MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
DEMOCRACY IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Terms to Remember :
Democracy : A from of government which is chosen by the people to work for their welfare and can be voted out by them. Dictatorship : It is form of government in which a person or group of person poses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. ‘ Solidarity : A trade union movement founded by Leach was which helped to end communist rule in Poland. United Nation Organisation : An organization founded in 1945 that included most countries in the world and serve as a international forum to settle international disputes. Veto:- The special right to override the decision of the security council enjoyed by the 5 permanent members of the security council. Referendum : A direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to accept or reject a particular proposed this is also called a Plabicite. Coalition : An alliance be people, association, parties or nation, this alliance may be temporary or a matter of conveniences. Censorship : A condition under which the freedom of expression is taken away. Anything that the government find objectionable can not be published. Communist state : A state government by communist party with out allowing other parties to complete for power the state controls all the big property and industry. Felony : The act of committing a several crime such as murder. Universal Adult Franchise : Right to vote, to choose the government granted universally to all adults men or woman, rich or poor, black or while are called universal adult franchise. By 1900 New Zealand was the only country where every adult had voting, rights (in 1993 New Zealand got voting right)
Causes for the expansion of Democracy :
It is the best form of government : Of all the different form of government like dictatorship, Military, rule and one party rule. Democracy is best for the government. The ideal of democracy has a power of this own and once the people become accustomed to democracy; they never leave it. Freedom of speech : In democracy the people are free to express their feeling’s without any fear of arrest as is it care in Myanmar; Chile Portugal, Ghone or anyother military or dictatorship rule. People are freed to elect then government : In democracy people are free to elect their government. It they find any government not of then benefit and will being. They change in the next elections. People are free to be elected : In a democracy and citizen can aspire for any post. People from any families rise to any position like president, Prime Minister. Democracy ensure socio – Economic equality : Democracy provide equality in its society.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
External changes also play a vital role in the establishment to Democracy : Not only internal development but also may external developments like the second world war, decolonization and collapse of the soviet Union is 1991 also helped democracy.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
INTRODUCTION In this chapter well will see how democracy has been expended during lat hundred years to more and more countries in the world. The expansion of democracy is not seen smooth and straight process lots of ups and downs in different countries. In this chapter, with the help of tow different stories the pattern of the spread of democracy in different nation has been explained. At the end we come to know how democracy expended different newly independent nation. Spread of Democracy in Chile : Before 1973 there was democracy in Chile. In 1970 Salvador Allende was elected as the president of Chile. He was the founder of the Socialist party of Chile. The had taken several reform for people. But the government of the United states of America was unhappy with Allende rule and is known to have supported and funded activities to the coup. One morning on 11 Sept. 1973 the military surrounded the president house and Allande died in the military attack. Thus power transferred from Democracy to military Dictatorship. On 11 Sept. 1973 General August Pinochet become the president of the country and ruled it for the next 17 years. Thus a military dictatorship was established in chile. Pinochet’s government tortured and killed several people who supported Allende and want to restabilshed democracy. General Alberto Bachelet was against Pinochet rule. His wife and daughter was put in prision and tortured. Restoration of Democracy : In 1988 Augusto Pinochet decided to hold referendum but the people of Chile were against has rule and gave their decision no to Pinochet. Thus Pinochet lost political power and democracy restablished in Chile. Since than four presidential elections and different political party ruled. At present in 2006 General Bacheter’s daughter, Michelle Bachelet was elected president of Chile. Democracy in Poland : It 1980 the Poland was ruled by the Polish United Workers Party. This was the only commutes party that ruled in several countries. The people could not freely choose the leaders of the communist part as there was no other political party. In any person speak against the leader or the party of the government was put in Prison. On 14 Aug. 1980 the workers of Lenin shipyard called on a strike. All the big property in Poland, factories, Lenin shipyard etc. are owned by the government. The strike called by the people to take back a women worker who was unjustly dismissed & to take back a crane operator. During the strike Lech Waleso joined the leader. Who was dismissed form several in 1976 as the was demanding higher pay. Now Waleso beomce a censorship of the striking worker. He demanded independent trad union release of political prisoners & an end of agreement on press. The movement become so popular that the worker led by Walese singed 21 – points of agreement was singed end the strike. The government agreed to form their independent trade union. After by Gdansk track union formed in any of the communist state. There has about more member of the union. The government led by General .Jazuzelski grew anxious and imposed martial law in Dec. 1981. Thousand of solidarity member were put in prison. Another strike against Solidarity began in 1988 This time the polish government was weaker. In April 1989 free election conduction out of 100 seats 99 seats of senate are won by the solidarity party. In 1990, Poland has its first presidential election in which more then on party could contest election. Thus Democracy established in Poland. Difference between non – democratic governments of Chile and Poland :1. Chile was ruled by a military; while Poland was ruled by a political party. 2. Government of Poland claimed to rule on behalf of the working classes while Pinochet favored big capitalists. Similarities between chile and Poland government : 1. The people could not choose or change their ruler. 2. There was real freedom to express opinion from political association and organize protest.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Democracy : Democracy came from a Greek work ‘Democratic’ in Green ‘Demo’ mean people and ‘krati’ men rule thus democracy mean a from of government that allow people to choose their rules, only elected leader should’ over the county and people have freedom to express views. Freedom to protest. Distinguish between Democratic and Non Democratic countries S.No Democratic 1. In democratic countries, there is no danger to people’s life by the established government 2
Nondemocratic In non democratic countries, the people have no security of life. They can be killed by military rules in throusands as happened in Chile in 1973 In Non – democratic countries there are no regular election and people have to right to change their Saudi Arabia. In non – democratic countries. there is no freedom of speech as was the case with the women of Saudi Arabla.
In democratic countries, there are regular election. Through which the people can change their government 3. In democratic countries. the citizen enjoy the freedom or speech. The people can even criticize the government 4. In democratic countries the opposite In non – democratic countries. opposite parties are allowed to function parties are not allowed to foundation mostly freely. there is one party rule. 5. In democratic countries, there is In non – democratic government the press in freedom of the press. There is no kept under strict control. It is not allowed to censorship of the press. function freely. 6. In democratic countries workers are In non – democratic countries, the workers allowed to have their independent trade union have no right to form their independent trade union 7. In democracy any people can get In – non – democratic countries people any post people belonging to cannot hope to get high post. They are ordinary families can rise to the always under the dictator. position of even Prime Minister or President of India. The changing Map of Democracy : Democracy has expanded throughout the 20th country. Democracy did not spread evenly in all part of the world. It was established first in some region and then spread to other regions. Some countries that were democratic between 1900 – 1950 are India, Pakistan, Srilanka, Austria, Egypt. K Some countries that were democratic after 1950 – 1975 are Belgium, Argentina, Colombia, Guyana. Some countries that become democratic after 1975. Brazil, Bolivia, Rio – de – Janeiro Some countries that were not democratic in 2000. China, Pakistan, Myanmar, Peru and many countries in Africa. Phases in the expansion of Democracy :- The beginning Story of democracy began in 1789 after the French Revolution New Zealand was the first country to adopt universal adult franchise in 1893.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Britain granted it in 1928. USA adopted a democratic constitution in 1787 but universal adult. Franchise was adopted in 1965 End of colonialism and democracy :- The end of colonialism game a big rise to the democracy. After II world war 1945 many new independent countries become democratic many of them failed and dictatorship was established. Ghana a first west Africa country to achieve independence in 1975. Kwame Nkrumah was active in the independence struggle of this country. After independence he became the first Prime Minister of Ghana. Recent Phase :
After 1980 many countries in different part of the world became independent. Soviet Union in USSER become disintegrated in 1991 and divided in to 15 independent counties.
Struggle of the people of Myanmar to establish a democratic government : Myanmer gained freedom from colonial rule. 1948 and become a democracy. But the democracy rule ended in 1962 with a military coup. In 1990 election were held for the first time after almost 30 years the Nation League for Democracy won the election under the leadership by Aung San Sun kyi. The military leader of Myanmar refused to step down and did not declare the election result. The military put the elected leader San Suu kyi under house arrest. Due to military rule in Myanmar about 6 to 10 lakhs people left there home Land and taken shelter else were. Despite being under house arrest. Suu kyi continued to campaign for democracy. She has also been awarded the Nobel Peace Price. Yet the people in Myanmar are still struggling to establish democratic government in their country. Democracy at the global level : There is no denying the fact that democracy is the best form of government and more and more countries are becoming democratic. There are some international organization which help in development of democracy They are :United Nation :The UN is a global association of Nation of the world. It help in maintaining peace and security. Economic development and social equality. The UN secretary general is its chief administrative officer. There are 6 organs of the UNO. General Assembly :- These are 193 countries. Which are the members of general Assembly. It’s also known as world parliament. Every member countries send five representative but is allowed only one vote. Its headquarters are located in Newyork Security council : It is most important organ of UNO. It has 15 members. 5 permanent (Britain, Russia, China, America and France) and 10 non – permanent members elected for two years each. Permanent member enjoy veto power. Security council can impose trade sanctions on the warring countries and can take military action against them.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Economic and social council :- This organ of 54 member and they are elected by the General Assembly for a period of there years. This council is mainly responsible for solving economic and social problems of the world. Trusteeship Council : Trusteeship council is responsible for supervising the administration of trust territories. International court of justice :- It consist of fifteen judger who an elected by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the security council for Nine years. International council of Justice decides the cases between the states. Secretarial :- Secretarial comprises a Secretary General. He is the chief administrative officer of the secretariat International Monetary fund :
International monetary fund is one of the biggest money lenders for tiny country in the world.
Its 173 member states do not have equal voting rights.
The vote of each country is weight by how much money it has contributed to the IMF.
Nearly half of the voting power in the IMF is in the hands of only seven countries (US, Japan, France, UK, Saudi Arabia, China and Russia
Thus IMF is not working democratically.
World Bank. :- World bank also have similar system of voting. The president of world Bank has also been the citizen of America. He is nominated by the Treasury secretary of the US government.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
EXERCIES VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :1.
Who was General Augusto Pinochet ? How did he over thrown and with whose help ?
2.
Who was Salvador Allende ?
3.
What is Universal Adult Franchise ? Which country in 19th century first got the universal adult franchise ?
4.
State two features of the system of government that existed in Poland in 1980
5.
Distinguish between Democracy and Dictatorship.
6.
Who is Mrs. Michelle Bashelet?
7.
Write two important features of Democracy.
8.
Which is the country where people still can not choose their representatives?
9.
Who is Aung San Sun Kyi ?
10.
Mention any two step. Which were taken by the president of chile which led to military camp. ?
11.
What is veto power ? Do you think it promote world democracy ?
12.
Name any four non – democratic country of the world.
1.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : How was democracy restored in chilled ?
2.
Who was kwane Nkrumah? State two if its achievement. How he achieved democracy in his country ?
3.
What is the main causes of the expansion of democracy ?
4.
Why do we prefer democracy then any other form of the government ?
1.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUSTIONS :Write 5 main feature of democracy ?
2.
Do international organization function is a democratic manner ? Give reason of your answer ?
3.
Explain the different phases of the spread of democracy in the world.
MANISH KUMAR 4.
In the international monetary fund a democratic organization.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
