LICEO PROFESOR LADISLAO LEIVA ex celencia académica” “ Con Cristo hacia la excelencia
“Diagnostico y desmontaje del Sistema de Refrigeración” Alumno: Ricardo Enrique Leonor Chavarría. Profeor: Ro!er"o O#aldo Solano Ala. $a"eria: Prac"ica $a"eria: Prac"ica %aller Au"omo"ri&. 'rado: () 'rado: () A*o +achillera"o %,cnico Au"omo"ri&. Secci-n: D/0 (123 Fecha: San Salvador4 (5 de mar&o (123.
Índice INTRODUCCIÓN.................................................................................................................................3 OBJETIVOS.........................................................................................................................................5 GENERAL:.......................................................................................................................................5 ESPECÍFICOS:................................................................................................................................5 DIAGNOSTICO Y FALLAS EN EL SISTEMA DE REFRIGERACIÓN................................................6 REFRIGERACIÓN................................................6 FALLAS............................................................................................................................................7 SOBRECALENTAMIENTO..... SOBRECALENTAMIENTO............. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ........................ ........................................7 .........................7 PÉRDIDA DE AGUA.....................................................................................................................9 FALLAS EN EL ELECTRO VENTILADOR................................................................................. SÍNTOMAS DE FALLA DEL SENSOR DE TEMPERATURA..................................................... EL MOTOR TARDA EN ALCAN!AR LA TEMPERATURA DE RÉGIMEN................................." COMPROBACIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE REFRIGERACIÓN............... REFRIGERACIÓN........................ ................. ................. .................. ..................... .............3 .3 ESTAN#UEIDAD ESTAN#UEIDAD DEL CIRCUITO.............. CIRCUITO...................... ................. .................. .................. .................. ...............................................3 ......................................3 V$LVULAS DEL TAPÓN DEL RADIADOR....................................................................................% BOMBA DE AGUA.........................................................................................................................5 TERMOCONTACTO......................................................................................................................6 TERMOSTATO...............................................................................................................................& LI#UIDO REFRIGERANTE...........................................................................................................9 CONCLUSIÓN..................................................................................................................................." BIBLIOGRAFÍA..................................................................................................................................""
INTRODUCCIÓ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
"ENER#
%$OBJETIO!
D(,-8- ) 2,( ( -/4'1-, ( */))/ () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' /? ,0 ) 2/ / (4+- 2// () (0'1/( < (/0/ ( )/ 2/1( () 0-0.
E!&ECÍ'ICO!% C',( )/ ,/+/ ( ) -( 28)(0/ =+( 2+(( 2(('1/ () 01 2 () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-'. " P(('1/ )/ 1,'-,/ 2// -/4'1-,/ +' 01 2 */))/ (' () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-'.
Dia(nostico ) *allas en el sistema de re*ri(eraci+n ¿Qué es el sistema de refrigeración?
E +' ,'+'1 ( ()(0('1 ,02'('1( =+( 1-('(' 2 *-'/)-/ 0/'1('( +'/ 1(02(/1+/ '0/) ( *+',-'/0-('1 (' () 01 (' ,+/)=+-( ,'-,-' ( 0/,@/. ¿Cuál es su funcionamiento?
A) 2'( (' *+',-'/0-('1 () 01 / ,08+1-' -'1('/ / 1/ () 01 / 2/1-/ () ,-4(/) ,0-('/ / / 4-/ < ,' ) 1 () ,'+'1 0-) -1-8+,-' (',('- (1,. < =+( /) *+',-'/ 2 ? 0-0 /+0('1/ ,'-(/8)(0('1( )/ 1(02(/1+/ 2+,1 ( )/ ,08+1-' < () ,( ( )/ 2-(/ (' 0-0-('1. E1/ /)1/ 1(02(/1+/ @/< =+( -0-'+-)/ H2-/0('1( 2// (-1/ () /4/1/0-('1 ( )/ 2-(/ 0-)( () 01 ( *+'( =+( //?/' ,'-(/8)(0('1( () 01.
E) ,-4(/) (' + 4- //1/ ,'-4 )/ ,(/ =+( //1/ / + ( () ('1-)/ 2// ,(/ +'/ ,-('1( ( /-( *? / 1/ () 'K,)( () /-/ (>1/<(' /? () ,/) () )?=+- (*-4(/'1( 2// --2/) / )/ /10*(/ 2=+( +'1 ,' @/,( 4-/ )/ /2/ () ('1-)/ )/ ,(/ 1/08-' /,,-'/ 0(,H'-,/0('1( /) (( ( )/ 808/ ( /4+/ =+( ,' + 1+8-'/ 8)-4/ / ,-,+)/ () )?=+- / 1/ ( )/ ,H0// < ,'+,1 -'1(' ( )/ ,+)/1/ (' *0/ 2(0/'('1(.
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
¿Cuál es su clasificación?
M1 (*-4(/ 2 /4+/. R(*-4(/ 2 /-(.
'#$$#! SO+RECALE6%A$IE6%O
1-Problema con el tapón del radiador y/o el reservorio E) 1/2' () /-/ / -*((',-/ ( ) =+(
0+,@ 2(0 2('/ ' ())/ ,02)(1/0('1(. E) /4+/ /) ,/)('1/( ( (>2/'( < () 1/2' -( ,0 (4+)/ ( 2(-'. EL (>,( () /4+/ /)( 2 () 1/2' @/,-/ () ((-. A) ('*-/( ( ,(/ +' /,- ('1 () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' =+( ,@+2/ ( (4( () /4+/ () ((-. S- () 1/2' (1H 0/) ) / / (/ =+( () /4+/ /)4/ @/,-/ () ((-. C' () 1-(02 - ' (-/0 () '-() () /4+/ () /-/ ( / =+(/' (,. LA )+,-' (' (1( ,/ ,'-1( (' ,/08-/ () 1/02' () /-/ 2 +' '+(. !-Problema con el ventilador/relé/termos"itc# PH,1-,/0('1( 1 ) 01( 1/'(/)(
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
$-%&ceso de sedimento en el sistema de refrigeración E) (-0('1 ( /,+0+)/ (' () -1(0/ (
(*-4(/,-' ,+/' ( +1-)-/ K'-,/0('1( /4+/. E) /4+/ 2 - )/ 1-('( 0(( 22-(/( ( --2/,-' ( ,/) =+( () (*-4(/'1( -' (08/4 ,' () 1-(02 (+)1/ ,-/ 8( 1 - ( +1-)-/ /4+/ () ,@ (' ( ( /4+/ (0-'(/)-//. S- )/ ,/'1-/ ( (-0('1 ( 0?'-0/ ( 2+(( /2)-,/ /) (*-4(/'1( +' )-02-/ ( /-/ /-/ *)+@ (1( )?=+- ( 0(,)/ ,' () /4+/ ('1 () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' < ( (/ 1/8// +/'1( +' 5 0-'+1. L+(4 ( (>1/( < ( ,),/ () (*-4(/'1( S- )/ ,/'1-/ ( (-0('1 ( (>,(-/ (H '(,(/- 2-0( ))(/ () /-/ / '( < )+(4 /2)-,/ () )-02-/ ( /-/ 2// ()-0-'/ ) (0/'('1( ( (-0('1. '-Problema con fugas y mangueras E1 ( 0+,@/ (,( ,02)-,/ ( -/4'1-,/ 8( 1
,' *+4/ 2(=+(/. L 2-0( =+( ( @/,( ( (/)-/ +'/ -'2(,,-' -+/) / )/ 0/'4+(/ ( - ' (1H' (4/1// ( )/ 2+'1/ 1/. L+(4 ( =+-1/' < ( (-/ =+( ' (1' '- 0+< /4+// '0+< 11// (=+(8/H'(. S( (-/ () /-/ (' 8+,/ ( 2+'1 ,' >- ,' 0/,/ ( @+0(/. C' )/ 0/'4+(/ *+(/ ( (-/ =+( )/ 10/ ( /4+/ ' (1' ,?/. S- )/ 0/'4+(/ (1H' 0/)/ ( ((02)//'. S- () /-/ ( ( /)+0-'- ( ((02)//. S- ( ( ,8( ( )/1/ ('1',( ( 2+(( (2// () ,1 ( (2//,-' /?/ (2('-(' () /-/ ) 0( ( ,1-/ - /)( 0( (2// ,02/ 1 '+(. S- )/ 10/ ( /4+/ (1H' 0+< ,?/ ( 1-('(' =+( ((02)// - )/ ,-' () (-0('1 ( 0?'-0 ('1',( ( 2+((' )-/ (-Problemas con el termostato EL 1(01/1 ( +'/ H)+)/ ( 2/ ( /4+/ =+( /8( ,' )/
1(02(/1+/. C' () 2/ () 1-(02 2+(( / 28)(0/. U' =+( ( =+(( 2(4// < =+(( /8-(1 2(0/'('1(0('1( (' ,+< ,/ () ,/ 1// 0+,@ 1-(02 (' ))(4/ / + 1(02(/1+/ ( 1/8/. Y )/ 1/ ( =+( ( =+(( 2(4// ,(// (' ,+< ,/ 2,/ (,/)('1/0-('1 H2-/0('1(. L 0/'+/)( ( (-,- (,0-('/' /,/ () 1(01/1 < 28/) *+(/ 2( 1/08-' ( 2+(( 28/ -' =+-1/). P( =+( 1-('(' =+( 1('( 0+,@ ,+-/. E1/' () ,/ *?. E',('( () ,/ -' () 1/2' () /-/ < (-/ )/ 1(02(/1+/ () /4+/. S)+(4 ( +' 0-'+1 () /4+/ ' ,/)-('1/ ('1',( ( 2-8)( =+( () 1(01/1 (1( 2(4/. S- 2 () ,'1/- /) '// 0H (',('( () ,/ () /4+/ ,0-('/ / ,/)('1/ 2+(( =+( ( @/
-/4'1-,/
)-Problemas con el empa*ue de culata E1( ( () 0H -*?,-) ( (2// 2=+( @/< =+( (1/2/ ()
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
P7RDIDA DE A'8A +unta de colector de admisión
V/-/ +'1/ ())/' )/ ,'(>-' ('1( () ,)(,1 ( /0--' < )/ ,/8(/ ( ) ,-)-'. C+/' */))/ )/ (*-4(/,-' () )?=+- 2// / 1/ ( )/ +'1/ < ('1/ (' () ,H1( 2+(1 ( /0--' 41(/ @/,-/ /8/ () (>1(- () 01. L/ +'1/ ( ,)(,1 ( /0--' (' 0+,@ modelos ( 01( (' 4('(/) (1H' @(,@/ ( 2)H1-, < '0/)0('1( */))/' / )/ 5. < &. 0-))/ &. / 3. Q0. ,anguera daada
U'/ (-( ( 0/'4+(/ ,'(,1/' () ,)(,1 ,' 1/ 2-(/ () 01. U'/ 0/'4+(/ ( -(/ < /4-(1// ( ,/+/ ,0K' ( +'/ *+4/ ( (*-4(/'1(. S- (1H (' (1( (1/ (8( ( ((02)///.
+untas daadas de los cabe.ales
L/ +'1/ ( ) ,/8(/)( ,'(,1/ () 8)=+( () 01 ,' () ,/8(/) () ,-)-'. P+((' @/8( *+4/ () (*-4(/'1( @/,-/ () ,H1( < -)+- () /,(-1( //' ) ,-'(1( () 01. U'/ *+4/ (' )/ +'1/ 1/08-' 2+(( ('+,-/ )/ 8+?/ < ,/+/ +'/ 4/' ,/'1-/ ( @+0 ( (,/2( ,) '(4. A4(4/ ())/ /) -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' 2// 1/1/ ( 1/2/ )/ *+4/ 1(02/)0('1( 2( 24/0/ )/ +1-1+,-' ( )/ +'1/ ( ) ,/8(/)(. lo*ue o cabe.ales agrietados
U' 8)=+( de motor /4-(1/ 2+(( ,/+/ *+4/ -'1('/ ( (*-4(/'1( ) ,+/) / 0('+ -)+<( () /,(-1( (' )/ 2/(( () ,-)-' < // 2-1' < /'-)). S- () /'1-,'4()/'1( () /+1 ,'1-('( -)-,/1 1/08-' 2+(( ,'1/0-'/ () ,'(1- ,/1/)?1-, < () (' ( >?4('. S- @/< +'/ 4/' ,/'1-/ ( *+4/ ( (*-4(/'1( (' () ,-)-' () 01 2+(( 8)=+(/( @-H+)-,/0('1( < '(4/( / //',/ ,+/' -'1('1( (',('(). 0apones de congelamiento corrodos
L 1/2'( ( ,'4()/0-('1 ( (',+('1/' / 0('+ +1 (1H () ,)(,1 () (,/2(. L/ *+4/ ( (*-4(/'1( (' (1 1/2'( 2+((' 2/(,( ('- () 0-0 ,)(,1. L 1/2'( ( ,'4()/0-('1 ' ) (',@+*( ( (>2/'-' () )/ () 8)=+( 01 < ,/8(/) () ,-)-' < / 0('+ ( ,(' (( ('1 @/,-/ *+(/.
Falla en el elec"ro ven"ilador Causas por las *ue falla el electro ventilador
C/8)( (,'(,1/ 0/) ,'1/,1 (' )/ ,'(>-'( (' ( 1(02(/1+/ 1(02(/1+( (' 1(0 ,'1/,1 1@(0/) ,'1/, R()/< *+-8)(. Comprobación del electro ventilador2 E) ('1-)/ 1-('( =+( /)1/ / )/ 1(02(/1+/ -'-,// .C0
@/,( 2+(8/ /) ()(,1('1-)/ 2+('1(/ () ()(,1,'1/,1 1@(0/) ,'1/, - ( /,1-/ () ('1-)/ @/< =+( ,/08-/ () 1(0 ,'1/,1 - ' ( /,1-/ 28/8)(0('1( ( () ()(,1('1-)/. P// 28/ () ()(,1('1-)/ ( 2+('1(/ -(,1 (( )/ 8/1(?/ . N )-/ (' (-/ () (08/4+( () (),1('1-)/ - @/< 0/',@/ ( 4// /,(-1( / + /)(( - ( (/ 4-/ +/( ,' )/ 0/' ( +'/ (/) ( / (' ().
Sín"oma de falla del enor de "em9era"ura V('1-)/ (',('- / 1 00('1 () 01 1// (' //',/ (' *- < (' ,/)-('1( ,'+0 (>,(- ( ,08+1-8)( '-()( ( C O 0+< /)1 28)(0/ ( 8(,/)('1/0-('1 . Pruebas al sensor de temperatura2 M+)1-0(1 (' (,/)/ " , V)1- 2/1( -=+-(/ () ('
%.6 '0/) R(-1(',-/ ,/ /2/4/ 3tras pruebas2 /2/4/ () 01 < (,'(,1/ () (' 0+)1-0(1 (' (,/)/ " , 2// (-*-,/
1-(/ 2+'1/ / () 0+)1-0(1 (' )/ 1(0-'/) 2-1-/ ( )/ 8/1(?/ 2+'1/ '(4/ (' () ,'(,1 () (' )(,1+/ 5 V V(-*-,/ /)-0('1/,-' 2+'1/ / (' )/ 1(0-'/) () ,'(,1 < )/ 2+'1/ '(4/ (' )/ 1(0-'/) ( )/ 8/1(?/ (@?,+) (',('- ,'*0( ( ,/)-('1( (8( ( /+0('1/ )/ )(,1+/ () 0+)1-0(1 .
Prueba e&acta al termo contacto
S+0(4-) (' /4+/ < ,/)('1/)/ ,' +'/ )H02// ( 2+(8/ 2(0 (-/) ,0 ,+/)=+-( -'1(+21 () ,-,+-1 (8( ,(/ / 9 95 < /) ('*-/ () /4+/ (8( ,1/ / ) &" &6 Pruebas de verificación del termostato
E' /4+/ ,/)-('1( (02-(/ /8- / ) &" && < /8( () 1 / ) 95 F/))/ 2=+( ( 1/8/ (' 2-,-' ,(// 2-,-' /8-(1/
EL $O%OR %ARDA E6 ALCA6;AR LA %E$PERA%8RA DE R7'I$E6 G('(/)0('1( ( (8( / =+( () 1(01/1 ' ,-(/ ,(,1/0('1( 2(0-1-(' () 2/ () )-=+- /) /-/ (1/' () 01 *-. O1/ ,/+/ 0(' *(,+('1( ( () *+',-'/0-('1 ,'1-'+ () ()(,1('1-)/ 2 @/8(( =+(/ ,(/ () 1(0,'1/,1 ( *0/ 2(0/'('1(0('1(.
Com,ro-aci+n del sistema de re*ri(eraci+n L 2-',-2/)( ()(0('1 (',/4/ ( (/)-/ +'/ (*-,/ (*-4(/,-' ': )/ 808/ ( /4+/ () 1(01/1 () /-/ () (2-1 ( (>2/'-' () ('1-)/ < () )?=+- (*-4(/'1(. C// +' ( ()) ((02(/ +'/ (1(0-'// *+',-' (' () ,-,+-1 2 ) =+( ,+/)=+-( /'0/)?/ 2+,-/ (' /)4+' ( ) ,02'('1( /*(,1// /) *+',-'/0-('1 4('(/) () -1(0/. A ,'1-'+/,-' ( (1/))/' ) 2,( ( ,028/,-' () ,'+'1 < ( ,// +' ( ) ()(0('1 () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' 2 /4+/.
E!T#N.UEID#D DE$ CIRCUITO L -021/'1( / )/ @/ ( (-/ () -1(0/ ( (*-4(/,-' ( ,028/ + (1/'=+(-/. E) ()) ( )/ 1/2/ (8( (8( /2-1(',-/ ( *+4/. A) 0-0 1-(02 -( 2// 28/ () (1( < )/ (1/'=+(-/ () ()) ( )/ 1/2/ ( /-/. P// ,',( (1( -'1+0('1 2+)( 8( )/ -0H4('( =+( /2/(,(' / ,'1-'+/,-'.
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E' 2-0( )+4/ ,02+(8( )/ 1/2/ () /-/ 2// () / 0(,H'-, /// 4-(1/ (4/1( < () >-. " D(( ,+/)=+-( ,+8-(1/ ( ,02'( ( 1( 2/1(: () 0'1/( ( 40/ /'-)) ()H1-, < 2+'1/ ( 0(1/) ,02+(8( )/ 2-0/(/. P// (1( 22-1 ( '(,(/- ,02-0-. S- ( )/ /(4) ,' */,-)-/ ('1',( ( () 00('1 ( ,/08-/ 2=+( )/ 2-0/(/ +2'( )/ 2(-' < -02)(0('1( 2+(( /4/ ()(0('1/) - 2//H (1/ 2(-'. 3 T-( ( )/ H)+)/ ( /,? /8-) < /(4K(( ( =+( ( ,-(/ ,02)(1/0('1( ,+/' ( +()1/. % C02+(8( )/ 1/2/ () /-/ /-('1 ( )/ H)+)/ ( /,? 2// )/ +,-(/. A(4K(( ( =+( )/ /2(1+/ < ,-(( ( )/ H)+)/ ( /,? ' 2/(,( ( ,+/)=+-( (-/,-' ( )/ '0/. 5
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
*/ () /4+/ / 1/ ( ())/. #+( () /4+/ ' / / 2// 2( +' /+0('1 ( )/ 2(-' ( /)-/ 2+(( */ () *)+ ( /4+/ / 2(-' 2// (,02-0- H2-/0('1( (' () )/ () /-/ () 1(01/1. E1/ (,02(-' 2+(( ,(/ +' ,@ ( /2 ( /4+/ /)4 =+( +'/ 808/ ( /4+/ (1H 0/) 2( ' ( +*-,-('1(. A? () /2 ( -4+/) / 0/)/ 1(01/1. •
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D(1(0-'/ - +1( 1-('( ' +'/ *+4/ /)(( ( )/ 808/ ( /4+/ -1('1( 2( 0/'1('( )/ /2)-,/,-' ( 2) @/1/ =+( 1('4/ +' )+4/ (, 2) +'-*0(. A/'=+( () 01 < () /) /)('1? < ( )(/'1/ / )/ 1(02(/1+/. L/ *+4/ 2+((' ,+- ) 8/ 2(-' 2// =+( () ,/) ( ((',-/) /=+?. R() /)(( ( )/ 808/ ( /
R(1-( )/ ,-'1/ < ,028/ () (( ( )/ 808/ ( /4+/. S+(1( )/ 2)(/ ,' )/ 0/' - ( 2-8)( < 1/1/ ( 0( @/,-/ /()/'1( < /1H /-8/ < /8/ ('1 < *+(/. C+/)=+-( 808/ ( /4+/ +1-)-// (>@-8-H +' 2, ( +(4 () (( 2( - )/ +
TER0OCONT#CTO G('(/)0('1( ) 1(0,'1/,1 +()(' /,1-/( ('1( ) 9 < 95C -,@/ 1(02(/1+/ +()( ('- 4/8// (' )/ 8/(. T/08-' (>-1(' 0() ,' 1(02(/1+/ ( *+',-'/0-('1 )/ 2-0(/ / +' 9C ,'(,1/ )/ (),-/ )('1/ () ('1-)/ < )/ (4+'/ / +' C 2// )/ (),-/ H2-/. P// /8( ,0 ,028/ +' 1(0,'1/,1 (4+-(0 ) -4+-('1( 2/: 2-0( ( (/)-/H +'/ ,028/,-' -+/) () ,'(,1 < 1(0-'/)( - ( (',+('1/' (' 2(*(,1/ ,'-,-'( ( 2,((H / +'/ ,028/,-' ( *+',-'/0-('1. P// ()) '(,(-1/(0 +' ,/ ,' /4+/ +' @'-)) +' 1(00(1 8/1(?/ 808-))/ ,/8)( < +' 2)?0(1 (2('-(' () 1-2 ( ,028/,-' ( +1-)-/H' +' + 1.
Comprobación con bombilla 4g!:
R(/)-/ )/ ,'(>-'( (),1-,/ ,0 ( 0+(1/ (' )/ *-4+/. S+0(4- K'-,/0('1( )/ 2/1( 0(1H)-,/ () 1(0,'1/,1 (' () (,-2-('1( ,' /4+/. C/)('1/ () /4+/ 2, / 2, < 8(/ ,' () 1(00(1 ,0 +8( )/ 1(02(/1+/. C+/' ( /),/',( )/ 1(02(/1+/ ( /,1-/,-' 995C (8(H (',('(( )/ 808-))/. A2/4/ () @'-)) < (/ ('*-/ )('1/0('1(. L/ 808-))/ (8(H /2/4/( ,+/' /),/',( )/ 1(02(/1+/ ( (/,1-/,-' &"&6C
Comprobación con polmetro: S( (/)-/ -4+/)0('1( =+( )/ /'1(- 2( (' ( ( 1('( )/
(/)-/,-' )+0-'/ 1('(0 +' /) ( (-1(',-/,'1-'+-/ (' () 2)?0(1.
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C'(,1/ () 2)?0(1 ,0 ( 0+(1/ (' )/ *-4+/. C+/' /),/',( )/ 1(02(/1+/ ( /,1-/,-' 995C (8(H 0/,/ ,'1-'+-/ (-1(',-/ .. A2/4/ () @'-)) < (/ ('*-/ )('1/0('1( E) 2)?0(1 (8(H / +' /) -'*-'-1 ,+/' /),/',( )/ 1(02(/1+/ ( (/,1-/,-' &" &6C.
E' () ,/ ( =+( ' ( /,1-( (/,1-( ('1 ( ) /)( () */8-,/'1( ( (8(H +1-1+- ( -'0(-/1
TER0O!T#TO U'/ 2-1/ 8( - () 1(01/1 (1H *+',-'/' ,(,1/0('1( ( - () ,,@( -'-,/ =+( (1H ,/)-('1( ( -',)+ - ('1/ (' )/ '/ ( 2()-4 < )+(4 ,0-('/ / / 0/,@/ /1H < / ('*-/( ( '+( ) 2// (2(1- (1( 2,( +'/ < 1/ (. E) 1(01/1 (1H (1-'/ / /8- < ,(/ (2('-(' ( )/ 1(02(/1+/ () (*-4(/'1( (' () ,,@(. S- ' ( (1H /8-(' / )/ 1(02(/1+/ ,(,1/ 2+(( 2(0-1- =+( () 01 ( 2'4/ 0+< ,/)-('1( /'1( ( =+( ( /8/ ( =+( ( /8( (' ) /8)+1. P+(( ,'(4+- =+( () 1(01/1 /8/ / -*(('1( 1(02(/1+/ ( 6 4/ (' /()/'1(. P// 28/ (/)0('1( () 1(01/1 H,/) ( )/ ,// () 1(01/1 (' () 01 ( 1+ ,,@(. P// +8-,/ () 1(01/1 0-/ /) (>1(0 ( )/ 0/'4+(/ +2(- () /-/ =+( / /) 01. L/ ,/,// (1/H (' () (>1(0 ( )/ 0/'4+(/ < () 1(01/1 (1H ('1 ( )/ ,/,//.
A'1( ( =+-1/ () 1(01/1 1('H =+( ('/ () /-/ 2/,-/)0('1( 2 ) =+( () '-() ( (*-4(/'1( (' () /-/ (8(H (1/ (8/ ( '( ( ,'(,1/ )/ 0/'4+(/ +2(- () /-/. P+(( 4+// < (+1-)-/ (1( )?=+- (*-4(/'1(. A(4K/1( ( =+( () 01 () ,,@( < () (*-4(/'1( ' (1' ,/)-('1( ,+/' ( ('/ () )?=+-. T/08-' 2+(( (,'(,1/ )/ ,/,// -' ('/ () )?=+- (*-4(/'1( () /-/ 2( 1('H =+( (1/ 2(2// 2// /88( 2// (,4( () (*-4(/'1( () ,+/) (1H (' )/ 0/'4+(/ (' () 00('1 2 ) 4('(/) ( / " ,+/1 ( 4/)'. N(,(-1/H +'/ '+(/ +'1/ ( 1(01/1 < +' ())/ 2// ((02)// / )/ -(/ +'1/ +'/ ( =+( )/ =+-1( -',)+ - () 1(01/1 (1H (' 8+('/ ,'-,-'(. D(,'(,1/ )/ ,// () 1(01/1 () 8)=+( () 01 < (',+('1/ () 1(01/1 ('1/ (' () 8)=+( () 01. R(1-/ )/ +'1/ < /,/ () 1(01/1. A (,( 1('H =+( @/,( 2/)/',/ +/(0('1( @/,-/ /-8/ < ,' +' 8( 2)/' ( +' ,+,@-)) +' (1'-))/. T/08-' )-02-/ 1 () 0/1(-/) ( )/ +'1/ -(/ ( )/ +2(*-,-( ( ,'1/,1 () 8)=+( ( 1(01/1 < () 01 2// ((02)//)/ 0H /()/'1(. L/ +2(*-,-( ( ,'1/,1 (8( (1/ )-/ < )-02-/. U'/ -02)( 2+(8/ 2// (,+8- - () 1(01/1 ( /8( ' ( ,/)('1/ +' 2, ( /4+/ (' )/ (1+*/ / +'/ 1(02(/1+/ (2(,?*-,/ ( /)(( ( & 4/ +/' +' 1(00(1 2// (1(0-'/ )/ 1(02(/1+/ < )+(4 ,),/ () 1(01/1 (' () /4+/. S- (1H *+',-'/' ,(,1/0('1( 2'1 ( /8-H. A (,( () >- ( @/ /,+0+)/ (' () 1(01/1 < ) 0/'1-('( ,(/. T/08-' 2+(( 1/1/ ( 0/'1('( () 1(01/1 8/ () /4+/ ,/)-('1( () 4-* +(1H') ,' +'/ 2-'/ 2// ' =+(0/1( ) ( 2// ( - ( /8( '. E1 ' ( 1/' ,-('1?*-, -' (08/4. O1/ 2+(8/ (?/ )/ ( 28/ () ,,@( -' () 1(01/1. T/?/ 1('H =+( -'1/)/ +'/ '+(/ +'1/ 2// (-1/ ,+/)=+-( *+4/. S- 1+ ,,@( ( =+(/ *? ,' )/ ()-0-'/,-' () 1(01/1 2+(( (1/ ,'(',- ( =+( () 1(01/1 (1/8/ (*(,1+ < ' /8?/ 2=+( /@/ (1H /'/' () ,,@( ,' () (*-4(/'1( =+( *)+<( ,'1/'1(0('1(. E' /)4+' (1/ 0+< ,/)-('1( ' ( / =+( )/ 4('1( ,'+,/ -' +' 1(01/1. E1 (?/ +' 28)(0/ -' (08/4 (' ) 0(( *?
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
E' ,/ ( ' (','1/ () (*-4(/'1( (,0('/ 2 () */8-,/'1( ( 2+(( ())('/ ,' /4+/ (1-)// (081())// /) *-' < /) ,/8 () (*-4(/'1( ( +'/ 0(,)/ ( /'1-,'4()/'1( < /4+/.
CONC$U!IÓN T ) 22-(1/- ( 1/ ( 1/'21( ,',(' )/ -021/',-/ ( 0/'1('( ) -'1(/) (4+)/( ( 0/'1('-0-('1 ( +' 01. S-' (08/4 +/'1( (1/ 2(/,-'( ( 0/'1('-0-('1 ( 2(1/ (2(,-/) /1(',-' 2-',-2/)0('1( / )/ *-)1/,-' () /-( )+8-,/'1( < ,08+1-8)(. C' *(,+(',-/ () 0/'1('-0-('1 (4+)/ < /22-/ () -1(0/ ( ('*-/0-('1 ( +' 01 ( ,'-(/ ( +'/ -021/',-/ 0('. E1 2+(( 1/1/( ( +' ( 2 () =+( ( / / 2/4/ +' 2(,- 0+< /)1. L/ -'(1-4/,-'( @/' (01/ =+( () %W ( ) 28)(0/ ( ) 01( -(() 2// 1/8/ 2(/ (1H' ()/,-'/ -(,1/ -'-(,1/0('1( ,' () 0/'1('-0-('1 () -1(0/ ( ('*-/0-('1. E1/ ,-*/ ( +'/ ,)// -'-,/,-' ( )/ -021/',-/ () 0/'1('-0-('1 () -1(0/ ( ('*-/0-('1.
D+/'1( +' 2(- ( "% @/ /)(( ( 7" )-1 ( )?=+- (*-4(/'1( (' 20(- ,-,+)/' / 1/ () 01 2// 1/8/ 2(/. E +'/ ,/'1-/ +*-,-('1( 2// ))('/ +'/ ('0( 2-,-'/. E1/ ,-*/ ( +'/ ,)// -'-,/,-' ( )/ -021/',-/ () 0/'1('-0-('1 () -1(0/ ( ('*-/0-('1.
P ) 1/'1 2// =+( @/
BIB$IO"R#'Í# @112:.0'4/*-/.,01/8/-1(0/('*-/0-('1()(@+0/',(/ @+0/'-1(0/('*-/0-('1()(@+0/',(/@+0/'.@10)X22,-/ @112:.)(4-')/'(.,00/'+/)(0/'+/)W"(W"1/))(W"W"-1(0/W"( W"(*-4(/,-'.2* @112:.8+('/1/(/.,0(/,@(+)1.2@2Z =+(<[*/))/\('\()\-1(0/\(\(*-4(/,-'\()\01\-'*0(.,0 A-/P/ M/'+/) ( A+10-)( (-1-/) CIE DOSSAT ". C-,) -'*0/1- 2*(-'/)( M1( (-1-/) EDITE]. M1( (-1-/) M/,0-))/' P*(-'/).
