WORK , LIFE AND LEISURE CITIES IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Q1.
State State in brief, brief, How did “The “The city city of Calcut Calcutta ta “ both both amazed amazed and confus confused ed the the God. Ans. Positive ::a. The God God was wonde wonderst rstruc ruck k by the the big, big, modern modern city. city. b. The train, train, large ships, ships, factor factories, ies, bridges, bridges, monumen monuments ts and shops shops selling selling a wide range of commodities really impressed the God. c. City was was full full of opportun opportunities ities – for trade trade and comme commerce, rce, education education and and jobs. d. God also also decided decided to build build a Museum Museum and High High Court Court in in Heaven. Heaven. Negative Side :a. The Gods were disturb disturbed ed by certain certain other other aspects aspects of city life like like – its its cheats cheats and thieves, its grinding poverty and the poor quality of housing. b. The gods were also also got tensed tensed at the confusion confusion of of caste, caste, religious religious and and gender identities in the city.
Q2. Ans. Ans.
List List the thre threee histor historic ic proces processes ses that that have have shaped shaped moder modern n cities cities in in decisiv decisivee ways. ways. 1. The The ris risee of of Ind Indus ustr tria iall cap capit ital alis ism. m. 2. The establishment of colonial rule rule over large part of the world. 3. The development of democratic ideals.
Q3. Ans.
Disc Discus usss the the char charac acte teri rist stic icss of ‘An ‘Anci cien entt citi cities es’. ’. a. Ancient Ancient towns and cities cities first first appeared appeared along river valleys, valleys, e.g- Ur, Nippur, Nippur, and Mohenjodaro. c. There was was an adequate adequate supply supply of of food grain grain to support support non-food non-food producers producers.. d. Cities Cities were were the centre centre of of political political power, administrat administrative ive network, network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activity. e. Cities Cities were support supported ed by various various social social groups groups such such as artis artisans ans , merchants merchants and priests.
Q4. Ans.
How did indust industria rializ lizati ation on chang changed ed the the form form of urbani urbanizat zation ion in the modern modern period period 1. The early early industrial industrial cities cities of Britain Britain such such as as Leeds Leeds and and Manches Manchester ter attracted attracted large numbers of migrants to the textile mills. 2. In 1851, more than than three-quar three-quarters ters of of the adults adults living living in in Manchester Manchester were were migrants from rural areas.
Q5. Ans. Ans.
Desc Descri ribe be the the ris risee and and expa expans nsio ion n of the the city city of Lond London on.. a. By 1750, 1750, one out out of every every nine nine peopl peoplee of Engl England and and and Wales Wales live lived d in Londo London. n. th b. b. But But ove overr the the 19 century its population multiplied fourfold, increasing from 1 million to about 4 million.
1
Q6. Ans. Ans.
What What did did histor historian ian Gareth Gareth Stedma Stedman n Jone Joness say say about about the the ‘cit ‘city y of of Londo London’ n’ ? th Acc. Acc. to Gare Gareth th Sted Stedma man n , in the the 19 19 century London was a city of clerks, shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a growing nu mber of semi skilled workers, of soldiers and servants of casual labourers , street sellers and beggars.
Q7. Ans. Ans.
Name Name the the maj major or indus industr trie iess of of Lond London on in the the 19 19th century . 1. London London Dockya Dockyards rds,, clothin clothing g and footw footwear ear,, wood wood and furni furnitur ture, e, metals metals and and engineering, printing and stationery, and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metals. 2. During the first world world war , London began manufacturing motor cars cars and electrical goods and the number of large factories factories increased.
Q8.
‘As London London grew, grew, crime crime flouri flourishe shed’ d’ justif justify y the the statem statement ent.. Or Who made a crime in London ? 1. As Lond London on grew grew,, crime crime became became an objec objectt of widesp widesprea read d concer concern. n. 2. The police were worried about law and order, order, so the population of criminals criminals was counted, their activities were watched, and their ways ways of life were investigated. 3. Mainly poor people were criminals, they lived by stealing lead from roofs, roofs, food from shops, lump of coal, and clothese drying on hedges. 3. There were were some skilled skilled crimina criminals ls like cheats cheats and tricks tricksters ters,, pickpockets, pickpockets, thieves etc. 4. In an attempt attempt to to discipline discipline the the population, population, the the authoriti authorities es imposed imposed high high penalties for crime and offered work to those who considered the ‘deserving poor’.
Ans. Ans.
Q9. Ans.
Q10. Ans. Ans.
Disc Discus usss the eff effec ects ts of tech techno nolo logi gica call devel developm opmen ents ts in in the 18 18th century , particularly on the woman. 1. With the technologica technologicall developments developments,, women women gradually gradually lost their industrial industrial jobs, and were forced to work within households. 2. A large number of women started started working as domestic servants servants in London. 3. Many women used their homes to to increase family income by taking in lodgers or through tailoring, washing or matchbox making. 4. Large number of children were also pushed into low-paid work, often by their parents. Name two two pieces pieces of legislatio legislation n that helped to keep keep children children out out of industrial industrial jobs. jobs. a. Compul Compulsor sory y Elemen Elementar tary y Educat Education ion Act in 1870. 1870. b. Factory Factory Act in in 1902, that that children children were were kept out of industr industrial ial work. work.
2
Q11. Ans.
Give Give a brief brief account account of Char Charles les Boon’s Boon’s first first soci social al surv survey ey . a. Charles Charles Boon was a Liverpool Liverpool shipowner, shipowner, he conducted conducted the first first social social survey survey of low skilled London workers in the East End of London. b. He found that as many as 1 million million Londoners Londoners were were very very poor and and were expected to live only up to an avg. age of 29. c. Life expectancy expectancy among the gentry gentry and the the middle middle class was of 55. 55. d. Poor people likely likely to die in in workhouse workhouse,, hospital hospitalss or lunatic lunatic asylum. asylum. e. Charles Charles Boon concluded concluded that London London needed needed the rebuild rebuilding ing of at at least least 400,000 400,000 room to house its poorest citizens.
Q12.
Why did did better-of better-offf London London city dwellers dwellers continue continue to demand demand for housing housing for the poor ? Ans. Ans. a. The vast vast mass mass of one one room room house housess occupi occupied ed by the the poor poor were were seen seen as as a serio serious us threat to public health, as they were overcrowded, badly ventilated, and lacked sanitation. b. There were were worrie worriess about fire hazards hazards created created by poor housing housing.. c. There was a widespread widespread fear fear of social social disorder, disorder, especiall especially y after the the Russian Russian Revolution in 1917. Worker’s mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious. Q13. Ans.
What What were were the the variou variouss steps steps taken taken to to clean clean up Londo London n? 1. Attempts Attempts were made to decongest decongest localities localities,, green green the open spaces, spaces, reduce reduce pollution and landscape the city. 2. Large blocks of apartments were built in the city like Berlin and New York which had the similar housing problems. 3. Rent control was introduced in Britain Britain during the Ist World War to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage. Q14. What do you you understa understand nd by the ‘ Garden Garden City’ City’ ? Who developed developed this this system system ? Ans. a. Architect Architect and planner Ebenzer Howard Howard developed developed the principle principle of the ‘Garden ‘Garden City’. b. The Garden Garden city, city, is a pleasant pleasant space full full of plants plants and trees, trees, where where people people would both live & work. c. Acc. to Ebenezer , this would produce better better quality quality citizens. citizens. d. Raymond Raymond Unwin Unwin and and Barry Barry Parker Parker designe designed d the garden city of New Earswick. e. Only well off workers workers could could afford afford houses in those those ‘Garden ‘Garden City’. City’. Q15. Ans.
Discus Discusss the change changess came in Brit Britain ain betwe between en the two two world world wars. wars. a. Between Between the the two two world world wars the responsibil responsibility ity for housing housing the the working working classes classes was accepted by the British state. b. A million million of single single family family cottages cottages were were built by Local authori authorities. ties. c. The city city had extended extended beyond beyond the range range where where people people could could walk walk to work. work. d. New forms forms of mass mass trans transpor ports ts were were introduc introduced. ed.
3
Q16. Ans. Ans.
What What were were the probl problem em solved solved by the the undergr underground ound rail railway way in in London London ? a. It persua persuaded ded the people people to to leave leave the city city and and live live in in the the gard garden en suburb suburb.. b. Underground Underground railway railway solved solved the housing housing crisis crisis by carrying carrying large large masses masses of people to and fro from the city.
Q17. Ans. Ans.
How did did the the undergr undergroun ound d railwa railway y lead lead to pollu pollutio tion n proble problem m? a. Underg Undergrou round nd rail railway way was consid considere ered d a menace menace to health health.. b. People who were were smoking smoking pipes pollute pollute the atmosphere. atmosphere. c. The atmosphe atmosphere re in in the railway railway was was a mixtur mixturee of sulphur sulphur , coal dust dust and foul foul fumes from the gas lamps above. d. Due to to lack of oxygen oxygen atmosphe atmosphere re often often became became suffocated. suffocated.
Q18. Ans. Ans.
Why did people people calle called d underg undergrou round nd railw railway ay ‘the ‘the iron iron monst monster’ er’.. 1. Undergr Underground ound railwa railway y was was conside considered red a menac menacee to to healt health. h. 2. The massive destruction was also made in the process of construction of underground railway. 3. Houses were knocked down, streets broken through through and stopped. 4. Deep pits and trenches dug in the ground. Thus the London tube railway led to a massive displacement of the London poor.
4
LESSON-2 SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE CITY Q1. How How did did the the fun funct ctio ions ns of fami family ly chang changee fro from m 18 18th-19th century ? Ans. a. In the 18th century, the family had been a unit of production and consumption as well as of political decision making. b. But the function function and and the shape shape of the family family were were completely completely transfor transformed med by life in the industrial city. c. Ties Ties betwee between n member memberss of house househol hold d loosen loosened ed . d. Among the the working working class class the instit institution ution of of marriage marriage tended tended to break break down. down. e. Women of the upper and middle middle classes classes in in Britain Britain faced faced increasin increasingly gly higher higher level of isolation, although their lives were made easier by domestic maids. f. The city city encourag encouraged ed a new spiri spiritt of individualis individualism m among among both both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values. Q2. Ans. Ans.
Write Write brie briefly fly on the the condi conditio tion n of wome women n in the new indus industri trial al citi cities es . a. Men and wome women n did did not not have have equal equal access access to the the new new urba urban n space. space. b. Women lost lost their their industrial industrial jobs jobs and conservati conservative ve people railed railed against against their their presence in public spaces. c. Women were were forced forced to to withdraw withdraw into their their homes & public public space space became became increasingly a male preserve, and domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women. d. Gradually Gradually , women women come to partici participate pate in politic political al movements movements for suffr suffrage age that demanded the right to vote for women, or for married women’s right to property.
Q3. Ans. Ans.
How How did did con condi diti tion on of urba urban n famil family y tran transf sfor orme med d by the the 20th century ? a. During During the the First First world world war war , the the valuabl valuablee wartim wartimee work work done done by wome women. n. b. When males males were gone to the the war, women women were were employed employed in large large numbers numbers to to meet war demands. c. The family family became became the heart heart of a new marketmarket- of goods and and sercices sercices and and of ideas. d. The new industr industrial ial city city provided provided opportuni opportunities ties for for mass mass work. work.
Q4. Ans. Ans.
What What wer weree the the sour source ce of of lei leisu sure re for for Londo London n city city life life ? a. London London seas seasonon- Sever Several al cultu cultural ral events, events, such such as as Opera Opera,, the thea theatre tre and and classical music performances were organized for elite group of 300-400 families. b. Working Working classes classes met met in pubs to have a drink, drink, exchange exchange news and and sometimes sometimes also to organize political action. c. For common common people, people, new type type of large scale scale entertai entertainment nment came came into being, like libraries, art galleries and museums were established to provide people with sense of history and pride in the achievements of the British. d. Music halls were popular popular among the the lower lower classes, classes, & by the 20th century, cinema became the great mass entertainment for mass audiences.
5
e. British British industrial industrial workers workers were increasingl increasingly y encouraged encouraged to spend spend their their holidays by the seas. LESSON-3 POLITICS IN THE CITY Q1. Explai Explain n , givi giving ng exam example pless to to show show the the larg largee masse massess of people people were were drawn drawn into political causes in the city of London. Ans. Ans. a. betwee between n 18861886-1889 1889,, poor poor peopl peoplee became became milita militant nt and and riot riotiou ious. s. b. In 1886, 1886, there were were riot riot by London London poor people demandi demanding ng relief relief from from poverty. c. A riot riot happened happened once once again in 1887 1887 and it it was brutally brutally suppres suppressed sed . This incident is called the Bloody Sunday of 188 7. d. In 1889, 1889, a 12 – day dockworker’s dockworker’s strike strike took place, place, to gain gain recogniti recognition on for the dockworkers union. e. State State authorities authorities went to great lengths lengths to to reduce the possibil possibility ity , of of rebellion and enhance urban aesthetics.
Q1. Ans.
LESSON-4 THE CITY IN COLONIAL INDIA What What do do you you mean mean by presid presidency ency city city ? Why were were they they referr referred ed to to as ‘mult ‘multii functionality cities ? a. The British British government government in India had developed developed three administrat administrative ive regions regions . these were known as Presidencies. Each Presidency had its own capital, viz. Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. b. These were were called called the multimulti-functi functional onal cities cities as they had had major ports, ports, warehouses, homes and offices, army camps, as well as educational institutions, museums and libraries.
BOMBAY Q2. How How did did Bomb Bombay ay come come unde underr the the Brit Britis ish h cont contro roll ? Ans. Ans. a. Bombay Bombay was a group group of seve seven n islan islands ds under under Portug Portugues uesee contro control. l. b. In 1661, control control 9of 9of the islands islands passed passed into into British British had after after the marriage marriage of Britain’s Charles II to the Portuguese princess. c. The East India Company Company quickly quickly shifted shifted its its bases from Surat, Surat, its its principal principal western port, to Bombay. Q3. Ans.
When When did did Bomba Bombay y becom becomee the the capit capital al of of the the Bomba Bombay y Pres Presid idenc ency y? Bombay became the capital capital of the the Bombay Bombay Presid Presidency ency in 1819, 1819, after after the the Maratha Maratha defeat in the Anglo-Maratha war.
Q4. Q4. Ans.
How How did did Bomb Bombay ay cit city expa expand nd ? th a. In the 19 century, the Bombay functioned as a port through which which large quantities of raw material such as cotton and opium would would pass. b. It became an administrat administrative ive centre centre in in Wester Western n India.
6
c. By the end end of of the the 19th Century it became a major industrial centre. d. With the the growth growth in trade trade in opium opium , large large communit communities ies of trader traderss , bankers bankers , artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay. e. The establis establishment hment of textile textile mills mills led to a fresh fresh surge surge in migrat migration. ion. E.g, E.g, by 1921, there were 85 cotton mills with about 146,000 workers, large number of people migrate from the district of Ratnagiri to work in Bombay mills. Q5. Ans. Ans.
How did produc productio tion n with with machin machines es affect affect the women women labour labour force force ? a. In the the perio period d betwee between n 1919 1919 and 1926, 1926, as much much as 23 % of of the mill mill workfo workforce rce was women. b. But by the late late 1930s, 1930s, women work force dropped dropped because because women’s women’s jobs were taken over by machines or by men.
Q6. Ans. Ans.
Give Give rea reaso son n : ‘ Expan Expansi sion on of of popu popula lati tion on in in Bomb Bombay ay;. ;. a. It was was at at the the junct junction ion head of two two majo majorr railw railways ays.. That encoura encouraged ged high higher er scale of migration into the city? b. Famine Famine in the dry dry regions regions of Kutch Kutch drove large numbers numbers of people into Bombay.
Q7. Ans. Ans.
Disc Discus usss the the effe effect ct of popul populat atio ion n on Bomb Bombay ay.. a. Bombay Bombay was a crow crowded ded city, city, it had mere mere 9.5 9.5 sq sq yards yards.. b. By 1872 1872 , the dens density ity in Bombay Bombay was was as high high as as 20. c. Due to to above factors factors it did not not grow grow according according to any any plan. plan.
Q8. Ans. Ans.
Disc Discus usss the the ‘Rac ‘Racia iall pat patte tern rn ‘ hous housin ing g in in Bomb Bombay ay.. a. Bombay Bombay was a crowd crowded ed city city.. Bombay Bombay did not experi experienc encee a plan planned ned growth growth.. The Bombay fort area was divided into two parts (i) the native town (ii) European section. b. In the the native native towns, towns, most of the the Indians Indians lived, lived, the European European section section was inhabited by the ‘Europeans or the whites. c. This racial racial patter pattern n of inhabitat inhabitation ion was common to to all the the three presidency presidency cities of India.
The
Q9. Ans. Ans.
Examine Examine the the livin living g condit condition ionss of diff differe erent nt secti sections ons of of socie society ty in in Bombay Bombay.. a. The Europea European n elite, elite, the rich richer er Pars Parsi, i, Musl Muslim im and and upper upper cast castee trader traderss and industrialists of Bombay lived in sprawling, spacious bungalow. b. More than than 70% of the working working people people lived lived in the the thickly thickly populated populated chawls chawls of of Bombay.
Q10. Q10. Ans.
What hat were were Chaw Chawls ls ? . a. Chawls Chawls were multi-sto multi-storey reyed ed struct structures ures which had been built in the native parts of the town.
7
b. These houses houses were were largely owned by private private landlor landlords, ds, such such as merchants, merchants, bankers, and building contractors, looking for quick way of earning money from anxious migrants. Q11. Describe the condition of people living in chawls. chawls. a. Each Chawl,i Chawl,ivided vided into small smaller er one room tenemen tenements ts which which had no no private private toilet. b. Acc. to to the census census of of 1901, 80% of the total total inhabit inhabitants ants reside reside in tenement tenementss of one room, the avg. number of occupants lies between 4 & 5. c. Due to high rents rents , workers workers shared shared home, home, eiher eiher with with relati relatives ves or caste fellows. fellows. d. People had to keep the the windows windows of their their rooms rooms closed even in in humid humid weather weather due to close proximity of filthy gutter, privies, buffalo stables etc. e. Water was scarce scarce and people people often often quarrele quarreled d every morning morning for a turn turn at the the tap, observers found that houses were kept quiet clean. Q12 Ans.
Descri Describe be the the condit condition ion of of stree streets ts and and neighbo neighbourh urhood ood in in the chaw chawls. ls. a. Streets Streets and neighbourhood neighbourhoodss were used for a variety variety of activities activities such as Cooking, washing and sleeping. b. Liquor shops and akharas akharas came up in any empty empty spot. c. Streets Streets were also also used used for different different types types of leisur leisuree activities activities like like magicians, magicians, monkey players or acrobats used to regularly performed their activites. d. Chawls were were also also the place for for the exchange exchange of news news about jobs, jobs, strikes, strikes, riots riots or demonstrations.
Q13. Ans.
How were were the the dispu disputes tes settle settled d in the chawls chawls ? a. Caste Caste and and family family groups in the the mill mill neighbourhood neighbourhoodss were were headed by someone someone who was similar to a village headman. b. The jobbers jobbers in the mills mills could could be the local local neighbourho neighbourhood od leader, leader, who settled settled disputes, organized food supplies, or arranged informal credit. c. He also also brought brought importa important nt informati information on on politi political cal developme developments. nts.
Q14. Ans.
What was the the conditi condition on of the depres depressed sed and and lower lower castes castes in the the city city ? People People who belonged belonged to the depressed depressed classe classess found found it it even more difficult difficult to find find housing. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in shelters Made of corrugated sheets, leaves, or bamboo poles. Q15. Discuss Discuss the the steps steps taken taken in Bombay Bombay to solve solve the the problem problem of housing housing and plague. plague... Ans. Ans. a. Town Town planni planning ng in Bomba Bombay y came came about about as a result result of of fears fears abou aboutt the plag plague ue epidemics. b. The city of of Bombay improvement improvement Trust Trust was establ established ished in 1898; 1898; it focused focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre. c. By 1918 , Trust schemes schemes had deprived deprived 64,000 64,000 people people of their their homes, homes, but but only 14,ooo were rehoused.
8
d. In 1918, a Rent Act was was passed passed to keep keep rent rent reasonabl reasonable, e, but it had had the opposite effects of producing a severe housing crisis, since landlords withdrew houses from the market. Q16. Q16. Defi Define ne Recl Reclam amat atio ion. n. Ans. Reclamation Reclamation means reclaiming reclaiming of marshy marshy or submerged submerged areas or other wasteland wasteland for settlement, settlement, cultivation or other use. Q17. Descri Describe be ‘Land ‘Land Recl Reclama amatio tion n projec projectt in Bombay Bombay’. ’. Or Describe the several massive reclamation projects undertaken to de velop Bombay. Ans. a. The earliest earliest project project of land reclamation reclamation began in 1784, 1784, it was approved approved by the Bombay governor William Hornby. Under this project, the great sea wall was built to prevent the flooding of the low lying areas of Bombay. b. As the populat population ion of Bombay Bombay was was on the the rise, rise, the need need for commer commercial cial space space was increasing,it led to the formulation of several plans, both by govt. and private companies, for the reclamation of more land from the sea. c. In 1864 , the Back Back Bay Reclamation Reclamation Company Company won the the right right to reclaim reclaim the Western foreshore from the tip of Malabar hill to the end of Colaba.The hills around Bombay were leveled. d. A successfu successfull reclamati reclamation on project project was was undertaqke undertaqkem m by the the Bombay Bombay Port Port Trust, Trust, which built a dry dock between 1914 and 1918 , subsequently , the famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed. Q18. Ans. Ans.
Why is Bomb Bombay ay refe referre rred d to as a mayapur mayapurii or maya mayanagr nagrii ? a. Bombay Bombay is referr referred ed to to as mayanag mayanagri ri becaus becausee Bomba Bombay y was was seen seen as as a city city of opportunities and dreams who came form the have not section of population. b. They found found their creati creative ve energies energies well used used in the Bombay Bombay film film industry, industry, it it inspired others. Q19.
mention mention some some of the the songs songs from from the Bombay film Industry Industry which which speak speak of the contradictory aspects of the city. Ans. a. Film CID- Ai dil dil hai hai mushki mushkill jeena jeena yahan; yahan; zara zara hatke hatke zara zara bachke, yeh Bombai meri jaan. b. b. Jisk Jiskaa jut jutaa n usi usika ka sar, sar, dil dil hai hai chho chhote te bada bada shah shahar ar,, are are vah vah re re ter terii Bom Bombai bai.. Q20. Ans.
Describe Describe the the emergenc emergencee of Bombay as a city of film film industry industry in in the 20th century. Harishchandr Harishchandraa Sakharam Sakharam Bhatwadekar Bhatwadekar shot a wrestli wrestling ng match match at the the Hanging Hanging Gardens in Bombay in 1896 to make the first movie. It was followed by Raja Harishchandra in 1913 made by Dadasaheb Phalke. Around 1925, Bombay was seen as film capital and films were produced for the entire country. In 1947, the investment amounted to 756 million and by 1987, it provided employment to over 5 lakh people . The film industry was made up of migrants from Lahore, Calcutta, Madras.
9
People from Punjab were important for the development of the Hindi Film industry. Many Famous writers , like Ismat Chughtai and Saadat Hasan Hasan Manto , were Associated with Hindi Cinema.
Lesson-5 Cities and the Challenge of the Environment Q1. In what what ways ways has has city city devel developm opment ent all over over the the worl world d occur occurred red primar primarily ily at the the expense of ecology and environment ? Ans. Ans. a. City City devel developme opment nt every everywher wheree occurre occurred d at the the expens expensee of ecol ecology ogy and and the the environment. b. Natural Natural features features were were flattened flattened out or transf transformed ormed in respons responsee to the growing growing demand for space for factories, housing, and other institutions. c. Large quantit quantities ies of refuse refuse and and waste waste products products polluted polluted air air and water, water, while while excessive noise became a feature of urban life. d. Use of of coal coal and wood wood as fuel fuel caus causee air poll polluti ution. on. e. Discharge Discharge of industrial industrial and city city waste cause air pollution pollution f. use of coal in in homes and industr industries ies create create a serious serious problem problem in England England th in the 19 century ? Q2. What measures were taken in order to resolve the problem ? Ans. a. In industrial industrial cities cities such as Leeds, Bradford Bradford and Manchesters Manchesters,, hundreds hundreds of factory chimneys threw black smoke into the skies. b. People joked joked that most inhabita inhabitants nts of these these cities cities grew up believi believing ng that the the skies were grey and all vegetation was black. black . c. Shopkeepers, Shopkeepers, homeowners homeowners and and others others complaine complained d about the black black for for that descended on their towns causing cau sing bad tempers, smoke- related illness and dirty clothes. Measures :a. By the 1840s, 1840s, a few few towns towns such as as Derby, Derby, Leeds and and Manchester Manchester had laws laws to Control smoke in the city. b. Smoke abateme abatement nt Acts of 1847 and and 1853 were were importan importantt measures measures taken taken in order to resolve the problem, but the factory workers rarely followed rules sincerely and the problem continued.
Q3. Ans. Ans.
Disc Discus usss the the his histo tory ry of air air poll pollut utio ion n in Calc Calcut utta ta.. a. Its inhabi inhabitan tants ts inha inhaled led grey grey smoke, smoke, part particu icular larly ly in in the wint winter. er.
10
c. Since the the city city was built built on marshy marshy land, the resultin resulting g fog combioned combioned with with smoke to generate thick black smog. d. Due to huge populati population on there there was a high level level of of pollution pollution . e. Use of dung and and wood as fuel fuel in the the daily daily life life also caused pollution. pollution. f. The main main pollutant pollutantss were were the indust industries ries and establis establishment hmentss that used steam steam engines run on coal. g. In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygunge began to burn rice husk husk instead of coal Then residents started complaining that the air is filled up with black soot which falls like drizzling rain from morning till night. Q4. Why has city city life life alway alwayss been been attra attracti ctive ve to thos thosee seekin seeking g freed freedom om and and opport opportuni unity ty Ans. a. City life symbolized symbolized freedom from the collective collective social values which people were compelled to follow in their villages. b. There were were numerous numerous caste caste and commu community nity rules rules in in the rural rural set up up which loosed when people moved to cities. c. People were more free and they they carrie carried d new ways of living. living. d. The Public Public transport transport system system and multi-stor multi-storeyed eyed housing housing loosened loosened traditiona traditionall regulations and people learned to live in multi-ethinic and multi-cultural environment brought from different places by migrants to the city. e. The city symbolize symbolize self self made made people people who come come here to to pursue pursue their dreams. dreams.
Assignment-3 WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE 1 marks questions. Q1. What were ‘tavern’ ? Q2. Q2. Comp Compar aree Londo London n and and Bomb Bombay ay as mode modern rn citi cities es.. Q3. Q3. Name Name the the nov novel el of Durg Durgac acha hara ran n Roy Roy . Q4. Q4. When When did did indus industr tria iall rev revol olut utio ion n star startt in in Engl Englan and d? Q5. Q5. Name Name two two big big Indu Indust stri rial al citi cities es of Engl Englan and. d. Q6. Define ‘Tenement’. Q7. Q7. Who were ere ‘Phila hilant nthr hrop opiist’ st’ ? Q8. When When and and where where the world’ world’ss firs firstt secti section on of the Underg Undergrou round nd rail railway way started ? Q9. Q9. Name Name the the thr three ee Pres Presid idenc ency y citi cities es of Indi India. a. Q10. Q10. When When did did the the first first cotton cotton mill mill start start in Bomb Bombay ay ? Q11. Q11. Name Name the the fir first st film film Indi Indian an fil film. m. Q12. Q12. Name Name two writ writers ers rela related ted to to Indian Indian film film indus industri tries. es. Q13. What are two metropolis metropolis ? Write Write three features features of Metropolis Metropolis.. 3 marks questions. Q14. Q14. Why the popula populatio tion n of London London expand expanded ed from from the middle middle of of the the 18th century onward. ? Q15. Q15. Discus Discusss the the harmf harmful ul effec effects ts of of rise rise of of citie cities. s.
11
Q16. Q16. Q17. Q17. Q18. Q18. Q19. Q20. Q20. Q21. Q21.
Q1. Q1. Q2.
Give Give three three effect effectss of indust industria riall revolu revolutio tion n on social social life. life. Give Give three three causes causes of of rise rise in popula populatio tion n of Bomba Bombay y in the the mid of of 19th century. Write Write four four advant advantages ages of of underg undergrou round nd railwa railway y in London London.. Name five five main main type type of industr industries ies in London London to to provide provide employment. employment. Distin Distingui guish sh between between villag villagee and and cities cities.. What What was was temp temper eranc ancee movem movement ent ? Expl Explai ain n WORKSHEET-1
Q3. Q4. Q4. Q5. Q5. Q6. Q6. Q7.
Name Name the the cou count ntri ries es inc inclu lude ded d in Ind Indo o Chin China. a. In the earlie earlierr time times, s, people people of Indo Indo china china were were live lived d under under which which powerful empire. ? What is colon ? When When did did Fre Frenc nch h arm army y ent enter er Viet Vietna nam m? When hen did did French ench Indo Indo chi china for form ? In whic which h yea yearr Tonk Tonkin in Free Free Scho School ol esta establ blis ish. h. Name Name the the poli politic tical al part party y esta establi blishe shed d by Vietna Vietnames mesee stud student ents. s.
Q8. Q9. Q9. Q10.
Write full form of NLF NLF. When When and and wher wheree Pea Peace ce Set Settl tlem emen entt sig signe ned d? What hat is is Na Napalm ?
12
