Curso de inglês intensivo

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês

Verb example I You We They He She It

work.

work .

Verb example I You We They He She It

don’t (do not)

work. doesn’t (does not)

Verb example Do

Does

I you we they

Yes, No, work?

Yes,

he she it

No,

Longterm situations

I you we they he she it

I live in Madrid. Where does she work? I travel to work by car. How often do you play golf? She doesn’t like her work. I agree with you. The journey takes 30 minutes. It costs $ 15.

Habits and routines Feelings and opinions Facts

do you live? do you do at weekends? do they take their holiday? magazine does James write for? do you travel to work? do you make business trips? book is this? ( ) do you visit in London? arrives at work first?

In Rome. I usually play golf. In July or August. Wine and Dine. By car. About twice a month. It’s mine. I visit my sister. Anna does.

is very formal, and is not used very often.

1

do. don’t. does. doesn’t.


Verb example

Verb example I

’m (am)

I

He She It You We They

’s (is)


working. ’re (are)

’m not (am not) isn’t (is not) working. aren’t (are not)

Verb example Am Is

Are

I he she it you we they

Yes, Yes,

working?

I No, he she it you we they

Yes,

Actions happening now

am. ’m not. is. No,

isn’t. are.

No,

aren’t.

He’s talking on the phone at the moment. They’re having lunch with a customer. Jeans are selling well this season. I’m not travelling on business this month. Which hotel are you staying at?

Temporary situations or actions

A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel, travelling), and when we leave out the final e (make, making).

I You He She It We They

started rang*

Did


yesterday


didn’t (did not)

Yes, start ring*

yesterday?

2

Start ring*


yesterday.

did.

No,

didn’t.


Verb example

Verb example I

’m (am)

I


’s (is)


working. ’re (are)

’m not (am not) isn’t (is not) working. aren’t (are not)

Verb example Am Is

Are

I he she it you we they

Yes, Yes,

working?

I No, he she it you we they

Yes,

Actions happening now

am. ’m not. is. No,

isn’t. are.

No,

aren’t.

He’s talking on the phone at the moment. They’re having lunch with a customer. Jeans are selling well this season. I’m not travelling on business this month. Which hotel are you staying at?

Temporary situations or actions

A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel, travelling), and when we leave out the final e (make, making).


started rang*

Did


yesterday


didn’t (did not)

Yes, start ring*

yesterday?

2

Start ring*


yesterday.

did.

No,

didn’t.

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês * See the list of irregular verbs on page 16.

Finished situations and actions actions in the past

I lived in Rome for for two years. He flew to America last week. They didn’t come to the party. Where did you spend your last holiday?

We often use the Past Simple with finished time phrases like yesterday, last week, an hour ago. Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in –ed. A dictionary tells you when the consonant doubles (Group 3), and when the –y changes to –I (Group 4). Work work Live liv Stop stopp Study stud

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

Play play Smile smil Travel travell Worry worr

Wait wait Close clos Plan plann Try tr

When the infinitive ends in a / d / or a / t / sound, we pronounce the –ed ending as / id / See Grammar timelines on page 36.

long few hot

longer fewer hotter

the

longest fewest hottest

the

easiest happiest

easy happy

easier happier

famous crowded expensive good bad much/many little far

famous more crowded the most expensive better worse more the less farther / further

3

famous crowded expensive best worst most least farthest / furthest


We use than after a comparative adjective. Much can come before the comparative to add emphasis. We use the before before a superlative adjective. As… as shows something is the same or equal. Not as… as shows something isn’t the same or equal.

London is bigger than Paris. He is much younger than his brother. Tokyo is much more expensive than Rome. Camary Wharf is the tallest building in London. Greece is as sunny as Spain. I am as happy as you are. Italy isn’t as big as France.

One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and a consonant double the consonant: Adjective Big Fat

Comparative Bi er Fa er

Superlative Bi est fa est

This doesn’t happen when the consonant is –w or –y: Adjective Grey

Comparative

Superlative

New

Newer Greyer

Newest greyest

Mass nouns have no plural form. We do not use a or an with them. We use them with a singular verb form.

They want some information. I don’t like music This machinery is expensive.

Count nouns have a singular and plural form. We use them with a and an. We use them with singular and plural verb forms. Some nouns are both mass and count.

This machine is expensive. Did you have a good trip? These machines are expensive.

Mass (general meaning)

James writes about wine. She has a lot of experience of the travel industry.

Count (specific meaning)

He’s writing a book about the wines of Italy. I had some amusing experiences on my last holiday.

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With mass and count nouns in positive sentences In offers and requests

I bought some tea. She made some appointments. Would you like some coffee? Could I have some information?

With mass and count nouns in negative sentences in questions

I didn’t buy any apples. He didn’t spend any money. Did they give you any help? Do you have any questions?

With mass and count nouns in positive sentences

There’s a lot of traffic today. There are a lot of cars in the city centre. Lots of people go jogging in the park.

With mass nouns in negative sentences, and in questions

We haven’t got much luggage. I don’t have much time. How much paper do you need?

With count nouns in negative sentences, and in questions

We haven’t got many suitcases. She didn’t have many meetings. How many people did you invite? Many people are on holiday this week.

In positive sentences In positive sentences, We can use

a lot of / lots of is more

common than many.

a lot of / lots of in negative sentences and in questions.

Lots of is mostly used in informal spoken English.

5


Verb examples I You We They He She It

’ve (have)

Verb examples I You We They He She It

arrived. begun.

’s (has)

haven’t (have not)

arrived. begun.

hasn’t (has not)

Verb examples Have

Has


Yes, arrived? begun?

Yes,

Finished experiences in your life up to now Recent situations and actions in a time up to now

Situations that started in the past and still continue

Past actions in a time up to now where we give the quantity


Verb examples have. No,

haven’t. has.

No,

She’s lived in China and Japan. He’s had experience of marketing Have you ever been to Brazil? We’ve reduced prices. Corporate business has increased significantly. Have you had a holiday this year? He’s been an architect since 1992. She’s had a translation agency for ten years. How long have you known her? She’s designed a lot of fashion items for Burberrys. How many letters have you written?

gone to or been to? Ann’s to New York, means she’s in New York now, or she’s on her way there. Ann’s to New York, means she’s not in New York now. Her visit is over. contracted forms In spoken English, we usually say I , you In formal, written English we normally use I

, he , etc. , you

For information on yet, just, already, see page 33. See Grammar timelines on page 36.

6

, he

, etc.

hasn’t.


I You We They He She It

Have

Has

I You We They He She It

’ve (have) been working. ’s (has)


Yes,

been working?

Yes,

Actions that began in the past and continue to the present

haven’t (have not)

been working.

hasn’t (has not)


have. No,

haven’t. has.

No,

We’ve been producing pens since the 1980s. He’s been living here for five years. How long have you been learning English? You look very tired. Have you been working? I’m hot because I’ve been running.

Actions that began in the past and have just stopped

The Present Perfect Continuous and Simple are similar in meaning. The form we use often depends on whether we are more interested in the action or its result. I the car. (My hands are dirty.) I the car. (Now I can drive to work.) We use the Present Perfect Continuous to say how long. They people since 10 a.m. She letters . We use the Present Perfect Simple to say how many. They people. She letters.

With a period of time

three days, five hours, a month, ten minutes, ages…

7

With a point in time

Tuesday, 8 August, 4 o’clock, last summer, 1982...

hasn’t.


I He She You We They

Am Is

Are

I

’m (am) ’s (is)


going to begin.

’re (are)

isn’t (is not)

going to begin.

aren’t (are not)

Yes,

I he she it

’m not (am not)

I No,

Yes,

going to begin?

you we they

Yes,

Future plans, intentions, and decisions

am.

he she it you we they

’m not. is. No,

isn’t. are.

No,

We’re going to buy a new car soon. When are you going to have a holiday? I’m not going to have lunch today. The sky’s very dark. I’m sure it’s going to rain. Look out! That car’s going to hit you!

Future actions we feel certain about because of what we can see now.

With come and go, we usually use the Present Continuous. I’m on holiday soon. Are they by car on Saturday?

For Present Continuous form see page 02.

Fixed future arrangements

I’m flying to Tokyo at 10 a.m. tomorrow. When is the President arriving? I’m not playing golf this weekend.

8

aren’t.


Verb example I You He She It We They

’ll (will)

Verb example I You He She It We They

arrive.

won’t (will not)

Verb example

Will


Verb example Yes,

arrive? No,

Future facts and predictions

arrive.


will.

won’t (will not).

The new hotel will cost $ 10 million. The construction work won’t start until next year. How many jobs will there be? I’ll give you the report today. Hold on a minute. I’ll write down your phone number.

Decisions made at the time of speaking

If + Present Simple + Present Simple

If I read too much, I get a headache

If I didn’t read too much, I didn’t get a headache.

You get a headache if you read too much?

Yes, I get. No, I don’t get.

9


If + Present Simple + will + infinitive (without to)

If they offer me the job, I’ll accept it.

If you don’t study more, you’ll fail your exam. They won’t visit us if they’re very busy. If they don’t leave now, they won’t arrive on time.

We’ll have a lot of work if we get the contract.

Will you buy a new car if you have the money? If you ask him, will he tell you? What will he do if his plane arrives late?

Future possibilities and their results

Yes, I will. No, he won’t.

If the proposal becomes a reality, it will revolutionize train travel in Europe. If the weather is bad, the train will arrive before the plane.

The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the first, we usually put a comma between it and the main clause. the meeting is successful, we’ll sign the contract. We’ll sign the contract the meeting is successful.

clause if

comes

For things we are certain will happen, we use when nor if . he returns from the USA, he’ll contact you. (We know he will return.) We’ll leave we finish the work. (We know we will finish the work.)

If + Past Simple + would + infinitive (without to)

If I had more time, I'd travel more.

If he didn’t earn so much, he wouldn't spend so much. I wouldn't invest in that company if I were you.

He'd understand the reason if you explained it.

Would you stop work if you won $ 1 million? Would he work abroad if he got the chance? If you had six months off work, how would you spend the time?

10

Yes, I would. No, he wouldn't.


Unlikely or unreal situations and their probable results

If public transport were free, there would be fewer cars in the city centres. If I were the Transport Minister, I would increase petrol prices.

The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the first, we usually put a comma between it and the main clause. If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a Ferrari. I'd buy a Ferrari if I won a lot of money. With I, he, and she, we can use was instead of were in the more informal style. If it less expensive, he would buy it.

clause if

clause, if

comes

especially in a

Could is both the Past and the Conditional of can. When she lived in Paris, she the Louvre at any time. (Past) We some of the money if we charged motorists. (Conditional) The Past tense does not refer to past time in a conditional sentence. If refers to an unreal situation. If the Transport Minister... (but I'm not).

If + Past Perfect + would have + Past Participle

If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.

If I had known that day we had a test, I wouldn’t have spent the night drinking.

Would you have passed the exam if you had studied?

Yes, I would have. No, I wouldn’t have.

Criticizing people, pointing out their mistakes or expressing regret about the past.

If I had known, I would have gone to visit you.

Can

Could May

Might Shall

Should Will

Modal verbs add extra meaning to the main verb.

11

would Must

Mustn't Needn't


Necessity Prohibition

have a visa. He

He

leave without paying.

No necessity

make Youan appointment.

Advice

You

Possibility

always be punctual.

You

use first names.

Paperwork

take a long time.

Your host

invite you to his home.

I

Permission

be late.

I use your phone? I interrupt you for a moment? I borrow your car?

Ability

you speak Spanish? She

Requests

swim when she was three. you repeat that, please? you post this letter for me? you type this letter, please?

Offers

you like a drink? I call a taxi for you?

The form of a modal verb is the same for all persons. We don't add s to the 3 person singular of a modal verb. I/You/He/She/It/We/They arrive late. He speak German. We don't use to after modal verbs. I must to go now. To make the negative of a modal verb, we add not or n't. We don't use don't and doesn't. He ca /can speak Japanese. You must /must drive on the right in the UK. She may arrive before you leave.

12

rd

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês We can't add n't to may. She mayn't arrive before you leave. We put the modal verb before I/you/he, etc. to make a question. confirm the booking by letter? With I and we, we use shall for offers, and when asking for and making suggestions. I close the door? What we do? we go to the park? We can use have to for necessity. I work overtime sometimes. We can use don't have to when there is no necessity. work on Saturdays.

Be (is/was/have been, etc.) + past participle (produced/built/grown, etc.)

Coffee in Brazil. The company in 1970. Vines in this area for over 2000 years.

Cigarette advertising cinemas. Prices A decision

Peugeot cars in France? the goods on time? the factory yet? How champagne ? When it ? How long this method ?

Yes, they are. No, they weren't. Yes, it has.

in last year. yet.

We use the Passive when the person or thing that does the action isn't important, or The architect IM Pei the Louvre when we don't know who does it. If we Pyramid in Paris. want to say who does or did the action we use by. The Louvre Pyramid in Paris by IM Pei.

13


June Winter 1996 The 21st century

The morning The afternoon The evening

Tuesday 6 December Easter Monday Christmas Day Friday morning Wednesday evenings.

Six o'clock Lunch time Midnight

The weekend Christmas Easter

14


above

higher than sth.

The picture hangs above my bed.

across

from one side to the other side

You mustn't go across this road here. There isn't a bridge across the river.

after

one follows the other

The cat ran after the dog. After you.

against

directed towards sth.

The bird flew against the window.

along

in a line; from one point They're walking along the beach. to another

among

in a group

I like being among people.

around

in a circular way

We're sitting around the campfire.

behind

at the back of

Our house is behind the supermarket.

below

lower than sth.

Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level.

beside

between

by

next to sth./sb. is on each side

Our house is beside the supermarket. Our house is between the supermarket and the school.

near

He lives in the house by the river.

close to

near

Our house is close to the supermarket.

down

from high to low

He came down the hill.

from

the place where it starts Do you come from Tokyo?

in front of

the part that is in the direction it faces

Our house is in front of the supermarket.

inside

opposite of outside

You shouldn't stay inside the castle.

into

entering sth.

You shouldn't go into the castle.

near

close to

Our house is near the supermarket.

next to

beside

Our house is next to the supermarket.

off

away from sth.

The cat jumped off the roof.

onto

moving to a place

The cat jumped onto the roof.

opposite

on the other side

Our house is opposite the supermarket.

out of

leaving sth.

The cat jumped out of the window.

outside

opposite of inside

Can you wait outside?

over

above sth./sb.

The cat jumped over the wall.

past

going near sth./sb.

Go past the post office.

round

in a circle

We're sitting round the campfire.

through

going from one point to You shouldn't walk through the forest. the other point

15

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês to

towards sth./sb.

I like going to Australia. Can you come to me? I've never been to Africa.

towards

in the direction of sth.

They walk towards the castle.

under

below sth.

The cat is under the table.

up

from low to high

He went up the hill.

awake

awoke

be

bear beat become begin bend beset bet

cast catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig dive do draw

awoken was, were bore beat became began bent beset bet

bid bid/bade bind bound bite bit bleed bled blow blew break broke breed bred bring brought broadcast broadcast build built burn burned/burnt burst burst buy bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug dived/dove did drew

16

been born beat become begun bent beset bet bid/bidden bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built burned/burnt burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug dived done drawn


dream drive drink eat fall feed feel fight find fit flee fling fly forbid forget forego (forgo) forgive forsake freeze get give go grind grow hang hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead

dreamed/dreamt drove drank ate fell fed felt fought found fit fled flung flew forbade forgot

dreamed/dreamt driven drunk eaten fallen fed felt fought found fit fled flung flown forbidden forgotten

forewent forgave forsook froze got gave went ground grew hung heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knit knew laid led

foregone forgiven forsaken frozen gotten given gone ground grown hung heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt knit know laid led

leap

leaped/lept

leaped/lept

learn leave lend let lie light

learned/learnt left lent let lay lighted/lit

learned/learnt left lent let lain lighted

lose make mean meet

lost made meant met

lost made meant met

17


misspell mistake

misspelled/misspelt misspelled/misspelt mistook mistaken

mow overcome overdo overtake

mowed overcame overdid overtook

overthrow

overthrew pay plead

prove

mowed/mown overcome overdone overtaken overthrown paid pled proved

proved/proven put

quit read rid ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake

put quit read rid rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook

put

shave shear shed shine

shaved shore shed shone

shaved/shaven shorn shed shone

shoe shoot

shoed shot

shoed/shod shot

show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slay slide sling slit smite sow speak

showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slew slid slung slit smote sowed spoke

showed/shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slain slid slung slit smitten sowed/sown spoken

18

paid pled

quit read rid ridden rung risen run sawed/sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewed/sewn shaken

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês speed spend

sped spent

sped spent

spill spin spit split spread

spilled/spilt spun spit/spat split spread

spilled/spilt spun spit split spread

spring stand steal stick sting stink stride strike string strive swear sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think thrive throw thrust tread understand uphold upset wake wear

sprang/sprung stood stole stuck stung stank strod struck strung strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought thrived/throve threw thrust trod understood upheld upset woke wore

sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk stridden struck strung striven sworn swept swelled/swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrived thrown thrust trodden understood upheld upset woken worn

weave wed weep wind win withhold withstand wring write

weaved/wove wed wept wound won withheld withstood wrung wrote

weaved/woven wed wept wound won withheld withstood wrung written

19


May/Can I introduce myself? My name's... (James Turner for example). I'm... (Monique Bresson). May/Can I introduce a good friend of mine? This is... (Roberto Angelini). Excuse me, are you... (Duncan Ross)? Hello, you must be... (Luigi Bastini). I'd like to/let me introduce you to... (Tony White). How do you do.

How do you do.

Pleased to meet you.

Pleased to meet you, too.

Please call me... (Luigi).

Then you must call me... (Monique).

Hello,... (Roberto). Good/Nice to see you again. How are you?

Fine, thanks. And you?

How are things?

Not too bad, thanks.

How's the family?

Very well, thank you.

Good morning/afternoon/evening. We only say Good night when we are leaving. We don't use it as a greeting.

I must go now. We really must leave now. I must be off. It was very nice meeting you.

I really enjoyed meeting you, too.

Have a good trip/journey/flight.

Thank you... (and the same to you).

I hope to see you again.

I hope so, too.

20

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês I look forward to... (seeing you again). I'm looking forward to... (our next meeting). See you… on the (first July)/next week/soon. Have a good... trip back/flight back.

Hello. This is... (James Turner) Is that... (Monique Bresson)?

Yes, speaking.

I'd like to speak to... (Mr. Brown).

Who's calling, please?

Could I speak to... (Manfred Weiss)?

May I know who's calling, please?

I'm calling about... (the letter I sent you). Hold the line, please. I'm sorry... (Mr Weiss) is in a meeting at the moment. I'm afraid... (he)'s busy at present. I'm afraid... (she) isn't here.

Can I... take a message? Can I... leave a message? Could you take a message? Could you ask... (her) to call... (Luigi Bastini)? Could you tell... (him) that... (Duncan Ross) called? Could you spell... (your name), please? What's your number, please?

Did you have a good journey? How was your flight? Did you have any problems finding us?

The journey here

How did you get here? Are you here on business?

21

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês What do you do? Where do you work?

Work

What are you working on currently?

What was the weather like in... (London)?

The weather

Do you travel a lot? Which countries do you visit?

Travel and holidays

Where did you spend... (your last holiday)? Where do you live? The visitor

Which part of the country/city is that? What do you think of... (the new airport)? Is this your first visit to... (Barcelona)?

First impressions

How long are you here for? What do you do at the weekends? Sports and leisure

Do you play any sports? What's the latest news on... (the election)?

News

Is there any news about... (the conference)?

I'd like to book a singe/double room for 4 April.

I have a reservation.

I'd like a room, please. Could I have an early morning call, at 6.30? Could I have my bill, please? Can I pay by credit card?

22


What do you recommend? The... (seafood) is usually excellent here. I recommend the... (chicken).

I'll/We'll have... (smoked Scottish salmon). I'd/We'd like... (the roast Normandy pork). Could we have... (a bottle of mineral water)?

Do have some more... (prawns). What about... (dessert)? How about... (some strawberries)? Would you like... (a coffee)?

Yes, I'd like that. Yes, that would be very nice.

Thank you, but I couldn't eat any more. No, thank you.

Thank you for a really excellent meal.

Don't mention it.

Thank you for a lovely evening.

I enjoyed it very much, too.

would be convenient for you? could we meet? are you free? would suit you?

When What time

Shall we say... (next Tuesday)?

Yes,... (Tuesday) suits me fine.

Is... (9.30) possible for you?

Yes, that's fine.

How about... (Friday)?

Yes, I can make it on... (Friday).

What about... (the afternoon)?

No, I'm afraid I've got another appointment then.

23

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês I look forward to meeting you on... (Wednesday). See you... (next week).

I'm very sorry I have to cancel the appointment on... (Friday). I'm afraid I can't manage our meeting... (tomorrow). Could we arrange another time?

What do you think about... (the design)? What's your opinion of... (the quality)?

Asking for opinions

How do you feel about... (the price)? I agree. I certainly agree with that.

Agreeing

I agree completely. Do you have any suggestions for... (the agenda)?

Asking for suggestions

Any ideas on... (the parking problem)? I suggest... (we meet at the hotel). How about... (going by plane)? What about... (giving a talk)? Making suggestions

Why don't we... (have a meeting)? Why not... (finish with a party)? We could... (arrange a tennis tournament). In my opinion... (it's excellent).

Giving opinions

I think... (it's rather expensive). I'm afraid I don't agree.

Disagreeing

I'm sorry, but I disagree. Yes, that's a good idea.

Accepting suggestions

Yes, let's do that.

24

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês Yes, but... (it's too far away). I'm not sure about that.

Rejecting Suggestions

I'm afraid I don't like that idea.

I'd like to invite you to... (have dinner with me). Would you join us... (for a game of tennis)? Inviting

Would you like to... (come swimming)? Why don't you... (have lunch with us)? How about... (joining us)? Thank you. I'm delighted to accept.

Accepting

Thank you. I'd love to. Thank you. I'd enjoy that. I'd love to, but... (I'm afraid I can't).

Declining

Thanks a lot but... (I've made another arrangement).

Shall I... (open the window)? Do you want me to... (post the letter for you)? Offering

If you like, I can... (give you some help). Would you like me to... (arrange a meeting)? Yes, please. Thank you.

Accepting

That's very kind of you. Thank you. I'd appreciate that. Thanks, but please don't bother.

Declining

Thanks, but that won't be necessary. That's very kind of you, but... (I can manage).

25


Can you... (come tomorrow)? Could you... (write her a letter)? Would you... (book the hotel)? Requesting

Do you think you could... (check it)? Would you mind... (checking it)? Do you mind... (checking it)? Yes, of course. Yes, certainly.

Agreeing

Not at all. No, of course not. I think that will be difficult... (there isn't enough time). I'm afraid not... (I'm very busy).

Refusing

I'm sorry, but that's not possible... (I'm leaving now). I'm afraid not.

I'd like some information about... (fights to Paris). I'd like to know... (how long it takes). Asking

Do you know... (when the train arrives)? Can/could you tell me... (how often the trains leave)? I see.

Showing understanding

Right, I've got that. So,... (the next train's in half an hour) Let me check.

Checking

I'll look that up. Could you repeat that, please?

Asking for repetition

Could you say that again?

26


Apologizing

I'm afraid I don't have any information about... (domestic flights).

Thanks for all your help.

Don't mention it.

Thank you for your advice.

Not at all. You're welcome. (US)

Sorry I'm late.

It doesn't matter.

I'm sorry. I've broken a glass.

Don't worry. Never mind.

Sorry? Pardon? Could you repeat that, please? I'm sorry, I didn't catch... (your name).

May I sit here?

Yes, of course.

Could I use your phone?

Please do. Yes, certainly.

Do you mind if I open the window?

No, not at all.

Could I borrow your car?

Sorry, but I need it.

Do you mind if I smoke?

Well, I'd rather you didn't.

Have you got the tickets?

Yes, here they are.

Could you pass the bread, please?

Yes, here you are.

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They’ve got six children now.

Really!

I've passed my final exams!

Congratulations! That's great!

I failed my driving test.

Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.

Have a good weekend.

Thanks. You too.

I hope you enjoy your holiday.

Thanks, and the same to you.

Thank you

for inviting us.

We've had a wonderful time.

for everything.

It was really enjoyable.

very much for your hospitality.

I really appreciate it. Everything was great.

Thanks a lot.

I'm glad you

could come. enjoyed it. found it interesting. like it.

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Sorry, I don't understand. I don't know what... (currently) means. What does... (working knowledge) mean? What do you call this in English? How do you say... (je voudrais une chambre) in English? Could you say that again, please? Could you repeat that, please? Could you speak more slowly, please? Could you spell that, please? Could you write that down, please?

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CUNNINGHAM ASSOCIATES 26, Trent Rd, Bicester, Oxon OX6 8RN Tel: 0861 204950 Fax: 0861 204900 22 February 1996 Jean Paul Leclerc ZigZag SA 74, rue Jules Ferry 75116 Paris Dear Mr Lederc Thank you for your letter of 15 January. I apologize for not replying sooner. I am writing to inform you that I am coming to Paris on 7 March. I would be delighted to meet you to discuss the fashion show, as you suggested. Unfortunately, as I am flying to Rome in the afternoon, I will not be able to visit your factory, and cannot attend your company dinner in the evening. I would be grateful if you could send me your catalogue and price list as soon as possible, as I would like to show your Summer Collection to the fashion buyers at our monthly meeting next week. I am enclosing a copy of an excellent magazine article about fashion retailers in this country. I hope you find it interesting. I look forward to meeting you next month. Please let me know if you would like any further information. Yours sincerely David Cunningham President

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Dear

Sir Madam Mr... Murphy Mrs... Hobbs Miss... Young Ms... White .... George Dr... Green

When you don't know the receiver's name, use Sir or Madam. For a man, use the receiver's family name with Mr. For a married woman, use the receiver's family name with Mrs. or Ms. For an unmarried woman, use the receiver's family name with Miss or Ms. For a close business contact or friend, use the receiver's first name. For a doctor, us Dr. and the family name. Ms can replace Mrs and Miss. It doesn't indicate whether a woman is married.

Thank you for

your telephone call today.

With reference to

your letter of 8 January...

Further to

Your letter of 30 August,...

I apologize for

the delay. not replying sooner.

I am sorry that I am not able to help you.

I am writing to

ask you... enquire about... inform you that... confirm...

31


I would be

Delighted to... pleased to...

I am afraid that... Unfortunately...

I would be grateful if you could... We would appreciate it if you could... Could you possibly...?

I have pleasure in enclosing... I am enclosing... I enclose...

meeting you next month. I look forward to

receiving your reply. hearing from you soon.

Please let me know if

you have any questions.

Please contact us again if

we can help in any way. you would like further information.

Yours

faithfully sincerely

Best wishes When you open the letter with Dear Sir or Dear Madam, use Yours faithfully. When you open the letter with the receiver's family name, use Yours sincerely. For a close business contact or friend, use Best wishes.

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This section describes some differences between American and British English. The differences are not very great, and they may vary between regions across the USA.

To express possession, British people often say have got.

a German car. you

Yes,

.

a fax machine? No,

an Italian car. .

you

Yes,

.

any children? No,

The difference is only in the Present Simple. There is no difference in other tenses. When we use the verb have for an action, there is no difference between American and British English.

I have an English lesson every week. Do you have coffee for breakfast?

Yes, No,

. .

Where British English uses the Present Perfect, American English often uses the Past Simple.

I've just finished the report.

I just finished the report.

Have you seen her yet?

Did you see her yet?

I haven't finished the work yet.

I didn't finish the work yet.

We're already met.

We already met.

2.11.94

11/2/94

2 November 1994

She started work on the second of November, nineteen ninetyfour.

November 2 1994

She started work on November second, nineteen ninetyfour.

33

.


at the weekend

on the weekend

five minutes past two

five minutes past/after two

ten minutes to six

ten minutes to/of six

write to me

write me

meet someone

meet with someone

stay at home

stay home

Tuesday to Saturday

Tuesday through Saturday

Visit somebody

visit with somebody

Flat

Apartment

car

automobile

taxi

cab

chemist's

drug store

lift

elevator

autumn

fall

tap

faucet

ground floor

first floor

motorway

freeway

petrol

gas

post

mail

cinema

movie theater

trousers

pants

wallet

pocketbook

railway

railroad

toilet

rest room

return ticket

round trip ticket

pavement

sidewalk

tube / underground

subway

holiday

vacation

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+

3+5=8

Three plus five is eight

7–1=6

Seven minus one is six

/

20 / 2 = 10

Twenty divided by two is ten.

x

3 x3 =9

Three times/multiplied by three is nine.

=

1+4=5

One plus four is/equals five.

%

75%

Seventy five per cent.

1/4

A quarter

1/3

A third

1/2

A half

1 1/2

One and a half

America (the USA)

American

India

Indian

Australia

Australian

Ireland

Irish

Austria

Austrian

Italy

Italian

Belgium

Belgian

Japan

Japanese

Brazil

Brazilian

The Netherlands

Dutch

Canada

Canadian

Norway

Norwegian

China

Chinese

Poland

Polish

The Czech Republic Czech

Portugal

Portuguese

Denmark

Danish

Romania

Romanian

Finland

Finnish

Russia

Russian

France

French

Slovakia

Slovak

Germany

German

Spain

Spanish

Great Britain (UK)

British

Sweden

Swedish

Greece

Greek

Switzerland

Swiss

35


Hungary

Hungarian

Turkey

36

Turkish


Many verbs in English are followed by an adverb or a preposition (also called a particle), and these twopart verbs, also called phrasal verbs, are different from verbs with helpers. The particle that follows the verb changes the meaning of the phrasal verb in idiomatic ways: VERB

MEANING

EXAMPLE

drop off

decline gradually

The hill dropped off near the river.

drop off(2)

fall asleep

While doing his homework, he dropped off.

drop off(3)

stop and give something to Would you drop this off at the someone post office?

drop out

cease to participate

After two laps, the runner dropped out.

37

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês Some particles can be separated from the verb so that a noun and pronoun can be inserted, and some particles can't be separated from the verb. In addition, some phrases are intransitive, meaning they cannot take a direct object.

Separable

add up (meaning: to add)

Correct: She added up the total on her calculator. Correct: She added it up on her calculator.

get around Inseparable (meaning: to evade)

Correct: She always gets around the rules. Incorrect: She always gets the rules around (This construction makes no sense in English.)

catch on Intransitive (meaning: to understand)

Correct: After I explained the math problem, she began to catch on. Incorrect: She began to catch on the math problem. (catch on cannot take a direct object in this meaning.) Correct: She began to catch on to the math problem. (the word to makes the math problem an indirect object, which is acceptable in this meaning.)

Unfortunately, there is usually no indicator whether an idiomatic phrase is separable, inseparable, or intransitive. In most cases the phrases must simply be memorized. Below is a partial list of each kind of phrase.

add up add back up cause to move backwards; support; blow up; cause to explode; destroy by explosives break down analyze; list the parts of separately break into go into a house or room forcibly; suddenly; begin; bring about cause to happen bring off accomplish bring on cause bring out publish; emphasize bring over bring bring to revive bring up raise; care for from childhood brush out brush the inside of burn down destroy by burning burn up consume by fire buy out by the other person's share of a business buy up buy the whole supply of call off cancel; order away call up telephone; summon for military service calm down become calm carry on continue

38

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês carry out fulfill; complete; accomplish; perform carry over carry; continue at another time or place cheer up cause to become cheerful chew up chew thoroughly chop up chop into small pieces clean off clean the surface of clean out clean the inside of clean up clarify; tidy clear out clear the surface of clear up clear the inside of close down close permanently close up close temporarily count in include count out exclude count up calculate; count; add to a total cross out eliminate cut off interrupt; sever; amputate cut out eliminate; delete cut down reduce in quantity draw up write; compose (a document) dress up put clothes on; adorn dust out dust the inside of eat up eat completely figure out interpret; understand figure up compute fill in complete (a printed form) fill out complete (a printed form) fill up fill completely (a container) find out discover fix up repair; arrange in a suitable manner get across cause to be understood give back return give out distribute; announce give up surrender something hand down deliver; pronounce formally; leave as an inheritance hand over yield control of hang up suspend have on be dressed in have over entertain someone informally at one's home hold off delay; restrain hold up delay; rob; threaten with a weapon keep up continue; keep the same pace leave out omit let down disappoint let out release from confinement; make larger (in sewing) light up light; illuminate thoroughly live down live in such a way as to cause something to be forgotten make over remake move over move to the side pass out distribute pass up not take advantage of (as an opportunity)

39

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês pass on transmit pay back repay pay off discharge a debt completely; give someone his final pay pick up come to meet an escort; lift with hands or fingers; learn casually; initiate an association publicly play down minimize play up emphasize point out indicate pull down pull in a downward direction; raze push across cause to be understood or accepted put off postpone put on dress in; deceive or fool put up preserve (food); receive as an overnight guest quiet down be quiet ring up the telephone rinse off rinse the surface of rinse out rinse the inside of rule out eliminate run down trace; disparage; hit with a vehicle run off cause to depart; reproduce mechanically save up accumulate see through complete; in spite of difficulties see off accompany someone to the beginning of a trip send back send to a place where formerly located send over send to where someone is set up arrange show off exhibit ostentatiously shut off cause to cease functioning slow up cause to move more slowly spell out enumerate; state in detail stand up fail to keep an appointment with sweep out sweep the inside of take back return; retract a statement take down remove from a high position; write from dictation take in understood; fool; deceive; make smaller (in sewing) take over take; assume command of tear down destroy tear up tear into small pieces tell off scold; reprimand think over consider think through consider from beginning to end think up create; invent throw away discard throw over reject tie up tie securely or tight tire out cause to be exhausted touch up repair try on put on a garment to verify the fit try out test turn down refuse; lower the volume turn out produce; force into exile, extinguish (a light)

40

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês wash off wash the surface of wash out wash the inside of wear out use until no longer usable; tire greatly wind up finish, tighten the spring of a watch or machine wipe off wipe the surface of wipe out wipe the inside of; decimate work out solve write down record write out write down every detail; spell out write up compose; prepare (a document)

back out of desert; fail to keep a promise bear down on lean on; browbeat bear on have to do with bear up under endure break in on interrupt break into interrupt call for come to get; require care for like; guard; supervise; maintain carry on with continue catch up with cover the distance between oneself and check up on examine; verify come across find accidentally come along with accompany; make progress come by find accidentally come down with become ill with come out with utter; produce come up with utter; produce count on rely on cut in on interrupt disagree with cause illness or discomfort to do away with abolish do without deprive oneself of drop in at/on visit casually without planning drop out of leave; quit face up to acknowledge fall behind in lag; not progress at required pace fall back on use for emergency purpose fall out with quarrel with fill in for substitute for get ahead of surpass; beat get around evade; avoid get away with do without being caught or punished get by with manage with a minimum of effort get down to become serious about; consider get in enter (a vehicle) get off descend from; leave get on enter (a vehicle); mount get on with proceed with

41

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês get through with terminate, finish go back on desert; fail to keep (a promise) go for like a great deal go in for be interested in; participate in go on with continue go over review go with harmonize with; look pleasing together go without abstain from hang around remain idly in the vicinity of hear from receive a communication from hear of learn about (sometimes accidentally) hit on discover accidentally hold on to grasp tightly hold out against resist keep at persevere at keep to persist in; continue keep up with maintain the pace of lie down on evade; fail to do live on support or sustain oneself by means of live up to maintain the standard demanded of look after take care of look back on remember nostalgically look down on feel superior to look forward to anticipate look up to respect; admire make up for compensate for pass on transmit pick on tease; bully play up to flatter for personal advantage put up with tolerate read up on search out information on run against compete against in an election run away with leave; escape from run for campaign for see about consider; arrange see to arrange; supervise settle on decide on; choose stand for represent; permit stand up for support; demand stand up to resist stick to persist stick up for support; defend take after resemble talk back to answer impolitely talk over discuss tell on report misbehavior to authority touch on mention briefly turn into become wait on serve wait up for not go to bed while waiting for watch out for be careful for

42


back down retreat from a position in an argument back out desert; fail to keep a promise back up move backwards bear up endure blow in drop in to visit unexpectedly blow over pass without doing harm blow up explode; lose one's temper call up telephone calm down become calm carry on continue as before; misbehave catch on understand catch up cover the distance between oneself and a moving goal check up investigate check out leave; pay one's bill cheer up become cheerful clear out leave clear up become clear close down close permanently close up close temporarily came about happen come along accompany; make progress come back return come by visit someone in his home come out appear; make a social debut come over come to someone's house, to where someone is come through succeed come to regain consciousness cut in interrupt die away fade; diminish die down fade; diminish die off/out disappear; become extinct dress up don fancy or unusual clothes drive back return by car drop in visit someone casually without planning drop out abandon some organized activity; leave; quit drop over visit someone casually fall behind not progress at required pace fall off decrease; lose weight fall through fail; not be accomplished fill in substitute find out learn fly back return by air fly over fly to where someone is get ahead make progress get along have a friendly relationship get around circulate; move about get away escape get by manage; either just barely or with a minimum of effort get in enter get off descend from leave

43

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês get on enter (a vehicle); mount (a horse, etc.) get on/along progress; be compatible get up rise get through finish give out become exhausted give up surrender; fail to finish go back return go off explode go on happen; continue go out stop burning; leave one's residence go over go; succeed grow up mature hang around remain idly; dawdle hang up replace a telephone receive on its hook hold on grasp tightly; persevere; wait while telephoning hold out continue to resist; persevere; persist keep on continue keep up maintain the required pace or standard; continue let up diminish in intensity lie down recline look on be a spectator make out progress; succeed make up become reconciled move over move to the side pan out turn out well; be successful pass out become unconscious pass on die pick up grow; increase pull in arrive pull out deport pull through survive (barely) ride over ride to where someone is run away escape; leave; leave quickly without permission run down slowly lose power so as to stop functioning run off depart running; drain sell out sell the ownership or responsibility settle up pay one's bills or debts show off boast by words or actions show up arrive; appear unexpectedly shut up stop talking slow up reduce speed stand by wait; be prepared to assist stand up stand; rise from sitting; last; endure stay over remain at someone's house overnight or longer step aside move to one side take off leave the ground take over assume command talk back answer impolitely throw up vomit turn around turn so that one is facing another direction turn in go to bed

44

Curso de inglês intensivo

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