i!"n*a+i,n n%!a$!"n*" (" "n+'"n*an ("n(%"( d" $a (a$ida +%n*%$ada + +%!)"n(ad%"( /J% "$"!"n*%( +%n*%$ad%"(. ¾
La "n*ada d" """n+ia "( 'na ("9a$ "K*"na a)$i+ada a$ (i(*"!a d" +%n*%$ +%n "*%a$i!"n*a+i,n '('a$!"n*" "n "$ )i!" )'n*% d" ('!a )aa %d"na 'na a++i,n "()"+i+a a $a )$an*a. A !"n'd% ")"("n*a "$ +%!)%*a!i"n*% id"a$ <% d"("ad%> d" $a (a$ida "n $a )$an*a.
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La ("9a$ )i!aia d" "*%a$i!"n*a+i,n # "( 'na 'n+i,n d" $a (a$ida +%n*%$ada + ('!ada a$g"#ai+a!"n*" +%n $a "n*ada d" """n+ia )aa %#*"n" $a ("9a$ a+*'an*" <"%> " "(*% "( ± # ". N%*a: Un (i(*"!a "n !a$$a a#i"*a n% *i"n" ("9a$ )i!aia d" "*%a$i!"n*a+i,n.
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La ("9a$ a+*'an*" <"%> "( $a ("9a$ d" "n*ada d" """n+ia !-( % !"n%( $a ("9a )i!aia d" "*%a$i!"n*a+i,n #. La a++i,n d" +%n*%$ (" g"n"a )% $a ("9a a+*'an*" <"%> "n 'n (i(*"!a d" +%n*%$ +%n "*%a$i!"n*a+i,n
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R"*%a$i!"n*a+i,n n"ga*ia (ignii+a &'" "$ )'n*% d" ('!a "( 'n ('(*a+*% "(*% "( "
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R"*%a$i!"n*a+i,n )%(i*ia (ignii+a &'" "$ )'n*% d" ('!a "( 'n ('!ad% "( d"+i " #.
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3.1.= DIAGRAMAS DE BLOQUES DE COMONENTES DISCRETOS EN EL TIEMO DE SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DE SISTEMAS CONTROLADOS OR COMUTADOR. La d"ini+i,n d"(+i#" 'n (i(*"!a d" +%n*%$ di(+"*% "n "$ *i"!)% +%!% a&'"$ &'" *i"n" ("9a$"( % +%!)%n"n*"( di(+"*%( "n "$ *i"!)% "n 'n% % !-( )'n*%( d"$ (i(*"!a. i!"% "$a+i%na!%( ai%( +%!)%n"n*"( +%!'n"( d" (i(*"!a( di(+"*%( "n "$ *i"!)% / $'"g% i$'(*a!%( a$g'na( d" $a( %!a( +%!% )'"d"n in*"+%n"+*a(" "n %( (i(*"!a( d" +%n*%$ digi*a$. R"+%da!%( a$ $"+*% &'" "n "(*" $i#% di(+"*% "n "$ *i"!)% a !"n'd% (" a#"ia +%!% di(+"*% / +%n*in'% "n "$ *i"!)% +%!% +%n*in'% (i"!)" &'" (' (ignii+ad% n% "('$*" a!#ig'%. EEMLO 3.6. Un +%!)'*ad% digi*a$ % !i+%)%+"(ad% "( 'n di()%(i*i% di(+"*% "n "$ *i"!)% +%!)%n"n*" +%!4n "n (i(*"!a( d" +%n*%$ digi*a$. La( ("9a$"( in*"na( / "K*"na( d" 'n +%!)'*ad% digi*a$ (" +aa+*"i5an )% (" di(+"*a( "n "$ *i"!)% % +%dii+ada( digi*a$!"n*". Un !'"(*"ad% "( 'n di()%(i*i% &'" +%ni"*" 'na ("9a$ +%n*in'a "n "$ *i"!)% diga!%( '<*> "n 'na ("9a$ di(+"*a "n "$ *i"!)% ")"("n*ada )% '<*> $a +'a$ +%n(i(*" "n 'na ("+'"n+ia d" a$%"( d" $a ("9a$ "n $%( in(*an*"( *i *2P...P "( d"+i U<*i> U<*2>... "*+. U('a$!"n*" $%( !'"(*"ad%"( id"a$"( (" ")"("n*an d" !an"a "(&'"!-*i+a )% 'n in*"')*% +%!% (" !'"(*a "n $a ig'a 3.; "n $a +'a$ "$ in*"')*% n%!a$!"n*" "(*a#i"*% "K+")*% "n $%( in(*an*"( *1 *2 "*+. +'and% (" +i"a )% 'n in(*an*". +%n*in'a a *a!%(. E$ in*"')*% *a!#in )'"d" ")"("n*a(" +%!% "n+"ad% "n 'n #$%&'" +%!% (" !'"(*a "n $a ig'a 3..
Fig'a 3; M'"(*"ad%"(.
Fig'a 3 In*"')*%.
Un "*n % (i(*"!a d" (%(*"ni!i"n*% d" da*%( "( 'n di()%(i*i% &'" +%ni"*" $a (a$ida di(+"*a "n "$ *i"!)% d" 'n !'"(*"ad% "n a$g'na +$a(" )a*i+'$a d" ("9a$ +%n*in'a "n "$ *i"!)% % ana$,gi+a. EEMLO 3.;. Un (i(*"!a d" (%(*"ni!i"n*% d" %d"n +"% <"*n (i!)$"> "( a&'"$ &'" !an*i"n" <"( d"+i "*i"n"> "$ a$% d" U <*> +%n(*an*" 7a(*a "$ (ig'i"n*" *i"!)% d" !'"(*"% * 1 +%!% (" !'"(*a "n $a ig'a 3.. N%*" &'" $a (a$ida / O<*> d"$ "*n d" %d"n +"% "( +%n*in'a "K+")*% "n $%( *i"!)%( d" !'"(*"%. E(*" *i)% d" ("9a$ (" $$a!a
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Fig'a 3.11 Si(*"!a +%n*%$ad% )% +%!)'*ad%.
ACADEMIA DE BIOINSTRUMENTACIÓN
Fig'a 3. Si(*"!a d" (%(*"ni!i"n*% d" %d"n +"%.
Fig'a 3.10 S%(*"ni!i"n*% d" %d"n +"%.
Un +%n"*id% ana$,gi+% a digi*a$ "( 'n di()%(i*i% &'" +%ni"*" 'na ("9a$ ana$,gi+a % +%n*in'a "n 'na di(+"*a % digi*a$. Un +%n"*id% digi*a$ a ana$,gi+% "( 'n di()%(i*i% &'" +%ni"*" 'na ("9a$ di(+"*a % digi*a$ "n 'na +%n*in'a "n "$ *i"!)% % ana$,gi+a. EEMLO 3.. La ig'a 3. "( 'n +%n"*id% AID. EEMLO 3.. E$ (i(*"!a d" (%(*"ni!i"n*% d" %d"n +"% d"$ "8"!)$% 3.; <ig'a( 3. / 3.10> "( 'n +%n"*id% DIA. L%( (i(*"!a( d" !'"(*"% / (%(*"ni!i"n*% d" %d"n +"% +%!4n!"n*" (" '*i$i5an +%!% +%n"*id%"( AJD / DJ A )"% n% (%n $%( 4ni+%( *i)%( di()%ni#$"(. En )a*i+'$a a$g'n%( +%n"*id%"( DJA (%n !-( +%!)$"8%(. Un (i(*"!a +%n*%$ad% )% +%!)'*ad% in+$'/" 'n +%!)'*ad% +%!% "$"!"n*% )i!ai% d" +%n*%$. L%( (i(*"!a( +%n*%$ad%( )% +%!)'*ad% !-( +%!'n"( *i"n"n +%!)'*ad%"( digi*a$"( +%!andand% )%+"(%( ana$,gi+%( % +%n*in'%(. En "(*" +a(% (" n"+"(i*an +%n"*id%"( AJD / DJA +%!% (" i$'(*a "n $a ig'a 3.11.
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3.13 # (" $$a!a d"*"+*% d" "%.
ACADEMIA DE BIOINSTRUMENTACIÓN
E$ "$%8 )'"d" %!i*i(" d"$ diaga!a /a &'" (in+%ni5a )"% n% 7a+" )a*" "K)$+i*a d"$ $'8% d" $a ("9a$ "n $a !a$$a d" +%n*%$. D" $a !i(!a !an"a a$g'na( "+"( (" %!i*"n d"$ diaga!a "$ )'n*% d" ('!a / $a "n*ada d" """n+ia )%&'" a!#%( )'"d"n (" i!)$"!"n*ada( )% "$ +%!)'*ad%. T"!in%$%ga (')$"!"n*aia. Un *an(d'+*% "( 'n di()%(i*i% &'" +%ni"*" 'na %!a d" "n"ga "n %*a. % "8"!)$% 'n% d" $%( *an(d'+*%"( !-( +%!'n"( "n $a( a)$i+a+i%n"( d" (i(*"!a( d" +%n*%$ "( "$ )%*"n+i,!"*% "$ +'a$ +%ni"*" 'na )%(i+i,n !"+-ni+a "n 'n %$*a8" "$+*i+% <ig'a 3.12>.
Fig'a 3.12 %*"n+i,!"*%.
La %d"n "( 'na ("9a$ d" "n*ada '('a$!"n*" ig'a$ a $a "n*ada d" """n+ia . "% +'and% $a +$a(" d" "n"ga d" $a %d"n n% "( $a !i(!a &'" $a d" "*%a$i!"n*a+i,n )i!aia # (" "&'i"" 'n *an(d'+*% "n*" $a %d"n / $a "n*ada d" """n+ia +%!% (" !'"(*a "n $a ig'a 3.13 a.
Fig'a 3.13 a> Od"n . #> D"*"+*% d" "%.
C'and% "$ "$"!"n*% d" "*%a$i!"n*a+i,n +%n(*a d" 'n *an(d'+*% / ad"!-( (" n"+"(i*a 'n *an(d'+*% "n $a "n*ada "(a )a*" d"$ (i(*"!a d" +%n*%$ i$'(*ada "n $a ig'a
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Un "(*!'$% % "n*ada d" )'"#a "( +'a$&'i" ("9a$ d" "n*ada in*%d'+ida "K*"na!"n*" <"K,g"na!"n*"> &'" a"+*a $a (a$ida +%n*%$ada +. N%*a: $a "n*ada d" """n+ia "( 'n "8"!)$% d" 'n "(*!'$% )"% n% "( $a 4ni+a +$a(" d" "(*!'$%. Una )"*'#a+i,n n <'id% d" "n*ada> "( 'n "(*!'$% % 'na ("9a$ d" "n*ada n% d"("ada &'" a"+*a "$ a$% + d" $a (a$ida +%n*%$ada. '"d" "n*a a $a )$an*a +%n ' % ! +%!% (" !'"(*a "n "$ diaga!a d" #$%&'"( d" $a ig'a 3.6 "n "$ )i!" )'n*% d" ('!a % "n +'a$&'i" %*% )'n*% in*"!"di%. La "()'"(*a d" *i"!)% d" 'n (i(*"!a ('#(i(*"!a % "$"!"n*% "( $a (a$ida +%!% 'n+i,n d" *i"!)% '('a$!"n*" "n ("g'ida d" $a a)$i+a+i,n d" 'na "n*ada )"(+i*a #a8% +%ndi+i%n"( d" %)"a+i,n "()"+ii+ada(. Un (i(*"!a !'$*iaia#$" "( a&'"$ &'" *i"n" !-( d" 'na "n*ada !-( d" 'na (a$ida % a!#a( .
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