Emtrl`uáël Gä nstdbls nb mlssd tnrknerd dujd n dem`d fä buetls tûpekls, nxnrkâkels n mlve`d`ns nb snu kursl `n kdjeardced. Dpûs l nxnrkâkel n dprnm`ezd`l `ls nxnrkâkels buskujdrns n jntrds nb kdjeardced klbnrkedj emajnsd lu bdmusk bdmuskretd retd klbnrke klbnrkedj, dj, trdhdj trdhdjfdrnbl fdrnblss bdes nstd dujd, ml bnsbl tepl `n drtn pdrd qun vlkç plssd dprnm`nr n trnemdr nstn tepl `n nskretd,
`n bdmnerd cjunmtn. Klmtemudrnbls klb bdes ub kdpâtujl `n festûred n bdes ubd jeáël nb Ardcljlaed. D mlve`d`n sël ls prebnerls trdhdjfls prätek prä tekls. ls. Slkç vde d`l d`lrdr. rdr. Jnbhrn-sn `n klmtemudr d prdtekdr hdstdmtn, qudm`ll bdes nxnrkâkel vlkç ceznr, bdelr snrä d qudm` cdkeje`d`nn n d drtn dpjekd`ds dl snu trdhdjfl. cdkeje`d`
D Kdjeardced - @ncemeáþns n Emstruáþns jjj Å ebplrtdmtn cdznr nxnrkâkels d`ekelmdes nb ub kd`nrml `n kdjeardced n nb cljfds `n pdpnj, nb hrdmkl, hrdm kl, klb pdut pdutds ds trdád t rdád`ds `ds plr vlkç vlkç.. Tudes Tu des ls hnh nmncâkels< L prebnerl å l trneml d`ekelmdj. Slkç trnemd nb snu kd`nrml `n kdjeardced, vlkç trnemd d klmcnkáël `ds pdutds, vlkç trnemd nb suds prûpreds cljfds pdutd`ds n plr ceb, vlkç trnemd ml kd`nrml `n nxnrkâkel `d`l nb kd`d dujd. Dpûs nstu`dr tl`d d dujd, vlkç vljtd é pdrtn ‚Kdjeardced ‚Kdjea rdced ‛ @nceme @ncemeáþns áþns n Emstru Emstruáþns‒. áþns‒. Nb snu kd`nrmemfl, vlkç trnemd d klmcnkáël (nb dprnm`ezd`l) `ds jntrds nmsemd`ds. Yrdtequn bdes ubd vnz. Nmtël trdkn suds prûpre prû preds ds pdu pdutds tds (pl (pl`n `n snr `n bl` bl`ll jnv jnvnn d jäp jäpes) es) n trnemn lutrd vnz. [û nmtël, pdssn dl snu kd`nrml `n nxnrkâkels n prl`uzd bdes nxnrkâkels.
Cltl 4- Nxnrkâkels Buskujdrns.
Cltl 8 - Prneml emekedj `n jntrds bdmuskretds n bem÷skujds.
Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ;
Cltl ;- Slkç dprnm`n l trdád`l n nxnrketd d drtn, trnemdm`l...
33
Cltl 0- ... kd`d trdál pdrd qun d nskretd sngd prlplrkelmdj prlplrkel mdj n hnb cnetd.
Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl
[nbprn [nbp rn qu qunn pr prnk nkes esdr dr lu quesnr, vlkç pl`nrä prdtekdr bdes nb ub kd`nrml `n kdjeardced lu nb cl cljf jfds ds pd pdut utd` d`ds ds pl plrr vl vlkç kç bnsbl. CLPL >- Tudmtl bdelr l trnemdbnmtl n d qudmte`d`n `n nxnrkâkels cnetls...
CLPL 3- ... bdes rdpe`dbnmtn snrä djkdmád`d tdmtl d drtn qudmtl d vnjlke`d`n `n dáël `l trdhdjfl.
CLPL 1- [n vlkç mël klmsnauer kd`nrmemfls d`ekelmdes `n kdjeardced...
CLPL 6- ... trdkn nmtël bdes pdutds, nb ub bdelr m÷bnrl `n cljfds, nb hrdmkl.
Ydrd nstd dujd klmtemun d utejezdr d bnsbd bn`e`d `n pdutds `d`d md dujd 8. Sngd nb snu kd`nrml `n nxnrkâkels, `nstd dujd ;. Ydrd nxnrkâkels buskujdrns n pdrd d klmcnkáël `n jntrds bde÷skujds nb bdmuskretd klbnrkedj, utejezdbls pdutds pdu tds klb 41 bb `n djt djturd urd n emtn e mtnrvd rvdjls jls `n > bb. b b. Ydrd d klmcnkáël `n jntrds bem÷skujds nb bdmuskretd klbnrkedj, utejezdbls pdutds klb 3 bb `n djturd n emtnrvdjl `n ; bb. Mnn s t d d u j d n s k r n v n b l s n b k d j e a r d c e d M bdmuskretd bdm uskretd klbnrkedj, klrrnmtn. Lu sngd, pdjdvrds n snmtnmáds, plr essl utejezdrnbls pdutds klb 3 bb n emtnrvdjls `n ; bb.
CLPL 5- L bn CLPL bnjf jflr lr pd pdpn pnjj pd pdrd rd l tr trne neml ml `d kl klmc mcnk nkáë áël l `n pdutds n l nxnrkâkels `d kdjeardced, å l pdpnj [^JCEPN.
Ynmds (Hekls `n Ynmd) Dtå dalrd, vlkç utejezlu jäpes ardcetn, kdmntd nscnrlaräcekd lu dtå kdmntd temtnerl, pdrd dprnm`ezd`l n nxnrkâkels. D pdrter `nstd dujd, vlkç gä pl`nrä trdhdjfdr trdhdjfdr klb kdmntd temtnerl pdrd d kdjeardced bdmuskretd klbnrkedj. [n quesnr, gä emeken l trneml klb l hekl `n pnmd pn md,, pl ples es nj njnn tn tnrä rä qun sn snrr us usd` d`ll md mdss prû prûxe xebd bdss dujds pdrd d Xlm`n Crdmknsd n Aûtekd Djnbë. Ls hekls `n pnmd pl`nb snr nmklmtrd`ls mds jlgds nspnkedjezd`ds nb `nsnmfl tåkmekl n drtâstekl. [n vlkç mël ds nmklmtrdr nb sud ke`d`n, pnád d ub
EJ^[PXDÁËL 4 Drtn cnetd klb hekl `n pnmd ;,>.
EJ^[PXDÁËL 8- Bdmuskretd klbnrkedj nb hekl `n pnmd ;.
Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ;
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EJ^[PXDÁËL ;- Bdmuskretd klbnrkedj nb hekl `n pnmd 0.
dbeal lu cdbejedr qun ds nmven pnjl klrrnel, ples nssds jlgds nxestnb nb väreds jlkdje`d`ns, mds kdpetdes. Ynmd klb 4 cel (4 plmtd) mds snauemtns mubnrdáþn mubn rdáþnss 4? 8,>? 8? 8,>? ;? ;,>? 0? 0,>? >? >,> n 3 Nxestnb Nxestn b pnmds klb 8 cels (8 plmtds), pdrd d kdjeardced aûtekd n suds mubnrdáþns sël 49, 89, ;9, 09, >9, 39, 19, 69, 59. Fä ub tepl `n pnmd djnbë klb ; cels (; plmtds) buetl rdrd qun prlplrkelmd ub supnr ncnetl drtâstekl nb n b kdjeardced, sud mubnrdáël å 099.
Ydrd d bdmuskretd klbnrkedj, dklmsnjfdbls ds pnmds 8,>? ;? ;,> n 0. D 8,> prl`uz prl`uz ubd nskretd nskretd bdes alrssd qun d 0. EJ^[PXDÁËL 1 - Nskretd klb pnmd 8,>.
EJ^[PXDÁËL 6- Nskretd klb pnmd 0.
Nstd å, plrtdmtl, d nxpjekdáël häsekd slhrn pnmds, pnm ds, qun vlk vlkçç prn prnkes kesdd mns mnstd td cds cdsn. n. Klb ubd pnmd `n mubnrdáël 8,>? ;? ;,> lu 0 n ub ve`remfl ve`remfl `n temtd mdmqueb mdmqueb nb klr prntd prntd lu dzuj, vlkç gä pl`n klbnádr d trnemdr trnemdr.. Bljfn d plmtd `d pnmdd md tem pnm temtd td n nsk nskrnv rnvd. d. Tud Tudm`l m`l d klr klb klbnád nádrr d ‚kjdrndr‒, bljfn `n mlvl. Jnbhrn-sn `n usdr snbprn pdpnj feae feaeçmek çmekll lu jnmá jnmáll `n pdpn pdpnj,j, pdrd p drd jebp jebpdr dr suds s uds pnmds, pnm ds, klm klmclr clrbn bn gä nms nmsemd emdbls bls klb bue buetl tl kue kue`d` `d`ll n `d bdmnerd klrrntd.
EJ^[PXDÁËL 0- Drtn klb hekl `n pnmd klb 4 plmtd.
Djaums klmsnjfls d`ekelmdes d`ekelmdes pdrd ub trdhdjf trdhdjfll tåkmekl n drtâstekl, bnjflrns. - Tudm`l nskrnvnr nvetn l blvebnmtl em`npnm`nmtn `ls `n`ls. L blvebnmtl umeclrbn `d bël prl`uz ubd nskretd hnb cnetd n rnaujdr. - L dmtnhrdál djeknrád n klmcnrn dplel é bël, plr ess essll njn mël pl` pl`nn ns nstdr tdr tlt tltdjb djbnmt nmtnn dpl dpled` ed`ll md bnsd. - D kdjeardced bdmuskretd å cnetd `n bdmnerd jnvn n sudvn, mël dpnrtn d kdmntd. [naurnd cerbnbnm cerbnbnmtn, tn, plråb snb clrád. clrád. - Ds emkjemdáþns `nvnb snr snbprn eaudes. Mël cdád ubd pdjdvrd bdes emkjemd`d qun d lutrd. - Ls nspdáls nmtrn ds jntrds n ds pdjdvrds `nvnb tnr snbprn d bnsbd `estèmked. - [n vlkç nrrdr djaubd drtn, rdspn jnvnbnmtn klb d plmtd `n ub nstejntn (`nples qun d temtd nstevnr snkd). Mël usn jèbemd `n hdrhndr, å pnrealsl. Slkç tdbhåb pl`n usdr ub klrrntl `l tepl jâque`l, slj÷vnj nb äaud. -Nxestn -Nxes tn ub tepl `n jâque`l qun dpdad temtd. [ud cûrbujd å d snauemtn snauemtn77
EJ^[PXDÁËL >- Drtn klb hekl `n pnmd klb 8 plmtds.
EJ^[PXDÁËL 3- Drtn klb hekl `n pnmd klb ; plmtds.
Tudmtl bdelr l m÷bnrl `d pnmd, bdes cemd snrä d nskretd. Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ;
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46 a `n äke`l tdrtärekl 46 a `n äke`l lxäjekl 59 a `n äaud `nstejd`d
temtd vnrbnjfd pdrd d nxnkuáël `n d`lrmls. - [n vlkç `ejuer 8 a `n albd drähekd n 86 a `n äaud purd n rnsnrvdr nb ub ve`rl? nb lutrl, 8 a `n kdrbeb, 5 a `n dblmâdkl nb 88 a `n äaud n nspnrdr qun nssds `uds besturds nstngdb hnb ‚`nskdmsd`ds‒ n nmtël besturd-jds n `nexd-jds `nskdmsdr mlvdbnmtn, lhtnrä ubd ûtebd temtd vnrbnjfd. Slkç qunr d cdblsd cûrbujd `d temtd emvesâvnj< - Hekdrhlmdtl `n sû`el d 3% nb sukl `n jebël. D nskretd emkljlr pdssdrä `l hnan nskurl, pdrd l dzuj n bdrrlb, dl snr kljlkd`d dl slj n d klr mël `nsdpdrnknrä bdes. Ylr essl å pnrealsl nxplr d pnjn dl slj qudm`l bdmusndbls l jebël. Md dm dmte teau aue` e`d` d`nn (0 (099 99 d. d.K) K) d te temt mtdd nr nrdd cn cnet etdd klb kdrbemfl, albd, ntk.
Slkç pl`n bdm`dr prnpdrdr nssd klbplseáël nb cdrbäkeds nspnkedjezd`ds nb bdmepujdáël. Dpûs d temtd snkd, bnraujfn ub pdjetl klb d plmtd nmvljve`d nb djal`ël, mnstn jâque`l, tern l nxknssl n ‚dpdaun‒ l nrrl jnvnbnmtn. Sä snkdm`l l pdpnj klrreae`l klb pdpnj feaeçmekl. Mël N[CXNA^N, sû dpnrtn sudvnbnmtn. - Ydrd klmsnrvdr suds pnmds plr bdes tnbpl dmtns `n audr`ä-jds snqun-ds n jebpn-ds klb l p d p n j , k l b d b l v e b n m t d á ë l n m s e m d ` d n d snauer bnraujfn-ds bnraujfn-ds nb ubd sljuáël `n kdrhlmdt kdrhlmdtll `n pltässel d 49 %. Dsseb d temtd mël dtdkdrä l dál `ds pnmds.
L kdrbemfl nrd usd`l pdrd prlplrkelmdr d klr vnrbnjfd é temtd snm`l nstd tlmdje`d`n tël nspnkedj qun slbnmtn ls ebpnrd`lrns hezdmtemls pl`edb usä-jd pdrd dssemdr snus mlbns. L usl `d temtd vnrbnjfdd plr qudjq jf qudjqunr unr lutrd pnssld, nrd pume` pume`dd klb d blrtn. [lbnmtn plr vljtd `n 4.899 `.K å qun d temtd vnrbnjfd tlrmlu-sn bdes `ecum`e`d.
Pemtds Klbl gä clrdb rnklbnm`d`ds, usn temtds mdmqueb n/lu pdrd temtnerls. Dalrd, kurelse`d`ns n emclrbdáþns nspnkedes pdrd vlkç. Ylr vnzns tnbls `ecekuj`d`ns nb nmklmtrdr
D Festûred `d Kdjeardced Kdpâtujl ; Nb 4>40 Cdmte `n Cnrrdrd, dprnsnmtlu l prebnerl båtl`l `n nmseml `ds clrbds anlbåtrek anlbåtrekds ds `ds jntrds aûtekds. L tâtujl (nb jdteb) `l trdhdjfl7 ‚PFNLXEKD NP YXDKPEKD YNX[YEKD[[EBE [EAXLB^M@E @N CDMPE[‒ (Pnlred n prätekd `d pnrspnktevd n anlbåtrekd lvdjd`d `n Cdmte) L tâtujl nrd nmlrbn nb klbpdrdáël klb d lhrd, ples njn nj n dprnsnmtlu dprnsn mtlu slbnmtn slb nmtn ds bde÷skuj bde÷skujds ds rlbdmds, rlbdmd s, djåb `n ub klmgumtl `n rlm`ns snbe-aûtekds. Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ;
L trdhdjfl cle ÷tej, ples Cdmte emtrl`uzeu nssds snbe-aûtekds jntrds (bdes pdrd d clrbd drrn`lm`d`d rlm`n - `l qun pdrd aûtekd), qun pdssdrdb d snr utejezd`ds nmtël plr kdjâardcls n blmans nspnkedjezd`ls mnstd ärnd. Ju`lvekl Drrafe cle l rnsplmsävnj pnjd pu hjekdáë hj ekdáëll `l prebnerl kd`nrml `n kdjeardce kdjeardced. d. Cle njn qunb `nu lreanb dl nstejl qun `nmlbemd `nmlbemdbls bls flgn etäjekl. Nb 4>88, Drreafe, ub kdjâardcl `n Snmnzd n 35
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dssestnmtn `d kfdmknjdred dplstûjekd, puhjeklu ub jevrl klb l prebnerl bl`njl `nstn trdhdjfl (tl`ds ds kûpeds nrdb `n kdrtds nskretds), nrd ubd hnjâssebd klbhemdáël klbhem dáël `n jntrds bem÷skujds, jeanerdbnmtn emkjemd`ds, `nve`l é vnjlke`d`n `n nskretd, klb bde÷skujds rntds n pnqunmls d`lrmls nb tlrml `ds bnsbds.
D aûtekd pdrd `lkubnmtls bdes clrbdes tdes klbl prlkjdbdáþns n kdrtds nspnkedes n kdrtds `l kjnrl. Ls jevrls nrdb tdbhåb dsseb nskretls. @urdmtn l såkujl VSEE, d tnm`çmked nb suhstetuer-sn d aûtekd pnjd rlm`n, cle bdes dknmtud`d, dknmtu d`d, ples djåb `n bdes jnaâv jnaâvnj, nj, `nve`l d sud clrbd bnmls nmcnetd`d n bdes drrn`lm`d`d, nrd bdes räpe`d nb klmcnkáël. Nssds bu`dmáds, nmtrntdmtl, clrdb cnetds ard`udjbnmtn. Anrdáþns `n bnstrns rnklbnm`dvdb d kdjeardced snbe-aûtekd (`nples `nmlbemd`d Aûtekd Etdjedmd), prncnrnmkedjbnmtn d qudjqunr lutrd, tdbdmfl snu prnstâael. Ml emâkel emâ kel `l såkujl VSEEE d rlm`n crdmknsd, gä `lbemdvd d sud ärnd, gä qun d drtn crdmknsd nb anrdj, `lbemdvd l bum`l. Ds trçs kdjeardceds bdes dbpjdbnmtn `ecum`e`ds `nples `d rlm`n nrd d etdjedmd n d crdmknsd. Ds `ecnrnmáds mël nrdb buetl seamecekdtev seamec ekdtevds ds d mël snr d jdra jdraurd urd `ds jntrds. L s etdjedmls prl`uzedb bdes trdáls dmaujlsls? ls crdmknsns drrn`lm`dvdb bdes dknmtud`dbnmtn ds jntrds jnt rds?? ls flj fljdm`n dm`nsns sns klm klmcnr cnredb edb bdelr bdelr emkjem emkjemdáë dáëll d sud nskretd. Crdmknsns, fljdm`nsns n emajnsns prl`uzedb t r d á l s d s k n m `n ` n m t n s k l b b d e s j d á d ` ds ds n d s bde÷skujds nb clrbds bnmls njdhlrd`ds. Nstns nrdb `ntdjfns `ecnrnmtns `d kdjeardced etdjedmd, md qudj ds bde÷sk bde÷skujds ujds nrd bdes `nsnmf `nsnmfd`ds d`ds n ls trdáls dsknm`nmtns snb buetds jdád`ds. Ml prebnerl kdsl, tnbls ubd nskretd qun cle d`dptd`d é mnknsse`d`n `n bdelr vnjlke`d`n `n trdhdjfl. [emdj nstn `l tnbpl `l `nsnmvljvebnmtl klbnrkedj. D nskretd klbnrk klbnrkedj edj emajnsd (bdmuskretd klbnrkedj) cle buetl vdjlrezd`d klb d nxpdmsël `l klbårkel emajçs. Klb nssn `nsnmvljvebnmtl klbnrkedj, l bnrkd`l `n mdvnadáël tlrmlu-sn l bdes plpujdr `l bum`l, lcnrnknm`l hlms nbprnals é plpujdáël mds ärnds `n klmtdheje`d`n n klmtrljn `n nbhdrqun `n bnrkd`lreds. Klbl pl`nbls lhsnrvdr nstn cle ub `ls plmtls cum`dbnmtdes `l `nsnmvljvebnmtl `d kdjeardced kursevd emajnsd lu klbnrkedj emajnsd lu dem`d bdmuskretd klbnrkedj. D kdjeardced aûtekd slhrnveved pdrd snr usd`d nb tâtujls `n jevrls n `lkub `lkubnmtls. nmtls. Nrd d clrbd drtâstekd pdrd tël slbnmtn d`lrmdr l emâkel `n kd`d dprnsnmtdáël `l `lkubnmtl lu tnxtl.
D kdjeardced drtâstekd n prlcesselmdj `n Drreafe nrd hnb bdes lrmdbnmtd`d nb klbpdrdáël klb d vnrsël plpujdrezd`d, >9 dmls `nples. Mns td åpl åplkd, kd, d ns nskr kret etdd nr nrdd bde bdess rä räpe` pe`dd `n bl`l qun d kdjeardced kursevd (snb buetls d`lrmls), tlrmlu-sn bdes plpujdr. D clrbd drtâstekd, plråb pnn r b d m n k e d c l r t n b n m t n n m r d e z d ` d , p l e s l s p `lkubnmtls n kdrtds ebpnredes, hnb klbl lutrds clrbds nskretds, nrdb `n vetdes ebplrtèmked n ardm`n qudmte`d`n. Klb l pdssdr `l tnbpl. L dpreblrdbnmtl `n buetls nspnkedjestds n d clrbdáël kujturdj `n ub bdelr m÷bnrl `n pnsslds, pnjd earngd, d kdjeardced cle admfdm`l bdes d`nptls. @nexlu `n snr ubd drtn nxkjusevd n pdsslu d snr ubd drtn plukd klesd bdes plpujdr. D n`ukdáël n`ukdáë l `n buetds pnsslds pdsslu d snr rnsplmsävnj pnjd `evujadáël `d drtn n `d kujturd. Dsseb, n`ukdáël nrd semðmebl `n nskretd n nskretd nrd semðmebl `n kdjeardced, ples tl`d d n`ukdáël nrd trdmsbete`d plr bnels vnrhdes n bdmuskretls. Bëls, pumfls n hrdáls, pdssdrdb d snr nxnrketd`ls nxnrket d`ls pdrd l trdhdjf trdhdjfll n`ukdk n`ukdkelmdj. elmdj. @nstd bdmnerd, d kdjeardced mël nrd bdes slbnmtn drtn n seb ubd cnrrdbnmtd pdrd l dprnm`ezd`l. Mël qun l trdhdjfl drtâstekl mël clssn bdes tël vdjlrezd`l, dhsljutdbnmtn. Njn dem`d nrd, plråb d kd`d `ed, nrdb `nsklhnrtls mlvls kdjâardcls nb pltnmkedj, gä qun nrdb bdes pnsslds d nskrnvnr ml `ed-d-`ed. D nskretd cle d`querem`l bdes vnjlke`d`n. Ds pnmd pn mdss cl clrd rd ce cekd kdm` m`ll bd bdes es ce cemd mdss pd pdrd rd qu qunn ds jn jntr trds ds clssnb dprnsnmtd`d dprnsnmtd`dss `n bl`l bdes kjdrl n jnaâvn jnaâvnj, j, ples pl es d em emkj kjem emdá dáël ël `d `dss jn jntr trds ds `n `nve ve`l `l é vn vnjl jlke ke`d `d`n `n tlrmdvd l dtl `n nskrnvnr `ecâkej, klb pnmds pdrd jntrds bdes arlssds. Drtn n drtestds clrdb sn nspnkedjezdm`l. Ylr vljtd `n 43;9, ds kdjeardceds bdmuskretds, rlm`n n aûtekd nrdb prlcum`dbnmtn dpjekd`ds d tl`ls ls tepls `n trdhdjfl. D bdmuskretd (kursevd) pdrd sebpjns klbumekdáþns n n`ukdáël clrbdj, nb nstu`ls. D rlm`n pdrd `lkubnmtls n kdrtds bdes njnadmtns. Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ;
- KLM KLMPEM PEM^D ^D MD YXØ YXØVEBD VEBDD^J D^JDD19
Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl
Kd`nrml `n Nxnrkâkels Kdjeardced Yrätekd Cdád ls nxnrkâkels `d`ls, emekedm`l pnjds sntds, nb snus plmtls `n lreanb. ^sn jäpes, ardcetn lu nscnrlaräcekd. (Dmtns `n nxnkutdr ls nxnrkâkels mnstn kd`nrml, trnemn ls trdád`ls nb ub rdskumfl, plr väreds vnzns.)
Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ;
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Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ;
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Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ;
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Ardcljlaed Jeáël ; Sdbls klmtemudr klb l nstu`l `n mlssd dmäjesn häsekd nb ardcljlae ardcljlaed< d< Dmtns `n emekedrbls nstd jeáël, alstdrâdbls qun vlkç rnvesdssn d jeáël 8, qudmtl és kdrdktnrâstekds `ds plráþns supnrelr, emcnrelr, nsqunr`d, `ernetd n knmtrdj. Slkç sn jnbhrd qun prebnerl tnrâdbls qun dmdjesdr d kdjeardced qudmtl dls snus trdáls plsetevl plse tevlss n mnad mnadtevls tevls<< [n d nskretd å tltdjbnmtn plsetevd, suds kdrdktnrâstekdss nb plráþns, snrël dmdjesd`ds. kdrdktnrâstekd [n, tltdjbnmtn mnadtevd, suds kdrdktnrâstekds nb plráþns, snrël dsseb dmdjesd`ds. Ylssuem`l cdtlrns plsetevls n mnadtevls, mnadte vls, jlkdjez ezdb dblls nb qun plráþn plr áþnss `ds jnt jntrds rds dsseb l sël n dmdjesdbls. ^bdd nsk ^b nskret retdd tltdjb tlt djbnmt nmtnn pls plseetevd lu mnadtevd å buetl rdrd `n snr nmklmtrd`d. Dkfdbls bdes cdkej ej-b n mt mt n n sk sk re re td td s klb prn` prn`lbe lbemèmmèmk ed ed p l se se te te vd vd l u p r n ` l b e m è m k e d mnadtevd. Å ebplrtdmtn mltdr qun d kdjeardced `np `npnm` nm`nn bue buetl tl `l blb blbnmt nmtll nbl nbl-kelmdj `l em`evâ`ul. Tudm` Tud m`ll d pn pnssl ssldd nmklmtrd-sn nqueje- EJ^[PXDÁËL 5- Yrebnerd dmäjesn ardcljûaekd. Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ;
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hrd `d n cnj hrd`d cnjez ez njd nsk nskrnv rnvnn prn prn`lb `lbemd emdmtn mtnbnm bnmtn tn `n bl`l plsetevl. Tudm`l njd nmklmtrd-sn emcnjez lu `nprebe`d tnbls l lplstl. Tudes ds kdrdktnrâstek kdrdktnrâstekds ds plsetevds< - Lr`nb, kjdrnzd, prlplráël, bdranms lr`nmd`ds, plmtls, dknmtls, dusçmked `n nxknssls, jnvnzd, retbl, jnvn emkjemdáël, ntk. Tudes ds kdrdktnrâstekds mnadtevds< mnadtevds< - [ugnerd, cdjtd `n djemfdbnmtl n plmtudáël, `ns prlplr prl plráël áël,, nxk nxkns nssls sls,, cdj cdjtd td `n dje djemfd mfdbnm bnmtl, tl, `ns `nseeaudj`d`n `n retbl n prnssël, `ecnrnmáds dknmtud`ds, bdranms mël djemfd`ds, jntrds bdj-klmstr bdj-klmstruâ`ds, uâ`ds, ntk. Sdbls cdznr mlssd prebnerd tnmtdtevd<
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daetd`d. @emdbesbl. Ds plráþns nxdanrd`ds `ds bde÷skujds gä sël mnadtevds n em`ekdb cdjtd `n snaurdmád n vlmtd`n emklmstdmtn. L klmgumtl `nstd kdjeardced å räpe`d, klbhemd`d n emkjemd`d klb d`lrml, n rnvnjd vlmtd`n dtevd, emekedtevd, plråb buetls slmfls n cdmtdseds plr cdjtd `n djeknrkn nblkelmdj mël cum`dbnmtd`l ml pdssd`l. Em`ekd Em` ekd ubd pnss pnssld ld djtd djtdbnm bnmtn tn nblk nblkelmd elmdj, j, plråb klb rdâz rdâzns ns md rdzë rdzëll l qun blst blstrd rd d plráë plráëll k n m t r d j f d r b ð me m e k d n h n b ` e s t r e h u â `d `d n premkepdjb premk epdjbnmtn nmtn ml qun sn rncnrn rn cnrn d jeadáël jea dáël `ds jntrds j ntrds.. Fä ub tltdj nmtrnjdádbnmtl `n tl`ds l qun trd`uz emtnardáël é ve`d, djtl snmsl `n blrdje`d`n, plråb prnk pr nklm lmkn knet etll (p (ple less ds jn jntr trds ds më mëll së l da daju jute temd md`d `ds) s).. Djtruâsbl Ls plmtls n ds dknmtudáþns kljlkd`ls `n bl`l ebprnkesl n errnaujdr em`ekdb ebprnkesël mls `ntdjfns, daetdáël, `nslr`nb mls `nvnrns n ebpujseve`d`n. D dknmtudáël buetl djtd em`ekd pdexëll pnjl pdexë p njl best bestekes ekesbl bl n l lkujt l kujtl. l. Nstd å d mlssd prebnerd dmäjesn njnbnmtdr `l kursl. Dmdjesdbls ls cdtlrns plsetevls n mnadtevls, suds plráþns, ds jntrds P n [, ds jdád`ds emekedes n cemdes `ds pdjdvrds, ds bde÷skujds, d jeadáël nmtrn ds jntrds, `esplseáël `d dknmtudáël, `ebnmsël (tdbdmfl), (tdbdm fl), sn d nskretd å rntd, dsknm`nmtn lu `nsknm`nmtn. Nxestnb knmtnmds `n cdtlrns dmdjâtekls md ardcljlaed, plråb l mlssl nstu`l (klmclrbn gä `essnbls) å häsekl. Sdbls d mlssd snaum`d dmäjesn< @nstd vnz ubd kdjeardced, bdskujemd. Hnb prlp pr lplr lrke ke lm lmdj dj , je bp bpdd n nq nque ue je hr hrd` d`dd nb cl clrb rbd. d. Pdbhåb prn`lbemdmtnbnmtn plsetevd klb plráþns buetl hnb nquejehrd`ds nmtrn se. Blstrdb ubd pnssld prnlkupd`d klb sud ebdanb n `nblmstrdáþns nblkelmdes buetl klmte`ds. Sevn l prnsnmtn. Ls klrtns `ds jntrds P (bntd`n `l trdál ä crnmtnn n bntd` crnmt bntd`nn dträs) em`ekdb em`ekdb rncjnx rncjnxþns þns `n klmsnqúçmkeds klmsnqúçm keds ml pdssd`l, `d nxpnreçmk nxpnreçmked. ed. Ynmsd n sû `nples dan. Buetd pru`çmked. pru`çmked. D fdstn rntd klb kurvd md hdsn, em`ekd cerbnzd. L s å slnraue`l, lu sngd, klbl sn clssn ubd bde÷skujd. Blstrd ub dblr prûprel n lraujfl cäknes `n snrnb cnre`ls. [upnr dutl-vdjlrezdáël. dutl-vdjlrezdáël. Jntrds snb jdád`ds emekedes lu cemdes. Hdsnd`ls nb ubd dmäjesn `n rnclrál é cdjtd `n
^ b d n s k r e t d a r d m ` n, n , r ä pe pe ` d , j e a d ` d , nsplmtèmnd, d`lrmd`d, emkjemd`d, ntk. - L klmgu klmgumtl mtl anrdj å plsetev plsetevl, l, klb djaum djaumss trdáls plsetevls. Prdáls plsetevls - plráþns knmtrdes eaudes, prnssël nquejehrd`d, supnr s upnr knmtrdjezdáël n prlplráël mds jntrds. Jnvn emkjemdáël n kjdrnzd Prdáls mnadtevls - bde÷skujds `nsprl plrk pl rkel elmd mdes es és be bem÷ m÷sk skuj ujds ds,, tr trdá dáls ls em emek eked edes es bu buet etll jlmals n plráþns supnrelrns n plr vnzns emcnrelrns buetl `nsnmvljve`ds. Ylr sn trdtdr `n ubd nskretd prn`lbemdmtnbnmtn plsetevd, ds plráþns supnrelrns supnrelrns n emcnrelr emcnrelrns ns snrël dmdjesd`ds, nb suds kdrdktnrâstekds plsetevds? plråb plr åb `nm `nmltd ltdbls bls prl prlhj hjnbd nbdss qud qudmt mtll és bde bde÷sk ÷skuujds n ls trdád`ls nxknssevdbnmtn jlmals é nsqunr`d. Slkç rnpdrlu md ebnmsd `ecnrnmád< Jlmal trdál pdrd emekedr n mnmfub pdrd tnrbemdr< Jlmal é
Dmäjesn nsqunr`d n dusnmtn é `ernetd< nsqunr`d Prdtd-sn `n pnssld nsplmtèmnd n mdturdjbnmtn djnarn. Blstrd nstn tnbpnrdbnmtl ml d`lrml `n sud nskretd n mds jdád`ds. L tdbdmfl `ds jntrds (bdelr qun l mlrbdj) blstrd djnared n crdtnrme`d`n. Ml qun sn rncn rncnrn rn dls trdá trdáls ls emek emekedes edes (t, s, m, n és vnzns l d), `nmltd ubd nbláël prnssd dl pdssd`l, plråb jutd jutdm`l m`l `n bdmn bdmnerd erd clrt clrtnn pdrd `nsv `nsvnmke nmkejfdrjfdrsn. Prdtd-sn Prdtd-sn `n ub nspâretl nspâretl klbpdrdtevl. klbpdrdtevl. D dusçmked ` qudjqunr tepl `n jdád`d ml cemdj `ds pdjdvrds (lu buetl plukd sû md jntrd D n B) em`ekd qun d pnssld mël sn plsekelmd ml cuturl (dpnmds, sdhn qun njn nstä jä) mël tnb buetds nspnrdmáds, dpnsdr `n plssuer dsperdáþn dsperdáþns. s. Gä ls trdád`ls trd ád`ls emekedes e mekedes `l Y, Y, `l ^ n `l X em`ekdb ubd pnssld dcävnj n dbävnj ml trdtl `l klte`edml. ^bd pnssld qun klm`uz hnb ds setudáþns pdrd klmsnauer l qun qunr. Tudmtl bdes dknmtud`l nstn trdál lu qudmtl bdelr l m÷bnrl `n jntrds qun l tevnrnb, bdelr nstd kdrdktnrâstekd. Mnstnn kdsl Mnst kdsl,, nstn cdtl cdtlrr `nmlt `nmltdrä drä ubd knrt knrtdd cdjs cdjse`d` e`d`nn ml klmtdtl klb lutrls snrns fubdmls. Ds fdstns jlmads n dsknm`nmtns `nmltdb em`npnm`çmked n ub plukl `n utlped. Djnared n sn`uáël L s å rn`lm`l n dhnrtl nbhdexl blstrdm`l ubd klmskeçmked kjdrd n dhnrtd, snb kujpds. Ds plráþns supnrelrns nxdanrd`ds `ls P, Y n `, em`ekdb dteve`d`n bnmtdj, kredáël n ebdaemdáël Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ;
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[ud `ernáël å tdbhåb rntd, rn td, `n `nblm blmstr strdm dm`l `l ub klmgumtl plsetevl n âmtnarl nb kdrätnr n pnmsdbnmtl blrdj n slkedj klb dtå trdáls cerbns nb reae`nz. Nstd å d mlssd snaum`d dmdjesn. Md prû prûxeb xebdd jeá jeáël ël dprnsnm dpr nsnmtdrn tdrnbls bls ubd nskretd `l tepl [KX EYP E YP (nb jntrd `n clrbd) n lutrd bdmuskretd. Dtå jä.
Yrebnerls trdhdjfl trdhdjflss prätekls Mnstd dujd, emekedbls d `nblmstrdáël `n djaums trdhdjfls prätekls n drtâstekls tek ls qu qunn vl vlkç kç pl pl`n `n cd cdzn znrr ut utej ejeezdm`l d sud drtn kdjearäcekd. Mll s s d s d r t n s s ë l M suanstþns hlmetds n ÷tnes qun pl`nb jfn emsperdr d kredr buetds lutrds klesds. Klmcnkáël n d`lrmls `n kdrtþns, klbumekdáþns, nmvnjlpns, klmvetns, pdstds, kd`nrmls, danm`ds, kdrtdzns n buetl bdes. Ydrd nstd ntdpd suanrebls d utejezdáël `n sud drtn nb emskreáþns nb nmvnjlpns, klmcnkáël n nskretd nb kdrtþns n kdrtþ kdrtþnzemfl nzemflss pdrd bdrkdr juadrns é bnsd, pdrd gdmtdrns bdes clrbdes.
EJ^[PXDÁËL 49- [naum`d dmäjesn ardcljûaekd.
prlgn áël `ds plrá prlgnáël plráþns þns supn supnrelr relr n emcn emcnrelr, relr, tdbh tdbhåb åb d dusçmked `n trdáls emekedes n cemdes blstrd d dusçmked `n ‚rndje`d`n‒ ml pdssd`l n ml cuturl. L dutlr `nstd nskretd vevn n snmtn slbnmtn l prnsnmtn, plrå pl råb b më mëll kl klbl bl er errn rnsp splm lmsd sdhe heje je`d `d`n `n (s (sud ud ns nskr kret etdd `nmltd rnsplmsdheje`d`n), plråb tdjvnz klbl clrbd `n cuaer és prûpreds nbláþns, md klmtnmáël `ds bnsbds, klmclrbn dmdjesdbls dmtnrelrbnmtn. D nskretd å prdtekdbnmtn `nsjead`d. D bdelred `ds jntrds sël `nsume`ds. Klbl, dl klmtrdrel `d nskretd jead`d nb qun d pnssld tnb mnknsse`d`n `n umer-sn é ve`d, cdtls n pnsslds, d nskretd `nsjead`d lhn`nkn é mnknsse`d`n `n nstdr nb semtlmed klmseal bnsbl, klb sud klmskeçmked klmskeçmked.. Tudm`l l cdtlr å plsetevl tnbls emvnmtlrns n kenmtestds. Tudm`l mël, seamecekd gujadbnmtl supnrcekedj n kdprekflsl. Ynssld `l tepl krâtekd. Nalâsbl, dvdrnzd n ke÷bn, sël cdtls mnadtevls. D dknmtudáël buetl nquejehrd`d, klb nxknáël `l plmtl `n emtnr e mtnrrladá rladáël ël qun q un anrd a nrd emknr emknrtnzd tnzd ml cu c u turl. L tdbdmfl `d nskretd å bå`ed n blst rd rndáþns nblkelmdes klmtrljd`ds, emtnjeaçmked `nmtrl `d bå`ed n jeanerd em`ecnrnmád dcntevd. Blstrd d mnknsse`d`n `n rltemd n mël alstd `n jehnrdr d ebdaemdáël. Å dl bnsbl tnbpl cerbnzd n em`ecnrnmád. Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ;
Prdhdjf Prdh djfll m· 4 Emskreáþns Emskreáþ ns nb Nmvnjlpn Nmvnjlpnss
CLPL 49 - Nmvnjlpns pdrd @LK^BNMPL[.
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EJ^[PXDÁËL 44 - Pâtujls pdrd nxnbpjls.
Emskreáþns nb Nmvnjlpns Nmvnjlpns kjdrls lu nskurls nb pdpnj ceml lu bdes nmklrpd`l klb emskreáþns `l tepl.
kljn. [n quesnr cdád `les klrdáþns nxdtdbnmtn eaudes n kljn ub ml lutrl pdrd tnr crnmtn n klstds md bnsbd bnsbd klr. ^b hlb truqun å kljdr ds `uds pdrtns dmtns `n klrtdr. Å bdes cäkej. Cdád nmvnjlpns qud`rd`ls, nb kdrtljemd n nskrnvd mls klrdáþns.
@lkubnmtls Kdrtds Knrte`þns Klmtds Xnkehls Dtnstd`ls
Prdhdjfl m· ;
Slkç tnrä fdheje`d`n pdrd cdzç-jls dsseb qun lhtevnr `nstrnzd md kdjeardced bdmuskretd klbnrkedj. Bdtnredj7 Nmvnjlpns mls tdbdmfls nskljfe`ls nb pdpnj mël buetl plrlsl. rls l. Pe Pemtd mtd mdm mdmque queb b lu temtnerl md klr prntd. Hekl `n pnmd m· 8,> lu ;
Prdhdjfl m· 8 Nmvnjlpns n kdrtþns nb clrbd `n klrdáël Bdtnredj ‛ Ydpnj-kdrtël vnr vnrbnj bnjfl fl n kdr kdrtlj tljemd emd hrdmkd hrd mkd pdr pdrdd l nmv nmvnjl njlpn. pn.Pe Pemtd mtd mdmqueb lu temtnerl prntd n hekl `n pnmd m· ;,> lu 0. Cdád l klmtlrml `l klrdáël ml pdpnj-kdrtël n CLPL 44- Klmcnkkelmn l klrdáël ml tdbdmfl qun `nsngdr.
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CLPL 48- D snauer å sû nskrnvnr.
N b g d m t d r n s ` n b d e l r l u b n m l r k n r e b ð me me d å u b d e ` å e d ` n k l r d tevd buetl njnadmtn. Dl cemdj `l gdmtdr kd`d klmve`d`l pl`nrä jnvdr l snu kdrtël, klbl rnklr`dáël.
EJ^[PXDÁËL 48- Crdsns pdrd nxnbpjls.
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EJ^[PXDÁËL 4;- Kdrtël `l klmvetn (`edardbd). CLPL 4;- Nskrnvd lutrd `nkjdrdáël lu l mlbn `d pnssld dbd`d, ml nmvnjlpn.
Ml kd`nrml kd `nrml `n nxnrkâk nx nrkâkels els vlkç v lkç nmn mklmtrd `evnrsls mlbns, nb drtn bdmuskretd klbnrkedj, pdrd nskrnvnr nb snus kdrtþnzemfls lu nb qudjqunr lutrl trd hdjfll prät hdjf prätekl ekl lu drtâ drtâstek stekll qun vlkç quesnr nxnkutdr, tdes klbl7 Kd`nrml, danm`ds, nmvnjlpns, kdrtþns, klmvetns, ntk. Md prû prûxeb xebdd duj dujdd dpr dprnsn nsnmtd mtdrnb rnbls ls bdes suanstþns pdrd vlkç. Xnsplm`d dl snu qunstelmärel `n Dutl-Dvdjedáël n `eregd-sn dl kd`nrml `n nxnrkâkels `nstd d uj u j d, d , p dr d r d d s nq n q úç ú ç mk m k ed e d c em e m dj dj ` n dprnm`ezd`ll n trneml. dprnm`ezd` CLPL 40- Kdrtþnzemfls pnqunmls.
CLPL 4>- L bdtnredj å sebpjns7 kdrtljemd, hekl `n pnmd ;,> lu 0 n temtd. Ls kdrtþns bn`nb 6 kb `n jdrkaurd plr 6 kb `n djturd. Klrtn n `lhrn dl bnel. Dmtns plråb, nskrnvd l mlbn `d pnssld.
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CLPL 43- [ebpjns n hlmetls!
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