Basis tilmkgquis Ik assurakli
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
\fooagri G.
Gktrf`ultgfk - Kagssakli `i c'Assurakli c'Assurakli
GG.
Eçkçracgtçs sur c'Assurakli ♪ ♪
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Gopfrtakli `i `i c'Assurakli Rðci \flgac & Ilfkfogqui `i c'Assurakli ♪
Altgvgtç `i sirvgli sirvgli
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Aspilts sflgaux sflgaux
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Rðci `'gkvistgssiurs ` 'gkvistgssiurs
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Rðci çlfkfogqui
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^rçviktgfk
@çjgkgtgfk it cis çcçoikts `'uki fpçratgfk `'Assurakli `'Assurakli ♪
@çjgkgtgfk `i c'Assurakli
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Cis çcçoikts `'uki fpçratgfk `'Assurakli ♪
Rgsqui
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^rgoi
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^ristatgfk
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fopiksatgfk
atç!frgis `'Assurakli `'Assurakli ♪
@gstgkltgfks usuiccis ♪
Rçpartgtgfk " apgtacgsatgfk apgtacgsatgfk
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@fooa!is " ^irsfkkis
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Assuraklis Assuraklis `is ^artglucgirs " Iktriprgsis
@gjjçriktis #rakl$is `'Assurakli
Cgogtis `i c'Assurakli ♪
araltçrgstgquis `is rgsquis assura#cis ♪
Rgsquis juturs
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Rgsquis acçatfgris
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Rgsquis ki `çpik`akt pas `i ca siuci vfcfktç `i c'assurç
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Rgsquis susliptg#cis `i jfroir uki outuacgtç
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Rgsquis `fkt c'assurakli k'ist pas gktir`gti par ca cfg c fg
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
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Rgsquis lfksg`çrçs lfooi assura#cis par cis assuriurs
GGG.
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@gjjçriktis jfrois `is \flgçtçs `'Assurakli
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@gstrg#utgfk `i c'assurakli
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fk`gtgfks Ilfkfogquis `i `çvicfppioikt `i c'Assurakli Ca oatg%ri assura#ci
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^fuvfgr `'al$at `is assura#cis
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Rðci `is actirkatgvis c'Assurakli
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Rðci `is gkjrastrulturis gkjrastrulturis
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Rðci `i ca sta#gcgtç ofkçtagri
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Cis llcis ik Assurakli
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c'Assurakli ♪
Ca cfg `is !rak`s kfo#ris
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\tatgstgquis
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@çtirogkatgfk `is `gjjçriktis ^rgois
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GZ.
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^rgoi ^uri
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^rgoi (itti
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^rgoi )ftaci
Cfgs jfk`aoiktacis `i c'Assurakli ♪
^rf`ultgfk
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*fof!çkçgsatgfk
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@gspirsgfk
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@gvgsgfk
)il$kgquis `i `gvgsgfk `i rgsquis ♪
^cigk `i lfksivatgfk
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^cigk `i sfuslrgptgfk
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fassurakli
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Rçassurakli
Cis ^rfvgsgfks Pilmkgquis ♪
Ca prfvgsgfk pfur Rgsquis Ik furs +RI,
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Ca prfvgsgfk pfur \gkgstris ^air +\A^,
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Cis prfvgsgfks p rfvgsgfks oat$çoatgquis
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Z.
ZG.
@gvirs ♪
R%!cis ^rfpfrtgfkkiccis `i apgtaux & `i ^rgois
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Cgogtatgfk fktraltuicci `-Gk`iokgtç +CG,
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Ripfrt `i c-ixlç`ikt
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.rakl$gsis / A#sfcui> ricatgvi
Rçsuç `u lfurs
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
^rçsiktatgfk ` `u l lfurs Cis basis tilmkgquis sfkt sfus-daliktis au siltiur `is assuraklis siltiur gopfrtakt `i c'altgvgtç çlfkfogqui. Ci lfurs ist `gvgsç ik quatri partgis 4 C'mgstfrgqui Ci `çvicfppioikt `i c'assurakli î travirs cis sgílcis.
çkçracgtçs sur c'!ssurakli. Iccis lfklirkikt c'gopfrtakli it c'utgcgtç `i c'assurakli takt pfur cis partglucgirs qui pfur cis prf"issgfkkics it cis pa#s. $ilg si ri"cíti î travirs ci lmg""ri `'a""agris% ci rappfrt &rgois&(B% cis r)cis sflgac it çlfkfogqui. C'assurakli vgsi î prftç*ir î ca c a "fgs cis patrgofgkis it cis pirsfkkis.
+çvicfppioikts rçlikts ik assurakli. (c s'a*gt kftaooikt `is rgsquis tilmkfcf*gquis it `is kfuviccis braklmis `'assurakli.
Ca `ç"gkgtgfk `i c'assurakli it cis çcçoikts `'uki fpçratgfk `'assurakli% î savfgr ci rgsqui% ca prgoi% ca pristatgfk `i c'assuriur it ca lfopiksatgfk `is rgsquis. $ipik`akt% c'assurakli a `is cgogtis qug rçsg`ikt sfgt `aks lis çcçoikts% sfgt `aks `is "altiurs i,tirkis. Cis lfk`gtgfks çlfkfogquis `i `çvicfppioikt `i c'assurakli. Ik i""it% cis `g""çriklis qug i,gstikt iktri cis pa#s ik oatgíri `'assurakli sfkt i,pcgquçis par `is "altiurs `gvirs tics qui ci pfuvfgr `'almat% ` 'almat% ca oatgíri assurabci. +'autris "altiurs tics qui c'gk"catgfk piuvikt a""iltir ci `çvicfppioikt `i c'assurakli. !ussg% kfus virrfks cis `g""çriktis latç*frgis `'assurakli it cis `g""çriktis "frois `i sflgçtçs `'assurakli. Ca trfgsgíoi partgi `i li lfurs lfklirki cis basis tilmkgquis `i c'assurakli. fus i,aogkfks cis pfgkts sugvakts 4 \tatgstgquis% cis `g""çriktis sfrtis `i prgois fu lftgsatgfks% cis cfgs "fk`aoiktacis `'assurakli% î savfgr 4 ca prf`ultgfk% c'mfof*çkçgsatgfk% ca `gspirsgfk it ca `gvgsgfk `is rgsquis. Cis tilmkgquis `i `gvgsgfk `i rgsquis sirfkt i,pfsçis. fus prçsiktirfks cis tilmkgquis `i lfassurakli it `i rçassurakli. Ca `irkgíri partgi lfksgsti ik ca prçsiktatgfk `is prfvgsgfks tilmkgquis lfkstgtuçis par cis iktriprgsis `assurakli it quicquis oçtmf`is `i lacluc.
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
G. G Gktrf`ultgfk ! !"utuacgtç ` `i r rgsquis# $ $rg%gkis ` `i cc&assurakli \uppfsfks qu'gc # agt /.>>> oagsfks `i sgopci mabgtatgfk `fkt cis prfprgçtagris sfkt i,pfsçs au rgsqui (klik`gi. Ca vaciur `i lmaqui oagsfk ist `i 1>>.>>> +r. Ca vaciur tftaci `i lit iksiobci `i oagsfks ist 4/.>>> , 1>>.>>> 2 <./>>.>>>.>>> +gkars. $it iksiobci `i rgsquis ist mfofeíki lar mfofeíki lar cis pirsfkkis lrag*kikt ca survikakli `u o0oi rgsqui 9(klik`gi: `'uki part% it cis vaciurs `is bgiks sfkt cis o0ois 91>>.>>> +r:% `'autri part. \uppfsfks oagktikakt qu'uk siuc gklik`gi survgikt lmaqui akkçi. It qui ci sgkgstri lausi ca `istrultgfk tftaci `'uki oagsfk. !gksg% ca pirti akkuicci ist `i 1>>.>>> +r. Ci prfprgçtagri `i ca oagsfk gklik`gçi piut rilfkstrugri fu ralmitir uki kfuvicci oagsfk s'gc `gspfsi `is of#iks "gkaklgirs 91>>.>>>+r:. &ar lfktri% s'gc ki `gspfsi pas `i litti sfooi% gc piut sfgt lfoptir sur ca sfcg`argtç it ca *çkçrfsgtç `i ca lfcciltgvgtç% fu sfgt sfobrir `aks ca ogsíri. \g ca lfcciltgvgtç allipti `i prik`ri ik lmar*i litti latastrfpmi. $maluk auragt î suppfrtir uk ofktakt lfrrispfk`akt au ofktakt `i ca pirti `gvgsç par ci kfobri `'çcçoikts `i ca outuacgtç 4 1>>.>>> +r /.>>> 2 5>> +r. &ar lfksçquikt% sg cis pirsfkkis i,pfsçis i,pfsçis au rgsqui avagt pa#ç au `çpart litti sfooi% ci sgkgstrç auragt pir=u uki gk`iokgtç lfrrispfk`akt î sa pirti. +i li "agt% gc appara7t qui litti outuacgtç kçlissgti uki fr*akgsatgfk% uk fr*akgsoi qug ist c'assuriur c'assuriur qug ca *íri ik lfcciltakt cis lftgsatgfks 95>> +r: it ik rçpartgssakt cis prgois `'assurakli ` 'assurakli iktri cis sgkgstrçs. $i rgsqui% (klik`gi si laraltçrgsi par uki "rçquikli fu prfbabgcgtç `i rçacgsatgfk `u rgsqui. Ca "rçquikli ist fbtiku ik `gvgsakt ci kfobri `i sgkgstris par ci kfobri `'assurçs i,pfsçs au rgsquis. 8rçquikli 2 < sgkgstri /.>>> oagsfks 2 >%>>3 2 >%3 ? Ca lftgsatgfk `'assurakli ist fbtikui ik ouctgpcgakt ca "rçquikli `u rgsqui par ci lf;t of#ik `i sgkgstri 91>>.>>> +r: 2 >%3 ? , 1>>.>>> +r 2 5>> +r. \uppfsfks oagktikakt qu'uk lm6tiau mgstfrgqui `'uki vaciur `i <>.>>>.>>> +r sfgt adfutç î kftri outuacgtç. (c appara7t lcagrioikt qui cis lftgsatgfks lfcciltçis par c'assuriur ki piroittikt pas `'gk`iokgsir uk sgkgstri gklik`gi qug "rappiragt ci lm6tiau. Ca outuacgtç k'ist pcus mfof*íki it c'çqugcgbri `is rçsuctats `i c'assuriur ist oikalç. C'assuriur piut "agri pa#ir î ca outuacgtç `is rgsquis uki lftgsatgfk pcus gopfrtakti 4 <>.>>>.>>> /.>>> 2 3.>>> +r. $ipik`akt% gc ist piu prfbabci qui cis prfprgçtagris `i sgopcis oagsfks alliptikt fu sfkt ik oisuri `i pa#ir uki
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
prgoi aussg lmíri. &fur çvgtir li las it pfur ritrfuvir c'çqugcgbri `u pfrti"iugcci lfkstgtuç par c'iksiobci `is rgsquis% c'assuriur prflí`i î ca `gvgsgfk `is rgsquis `çpassakt sa lapalgtç "gkaklgíri. (c a rilfurs au, tilmkgquis `i ca lfassurakli 9parta*i `u rgsqui iktri pcusgiurs assuriurs% appicçs lf-assuriurs: lf-assuriurs: it ca rçassurakli 9traks"irt `'uki partgi `u rgsqui î uk autri assuriur% assuriur% appicç rçassuriur :. :. Ik pratgqui% kftri outuacgtç k'ist pas mfof*íki it li pfur cis ragsfks sugvaktis 4
Cis pirsfkkis sfkt i,pfsçis î pcusgiurs sfrtis `i rgsquis 4 gklik`gi% vfc% `ç*6ts `is iau,% brgs `i *cali% N$% A
(c # a uki ouctgtu`i `i bgiks î assurir 4 oagsfks% usgkis% vçmglucis% avgfks% avgfks% kavgris% oarlmak`gsis trakspfrtçis% pirsfkkis% A
Cis rgsquis `g""írikt ik tagcci 9pitgts rgsquis it *rak`s rgsquis: it ik quacgtç 9bfks rgsquis it oauvags rgsquis:
&fur ci lçcíbri gk`ustrgic aoçrglagk% ikr# 8fr`% iL @fr k'ist pas ca lrçatgfk `is mfoois% oags liccis `is assuriurs. \aks cis assuraklis% gc k'# auragt pas `i *ratti-lgic% lar auluk fuvrgir k'alliptiragt `i travagccir î uki parigcci m autiur% ik rgsquakt `i "agri uki lmuti ofrticci it `i cagssir sa "aogcci `aks ca ogsíri. \aks cis assuraklis% auluk lapgtacgsti k'gkvistgragt `is ogccgfks pfur lfkstrugri `i parigcs bugc`gk*s% qu'uk sgopci oç*ft `i ` i lg*aritti piut rç`ugri ik lik`ris. \aks cis assuraklis% pirsfkki ki lgrluciragt ik vfgturi î travirs cis ruis. Jk bfk lmau""iur ist lfkslgikt `i li qu'gc lfurt î lmaqui gkstakt ci rgsqui `i rikvirsir uk pgçtfk Icgsabitm <íri `'!k*citirri lfkstata qui *r6li î c'assurakli% ca pirti písi cç*írioikt sur biaulfup pcut)t qui cfur`ioikt sur piu. Cis prfprgçtagris `i cf*ioikts qug s'assurikt lfktri c'gklik`gi pa#ikt tfus cis aks uki pitgti sfooi 9`i c'fr`ri `'uk `iog pfur ogcci `i ca vaciur `i ca lfkstrultgfk: pfur liu, `'iktri iu, qug fkt ci oacmiur `i pir`ri ciur cf*ioikt par sugti `'uk gklik`gi ri=fgvikt uki gk`iokgtç qug ciur piroit `i ci "agri rilfkstrugri. Ik"gk% `i Egkstfk $murlmgcc% fk ritgikt \g lica o'çtagt pfssgbci% d'çlrgrags ci oft !ssurakli `aks lmaqui "f#ir it sur ci "rfkt `i lmaqui mfooi% takt qui di sugs lfkvagklu qui c'assuriur piut% î uk prg, of`çrç% cgbçrir cis "aogccis `is latastrfpmis grrçparabcis C'assurakli piut 0tri `ç"gkgi lfooi c'fr*akgsatgfk ratgfkkicci `'uki outuacgtç `i pirsfkkis sfuogsis î c'çviktuacgtç `i ca rçacgsatgfk `'uk o0oi rgsqui qug% par ciurs lfktrgbutgfks "gkaklgíris piroittikt c'gk`iokgsatgfk `is `fooa*is subgs par liu, `'iktri iu, qug sfkt i""iltgvioikt "rappçs par li rgsqui.
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Ci bisfgk `i sçlurgtç ist ukgvirsic lmiM c'mfooi. +i tfut tiops% licug-lg a lmirlmç î prftç*ir sa pirsfkki it sis bgiks lfktri cis acças `u sfrt. +ís c'aktgqugtç% cis mfoois si sfkt rçukgs pfur vikgr ik ag`i î liu, qug çtagikt "rappçs par ci sfrt.
!tmíkis 4 assflgatgfks assflgatgfk s pfur ci virsioikt `i silfurs silfurs `aks lirtagks lirtagks las.
I*#pti 9G 3>> aks !v ! v D$: 4 sflgçtçs `i silfurs outuic lmiM cis tagcciurs `i pgirri.
Bab#cfkgiks 4 lf`g"glatgfk `i c'fr*akgsatgfk `i trakspfrt par laravaki% rçpartgtgfk iktri lfooir=akts `u lf;t `is vfcs it pgcca*is.
Nfoi 4 assflgatgfks `i sfcg`argtç ri*rfupakt cis cç*gfkkagris% gktirvikakt cfrs `i ca survikakli `i lirtagks çvçkioikts. !ssurakli fbsíquis lfkstgtuçi î partgr `is lftgsatgfks.
$fooirli oargtgoi au of#ik 6*i `aks ca Hç`gtirrakçi 4 pr0t î ca *rfssi avikturi. &fur aroir ciurs batiau,% cis lfooir=akts s'a`rissagikt î `is bakqugirs pfur `is pr0ts. \g ci batiau "agsagt kau"ra*i% ci lfooir=akt ki riobfursagt rgik au bakqugir. &ar lfktri% ik las `i rçussgti `u vf#a*i oargtgoi% ci pr0tiur çtagt riobfursç `i sfk pr0t. (c pirlivagt ik pcus uki partglgpatgfk trís çcivç ik lfopiksatgfk `u rgsqui iklfuru 9dusqu'î G>:.
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$itti pratgqui "ut gktir`gti par c'ç*cgsi au <5íoi sgílci 9parg it c'usuri:.
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Hgsi ik pcali pc ali `'uk s#stíoi `fkkakt kagssakli î c'assurakli oargtgoi
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Erfupioikt `i lfooiråakts lfooiråakts alliptakt `i earaktgr ca vaciur v aciur `u kavgri it `i sa lareagsfk ik las `i pirti, ofyikkakt ci pagioikt `'uki sfooi jgxçi au prçacabci.
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Ca pfcgli `i c'gtacgik c'gtacg ik pfcg!!a, lirtgjglat, attistatgfk, priuvi" # çlrgt oatçrgacgsakt ci lfktrat `'assurakli ` 'assurakli
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Ci pcus aklgik lfktrat lfksirvç a çtç çogs $ E%kis ik &()
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Ca prgoi `i c'gtacgik prgoa" # *fooi payçi avakt ci traksjirt `i rgs+ui `i c'assurç virs c'assuriur.
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Ci s#stíoi "ut pir"iltgfkkç par ca sugti
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<íri lfopa*kgi `'assurakli oargtgoi a vu ci dfur î 0kis ik
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!ppargtgfk `is priogíris !ssuraklis !ssuraklis vgi 4 <3 it <1 íoi sgílcis.
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
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Ofktg% "gkaklgir gtacgik% prçlursiur p rçlursiur `i c'assurakli vgi 8rakli% <íris tfktgkis au />^<111: !ppargtgfk `is <íris assuraklis gklik`gi Ik 8rakli Buriau `is gklik`gis `i &args 9
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
G G 1 2 2 çkçr ac g gt tç s sur c c i s A s sur akl i s <1 C C' g ` i c c ' go pfr t ta kl i ` 'a s sur akl i C'assurakli fllupi uki pcali gopfrtakti `aks c'çlfkfogi katgfkaci it c 'çlfkfogi ofk`gaci it li% ik tirois `'iopcfg% `i lmg""ris `'a""agris it `'gkvistgssioikts. `'gkvistgssioikts. C'i(cfg `aks c'assura c' assurakli kli Ik 8rakli% < `i ca pfpucatgfk altgvi travagcci `aks ci siltiur *acargçs `is sflgçtçs `'assurakli, aeikts eçkçraux, sfus aeikts, sacargçs `is aeiklis eçkçracis, lfurtgirs, ixpirts, Ci lmg))ri `'a))agris `i c'assurakli Ik ^3% ci lmg""ri `'a""agris ofk`gac `i c'assurakli ist `i 4 /.
! tgtri `'i,iopci% ik ^3 4
^a*s
^rgis + ^G,
!rabgi \afu`gti
>%3F
!c*çrgi
>.1F
Itats - Jkgs
K.1
Nf#auoi Jkg
<>.55
Dapfk
!"rgqui `i \u`
<3.GF
!u tgtri `i lfoparagsfk% ci $! ist supçrgiur î licug `i c'gk`ustrgi autfofbgci.
Cis lgkq priogirs pa#s assuriurs 4 J\!% Dapfk% !ccioa*ki% Nf#auoi-Jkg it ca 8rakli.
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Ca rçpartgtgfk `u $! ofk`gac ik ^3 4 fktgkikt
!oçrgqui `u fr`
5>.K>
J\!
/^.<
!oçrgqui Catgki
<.G>
Iurfpi
/^.K>
!sgi
53.5>
!"rgqui
<./>
lçakgi
<.3>
Hfk`i iktgir
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Rðc i sf sfl g çl fkfog qui ` ` i c c A ' sur akl i ga c & & ç ' s su /.
Altgvgtç `i sirvgli C'assuriur fr*akgsi fr*akgsi it *íri ca outuacgtç `is assurçs. assurçs. $'ist uki altgvgtç altgvgtç `i sirvgli Icci appartgikt `fkl au siltiur tirtgagri `i c'çlfkfogi C'!ssuriur ist au sirvgli `is assurçs 4 &ugsqui ciur ricatgfk ist çlmicfkkçi `aks ci tiops 4 vakt ca sfuslrgptgfk sfuslrgptgfk `u lfktrat # lfkliptgfk, lfkliptgfk, gkjfroatgfk, lfksigc, vgsgti `i rgs+ui ik`akt ca sfuslrgptgfk `u lfktrat # lfkjiltgfk `is lfktrats prís ca sfuslrgptgfk sfuslrgptgfk `u lfktrat lfktrat # ríecioikt ríecioikt `i sgkgstris, 8altiur `i prf*rís +aks ci passç% icci a lfktrgbuç î c'issfr `i lfooirli oargtgoi Icci a tfudfurs "avfrgsç ca prgsi prg si `i rgsqui par cis iktriprikiurs it cis gkvistgssiurs 9assurakli `i lmaktgirs% assurakli gklik`gi:
>.
As(ilts sflgau1 C'fbdit "fk`aoiktac `i c'assurakli ist `'gk`iokgsir cis vgltgois `u sfrt. Icci *araktgt `is rivikus î ca c a viuvi% cis frpmicgks aprís ca `gspargtgfk ` gspargtgfk `u lmi" `i "aogcci. Icci `fkki cis of#iks `i rilfkstrultgfk fu `i ralmat `'uk cf*ioikt ik las `'gklik`gi. C'assuriur virsi `is sfoois î c'assurç ik las `'gklapalgtç `i travagc. !gksg% sfk r)ci ist `i prftç*ir cis patrgofgkis it cis pirsfkkis. ^rftiltgfk `is patrgofgkis C'assurakli piroit au, assurçs `i si prçoukgr ik las `i survikakli `i lirtagks çvçkioikts pfuvakt a""iltir ciurs bgiks. Cis pirsfkkis qu'iccis sfgikt pm#sgquis 9partglucgirs: fu ofracis 9iktriprgsis: 9iktriprgsis:
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
piuvikt fllasgfkkir `is `fooa*is `fooa*is î `is tgirs it 0tri tikus `i rçparir cis `fooa*is. +'fP% uki lrçatgfk `'uki `itti `i rispfksabgcgtç. rispfksabgcgtç. ^rftiltgfk `is pirsfkkis $irtagks çvçkioikts piuvikt "rappir ca pirsfkki muoagki `aks sfk gktç*rgtç pm#sgqui. (c s'a*gt kftaooikt `'allg`ikts `'allg`ikts lfrpfrics% oaca`gis% `çlís% gklapalgtç `i travagc% A. Cis vgltgois it prflmis pfurrfkt bçkç"glgir `i pristatgfks virsçis par c'assuriur. Ca
pristatgfk qu'f""ri c'assurakli lfkstgtui uk bgik 0tri sflgac% par ca rilfkstgtutgfk `is patrgofgkis it ci virsioikt `is lapgtau, it `i riktis lfopcçoiktagris lfopcçoiktagris î ca ritragti cç*aci *araktgi par ca sçlurgtç sflgaci. Ik"gk% r6li î c'assurakli% cis vgltgois `is allg`ikts autfofbgci sfkt gk`iokgsçis saks o0oi uki rilmirlmi `i rispfksabgcgtç 9ci las `is s#stíoi f 8auct% "fk`s spçlgac `'gk`iokgsatgfk% "fk`s `i *araktgi autfofbgci:. 2.
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Cis prfvgsgfks piuvikt attigk`ri ci `fubci `u lmg""ri `'a""agris it li% kftaooikt pfur cis braklmis î cgqug`atgfk cikti ticcis qui 4 c'autfofbgci 9attikti `i lfksfcg`atgfk `is bcissuris:% cis N$% ci Orakspfrt 9attikti `i rilmirlmi `i rispfksabgcgtç:. &fur cis braklmis Rgi 9Nitragti% lapgtacgsatgfk: fu $fkstrultgfk 9N$ +çlikkaci kftaooikt:% fP c'assuriur s'ik*a*i î cfk* tiroi ikvirs cis assurçs. &fur *araktgr cis gktçr0ts `is assurçs it `is bçkç"glgagris `i lfktrats `'assurakli% `'assurakli% c'assuriur a c'fbcg*atgfk `i riprçsiktir sis ik*a*ioikts î c'altg" `u bgcak. $i qug gopcgqui c'almat `is vaciurs ofbgcgíris 9fbcg*atgfks it altgfks: it goofbgcgíris. +'fP% c'gkdiltgfk `is sfoois lfksg`çrabcis lfksg`çrabcis `aks c'çlfkfogi katgfkaci Ik 8rakli% cis pcalioikts `is assuriurs ik fbcg*atgfks riprçsiktikt 1> `is ioprukts `i c'çtat. !u Nf#auoi-Jkg% cis assuriurs fptikt pfur ci pcalioikt ik altgfks it cis "fk`s `i piksgfks. (cs dfuikt uk r)ci sg*kg"glatg" `aks cis bfursis `i vaciurs. 9.
R
12
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
rçacgsatgfk `u rgsqui 9survikakli `i sgkgstri:. Ca lfopiksatgfk `is rgsquis par c'assurakli au sigk `i ca outuacgtç qu'gc *íri it `fkt cis statgstgquis `fgvikt cug piroittri `'çtabcgr uki dusti t arg"glatgfk /rfgs partgis # assurç, assuriur, assuriur, tgirs bçkçjglgagri b çkçjglgagri C'assurç 9pirsfkki i,pfsçi au rgsqui: ≮ ci sfuslrgptiur 9licug qug sg*ki ca pfcgli it pagi ca prgoi:
1<
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Ci s ç çc çoikt s ` ` ' f pçr at g ` ' 'u ki f gf k ` 'a s sur akl i
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Cis çcçoikts `'uki fpçratgfk `'assurakli `'assurakli sfkt 4 ci rgsqui% ca prgoi% ca pristatgfk `i c'assuriur it ca lfopiksatgfk Ci r r sq g s g qui (c rilfuvri pcusgiurs kftgfks 4 >b1it assurç # b2tgoikt, kavgri, açrfkij, ixpç`gtgfk oargtgoi
10
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Cis assuriurs ki "fkt qui rçpartgr iktri cis assurçs sgkgstrçs c'ar*ikt prfvikakt `is prgois pa#çis par c'iksiobci `is assurçs 9outuacgtç `is rgsquis assurçs: Ca pr i st at g ` i c c A ' gf k ` ' s sur iur C'ik*a*ioikt `i c'assuriur si tra`ugt par ci virsioikt `is gk`iokgtçs au sfuslrgptiur !ssurç% fu au tgirs bçkç"glgagri. Ci ofktakt `i c'gk`iokgtç ist `çtirogkç ik "fkltgfk `i c'gopfrtakli `is `fooa*is aprís sgkgstri 9las `'gklik`gi fu `i vfc:% l'ist ci prgklgpi `is assuraklis `i `fooa*is
Ci prgklgpi gk`iokgtagri `is assuraklis `i `fooa!is
Ci ofktakt `i c'gk`iokgtç ist `çtirogkç î ca sfuslrgptgfk `u lfktrat avakt ca rçacgsatgfk `u rgsqui 9las `is assuraklis sur ca vgi% gc piut s'a*gr `is lapgtau,% fu `is riktis:% l'ist ci prgklgpis `is assuraklis `i pirsfkkis. Ci prgklgpi jfrjagtagri `is assuraklis assuraklis `i pirsfkkis Ca l l fo pik sat g gf k $maqui sfuslrgptiur `i lfktrat `'assurakli virsi sa prgoi 9lftgsatgfk: saks savfgr ci bçkç"glgagri "gkac `i c'gk`iokgtç `'assurakli. C'iksiobci `is assurçs lfktri uk o0oi rgsqui it qug lftgsikt outuiccioikt pfur "agri "ali î sis lfksçquiklis% lfksçquiklis% lfkstgtui uki outuacgtç. C'assurakli ist c'fr*akgsatgfk `i ca sfcg`argtç iktri cis assurçs lfktri ci o0oi çvçkioikts. C'assuriur i""iltui uki lfopiksatgfk iktri cis assurçs sgkgstrçs it liu, k'a#akt pas subgs `i sgkgstris. $fksçquiklis `i ca outuacgtç 4 Jki trís "frti sfcg`argtç 4 cis las `'a**ravatgfk% `i `gogkutgfk `i rgsqui fu `i "rau`i î c'assurakli a""iltikt ca outuacgtç ik acfur`gssakt ca lmar*i `is sgkgstris it ca lftgsatgfk qui pagi lmaluk `is assurçs% fu ik ca `gogkuakt it par lfksçquikt lfksçquikt bagssakt cis targ"s. Cis oiobris `i ca outuacgtç `fgvikt 0tri tragtçs avil çqugtç. $i qug gopcgqui 4 ppcglatgfk `is sakltgfks sakltgfks ik las `i trglmirgi fu `i jrau`i $ c'assurakli las las `i surassurakli, surassurakli, fogssgfks vfcfktagris fu kfk cfrs `i ca `çlcaratgfk". Ca prgoi payçi par lmaluk `fgt lfrrispfk`ri $ sfk ixpfsgtgfk au rgs+ui cis oauvags rgs+uis pagikt uki prgoi pcus lmíri +ui cis bfks rgs+uis"
19
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
at ç!fr g ` A ' gi s ` ' s sur akl i &cusgiurs `gstgkltgfks usuiccis iktri cis fpçratgfks `'assuraklis i,gstikt 4 Cis assuraklis *çrçis ik rçpartgtgfk it cis assuraklis *çrçis ik lapgtacgsatgfk. cis assuraklis `i `fooa*is it cis assuraklis `i pirsfkkis cis assuraklis `i partglucgirs it cis assuraklis `is iktriprgsis cis assuraklis fbcg*atfgris it cis assuraklis assuraklis kfk fbcg*atfgris 9"aluctatgvis: 9 "aluctatgvis: cis assuraklis gk`gspiksabci% kçlissagris% utgcis it supir"cuis Ci s A s sur akl i s ! !çr çi s i ik r r ç par t tg g t tg g f k !ssuraklis *çrçis sicfk uki tilmkgqui lfrrispfk`akt lfrrispfk`akt î ca `ç"gkgtgfk `i c'assurakli C'assuriur ki jagt +ui rçpartgr iktri cis assurçs sgkgstrçs cis prgois payçis par c'iksiobci `i ca outuacgtç it li, par akkçi `'assurakli. `'assurakli. Ci las `is assuraklis !utfofbgci% (klik`gi Z Ngsquis +gvirs $is assuraklis sfkt laraltçrgsçis par uki "rçquikli `i rgsqui lfkstakti 9las `is assuraklis !llg`ikts: Ci s A s sur akl i s ! !çr çi s i ik l l a pg t g ta c s g at g gf k $is fpçratgfks `'assuraklis sfkt sfuslrgtis it si kfuikt î of#ik it cfk* tiroi Jki partgi fu tfuti ca prgoi ist lapgtacgsçi par c'assuriur. +'fP% uki rissiobcakli avil c'çpar*ki baklagri. b aklagri. Ca "rçquikli `i rgsqui ist vargabci 9ik assuraklis vgi% ci rgsqui `çlís lrf7t avil c'6*i% acfrs qui ci rgsqui `i survgi `çlrf7t avil c'6*i: C'assuriur prfvgsgfkki 9oit `i l)tç: tfutpartgi `is prgois pfur "agri "ali au, ik*a*ioikts "uturs 9virsioikt `i lapgtau, fu `i rikti:. Cis Assuraklis `i `fooa!is Iccis fkt pfur but `i rçparir cis lfksçquiklis `'uk çvçkioikt `fooa*iabci a""iltakt ci patrgofgki `i c'assurç. Iccis vgsikt ca prftiltgfk `u patrgofgki. patrgofgki. Iccis si sub`gvgsikt ik 4 !ssuraklis `i lmfsis 4 lmfsis 4 *araktgssikt * araktgssikt cis bgiks appartikakt î c'assurç 9*araktgi `grilti `u patrgofgki: !ssuraklis `i rispfksabgcgtçs 4 rispfksabgcgtçs 4 *araktgssikt * araktgssikt cis `fooa*is qui c'assurç c'assurç piut fllasgfkkir î `is bgiks appartikakt î `is tgirs 9*araktgi gk`grilti `u patrgofgki pugsqui c'assurç k'a pas î prçcivir cis sfoois kçlissagris kçlissagris î ca rçparatgfk:.
1:
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Iccis sfkt sfuogsis au prgklgpi p rgklgpi gk`iokgtagri Ca pristatgfk `i c'assuriur ki piut ik auluk las, ixlç`ir ci prç1u`gli rçic subg par c'assurç. Cis Assuraklis `i pirsfkkis Iccis fkt pfur fbdit ci virsioikt `i pristatgfks "fr"agtagris ik las `'çvçkioikts a""iltakt ca pirsfkki o0oi `i c'assurç. Iccis si sub`gvgsikt ik 4 Cis ssuraklis 9k`gvg`uicci llg`ikts it =aca`gi, Cis ssuraklis sur ca 7gi. Iccis ki sfkt pas sfuogsis au prgklgpi gk`iokgtagri lar gc ist gopfssgbci `'çvacuir ca vaciur pçlukgagri `i ca pirsfkki muoagki ppcglatgfk `u prgklgpi prgklgpi jfrjagtagri. 0ioar+ui 4 0ioar+ui 4 Cis assuraklis gk`gvg`uiccis allg`ikts it oaca`gi sfkt * çrçis ik rçpartgtgfk.
Assuraklis `i Lmfsis (assuraklis `griltis) earaktgi `i `i bgiks `i c'assurç Assuraklis `i @fooaeis Earaktgi `u patrgofgki Assuraklis `i Rispfksabgcgtçs Earaktgi `is tgirs
^rgklgpi Gk`iokgtagri Pfutis Assuraklis
Assurakli Zgi
Assuraklis `i ^irsfkkis Earaktgi `i ca pirsfkki muoagki Assuraklis Gk`gvg`uicci Allg`ikts it Oaca`gi
^rgklgpi Jfrjagtagri
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Cis Assuraklis `i partglucgirs it cis assuraklis `is iktriprgsis $'ist ca `gstgkltgfk ca pcus gopfrtakti pfur cis assuriurs pugsqu'icci pugsqu'icci gopcgqui uki fr*akgsatgfk `is strulturis tilmkgquis ik "fkltgfk `i litti lcassg"glatgfk. $irtagkis sflgçtçs `'assurakli si spçlgacgsikt `aks lis assuraklis pfur cis rgsquis `i oassi 4 9c s'aegt `i prf`ugts lfuvrakt cis rgs+uis `i ca vgi jaogcgaci fu prgvçi `i c'assurç +'autris assuriurs si spçlgacgsikt `aks cis prf`ugts sur oisuri pfur lfuvrgr cis bisfgks prfpris it vargçs `is iktriprgsis. Ca lfksçquikli ist qui cis assuriurs sfkt fr*akgsçs ik `çpartioikts sçparçs it `gspfsikt `is rçsiau, `i `gstrgbutgfk prfpris. Cis rgsquis gktiroç`gagris tics qui cis c is prf"issgfks cgbçracis% assflgatgfks% lfcciltgvgtçs cflacis% A% sfkt ik *çkçrac lfk"gçs au, `çpartioikts `is assuraklis `is iktriprgsis. $irtagks rgsquis tics qui ci Orakspfrt piuvikt 0tri assurçs par cis iktriprgsis it par cis partglucgirs 9las `i `çoçka*ioikt `çoçka*ioikt `i c'assurç:. Jki pfcgli ouctgrgsqui mabgtatgfk ist sfuslrgti par cis partglucgirs. Icci piut 0tri sfuslrgti par uki iktriprgsi pfur lfuvrgr cis cf*ioikts `i sis la`ris. Cis Assuraklis f#cg!atfgris it cis assuraklis assuraklis kfk f#cg!atfgris +jaluctatgvis, Ca sfuslrgptgfk `i lirtagkis assuraklis ist fbcg*atfgri ticci qui c'assurakli `i ca rispfksabgcgtç lgvgci autfofbgci% ca N$ lmassi% ca N$ `is prfprgçtagris `is fuvra*is it `i saccis rilivakt ci pubcgl% A +'autris assuraklis sfkt "aluctatgvis% "aluctatgvis% l'ist î `gri qui c'assurç ist cgbri `i cis sfuslrgri fu pas. (c s'a*gt kftaooikt `is assuraklis `i pirsfkkis. Ca sfuslrgptgfk `'uki assurakli `çlís piut 0tri rik`ui fbcg*atfgri par uki bakqui fu uk fr*akgsoi fltrf#akt `is lrç`gts î `is pirsfkkis. Ci s # s # #r akl $i s ` s ` ` A ' sur akl i ' s su Cis fpçratgfks `'assurakli sfkt lcassçis `aks `is braklmis `'assurakli. $is braklmis sfkt lf`g"gçis `i ticci "a=fk qu'î lmaqui braklmi `'assurakli lfrrispfk` uk lf`i. Cg og t s ` ` A ' sur akl i ti s ` ' s su Ofus cis rgsquis ki sfkt pas assurabcis. Ik i""it% pfur 0tri assurabci% ci rgsqui `fgt prçsiktir `is laraltçrgstgquis 4
1=
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
/. 5tri uk rgsqui )utur Ci rgsqui ki `fgt pas 0tri `çdî rçacgsç C'assurç k'a pas lfkkagssakli `is sgkgstris survikus `aks c i passç. $irtagks lfktrats prçvfgikt ca prgsi `i lmar*i `u passç gklfkku par c'assurç araktgi Niprgsi `u passç >. 5tri uk rgsqui acçatfgri Ca rçacgsatgfk `u rgsqui 9ca survikakli `u sgkgstri: k'ist pas prçvgsgbci î c'avakli *a rçacgsatgfk ricívi `u masar`. +i o0oi% ca `ati `i rçacgsatgfk `u rgsqui k'ist pas lfkkui î c'avakli 9rgsqui `çlís: 2. Ci rgsqui ki `fgt (as `ç(ik`ri `i ca siuci vfcfktç `i c'assurç $ilg i,lcut ca prgsi ik lmar*i `i "agt fu `i ` i ca "auti gktiktgfkkicci fu `fcfsgvi `i c'assurç% l'ist î `gri sa vfcfktç `i prfvfquir cis `fooa*is. Ci suglg`i vfcfktagri it lfkslgikt ist i,lcu pik`akt cis `iu, priogíris akkçis. C'assuriur k'i,lcut pas cis `fooa*is rçsuctakt `i ca "auti gktiktgfkkicci `i tgirs Ci las `i pirsfkkis `fkt c'assurç `çpik` lgvgcioikt 0. Ci rgsqui ist susli(tgbci `i )frir uki utuacgtç C'assurakli `'uk rgsqui ukgqui `aks sfk *ikri ricívi `u parg. !ussg% c'assurakli `'uk kfobri rç`ugt `i rgsquis rik` ca targ"glatgfk masar`iusi it ki piroit pas ca lfopiksatgfk lfopiksatgfk `is rgsquis. !gksg% ci rgsqui `fgt 0tri su""gsaooikt prçsikt ik kfobri. 4'ist ca las `is priogíris p riogíris liktracis kulcçagris kulcçagris it saticcgtis f8 auluki ixpçrgikli fu statgstg+uis k'çtagikt `gspfkgbci +uakt au lf3t it jrç+uikli `i rgs+ui. :tu`is slgiktgjg+uis pfussçis it lfccabfratgfk iktri slgiktgjg+uis agksg +ui ca lfkstgtutgfk `is prfvgsgfks gopfrtaktis Cis prgois qug çtagikt gopfrtaktis au `çpart% fkt `gogkuç au "ur it oisuri qui ci lf;t rçic `u rgsqui ist `iviku lfkku. 9. C'assurakli `u rgsqui ki `fgt (as =tri gktir`gti (ar ca cfg Ca pratgqui `i c'assurakli `u rgsqui `fgt 0tri autfrgsçi par c is pfuvfgrs pubcgls (ktir`gltgfk `is assuraklis 4 `i pigkis it aoik`is prfkfklçis prfkfklçis par cis trgbukaux `i rakåfk ik las `i ?g`kappgke $irtagkis assuraklis sfkt rçsirvçis î `is fr*akgsois `i `rfgt pubcgl Ca sçlurgtç sflgaci f8 c'assuriur ki piut gktirvikgr +u'$ tgtri lfopcçoiktagri. 7.
Ci rgsqui ist lfksg`çrç lfi assurabci (ar cis assuriurs $'ist cis rgsquis qui cis assuriurs viucikt bgik assurir. :xiopcis Cis `fooa*is lausçs au, oiobris `i ca "aogcci `i c'assurç ik assuraklis `i rispfksabgcgtç lgvgci Q
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
C'assurakli `i rgsqui `i pfccutgfk Q C'assurakli `i rgsqui `'iktriprgsi fu `'iktriprikiur. l'ist ci rgsqui qu'uk prfdit `'gkvistgssioikt ki `ç*a*i pas uk bçkç"gli. Cis assuriur fkt c'mabgtu`i `i ki pas assurir li eikri `i rgs+ui au lfktragri `u rgs+ui acçatfgri fu pur. 4ipik`akt, lirtagks assuriurs sfkt iktragk `i jraklmgr litti jrfktgíri. @g j s . . fr oi s ` s ` ` i \ \ fl g s ` ` A ' sur akl i jj j ç r ikt i s . gç t ç s ` ' s su Jki sflgçtç `'assurakli piut riv0tgr pcusgiurs "frois durg`gquis 4 /.
4flgçtç Akfk*i !4A fu 4flgçtç (ar Altgfks !4^A \flgçtç lfooirlgaci% î but culratg"% $fkstgtuçi par sipt 9>F: assflgçs 9fu altgfkkagris: au ogkgouo% $apgtac sflgac trís çcivç 9uk ogkgouo `i G3> ogccgfks `i +! pfur pfuvfgr pratgquir tfutis cis braklmis `'assurakli ik !c*çrgi: +grg*çi par uk $fksigc `'a`ogkgstratgfk qug çcgt uk &rçsg`ikt +griltiur çkçrac% ;E &ratgqui tfutis braklmis `'assurakli &rgklgpi `i spçlgacgsatgfk ik 8rakli 4 Rgi it fk Rgi.
>.
4flgçtç `'Assurakli "utuicci \flgçtç lgvgci saks but culratg"% $gkq likts 93>>: a`mçrikts 9sflgçtagris: 9sflgçtagris: au ogkgouo% o gkgouo% 8fk`s `'çtabcgssioikt trís gopfrtakt i,g*ç $ftgsatgfk piut 0tri "g,i vargabci 8agt appic î `is gktiroç`gagris `'assurakli 4 a*ikts% lfurtgirs
2.
"utuicci `'Assura ` 'Assurakli kli Jki sfrti `'assflgatgfk `'assurçs saks lapgtac sflgac it saks fbdit lfooirlgac% ssflgatgfk saks saks but culratgj, Orfgs likts 95>>: a`mçrikts 9sflgçtagris: 9sflgçtagris: au ogkgouo% &as `i 8fk`s `'çtabcgssioikt ogkgouo $ftgsatgfk "g,i vargabci i "agt pas appic î `is gktiroç`gagris 4 outuicci puri 0 ar g ga kt i s \flgçtçs katgfkacis 4 c'çtat ist ci siuc altgfkkagri fu c'altgfkkagri prgklgpac Q \flgçtçs prgvçis4 c'altgfkkargat `i c'iktriprgsi ist "froç `'gkvistgssiurs prgvçsQ Ofktgkis fu sflgçtçs î "froi tfktfkgíris 4 sflgçtçs `'assurakli sur ca vgi fr*akgsçi pfur uki pçrgf`i `fkkçi it qug prflí`i î ca lapgtacgsatgfk `is lftgsatgfks `i sis oiobris. !u tiroi `i ca pçrgf`i "g,çi% ca sflgçtç rçpartgt cis sfoois iktri cis survgvakts it cis a#akts `rfgt `is assurçs `çlç`çs Q $agssis `'assuraklis a*rglfcis 4 outuiccis spçlgacgsçis `aks c'assurakli `is rgsquis cgçs î c'a*rglucturi Q
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Cis lcubs `'aroatiurs &rftiltgfk Z (k`iokgt# &Z( 4 outuiccis qug *araktgssikt ca N$ `is prfprgçtagris `i kavgris
2>
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
@ st g t r s ` i c c A ' sur akl i rg g # ut g gf k ` ' s su &fur lfooirlgacgsir cis prf`ugts `'assurakli% cis sflgçtçs `'assurakli 9assuriurs: rilfurikt î pcusgiurs lakau, `i `gstrgbutgfk 4 Ci rçsiau sacargç !a%iklis `griltis C'a*ikli `grilti ist lfkstgtuçi `i pirsfkkis sacargçis `i c a sflgçtç `'assurakli.
•
Cis sacargçs pir=fgvikt uk sacagri "g,i oiksuic.
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(cs piuvikt bçkç"glgir `'uki prgoi `'appfrt `'a""agris. Cis a%ikts %çkçrau1 `'assurakli C'a*ikt *çkçrac `'assurakli ist uki pirsfkki pm#sgqui oak`atagri `'uki fu pcusgiurs sflgçtçs `'assurakli qu'gc riprçsikti `aks uki rç*gfk `çtirogkçi ik virtu `'uk tragtç `i kfogkatgfk. (c rilmirlmi% sfuslrgt it *íri cis lfktrats `'assurakli pfur ci lfopti `i ca sflgçtç `'assurakli. (c ist ci oak`atagri `i c'assuriur. (c k'ist pas uk lfooir=akt.
k'ist
pas gkslrgt au ri*gstri `i lfooirli
(c i,irli uki prf"issgfk cgbçraci it ist rçoukçrç par `is lfoogssgfks. Ci pfrti"iugcci `i c'a*ikli *çkçraci appartgikt î ca sflgçtç `'assurakli qug c'a oak`atç. Cis lfurtgirs `'Assurakli Ci lfurtgir `'assurakli ist uk lfooir=akt% lfooir=akt% oak`atagri `i c'assurç it kfk cgç c gç î uki sflgçtç `'assurakli. (c ist sfgt uki pirsfkki pm#sgqui% sfgt uki pirsfkki ofraci 9sflgçtç `i lfurta*i:. (c ist gkslrgt au ri*gstri `i lfooirli. (c pcali cis c is lfktrats `i sis lcgikts auprís `is sflgçtçs `i sfk lmfg,. (c ist rçoukçrç rçoukçrç par `is lfoogssgfks Ci pfrti"iugcci appartgikt au lfurtgir. (c lmfgsgt ca sflgçtç `'assurakli `'assurakli qug ist cgbri `'alliptir fu `i ri"usir c'a""agri qug cug ist riprçsiktçi par ci lfurtgir. Cis (rf`ultiurs sacargçs Cis prf`ultiurs sacargçs sfkt `is pirsfkkis lmar*çis `i pcalir cis lfktrats `'assurakli auprís `u pubcgl.
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
(c piuvikt 0tri sacargçs `i sflgçtçs `'assurakli `'assurakli oags aussg iopcf#çs par `is a*ikts *çkçrau, fu `is lfurtgirs. (cs sfkt rçoukçrçs ik "fkltgfk `is a""agris rçacgsçis avil uk ogkgouo "g,i. :xiopci # ca "frli `i vikti `is assuraklis `i pirsfkkis% lrççi par ca \!! +'autris rçsiau, `i `gstrgbutgfk i,gstikt kftaooikt `aks cis pa#s `çvicfppçs tics qui 4
Ci lfooirli çciltrfkgqui 9ca vikti `is prf`ugts `'assurakli par ci bgags `is sgtis (ktirkit: Q
Cis supiroarlmçs 9ra#fks assuraklis: Q
Cis pcatis-"frois tçcçpmfkgquis 9vikti `is assuraklis par `is appics tçcçpmfkgquis `is assurçs: Q
ca pfsti 9ikvfg `i prfspiltus% fuvirturi `is *uglmits assuraklis `aks cis pfstis:
fk` g çl fkfog qui s ` ` u ` ` çv ic f p pioikt ` c A ' gt tg g f k s ç ` i c ' s sur akl i Cis `g""çriklis qug i,gstikt iktri cis pa#s ik oatgíri `'assurakli sfkt `uis î pcusgiurs ragsfks fu "altiurs. !ussg% ci `çvicfppioikt `i c'assurakli kçlissgti lirtagkis lfk`gtgfks çlfkfogquis. çlfkfogquis. Ca atg:ri assurabci Jk pa#s laraltçrgsç par uki alluoucatgfk alluoucatgfk `is rglmissis rg lmissis%% `is patrgofgkis p atrgofgkis gopfrtakts% `is gkvistgssioikts vacfrgsçs it `is rivikus of#iks çcivçs î prçsirvir% `gspfsi `i pcus `'çcçoikts `i patrgofgki î prftç*ir qu'uk pa#s laraltçrgsç par `is rivikus `çrgsfgris% `is mabgtatgfks tra`gtgfkkiccis. Ci (fuvfgr `'almat `is assurabcis a ssurabcis C'assurakli ist lfksg`çrçi lfooi uk prf`ugt `i cu,i `aks cis pa#s pauvris it cis pa#s ik vfgi `i ` i `çvicfppioikt it li% oac*rç qui cis lftgsatgfks pfur cis assuraklis `i partglucgirs ki riprçsiktikt riprçsiktikt qu'uk tau, trís "agbci par pa r rappfrt au, bgiks î prftç*ir. p rftç*ir. Ci r
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Ci r
Icci `çvfri cis `çvfri cis "fk`s prfpris% cis altg"s ofkçtagris it lrçaklis `i c'assuriur. Icci lfopcgqui ci lacluc `is prfvgsgfks pfur sgkgstris î pa#ir. Icci `çlfura*i cis lcgikts î s'assurir.
Cis l*lcis ik assurakli Cis targ"s 9tau, `i prgois: sfkt a`ogkgstrçs `aks cis pa#s î çlfkfogi `grg*çi. Yuakt au, pa#s î çlfkfogi cgbçraci% cis tau, vargikt ik "fkltgfk `i c'f""ri it ca `ioak`i sur ci oarlmç `is assuraklis it ik "fkltgfk `is rçsuctats `is assuriurs.
C'assurakli ist uki gk`ustrgi lylcg+ui
Jk akkçi laraltçrgsçi par `is sgkgstris gopfrtakts% iktra7ki uk ritragt `is assuriurs `u oarlmç `'assurakli% `'fP uki `gogkutgfk `i ca lapalgtç `'assurakli. Ci rçsuctat ist uki au*oiktatgfk `is targ"s it uki rç`ultgfk `is cgogtis `i lfuvirturi. +fkl% uki au*oiktatgfk `u vfcuoi `is prgois it `is rçsuctats bçkç"glgagris. $ilg rik` ci oarlmç `'assurakli pcus attra#akt. +'fP% c'iktrçi `i kfuviau, altiurs it `i kfuviccis lapalgtçs "gkaklgíris it uki lfklurrikli pcus "çrfli. $i l#lci si rçpíti.
2<
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
G G G 1 C Ci s # #a si s ) ) il $kg qui s ` ` i c c A ' ' s sur akl i Ca c c fg ` !r ak` s k kfo#r i s ` i s ! &aslac% oatmçoatglgik "rak=ags
ci
Birkfuccg% oatmçoatglgik sugssi
masar` ist rç*g par `is cfgs.
ca
cfg `is *rak`s kfobris
3^cus ist %rak` ci kfbri `'i1(çrgiklis i))iltuçis# (cus cis rçsuctats `i lis i1(çrgiklis si ra((rflmikt `i ca (rfbabgcgtç tmçfrgqui `i survikakli `'uk çvçkiikt.3 :xiopci Jk `ç î dfuir. Ca prfbabgcgtç tmçfrgqui `i sfrtgr c'as ist `i <1 i pugsqui ci `ç a 1 "alis% it qui lmaqui "ali a autakt `i lmaklis `i sfrtgr qui cis autris. \g kfus dfufks uk kfobri cgogtç `i "fgs% kfus pfuvfks fbtikgr c'as < "fgs% / "fgs% tfutis cis "fgs fu pas `u tfut. Hags sg kfus dfufks <>>> "fgs% <>.>>> "fgs% <.>>>.>>> "fgs% kfus lfkstatfks qui ci kfobri tftac `i sfrtgis `i c'as tik` î si rapprflmir `i ca prfbabgcgtç p rfbabgcgtç tmçfrgqui `i i <1 . \ t s ta t g g t g gq ui s Ca cfg `is *rak`s kfobris ist lapgtaci pfur c'assurakli c 'assurakli
fk earaktgt uk assurç lfktri uk rgs+ui +ug ist acçatfgri, +ug ricívi `u
masar` \iuc uk pfrti"iugcci gopfrtakt `i lfktrats piut lfkstgtuir uki outuacgtç `i rgsquis% î c'gktçrgiur `i caquicci cis sgkgstris qug survgikkikt survgikkikt î quicquis assurçs sfkt lfopiksçs par ca kfk survikakli `i sgkgstris pfur cis pcus kfobriu,. Ik ragsfkkakt kfk pcus au kgviau `'uk siuc assurç% oags *cfbacioikt
lfkka6tri avil prçlgsgfk alliptabci, ca prfbabgcgtç `i survikakli `u
rgs+ui.
ca jrç+uikli `u rgs+ui.
!ussg% cis statgstgquis gk`gquikt lfobgik `i sgkgstris sfkt survikus it lfobgik gcs fkt lf;tç.
ci lf3t ofyik `'uk sgkgstri.
$is gk"froatgfks piroittikt î c'assuriur `i laclucir 4
20
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
$i qu'gc `ivra pa#ir
$i qui cis sfuslrgptiurs aurfkt î `çbfursir
ca lmarei `i sgkgstris
ca prgoi
0ioar+ui C'assurakli `i rgsquis kfuviau, pfsi `is prfbcíois ik ragsfk `i c'absikli% fu `i c'gksu""gsakli `i statgstgquis fk prflí`i î `is t6tfkkioikts it adustioikts sullissg"s. @çt ir og kat g ` i s ` ` g gf k ` gj jj jç r ikt i s pr g go i s Ca prgoi puri Ca (rgi (uri `'uk (uri `'uk rgsqui ist ca prgoi piroittakt î c'assuriur `i rç*cir cis sgkgstris "rappakt ca outuacgtç `is assurçs. Ik `'autris tirois% l'ist ca sfooi `ioak`çi î c'assurç qug lfrrispfk` î sa part `is sgkgstris `aks ca outuacgtç *çrçi par c'assuriur.
rgoi kçlissagri $ ca lfopiksatgfk `is rgs+uis au sigk `i ca outuacgtç
rgoi `i rgs+ui, prgoi `'ç+ugcgbri `' ç+ugcgbri fu o%oi prgoi tilmkg+ui
Ca (rgi (uri ist ç%aci ? ;rçquikli 1 f6t "f*ik I,iopci !ssurakli ik las `'allg`ikts `i ca lgrlucatgfk !llg`ikt `i ca lgrlucatgfk lgrlucatgfk 4 Bcissuris
subgs par ci lfk`ultiur `'uki lirtagki latç*frgi `i vçmgluci.
riobfursioikt
`is "rags `i sfgks 9oç`ilgk% pmaroalgi% m)pgtac% A:
Cis statgstgquis ofktrikt qui 4 <.
Ca "rçquikli ist `i 4 5 pfur < >>> 95 allg`ikts pfur lmaqui ogcci assurçs:
/.
ci lf;t of#ik ist 4 <5 />> 8 Ca prgoi puri 2 8rçquikli , $f;t 2 5 < >>> , <5 />> 2 5^%1> 8
*fooi $ al+ugttir par lma+ui assurç.
Ca prgoi kitti +fu lfooirlgaci, Ca (rgi kitti ist kitti ist ca prgoi "g*urakt sur cis targ"s `is assuriurs. assuriurs. Icci ist par"fgs pa r"fgs appicçi prgoi lfooirlgaci. lfooirlgaci. Ca (rgi kitti ? ca (rgi (uri N mar%iikts
29
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Cis lmar*ioikts sfkt `i trfgs sfrtis 4 <.
cis lmar*ioikts `'alqugsgtgfk 9lfoogssgfk `is gktiroç`gagris appfrtiurs `'a""agris 4 a*ikts *çkçrau, fu lfurtgirs:
/.
cis lmar*ioikts `i *istgfk 9"rags `i "fkltgfkkioikt "fkltgfkkioikt `i ca c a sflgçtç `'assurakli:
5.
cis lmar*ioikts `istgkçs î piroittri î c'assuriur `i `ç*a*ir uk bçkç"gli pfur rçoukçrir sis altgfkkagris fu pfur rçpfk`ri au, i,g*iklis tilmkgquis it cç*acis ricatgvis î ca oar*i `i sfcvabgcgtç. Ca prgoi tftaci Ca (rgi tftaci ist tftaci ist ca prgoi p rgoi pa#çi par ci sfuslrgptiur `u lfktrat `'assurakli. Ca ^rgi tftaci ? ca ^rgi kitti N ; ;rags rags allissfgris allissfgris N Pa1is N fktrgbutgfks Cis )rags allissfgris sfkt allissfgris sfkt par"fgs appicçs lfopcçoikts `i prgoi% "rags `i pfcgli fu "rags `'çtabcgssioikt. `'çtabcgssioikt. \fkt
sfuvikt 5frjagtagris it jfkltgfk `i c'gopfrtakli `i ca prgoi kitti.
(cs
sfkt pir=us cfrs `i c'çogssgfk `u lfktrat it î c'fllasgfk `i lmaqui çlmçakli. (cs fkt pfur fbdit `i "agri suppfrtir î c'assurç ci lf;t oatçrgic `i c'çtabcgssioikt c'çtabcgssioikt `u lfktrat `'assurakli 4 papgir% rç`altgfk% `alt#cf% tgra*i gk"froatgqui% A
Cis ta1is sfkt ta1is sfkt `is gop)ts gk`grilts rivirsçs î c'çtat it laclucçs sur ca prgoi kitti it cis "rags allissfgris. Ca ta,i vargi sicfk ca katuri `u rgsqui. 0ioar+ui $irtagkis assuraklis sfkt i,fkçrçis `is ta,is ticcis qui cis assuraklis `i pirsfkkis it li% a"gk `'iklfura*ir ca sfuslrgptgfk `i lis lfktrats.
2:
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Ci s c c f s g j j fk` aoikt ac i s ` ` i c c A ' ' s sur akl i Ca kçlissgtç `i ca prf`ultgfk C'assuriur `fgt s'i""frlir `i rçukgr ci oa,gouo `'assurçs% it `i rçacgsir ik piroakikli `is a""agris kfuviccis. cus ci kfobri `is assurçs ist erak`, pcus ca lfopiksatgfk au sigk `i ca outuacgtç ist rçacgsçi.
Cis lfktrats `ç1$ rçacgsçs ki ristikt pas çtirkiccioikt ik pfrtijiugcci
0çsgcgatgfks, `çlís, `gspargtgfks `i rgs+uis, .
lfopiksir cis sfrtgis `i rgs+uis par `i kfuviccis ajjagris
C'$fof!çkçgtç `is rgsquis &fur piroittri ca lfopiksatgfk `is rgsquis% gc "aut rçukgr uk *rak` kfobri `i rgsquis siobcabcis. fkt cis o%ois lmaklis `i si rçacgsir it fllasgfkkikt `is `çbfurs `u o%oi fr`ri
0gs+uis
mfofeíkis
:xiopci -
Jk pfrti"iugcci (klik`gi `i cf*ioikts rçsg`iktgics siragt `çsçqugcgbrç `çsçqugcgbrç sg fk # gklcuagt uki ra""gkirgi `i pçtrfci fu uk *rak` lm6tiau.
-
Oarg"ir sçpariooikt cis oagsfks gk`gvg`uiccis lfkstrugtis ik bfgs fu liccis lfkstrugtis ik oa=fkkirgi fu ik bçtfk.
4fkstrultgfk `i sfus-outuacgtçs sfus-outuacgtçs
:xaoik
`i lma+ui rgs+ui
4cassioikt
`u rgs+ui `aks uki latçefrgi `i targj bgik `çtirogkçi ik jfkltgfk `i sis prgklgpaux çcçoikts. rfpfsgtgfk
`'uk targj oa1frç pfur c'assurakli `'uk rgs+ui pcus eravi +ui ca
kfroaci :xiopcis 4 :xiopcis 4 -
vfc `is oagsfks gsfcçis g sfcçis it susliptgbcis `'0tri gkmabgtçis pik`akt uk lirtagk tiops.
-
!ssurakli `çlís `'uki pirsfkki a#akt uki tiksgfk artçrgicci fu surpfk`çratgfk akfroaci pfur sfk 6*i.
-
!ssurakli `'uk trakspfrtiur `fkt cis vçmglucis lgrlucikt dfur i t kugt.
25
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
0ijus
`'assurir cis rgs+uis `fkt ca prfbabgcgtç `i survikakli ist +uasg lirtagki
fksçquikli
Ca sçciltgfk `is rgsquis (ar c'assuriur
Ca `gspirsgfk `is rgsquis &fur piroittri ca lfopiksatgfk `is rgsquis% gc "aut çvgtir qui tfus cis rgsquis assurçs ki si rçacgsikt ik o0oi tiops. :xiopci <. !ssurakli lfktri ca *r0ci `i tfus cis i,pcfgtakts a*rglfcis `'uki o0oi rç*gfk.
fraei `i er%ci piut akçkatgr cis rçlfctis `i tfus cis assurçs.
:xaoik
`i lma+ui rgs+ui
/. !ssurakli ik las `i `çlís `'uk *rfupi `i pirsfkkis susliptgbcis susliptgbcis `i prik`ri p rik`ri ci o0oi avgfk pfur si rik`ri î uk lfk*rís. 5. k lfuvri lfktri c'gklik`gi% uk *rfupi `i oagsfks sgtuçis `aks ci o0oi gooiubci. Agksg# c'assuriur s'i))frli `i `gvirsg)gir sis sfuslrg(tgfks. Ca `gvgsgfk `is rgsquis (c ki su""gt pas `i sçciltgfkkir it `i `gspirsir cis rgsquis gc
jaut çvgtir `'alliptir uk trfp erfs rgs+ui `fkt ci lf3t, ik las `i sgkgstri, ki pfurragt %tri lfopiksç lfopiksç par cis prgois
uk siuc sgkgstri pfurragt oikalir ca outuacgtç.
:xiopci <.
!ssurakli lfktri c'gklik`gi `i oagsfks gk`gvg`uiccis 0ijus
`'alliptir c'assurakli ik tftacgtç `i oagsfks lfopfrtakt `is `g!agkis `i pgílis, fu uk uk lm2tiau. Ik pratgqui% c'assuriur k'allipti qu'uki partgi `'uk rgsqui trfp gopfrtakt pfur sa outuacgtç. Gc (ratgqui `is tilmkgquis `i `gvgsgfks !fu `i rç(artgtgfk `i rgsquis
Ca lfassurakli Ca rçassurakli Rioarqui Rioarqui lis `iu, tilmkgquis piuvikt 0tri ogsis ik Uuvri ik o0oi tiops.
2=
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
$'ist
ci las `i c'alliptatgfk par uk assuriur `'uki part sur uk rgsqui trís gopfrtakt it qui li `irkgir `çlg`i `i rçassurir uki partgi `i litti o0oi alliptatgfk vu sfk gopfrtakli. Ci pcigk `i lfksirvatgfk &fur mfof*çkçgsir ciurs pfrti"iugccis `i lfktrats% cis assuriurs `çtirogkikt par avakli cis vaciurs oa,goacis `is rgsquis alliptçs.
^cigks `i lfksirvatgfk
Ca sfooi oa,goaci qu'uk assuriur ist pr0t î `çbfursir pfur lfopti prfpri 9au kit `i ca lfassurakli it `i ca rçassurakli:. :xiopci -
Jk pcigk `i lfksirvatgfk `i <>> ogccgfks +! ik (klik`gi.
-
Jk pcigk `i lfksirvatgfk `i <> ogccgfks ogcc gfks +! ik !utfofbgci. r*akgsatgfk
`i ca pfcgtgqui `i sfuslrgptgfk it ci prf*raooi `i rçassurakli `is
assuriurs. C'ikeaeioikt
kit oaxgoac `i c'assuriur ki `fgt pas `çpassir cis oftakts `i pcigks `i lfksirvatgfk. lfksirvatgfk. Cis ofktakts `is pcigks sfkt `çtirogkçs ik "fkltgfk `i of#iks "gkaklgirs `i c'assuriur it `i ca tagcci `u pfrti"iugcci `aks lmaqui braklmi. Ik pratgqui% ci ofktakt `i pcigk ist `i 4 -
5 - 3 `u lmg""ri `'a""agris `i ca braklmi
-
/ - 5 `is "fk`s prfpris. Ik pratgqui% c'assuriur `fgt pfuvfgr prik`ri `is ik*a*ioikts bruts pcus gopfrtakt `i liu, "g,çs par `is pcigks pc igks `i lfksirvatgfk. !llfr`s
lfklcu avil cis rçassuriurs
+çtirogkatgfk
`'uk pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk qug ist supçrgiur î licug `u pcigk `i
lfksirvatgfk :xiopci -
Ik gklik`gi fu ik Orakspfrt ci pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk 2 <3-/> `u pcigk `i lfksirvatgfk Q Ik gklik`gi% ci pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk ist `i < ogccgar` `i +! Q Ci pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk
27
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Ci pfurlikta*i alliptç par lmaqui assuriur ist "fkltgfk `i lrgtíris "g,çs î c'avakli ri"cçtakt sis prfpris lapalgtçs "gkaklgíris.
C'assuriur `çjgkgt sfk pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk fu pcigk `'alliptatgfk
Ci pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk ist ca sfooi oaxgoaci qu'uk assuriur piut alliptir sur uk rgsqui `çtirogkç Cis pcigks sfkt `çtirogkçs par latç*frgis `'assurakli it par katuri `is rgsquis.
cus ci rgs+ui iklfuru ist gopfrtakt, ofgks ci pcigk ist çcivç.
Cis \'gcs
sfuslrgptiurs `fgvikt rispiltir cis pcigks `i sfuslrgptgfk 4 `çpassikt lis ofktakts% ca sflgçtç `'assurakli lfurt uk rgsqui `i "agccgti.
:xiopci kN& Ik !ssurakli (k`gvg`uicci !llg`ikts% cis lapgtau, *araktgs ik las `i `çlís fu `'gk"grogtç ki piuvikt i,lç`ir cis sfoois sugvaktis 4 -
1 >>> >>> + pfur cis assurçs i,ir=akt `is prf"issgfks saks altgvgtçs `ak*iriusis it saks lgrlucatgfk autfofbgci
-
3 >>> >>> + pfur cis prf"issgfks avil lgrlucatgfk autfofbgci gktiksi% oags saks altgvgtçs `ak*iriusis
-
G >>> >>> + pfur cis prf"issgfks altgvgtçs `ak*iriusis itfu lgrlucatgfk autfofbgci gktiksi :xiopci kNA Ik !ssurakli (klik`gi Z Ngsquis !kki,is% cis lapgtau, *araktgs ki piuvikt i,lç`ir cis sfoois sugvaktis 4
-
/ >>> >>> >>> + pfur cis rgsquis ricatg"s au, sgopcis mabgtatgfks
-
< >>> >>> >>> + pfur cis rgsquis ricatg"s au, m)tics% mfpgtau,% ra""gkirgis
<>
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Ca lfassurakli lfassurakli Icci lfksgsti ik uk parta*i prfpfrtgfkkic `'uk o0oi rgsqui iktri pcusgiurs assuriurs. $maqui (c
assuriur allipti uk lirtagk pfurliktaei pfurliktaei `u `u rgsqui
ri=fgt ik çlmak*i li o0oi pfurlikta*i `i ca prgoi
Ik
las `i sgkgstri% gc sira tiku au pagioikt `i ca o0oi prfpfrtgfk `is pristatgfks `uis.
Durg`gquioikt% ci sfuslrgptiur `u lfktrat `'assurakli lfkka7t tfus cis lfassuriurs. (cs cis a tfus a*rççs it a uk rilfurs lfktri lmaluk `'iu, $maqui lfassuriur k'ist tiku qu'î lfklurrikli `u pfurlikta*i qufti part qu'gc a alliptç. +aks ca pratgqui% fk çtabcgt uki siuci pfcgli `gti pfcgli lfcciltgvi $ +ugttakli ukg+uiB.
akkixi spçlgaci ist prçvui pfur gk`g+uir # ca
rçpartgtgfk `u rgsqui iktri cis `g""çriktis sflgçtçs `'assurakli `'assurakli
ci
lfassuriur lmar*ç `i riprçsiktir tfus cis autris `aks cis ricatgfks avil cis lcgikts
c'apçrgtiur fu sflgçtç apçrgtrgli
C'apçrgtiur ist 4
c'assuriur qui ci sfuslrgptiur a lfktaltç î c'frg*gki.
(c `ç"gkgt cis *araktgis it "g,i cis prgois%
pugs rilmirlmi cis partikagris kçlissagris î ca lfuvirturi tftaci `u rgsqui.
Iksugti% gc çtabcgt ca pfcgli avil c'akki,i spçlgaci ik autakt `'i,iopcagris qui `i lfassuriurs% pcus uk pfur ci sfuslrgptiur.
(c "agt sg*kir ca pfcgli% iklagssi cis prgois% cis rçpartgra iktri tfus cis lfassuriurs. Gc
ist c'gktircflutiur c'gktircflutiur `u lcgikt
0ioar+ui <.
C'apçrgtiur k'ist pas kçlissagrioikt c'assuriur qug a alliptç ca pcus *rfssi qufti part.
<1
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
/.
C'apçrgtiur k'ist tiku qu'î lfklurrikli `u pfurlikta*i qu'gc a ritiku bgik qui c'assurç ci lfksg`íri lfooi sfk assuriur
5.
&fur `is rgsquis gopfrtakts% fk "agt appic î `is `gMagkis vfgr `is liktagkis `i lfassuriurs. :xiopci Jk b6tgoikt `'uki vaciur `i />> >>> >>> +r î assurir lfktri c'gklik`gi.
-
C'assuriur ! lfktaltç par ci prfprgçtagri a uk pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk `i <>> >>> >>>. (c lfktaltir `iu, autris assuriurs B it $
-
C'assuriur B a uk pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk `i 1> >>> >>> +r.
-
C'assuriur $ a uk pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk `i G> >>> >>> +r. Ca sflgçtç ! "g,i ca prgoi kitti î ca sfooi `i <>> >>> +r. Ci sfuslrgptiur a alliptç lis lfk`gtgfks it ca lfassurakli `is sflgçtçs !% B it $ qug fkt *araktg ci oa,gouo `u rgsqui. k fbtgikt ci parta*i p arta*i prfpfrtgfkkic prfpfrtgfkkic qug sugt 4
!ssuriur $apgtac *araktg s
Yufti &art
&rgoi kitti pir=ui
Ní*cioikt pfur uk sgkgstri tftac
Ní*cioikt pfur uk sgkgstri partgic `i <>> >>> >>>
!
<>> >>> >>>
3>
3> >>>
<>> >>> >>>
3> >>> >>>
B
1> >>> >>>
5>
5> >>>
1> >>> >>>
5> >>> >>>
$
G> >>> >>>
/>
/> >>>
G> >>> >>>
/> >>> >>>
Oftau,
/>> >>> >>>
<>>
<>> >>>
/>> >>> >>>
<>> >>> >>>
<2
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Ca rçassurakli rçassurakli Cfrsqui cis rgsquis sfkt pcus gopfrtakts qui ca of#ikki `is rgsquis assurçs% ca survikakli `is sgkgstris% piut oittri ik pçrgc cçqugcgbri `i ca outuacgtç `is rgsquis it par lfksçquikli lfksçquikli cçqugcgbri "gkaklgir `i ca sflgçtç `assurakli. +autri part% lit çqugcgbri piut 0tri oikalç par uk luouc `is rgsquis qug oac*rç prflmis `i ca of#ikki% gcs sfkt susliptgbcis `0tri sgkgstrçs î cfllasgfk `uk o0oi çvçkioikt. &fur çcgogkir fu ogkgogsir ci rgsqui `i `çsçqugcgbri `i ca outuacgtç `is rgsquis% cis assuriurs fkt rilfurs î pcusgiurs tilmkg+uis `i `gvgsgfk `is rgs+uis. rgs+uis . $is tilmkgquis piroittikt piroittikt `i pucvçrgsir ci rgsqui rg squi it ci rik`ri suppfrtabci it lfopatgbci avil ca lapalgtç "gkaklgíri `i cassuriur. $is tilmkgquis sfkt cis sugvaktis 4 <. ca lfassurakli /. ca rçassurakli /. Ca lfassurakli Icci lfksgsti ik uk parta*i prfpfrtgfkkic `uk o0oi rgsqui iktri pcusgiurs assuriurs% appicçs lfassuriurs. lfassuriurs . $maqui lfassuriur sik*a*i pfur uk lirtagk pfurlikta*i ik "fkltgfk `i sfk pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk. (c ri=fgt ci o0oi pfurlikta*i `i ca lftgsatgfk tftaci pa#çi par cassurç% it pagi ci o0oi pfurlikta*i `i ca pristatgfk `ui ik las `i sgkgstri. Ci lfktrat `i cassurakli ist *çrç par cuk `is lfassuriurs% appicç capçrgtiur 9cia`gke gksurir ik ik ak*cags:% lmfgsg% pfur lis lfopçtiklis tilmkgquis. Capçrgtiur "g,i cis lfk`gtgfks `assurakli it ca targ"glatgfk% qug sirfkt alliptçis par cis autris lfassuriurs% lfassuriurs% `gts sugviurs.
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
>. Ca rçassurakli Ca rçassurakli ist sfuvikt `ç"gkgi lfooi cassurakli `i cassurakli. $ist uki fpçratgfk par caquicci uki sflgçtç `assurakli `assurakli 9ca lç`akti: lç`akti: traks"íri of#ikkakt uki sfooi lfkvikui uki partgi `is rgsquis quicci a prgs ik lmar*i î uki autri sflgçtç 9ci rçassuriur fu fu lissgfkkagri:. lissgfkkagri :. Ik `autris tirois% ca lç`akti sassuri icci-o0oi auprís `uki autri sflgçtç pfur uki partgi `is rgsquis quicci a sfuslrgts. Ca rçassurakli piroit î cassuriur `i sfuslrgri `is rgsquis `uki vaciur pcus gopfrtakti% gk`gvg`uiccioikt fu ik luoucs. +i pcus% icci piroit uki `gvgsgfk `is `gvgsgfk `is rgsquis î cçlmicci pcakçtagri cçlmicci pcakçtagri ik ik "fkltgfk `is lapalgtçs "gkaklgíris `is `g""çrikts oarlmçs. oarlmçs. $ilg ist `u au "agt qui cis rçassuriurs prf"issgfkkics prf"issgfkkics altgvikt sur pcusgiurs oarlmçs cflau, it rç*gfkau,. Ca `gvgsgfk `is rgsquis î cçlmicci c çlmicci pcakçtagri si "agt cfrsqui ci rçassuriur qug a `çdî alliptç uki part `u rgsqui prfpfsç par ca lç`akti% si rçassuri cug-o0oi auprís `uk autri rçassuriur çtrak*ir ik *çkçrac. (c prftí*i agksg sfk çqugcgbri "gkaklgir " gkaklgir ik rçtrflç`akt uki uki part `is prgois ri=uis au rçtrflissgfkkagri. rçtrflissgfkkagri. Ca rçassurakli piut 0tri lcassçi ik 4 <. Nçassurakli passgvi% fP cassuriur si lfktikti `i lç`ir cis rgsquis qug `çpassikt sa lapalgtç `i rçtiktgfk% au, assuriurs. $ist ca lissgfk. lissgfk . /. Nçassurakli altgvi% fP cassuriur rilmirlmi it allipti ca lfuvirturi `is rgsquis `is autris lfopa*kgis. $ist cLalliptatgfk. cLalliptatgfk.
Assurçs
Lç`akti
Assuriurs `grilts
Lissgfkkagri
Assurçs
Lç`akti
Rçassuriurs
Assuriurs `grilts
Lissgfkkagri
Rçtrflissgfkkagri
Rçtrflissgfkkagri
<0
Lç`akti
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
4lmça `i c&f(çratgfk `i rçassurakli Ik rçassurakli% fk "agt sfuvikt appic au, `iu, kftgfks sugvaktis 4 ci pcigk ci pcigk `i rçtiktgfk it rçtiktgfk it ci pcigk ci pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk sfuslrgptgfk 4 4 Ci pcigk `i rçtiktgfk fu `i lfksirvatgfk $ist ca sfooi oa,goaci qui cassuriur ist pr0t î `çbfursir pfur lfopti lfopti prfpri 9au kit `i ` i ca lfassurakli lfassurakli it ca rçassurakli: `aks uki latç*frgi `assurakli pfur uk rgsqui. Ik `autris tirois% list ca part `u lapgtac qui cassuriur cagssi î sa lmar*i fu lfksirvi. lfksirvi . Cassuriur `fgt fr*akgsir sa pfcgtgqui `i sfuslrgptgfk `i ticci "a=fk qui sfk ik*a*ioikt kit oa,goac ki `çpassi pas ci pcigk `i lfksirvatgfk. lfksirvatgfk. Ca "g,atgfk `u pcigk `i lfksirvatgfk ist *çkçracioikt *çkçracioikt "agti `uki oakgíri iopgrgqui it `çpik` `i ci,pçrgikli it `u bfk siks `is `grg*iakts it `i s of#iks "gkaklgirs `i ciktriprgsi. c iktriprgsi. Jki sflgçtç aklgikki it gopfrtakti a `is pcigks trís gopfrtakts qui licci qug ist kfuvicci avil `is "fk`s prfpris ogkgoau,. $ipik`akt% cis ik*a*ioikts qui cassuriur `fgt prik`ri sfkt pcus gopfrtakts qui liu, cgogtçs par cis pcigks. p cigks. ! lit i""it% ca rçassurakli rçassurakli cug piroit `au*oiktir ca vaciur `i sis ik*a*ioikts% ik utgcgsakt ci pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk Ci pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk (c ist ç*ac î ca sfooi `u pcigk `i lfksirvatgfk it cis pfssgbgcgtçs `i lfuvirturi ik rçassurakli. rçassurakli. Ik `autris tirois% list ca partgi `u rgsqui lfksirvçi par cassuriur it tfutis cis partgis lç`çis au, rçassuriurs. >./. Ca rilmirlmi `i ca rçassurakli !vakt `i pratgquir uki braklmi `assurakli% cassuriur lmirlmi `is rçassuriurs. rçassuriurs. Ca rilmirlmi it cis kç*flgatgfks qug ik `çlfucikt sfkt `u rissfrt `i ca `griltgfk *çkçraci `i ca lfopa*kgi `assurakli. `assurakli. +aks li prflissus% ciktriprgsi piut "agri appic î `is lfurtgirs `i rçassurakli. >.>. Ci tragtç `i rçassurakli rçassurakli $ist uk çlrgt qug oatçrgacgsi ci lfktrat `i rçassurakli it "g,i cis ik*a*ioikts `i lmaqui partgi qug sfkt ca lç`akti 9cassuriur: lç`akti 9cassuriur: it ci rçassuriur fu fu lissgfkkagri. lissgfkkagri . (c `çtirogki 4 •
cis lfktrats +ug iktrikt `aks ci la`ri `u tragtç.
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ci of`i `i rçassurakli # fbcgeatfgri fu jaluctatgvi fbcgeatfgri
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ca jfroi `u tragtç # rfpfrtgfkkic fu kfk prfpfrtgfkkic.
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ca cgogti `i sfuslrgptgfk `u rçassuriur rçassuriur it ca c a lapalgtç `u tragtç. <9
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
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ca prgoi `ui au rçassuriur.
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ca `ati `Lijjit.
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ca `urçi `is ikeaeioikts.
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ci taux `i lfoogssgfk payçi par ci rçassuriur $ ca lç`akti.
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ca partglgpatgfk `i ca lç`akti aux bçkçjglis `u rçassuriur. rçassuriur.
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ca oçtmf`i `i lacluc `is rçsirvis 0:4 0gs+uis :k 4furs" it * *gkgstris ayir" it ci taux `Lgktçr%t $ appcg+uir sur cis `çp@ts.
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ca pçrgf`glgtç `Likvfg `is bfr`iriaux `i lissgfk, `is lfoptis `i rçassurakli it cis `çcags `i ríecioikt `is lfoptis. >.2. Cis laraltçrgstgquis Burg`gquis `i ca rçassurakli Caltgvgtç `i rçassurakli ist laraltçrgsçi par cis "agts sugvakts 4
<. Ca lç`akti risti ci siuc rispfksabci vgs-î-vgs rispfksabci vgs-î-vgs `i sis assurçs. assurçs. Cassurç kist pas tiku î lfkka7tri ci rçassuriur. +i o0oi% cassuriur kist pas tiku `i lfkka7tri ci rçtrflissgfkkagri. /. Ca rçassurakli si""iltui ik `iuxgíoi tiops aprís tiops aprís cis fpçratgfks mabgtuiccis `assurakli. 5. Ca rçassurakli si""iltui sur uk iksiobci `i iksiobci `i lfktrats sau" `aks ci las `i ca rçassurakli jaluctatgvi fP jaluctatgvi fP icci si "agt `uki "a=fk gk`gvg`uicci a""agri gk`gvg`uicci a""agri par a""agri. +fP% ca `çkfogkatgfk `i tragtç `aks ci priogir las. >.0. Ca lcassg)glatgfk lcassg)glatgfk `is tragtçs `i rçassurakli sicfk `g))çrikts lrgt:ris Cis tragtçs `i rçassurakli rçassurakli piuvikt 0tri lcassçs sugvakt `is `g""çrikts lrgtíris 4 lfooirlgac% durg`gqui it tilmkgqui. Ci tabciau lg-`issfus rçsuoi rçsuoi litti lcassg"glatgfk.
rgt%ri rgt%ri lfooirlgac tragtç î prg, "g,i )ragtç s
rgt%ri 9urg`gqui
rgt%ri til$kgqui
tragtç fbcg*atfgri
tragtç prfpfrtgfkkic
tragtç siog fbcg*atfgri fu tragtç î prg, vargabci
"aluctatg" fbcg*atfgri 98al b: tragtç "aluctatg"
<:
tragtç kfk prfpfrtgfkkic
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
>.9. Cis )fkltgfks `i ca rçassurakli Ca rçassurakli ist lfksg`çrçi lfooi uk futgc `i *istgfk par ca lç`akti% `aks ca oisuri fP icci ag`i litti `irkgíri î rçacgsir uk lirtagk kfobri `fbdiltg"s% uki sfupcissi `i *istgfk it uki pir"froakli allrui. fus çkuoçrfks lgkq "fkltgfks prgklgpacis `i ca rçassurakli it qug sfkt 4 <1 C-au!oiktatgfk `u pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk `i ca lç`akti r6li î ca rçassurakli% rçassurakli% ca lç`akti piut sfuslrgri `is rgsquis `fkt ca vaciur `assurakli tftaci ist pcus gopfrtakti qui liu, `fkt sfk pcigk `i lfksirvatgfk 9`i rçtiktgfk: cug piroit. Ci rçassuriur rçassuriur gktirvgikt pfur lfuvrgr ci,lç`ikt `i pcigk. :1 Ca prftiltgfk lfktri cis çlarts `i prf#a#gcgtç Ca rçassurakli gktirvgikt pfur cgssir cis cis rçsuctats tilmkgquis `uki akkçi sur cautri. +i pcus% ca rçacgsatgfk `uk fu `i pcusgiurs sgkgstris `fkt ci ofktakt oikali cçqugcgbri "gkaklgir `i cassuriur ist prgsi ik lmar*i par uki lma7ki `is rçassuriurs qug lfktrgbuikt î catfogsatgfk `is rgsquis rg squis assurçs. 51 C-$fof!çkçgsatgfk `is rçtiktgfks kittis Ca rçassurakli piroit `çlr0tir cis rgsquis `uk pfrti"iugcci qug `çpassikt ik vaciur ci pcigk `i lfksirvatgfk kitti. Ik `autris tirois% tirois% cis pfgktis `is rgsquis sfkt lç`çis au, rçassuriurs it ci pfrti"iugcci `i rgsquis lfksirvçs kist lfkstgtuç qui `is ik*a*ioikts `fkt ca vaciur ist gk"çrgiuri au pcigk `i ` i lfksirvatgfk. =1 Ca jalgcgtç `i trçsfrirgi &fur `is *rak`s sgkgstris kçlissgtakt `is `çbfurs gopfrtakts ik tirois `i virsioikt `i prfvgsgfks fu `i rí*cioikt `ç"gkgtg"% ca lç`akti `fgt `gspfsir `i cgqug`gtçs gooç`gatis. +i pcus% cis c is altg"s riprçsiktatg"s `is ik*a*ioikts `is assuriurs sfkt sfuvikt piu cgqug`is. &ar lfksçquikt% cag`i `is rçassuriurs ist fppfrtuki% ik tirois `i rí*cioikt ik lfoptakt. 71 C-assgstakli til$kgqui Cis rçassuriurs `i part ciur altgvgtç sur ci oarlmç ofk`gac% `gspfsikt `gspfsikt `is statgstgquis it `i riksig*kioikts riksig*kioikts sur `i kfobriu, oarlmçs katgfkau, katgfkau, it lfkkagssikt ciurs partglucargtçs. +i litti "a=fk% gcs piuvikt 4 •
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su**çrir fu o0oi gopfsir `is targ"s. (cs piuvikt ag`ir î ca rç`altgfk `i lirtagks lfktrats fu lirtagkis lcausis. avirtgr cis assuriurs cfrs `i ca `ç*ra`atgfk `is ` is rçsuctats tilmkgquis `uki braklmi it su**çrir cis oisuris `i ri`rissioikt. assurir ca "froatgfk `is sacargçs `is lç`aktis. `g""usir `is cf*glgics `i *istgfk. * istgfk.
<5
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
>.7. Cis f`acgtçs `i ca rçassurakli Ca rçassurakli si""iltui sicfk trfgs of`is% qug sfkt 4 <. ca rçassurakli rçassurakli jaluctatgvi. /. ca rçassurakli rçassurakli jaluctatgvi fbcgeatfgri fu fbcgeatfgri fu siog fbcgeatfgri. 5. ca rçassurakli rçassurakli fbcgeatfgri. >.7./. ca rçassurakli rçassurakli )aluctatgvi
$ist ci of`i ci pcus sgopci `i ca rçassurakli. Ca `çlgsgfk `i cassuriur `i lç`ir ki lfklirki quuk siuc lfktrat. Calliptatgfk `u 9`is: rçassuriur 9s: ki lfklirki quuki part `i li lfktrat. Cis `iu, partgis kfkt auluki fbcgeatgfk quakt fbcgeatgfk quakt î ca lissgfk fP calliptatgfk. Iccis sfkt cgbris `alliptir cgbris `alliptir fu `i lç`ir. (c ka # `fkl pas `i tragtçs ik rçassurakli "aluctatgvi% "aluctatgvi% pugsquicci pfrti sur `is rgsquis gsfcçs. (c sa*gt `i lissgfk ajjagri lissgfk ajjagri par ajjagri. ajjagri. &ar lfksçquikt% icci i,g*i `is lf;ts it `u tiops% vu cis kç*flgatgfks qug ik `çlfucikt. Icci ist rçsirvçi au, rgsquis `fkt ca tilmkglgtç% cis vaciurs assurçis it cis lftgsatgfks sfkt çcivçis pfur pfuvfgr lfopiksir cis lf;ts gkmçrikts î li of`i `i rçassurakli 9rgsquis `i pfgkti:. >.7.>. ca rçassurakli )aluctatgvi fbcg%atfgri !;al $b# 4pik fvir ik ik ak%cags Ci rçassuriur sik*a*i î alliptir tfus cis rgsquis qui cassuriur virsi au tragtç `i rçassurakli. &ar lfktri% cassuriur `grilt ist cgbri `i pcalir fu kfk ci rgsqui. +aks li of`i `i rçassurakli% gc # a uk rgsqui `aktg-sçciltgfk% pugsqui cassuriur cassuriur piut ki pcalir qui cis a""agris "frtioikt i,pfsçis. $i of`i ist `fkl jaluctatgvi pfur ca lç`akti it lç`akti it fbcgeatfgri pfur fbcgeatfgri pfur ci rçassuriur % î lfk`gtgfk qui ci rgsqui virsç `aks ci la`ri `u tragtç sfgt lfk"froi au, `gspfsgtgfks lfktraltuiccis. Icci ist par"fgs quacg"gçi `i ` i siog fbcgeatfgri it fbcgeatfgri it `aks lirtagks las% icci piut 0tri gkvirsçi% list î `gri fbcg*atfgri pfur ca lç`akti it "aluctatgvi pfur ci rçassuriur. >.7.2. ca rçassurakli fbcg%atfgri !"gk `çvgtir qui cassuriur `grilt ki lí`i au rçassuriur rçassuriur qui cis a""agris "frtioikt i,pfsçis it lfksirvi liccis qug sfkt "agbcioikt i,pfsçis% cis `iu, partgis lfklcuikt `is tragtçs `i rçassurakli rçassurakli qug prçvfgikt ca lissgfk fbcgeatfgri par fbcgeatfgri par ca lç`akti it lç`akti it cLalliptatgfk fbcgeatfgri par fbcgeatfgri par ci rçassuriur `i `i tfus cis c is rgsquis sfuslrgts par ca lç`akti it qug iktrikt `aks ci la`ri `u tragtç% pik`akt ca pçrgf`i `u tragtç. &ar lfksçquikt% gc # a fbcg*atgfk `is `iu, partgis. +fP% ci kfo `i rçassurakli fbcgeatfgri.
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
$i of`i `i rçassurakli rç`ugt cis lf;ts `i *istgfk `is `iu, partgis it rçacgsi uk partaei `u sfrt iktri iktri cassuriur it ci rçassuriur. >.L. Cis )fris `i ca rçassurakli rçassurakli Ca rçassurakli a `iu, "frois fu katuris sicfk qui ca lfktrgbutgfk `u rçassuriur au rgsqui prgs ik lmar*i par ca lç`akti ist prfpfrtgfkkicci fu kfk au lapgtau, assurçs. $is "frois sfkt 4 <. ca rçassurakli rçassurakli (rf(frtgfkkicci `gti (rf(frtgfkkicci `gti `i lapgtaux fu fu `i sfoois. sfoois. /. ca rçassurakli rçassurakli kfk (rf(frtgfkkicci `gti (rf(frtgfkkicci `gti `i sgkgstris fu sgkgstris fu `i `fooaeis. `fooaeis . >.L./. ca rçassurakli rçassurakli (rf(frtgfkkicci +aks litti "froi% ca part `u sgkgstri î ca lmar*i `is rçassuriurs ist ç*aci î ca part `is lftgsatgfks qugcs fkt ri=uis. Ci rappfrt sugvakt ist vçrg"gç 4
(rf(frtgfk `i (rgi riui
(rf(frtgfk `i c&gk`ikgtç `u sgkgstri
(ar ci rçassuriur
8 ca lmar%i `u rçassuriur ?
ftgsatgfk tftaci (irui (ar ca lç`akti c&assuriur
Gk`ikgtç tftaci 8 ca lmar%i `u
+aks ca rçassurakli prfpfrtgfkkicci% cassuriur lí`i au rçassuriur uki part `çtirogkçi `is prgois it ik lfktripartgi lfktripartgi gc pir=fgt uki lfoogssgfk `appfrt% `istgkçi î riobfursir cis "rags `i *istgfk. Ca rçassurakli prfpfrtgfkkicci si pratgqui sugvakt `iu, t#pis `i tragtçs% quacg"gçs `i prfpfrtgfkkics. +i pcus% `is lfobgkagsfks `i lis tragtçs sfkt pfssgbcis 4 <. ci tragtç ik partglgpatgfk ik partglgpatgfk fu fu ik qufti part . /. ci tragtç ik ixlç`ikt `i pcigk fu pcigk fu `i lapgtaux fu fu `i sfooi `i sfooi..
<7
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
>.L././. Ci tragtç ik (artglg(atgfk fu ik qufti (art !qufta smari triat* +aks li tragtç% ca lç`akti lí`i uki prfpfrtgfk "g,i sur tfus cis rgsquis qug iktrikt `aks ci la`ri `u tragtç. &ar lfksçquikt% ci rçassuriur ist ik*a*ç î lfklurrikli `i litti prfpfrtgfk pfur tfus cis sgkgstris qug "rappiragikt cis pfcglis rçassurçis. rçassurçis. $i tragtç prçsikti `is avakta*is% `is gklfkvçkgikts it `is utgcgtçs 4 Avakta!is <. Ci lacluc `i ca part lç`çi ist trís sgopci% sgopci% pugsqufk piut appcgquir ci tau, `i lissgfk sur ci ofktakt *cfbac `u pfrti"iugcci. /. Cis "rags `i *istgfk sfkt cgogtçs% cgogtçs% lar cis bfr`iriau, `i lissgfk ki sfkt pas gk`gspiksabcis. 5. cis ik*a*ioikts `i cassuriur sfkt rç`ugts prfpfrtgfkkiccioikt rç`ugts prfpfrtgfkkiccioikt î ca part p art lç`çi. G. (c # a uk partaei uk partaei `u sfrt sfrt iktri iktri cassuriur it ci rçassuriur% pugsqugcs parta*ikt `aks ca o0oi prfpfrtgfk cis lftgsatgfks it cis gk`iokgsatgfks `uis au, assurçs. Gklfkvçkgikts <. Cis prgois lç`çis sfkt trís gopfrtaktis. gopfrtaktis. Cassuriur ist fbcg*ç `i lç`ir sur tfutis cis pfcglis `assurakli sfuslrgtis% o0oi liccis `fkt ci lapgtac ist piu gopfrtakt. /. $i tragtç kist pas lapabci `mfof*çkçgsir cis sfoois assurçis ristakt î î ca lmar*i `i ca lç`akti. 5. +aks ci las fP ci pfrti"iugcci `i cassuriur ist mçtçrfeíki 9*ravgtç mçtçrfeíki 9*ravgtç `u rgsqui% targ"glatgfk% luoucs ...:% li tragtç kist pas lapabci `i "furkgr `is sfcutgfks vgabcis. Ca o0oi lmfsi `aks ci las fP `is rgsquis `i pfgkti si prçsiktikt `aks ci pfrti"iugcci `i cassuriur. c assuriur. 8tgcgtçs $i tragtç ist utgci pfur cis iktriprgsis `assurakli 1iukis `assurakli 1iukis%% ik `çvicfppioikt fu fu bgik çtabcgs oags çtabcgs oags qug viucikt pratgquir `i kfuviccis braklmis. braklmis. Ik `autris tiroi% ci rçassuriur appfrti par sfk parta*i `u sfrt `i ca lç`akti% uk sfutgik jgkaklgir . Ci slmçoa lg-`issfus gccustri ci "fkltgfkkioikt "fkltgfkkioikt `u +ufti part .
0>
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Rçassuriur \fooi assurçi
^fcglis `‗assurakli saks rçassurakli ik qufti part \fooi assurçi bruti
^fcglis aprís rçassurakli ik qufti part
Rçtiktgfk `i c‗assuriur
^artglgpatgfk `u rçassuriur au rgsqui
4lmça `i ca rçassurakli ik qufti (art ! fu ik (artglg(atgfk >.L./.>. Ci tragtç ik i1lç`ikt `i (cigk !fu `i la(gtau1 $ist uk s#stíoi prfpfrtgfkkic fP ca lç`akti lí`i au, rçassuriurs sur lmaluk `is rgsquis ca partgi ca partgi qug qug `çpassi sfk `çpassi sfk pcigk pcigk `i lfksirvatgfk. lfksirvatgfk. Ci Ci pcigk `i rçtiktgfk ist lfksirvç par lfksirvç par ca lç`akti pfur sfk prfpri lfopti it ik las `i sgkgstri qugc sfgt tftac fu partgic% gc # a parta*i `i cgk`iokgtç. c gk`iokgtç. &ar lfksçquikt% lfksçquikt% ci rçassuriur ki lfktrgbui qui `aks cis rgsquis `fkt ci lapgtac assurç ist supçrgiur au pcigk `i rçtiktgfk `i cassuriur. $i tragtç ist çqugvacikt î uk tragtç qufti part `fkt ci tau, `i lissgfk ist vargabci 4 vargabci 4 ci tau, `i lissgfk vargi `uk rgsqui î uk autri sugvakt ca sfooi assurçi. +i pcus% ca lissgfk kist i""iltuçi qui pfur cis rgsquis qug `çpassikt ca rçtiktgfk `i cIktriprgsi. $i tragtç a `is avakta*is% `is gklfkvçkgikts it `is utgcgtçs 4 Avakta!is <. Cis prgois lç`çis sfkt cgogtçis par cgogtçis par rappfrt au tragtç qufti part. Cassuriur ki lí`i qui cis prgois ricatgvis au, rgsquis qug `çpassikt sfk pcigk `i rçtiktgfk. /. Cik*a*ioikt `i cassuriur ist rç`ugt pugsqui pugsqui gc lí`i cis c is pfgktis `i rgsquis qug `çpassikt sa rçtiktgfk. &ar lfksçquikt% ca outuacgtç `is rgsquis ist mfofeçkçgsçi it mfofeçkçgsçi it sfk çqugcgbri ist prftç*ç.
01
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Gklfkvçkgikts <. $ist uk s#stíoi cfur` qug qug `ioak`i biaulfup `i *istgfk% pugsqui cçtabcgssioikt `is bfr`iriau, `i lissgfk ist i,g*ç. Ofuti"fgs% cgk"froatgqui a "algctç çkfroçoikt litti t6lmi. /. (c ist gopfssgbci î appcgquir pfur `is rgsquis qug f""rikt `is earaktgis gccgogtçis% gccgogtçis% pugsqui ca lfuvirturi `u rçassuriur ist cgogtçi. 5. Ci rçassuriur partglgpi î tfus cis sgkgstris qugcs sfgikt partgics fu tftacs% pfurvu qui ca vaciur `u rgsqui assurç `çpassi ci pcigk `i rçtiktgfk `i ca lç`akti. =1$i =1 $i tragtç ist gklapabci `i prftç*ir cassuriur ik las `i luoucs `i rgsquis. Ik `autris tirois% ca lç`akti kist pas prftç*çi lfktri ca rçacgsatgfk `uk kfobri i,lissg" `i pitgts sgkgstris pik`akt ca o0oi pçrgf`i. 718tgcgtçs 71 8tgcgtçs <. (c ist gk`gspiksabci `aks cis braklmis gklik`gi gklik`gi gk`ustrgic% brgs `i oalmgki it oargtgoi lfrps vu ca `gvirsgtç `is `gvirsgtç `is sfoois assurçis. /. (c lfk"íri uki lapalgtç `i sfuslrgptgfk çcivçi pfur çcivçi pfur cis lfopa*kgis `assurakli of`istis. !gksg% gc ciur piroit `i si oagktikgr `aks uk oarlmç i,g*iakt. 2.(c 2. (c piroit `çtabcgr `is cgogtis `i sfuslrgptgfk a`aptçis î ca sgtuatgfk spçlgjg+ui `aks ticci braklmi fu sfus braklmi. Rçassuriur \fooi assurçi
\fooi assurçi
^cigk
pfcglis `‗assurakli saks rçassurakli \fooi assurçi bruti
pfcglis aprís rçassurakli ik ixlç`ikts `i pcigk
Rçtiktgfk `i c‗assuriur
^artglgpatgfk `u rçassuriur au rgsqui
4lmça `i ca rçassurakli ik i1lç`ikt `i (cigks !`i la(gtau1 02
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
>.L.>. ca rçassurakli kfk (rf(frtgfkkicci ( rf(frtgfkkicci +aks litti "froi% ca part `u sgkgstri î ca lmar*i `is rçassuriurs kist pcus ç*aci î ca part `is lftgsatgfks qugcs fkt ri=uis. Ci rappfrt sus-lgtç kist pcus vçrg"gç 4 (rf(frtgfk `i (rgi riui `u sgkgstri
(rf(frtgfk `i c&gk`ikgtç
(ar ci rçassuriur
8 ca lmar%i `u
rçassuriur
ftgsatgfk tftaci (irui (ar ca lç`akti lmar%i `u c&assuriur
Gk`ikgtç tftaci 8 ca
Ci rçassuriur sik*a*i î pa#ir î cassuriur uk lirtagk ofktakt `aks ci las fP uk çvçkioikt `ç"gkg% `ç"gkg% uk sgkgstri fu sgkgstri fu uki pirti uki pirti si si rçacgsi. rçacgsi. Ik rçassurakli kfk prfpfrtgfkkicci% fk `çtirogki 4 <. ci ofktakt î partgr `uquic `is sgkgstris gk`gvg`uics fu uk iksiobci `i sgkgstris `fgvikt 0tri suppfrtçs. $i ofktakt ist appicç uki ] (rgfrgtç W (rgfrgtç W fu jraklmgsi. jraklmgsi. (c riprçsikti ca rçtiktgfk `i cassuriur quakt au ofktakt `u sgkgstri. /. ci oa,gouo `i sgkgstris qui ci rçassuriur sik*a*i î riobfursir î cassuriur `grilt pfurvu qui ci sgkgstri tftac `çpassi ca prgfrgtç "g,çi `aks &". &". Cçtik`ui oa,goaci `i cfbcg*atgfk `u rçassuriur ist appicçi uki ] traklmi W traklmi W fu pfrtçi fu pfrtçi 9cayir ik ak*cags:. $ipik`akt% gc ist pfssgbci `avfgr pcusgiurs traklmis `aks cis tragtçs qug kçlissgtikt kçlissgtikt uki lfuvirturi gopfrtakti. !gksg ca lapalgtç `u lapalgtç `u tragtç kfk prfpfrtgfkkic fu ] (ca)fk` W (ca)fk` W rçsucti `i ca``gtgfk `i ca prgfrgtç it ca fu cis traklmis. Cis sgkgstris `fkt ci ofktakt `çpassi litti lapalgtç sfkt î ca lmar*i `i cassuriur. Cis tragtçs `i rçassurakli rçassurakli kfk prfpfrtgfkkicci sfkt sfuvikt kftçs par 4 ^frtçi 3\ .rakl$gsi Ca lapalgtç `u tragtç% list î `gri ci pca"fk` ist 4 ^cajfk`
?
^frtçi
;
.rakl$gsi .rakl$gs i
Ca rçassurakli kfk prfpfrtgfkkicci si pratgqui sugvakt trfgs t#pis `i tragtçs% quacg"gçs `i kfk prfpfrtgfkkics 4 prfpfrtgfkkics 4 <. ci tragtç ik i,lç`ikt `i sgkgstri 9IC 9 IC%% :xliss fj Cfss ik Cfss ik ak*cags:. /. ci tragtç ik i,lç`ikt `i pirti akkuicci. 94C# 94C# *tfp *tfp Cfss". 5. ci tragtç `i sgkgstri oa,gouo.
0<
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
+i pcus% cis tragtçs ik i,lç`ikt `i sgkgstri sfkt lcassçs ik `iu, *rfupis 4 •
ik i,lç`ikt `i sgkgstri par rgsqui fu pfcgli 9 JIC# Ifr?gke :xliss fj Cfss: Cfss :
•
ik i,lç`ikt `i sgkgstri par çvçkioikt 9at 9 at IC# 4atastrfpmi :xliss fj Cfss" >.L.>./. Ci tragtç ik 51lç`ikt `i sgkgstri (ar rgsqui fu (fcgli 9 (fcgli 9JIC# JIC# 6frNgk! Ixliss fj Cfss: Cfss: Cçvçkioikt survgikt quak` uki pfcgli uki pfcgli ist ist sgkgstrçi. sgkgstrçi. +aks li tragtç% ci rçassuriur sik*a*i î pa#ir uk ofktakt gk"çrgiur fu ç*ac î ca traklmi î lmaqui "fgs quuki pfcgli ist sgkgstrçi î lfk`gtgfk qui ci ofktakt `u sgkgstri sfgt supçrgiur î ca "raklmgsi.
Rçassuriur \gkgstri
\gkgstri
^rgfrgtç
Rçpartgtgfk `is sgkgstris avil rçassurakli kfk prfpfrtgfkkicci `u typi U]C
\gkgstris `us par c‗assuriur `grilt saks rçassurakli kfk prfpfrtgfkkicci \gksgtris bruts î payir par c‗assuriur `grilt
\gkgstris kits î ca lmarei `i c‗assuriur
^artglgpatgfk `u rçassuriur kfk prfpfrtgfkkic aux sgkgstris
4lmça `i ca rçassurakli ik i1lç`ikt `i sgkgstris (ar rgsqui fu (fcgli !JIC >.L.>.>. Ci tragtç ik 51lç`ikt `i sgkgstri (ar çvçkiikt 9 çvçkiikt 9at at IC# atastrfp$i Ixliss fj Cfss: Cfss : +aks li tragtç% cçvçkioikt kist pcus uki pfcgli sgkgstrçi oags uk iksiobci `i iksiobci `i pfcglis sgkgstrçis î cfllasgfk `uk siuc çvçkioikt fu fu lausi tic qui 4 uki tiop0ti% uk triobcioikt `i tirri% uki gkfk`atgfk% ...itl. Cis rçassuriurs sik*a*ikt î prik`ri ik lmar*i ci tftac `i tfus cis sgkgstris pfurvu qui li ofktakt `çpassi ca prgfrgtç ca prgfrgtç lfktraltuicci lfktraltuicci..
00
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
$ipik`akt% `is lcausis `i cgogtatgfk c gogtatgfk *çf*rapmgqui it tiopfricci sfkt gksçrçis `aks ci tragtç a"gk `i ki pas gklfrpfrir cis pfcglis sgkgstrçis `u "agt `i `iu, lausis g`iktgquis it prflmis takt `aks cispali qui `aks ci tiops. 8tgcgtç $i tragtç suppfrti uki partgi gopfrtakti `i ca c a lmar*i tftaci `is sgkgstris% lausçi par uk luouc rçacgsç. Cis lfksçquiklis "gkaklgíris `i li luouc appicç latastrfpmi, sfkt ikra#çis i""glalioikt î cag`i `i li tragtç. >.L.>.2. Ci tragtç ik 51lç`ikt `i (irti akkuicci 9 akkuicci 94C# 4C# \tfp Cfss: Cfss: +aks li tragtç% cçvçkioikt lfktri ciquic cassuriur lmirlmi î si prçoukgr ist ca rçacgsatgfk `uki rçacgsatgfk `uki pirti pirti `urakt `urakt cLixirlgli. cLixirlgli. Ik `autris tirois% list ciksiobcis `is pfcglis sgkgstrçis pik`akt cakkçi qug lfkstgtui cLçvçkioikt . Ci rçassuriur sfbcg*i î prik`ri ik lmar*i uk lirtagki partgi `i ca sfooi tftaci `is sgkgstris 9lmarei 9 lmarei tftaci `is sgkgstris: sgkgstris : pfurvu quicci `çpassi ` çpassi uk ofktakt absfcu fu absfcu fu uk pfurliktaei uk pfurliktaei jgxi `i jgxi `i ca rilitti `is prgois `i ca lç`akti. &ar lfksçquikt% fk "g,i uki cgogti qug ist i,prgoçi ik ofktakt fu ik pfurlikta*i. Ik *çkçrac% fk fpti pfur ca `iu,gíoi actirkatgvi qug si,prgoi sfus ca "froi `u rappfrt rappfrt 4 sgkgstris sgkgstris pa#çs sur prgois çogsis \ &. \g ca cgogti ist i,prgoçi ik ofktakt% ci tragtç ist appicç uk tragtç ik i,lç`ikt `i pirti akkuicci% 9aeerieati 9 aeerieati cfss lfvir ik ik ak*cags:. \g par lfktri% icci ist i,prgoçi ik pfurlikta*i% ci tragtç ist appicç uk tragtç ik i,lç`ikt `i pfurlikta*i `i pirti% 9*tfp 9*tfp cfss lfvir ik ik ak*cags:.
09
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
ik partglgpatgfk puri (ik ufti art )
prfpfrtgfkkicci
ik ixlç`ikt `i pcigk (ixlç`ikt `i lapgtaux fu `i
(`i sfoois fu `i lapgtaux)
ik qufti part prçlgputagri
ik qufti part - ixlç`ikt `i ik ixlç`ikt `i pcigk prçlgputagri
Rçassurakli par rgsqui fu pfcgli U]C ik ixlç`ikt `i sgkgstris ]C (ixliss cfss)
kfk prfpfrtgfkkicci
ik ixlç`ikt `i pirti akkuicci \C \tf cfss
par çvíkioikt Lat ]C
(`i (`i `fo `fooa oa is fu `i sgkgstris) rçassurakli `u sgkgstri oaxgouo
4lmça `is `g))çriktis )fris `i tragtçs `i rçassurakli
0:
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
GZ. C Cis ^ ^rfvgsgfks P Pilmkgquis ! !`ittis f fu i ik%a%iikts ttilmkgquis $i sfkt `is lfrriltgfks lfoptabcis lfoptabcis appfrtçis î cgkviktagri it `istgkçis î piroittri ci rí*cioikt gktç*rac `is ik*a*ioikts prgs ikvirs cis assurçs it bçkç"glgagris `i lfktrats. Iccis sfkt cgçis î ca tilmkgqui o0oi `i cassurakli it gopfsçis par ca rç*cioiktatgfk. $is prfvgsgfks lfkstgtuikt cuk `is aspilts ci pcus spçlg"gqui it ci pcus `çcglat `i ca lfoptabgcgtç `is Iktriprgsis `assuraklis. (c i,gsti pcusgiurs pcusgiurs t#pis `i prfvgsgfks% `g""çriktis `i par ciur ciur katuri it `i par cis oçtmf`is ritikuis pfur ciur lacluc. fus lgtirfks cis prfvgsgfks cis pcus utgcgsçis% î savfgr 4 .
Cis prfvgsgfks prfvgsgfks pfur rgs+uis rgs+uis ik lfurs 0:4"
J.
Cis prfvgsgfks pfur sgkgstris ristakt $ payir *"
$.
Cis prfvgsgfks oatmçoatg+uis ik vgi. Cis prfvgsgfks tilmkgquis sfkt `is `ittis `i cassuriur. Iccis "g*urikt au passg" `u bgcak `i ciktriprgsi `assurakli. `assurakli. Ik lfktripartgi% iccis `fgvikt 0tri riprçsiktçis î caltg" `u bgcak par `is vaciurs çqugvaciktis ik pcalioikts. A Ca ^rfvgsgfk (fur Rgsquis ik lfurs !R5 @ç)gkgtgfk ] Cis prfvgsgfks pfur Ngsquis ik lfurs sfkt `istgkçis î lfuvrgr cis rgsquis it cis "rags *çkçrau, a""çrikts pfur lmaluk `is lfktrats î prgoi pa#abci par avakli% î ca pçrgf`i lfoprgsi iktri ca `ati `i cgkviktagri 95< `çliobri: ` çliobri: it ca prflmagki çlmçakli. W Cis sflgçtçs `assurakli sfkt ik i""it tikuis `arr0tir fbcg*atfgrioikt fbcg*atfgrioikt ciurs çlrgturis lmaqui akkçi ci 5< `çliobri. r% tfut au cfk* `i cakkçi% iccis çoittikt `is pfcglis pfur *çkçracioikt uki `urçi `uk ak `fkt cçlmçakli piut arrgvir bgik aprís ci 5< `çliobri it pfur cisquiccis cis prgois fkt çtç virsçis `avakli ik lfktripartgi `uki *araktgi vacabci pfur ca `urçi `u lfktrat. +aks lis lfk`gtgfks% fk vfgt bgik qui% ci 5< +çliobri% cis \flgçtçs `assurakli vfkt si trfuvir ik pfssissgfk `i prgois pfur `is rgsquis qug si rçacgsirfkt aprís litti `ati it li% dusquî cçlmçakli c çlmçakli `i lmaqui pfcgli. Iccis `ivrfkt `fkl oittri `i lftç ca partgi `is prgois lfrrispfk`akt lfrrispfk`akt au, rgsquis qug ristikt î lfurgr. &rikfks% par i,iopci% uki prgoi `i <.>>> +! pa#çi pfur uk lfktrat `uk ak% sfuslrgt ci >/. &ugsqui cgkviktagri va 0tri "agt ci 5< `çliobri />>/% gc appara7t qui ca prgoi appartgikt pfur partgi î ci,irlgli />>/% it pfur partgi î ci,irlgli />>5. Cassuriur a `fkl î prfvgsgfkkir ci 5< `çliobri />>/% ca ofgtgç `i ca prgoi p rgoi pfur prik`ri ik lmar*i ci rgsqui `u >5 au 5> Dugk />>5. Hags% gc kik ist pas kçlissagrioikt kçlissagrioikt agksg. Ik i""it% ca prgoi lfooirlgaci% list î
05
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
`gri% ca prgoi kitti mfrs ta,is pa#çi par cassurç% lfopfrti uki partgi qug `fgt sirvgr î lfuvrgr cis "rags `alqugsgtgfk% lfoogssgfk lfoogssgfk au, gktiroç`gagris it çtabcgssioikt `u lfktrat. +aks lis lfk`gtgfks% gc ist gk`gspiksabci `i `ç`ugri `i ca basi `i prgoi î rçpartgr Tprfrata tiopfrgsX tiopfrgsX ci lmar*ioikt lmar*ioikt ricatg" au, "rags `alqugsgtgfk `çpiksçs `çpiksçs `ís cçtabcgssioikt `i lmaqui pfcgli 9cis lfoogssgfks au, gktiroç`gagris:. gktiroç`gagris:. Ca prfvgsgfk pfur rgsquis ik lfurs `fgt `fkl 0tri ç*aci î 4 9&rgoi S lfoogssgfks: _ Oiops qug risti î lfurgr +urçi `i ca pfcgli `assurakli. r. 0:4 rgoi kitti `i lfoogssgfks x MG&A M # çtakt ca pçrgf`i ristakt $ lfurgr" !udfur`mug% uk *rak` kfobri `i lfopa*kgis pfurragikt% *r6li î cgk"froatgqui% laclucir litti prfvgsgfk pfur rgsquis ik lfurs au T (rfrata ti(frgs ti(frgs it lfktrat par lfktrat. Hags ca pcupart p cupart `iktri iccis appcgquikt uki oçtmf`i "fr"agtagri prçvui par ca rç*cioiktatgfk "rak=agsi% appicçi Tca rí*ci `is 51 M. +autris oçtmf`is oçtmf`is piuvikt 0tri utgcgsçis% utgcgsçis% î savfgr </Gíoi it <Kíoi . $acluc " " fr" agtagri 99 C Ca rrí*ci ` `is 5 51 :: 44 (c a çtç istgoç% ik 8rakli% qui cis "rags `alqugsgtgfk riprçsiktagikt% ik of#ikki% /K `i ca prgoi lfooirlgaci. Ik futri% sg cfk lfksg`íri qugc # a autakt `i pfcglis çlmuis quik lfurs au ogcgiu `uki akkçi% fk piut a`oittri qui ca prfvgsgfk pfur rgsquis ik lfurs sfgt laclucçi lfooi sugt% pfur <.>>> +! `i prgois çogsis au lfurs `uk o0oi i,irlgli 4 &rfvgsgfk pfur rgsquis ik lfurs 9 NI$: 2 <.>>>[ /K> 2
51> +! /
ftir qui litti rí*ci suppfsi cis m#pftmísis sugvaktis 4 -
qui ci targ" sfgt lfrrilt% qui cis pfcglis sfgikt ukg"froçoikt rçpartgis `aks ci tiops% avakt it aprís ci 5< +çliobri.
-
qui cis prgois sçlmicfkkikt rç*ucgírioikt tfut au cfk* `i cakkçi%
-
qui cis "rags `alqugsgtgfk sfgikt bgik `i /K #
-
ik"gk% qui lmaqui braklmi `assurakli sfgt tragtçi sçparçoikt. sçparçoikt.
&fur lmaluk `is quatri priogirs pfgkts qug ki siragikt pas a`çquats% gc "au`ragt au*oiktir fu `gogkuir% sicfk ci siks `is çlarts% ci tau, `i 51 . ftir ç*acioikt qui li tau, `i 51 ist vacabci ik 8rakli it ik !c*çrgi % oags
0=
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
`aks ca pcupart `is autris pa#s% ci tau, "fr"agtagri ist ci pcus sfuvikt `i G> . , - Ca ^rfvgsgfk (fur sgkgstri 8 (a*ir `aks cis braklmis `gtis `fa%is ! autris qui vgi @ç)gkgtgfk ] Cis prfvgsgfks pfur \gkgstris î pa#ir 9\!&: sfkt `istgkçis î lfuvrgr cis sgkgstris survikus avakt ca lc)turi `i ci,irlgli 95< `çliobri:% oags qug kfkt pas iklfri çtç pa#çs. W Ik assurakli% ci `çrfucioikt `i ca prflç`uri `u virsioikt `is gk`iokgtçs lfopfrti pcusgiurs pmasis 4 -
Ci sgkgstri 8 (a*ir ! ciur frg*gki% cis `fooa*is sfkt `abfr` istgoçs î uk lirtagk ofktakt qug lfkstgtui ci sgkgstri î pa#ir. Hags ci bçkç"glgagri kist pas fbcg*atfgrioikt `allfr` avil cassuriur sur cistgoatgfk it% sau" iktikti iktri cis `iu, partgis% ca""agri ist pfrtçi `ivakt cis trgbukau,.
-
Ci sgkgstri rç%cç Jki "fgs ca `çlgsgfk `is du*is prgsi% fk lfkka7t ci ofktakt `i cgk`iokgtç î virsir qug ki piut 0tri lfktistçi. Ci sgkgstri `fkt ci ofktakt ist `ç"gkgtgvioikt lfkku% ist `gt Tsgkgstri rç*cçX.
-
Ci sgkgstri (a*ç. Ik"gk% uctgoi pmasi cfrs `u pagioikt `i cgk`iokgtç par cassuriur qug lfkstgtui ci sgkgstri pa#ç. +u "agt qui cassuriur a uki `itti ikvirs cis assurçs% riprçsiktçi par cis gk`iokgtçs qugc ciur `fgt% gc va oittri ik prfvgsgfk cis ofktakts `i lis sgkgstris î pa#ir% ofktakt lfkstgtuç `is çcçoikts sugvakts 4
<.
`u ofktakt `is sgkgstris rç*cçs% oags kfk iklfri pa#çs 4 Hfktakt qug ist lfkku avil i,altgtu`i lfooi `çlrgt lg[`issus.
/.
`u ofktakt `is sgkgstris qug ki sfkt pas iklfri rç*cçs. $i sfkt `is sgkgstris lfkkus pfur cisquics cis ofktakts ki piuvikt pas 0tri `çtirogkçs i,altioikt% i,altioikt% sfgt parli qugc # a lfktistatgfk `i <assurç% sfgt parli qui cis rappfrts `i,pirtgsi 9oç`glau,: ki piuvikt pas 0tri `ç"gkgtg"s `u "agt `i bcissuris kfk lfksfcg`çis par i,iopci.
5.
Ik"gk% gc # a tfuti uki sçrgi `i sgkgstris survikus% oags kfk iklfri lfkkus `i cassuriur 9G,KR 9G,KR % (klurri` But ft Nipfrti`:. $i sfkt pfur ca pcupart 4
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`is sgkgstris kfk lfkkus parli qui ciur `ati `i survikakli ist trfp rçlikti 07
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
par rappfrt î ca `ati `gkviktagri% -
+is sgkgstris lfklirkakt `is pfcglis lfuvrakt ca Nispfksabgcgtç $gvgci &rf`ugts% fu ca Nispfksabgcgtç $gvgci &rf"issgfkkicci% pfur cisquiccis% *çkçracioikt% gc kV# a pas lfklfogtakli `aks ci tiops iktri ca "auti lfoogsi it ci ofoikt fP icci ist lfkstatçi par cis `fooa*is quicci iktra7ki. acluc `is ^rfvgsgfks pfur sgkgstris pair1 $i lacluc kist pas lmfsi sgopci. çakofgks% gc # a au ofgks trfgs oçtmf`is pfur # parvikgr 4 D
=çtmf`i `fssgir par `fssgir
D
=çtmf`i `i la`ikli `is ríecioikts
D
=çtmf`i `u lf3t ofyik
/. "çtmf`i `fssgir (ar `fssgir +aks litti oçtmf`i% cis `fssgirs sfkt riprgs uk par uk it fk çvacui cis `fooa*is ik "fkltgfk `is riksig*kioikts `çdî lfkkus 9rappfrt `i,pirtgsi% "alturis `i rçparatgfks% bfks `i lfooak`is `is pgílis fu `is çqugpioikts% A.:% `is rapprflmioikts "agts avil `is sgkgstris akacf*uis it rçlikts it `i ca lfkdfklturi çlfkfogqui. Ci tftac `is çvacuatgfks ist oadfrç `i 3 pfur "rags `i *istgfk pfur fbtikgr ci ofktakt `i ca prfvgsgfk pfur sgkgstris î pa#ir. p a#ir. Jki rçlapgtucatgfk ist "agti par i,irlgli `i survikakli. $itti oçtmf`i ist trís utgcgsçi `aks cis braklmis b raklmis gklik`gi% trakspfrts. trakspfrts. >. "çtmf`i `i ca la`ikli la`ikli `is r:%ciikts &fur uki latç*frgi `fkkçi it pfur uk i,irlgli `i survikakli `fkkç% fk lfkstati qui ci pagioikt 9fu ca cgqug`atgfk: `is sgkgstris sçlmicfkki `aks ci tiops avil uki lirtagki lfkstakli 9vgtissi fu r#tmoi:. :xiopci
\ur cis <>> `is sgkgstris survikus `aks uk i,irlgli% fk lfkstati qui 4
5> sfkt pa#çs cakkçi o0oi%
53 cakkçi sugvakti%
/3 au bfut `i `iu, 9>/: aks%
<> au bfut `i trfgs t rfgs 9>5: aks.
9>
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Ik"gk% au bfut `i quatri aks% gc k# a pcus `i sgkgstris ristakt î pa#ir survikus au tgtri `i ci,irlgli lfksg`çrç. $ilg lfkstgtui ca la`ikli `i r:%ciikt `is r:%ciikt `is sgkgstris sgkg stris survikus `aks uk i,irlgli `fkkç. ! ca lc)turi `i ci,irlgli />><% ci ofktakt `is sgkgstris pa#çs ist `i //F./>> +!. $i ofktakt ist ripartg iktri cis i,irlglis `i survikakli lfooi sugt 4
FK.>>> au tgtri `i ci,irlgli `i survikakli />>< 9list î `gri `is sgkgstris survikus ik />><:.
FG./>> au tgtri `i ci,irlgli `i survikakli />>>.
1>.>>> au tgtri `i ci,irlgli `i survikakli <^^^.
<3.>>> au tgtri `i ci,irlgli `i survikakli <^^K. ! partgr `i ca la`ikli `i rí*cioikt it `i ca rçpartgtgfk `is sgkgstris pa#çs par i,irlgli `i survikakli% fk piut `çtirogkir ca prfvgsgfk pfur \!& î lfkstgtuir au 5<><.
&fur ci,irlgli `i survikakli />><% salmakt qui 5> `is sgkgstris survikus `aks uk i,irlgli sfkt pa#çs `aks ci o0oi i,irlgli% fk piut `çtirogkir ci ofktakt `is sgkgstris surviku ik />>< it prfvgsgfkkir ci ofktakt `is sgkgstris ristakts î pa#ir% î savfgr F>253n/3n<>. Hfktakt `is sgkgstris survikus 2 Hfktakt `is sgkgstris pa#çs 5> 2 FK.>>> 5> 2 >7. +!. >7. +!. Hfktakt `i ca prfvgsgfk \!& 2 Hfktakt `is sgkgstris survikus , F> 2 /D>. +!
&fur ci,irlgli `i survikakli />>>% salmakt qui 53 `is sgkgstris survikus `aks uk i,irlgli sfkt pa#çs `aks cakkçi sugvakti% fk piut `çtirogkir ci ofktakt `is sgkgstris surviku ik />>> it prfvgsgfkkir ci ofktakt `is sgkgstris ristakts î pa#ir% î savfgr 532/3n<>.
Hfktakt `is sgkgstris survikus 2 Hfktakt `is sgkgstris pa#çs 53 2 FG./>> 53 2 >/>. +!. >/>. +!. Hfktakt `i ca prfvgsgfk \!& 2 Hfktakt `is sgkgstris survikus , 53 2 L0.> +!
&fur ci,irlgli `i survikakli <^^^% salmakt qui /3 `is sgkgstris survikus `aks uk i,irlgli sfkt pa#çs au bfut `i `iu, aks% fk piut `çtirogkir ci ofktakt `is sgkgstris surviku ik <^^^ it prfvgsgfkkir ci ofktakt `is sgkgstris ristakts î pa#ir% î savfgr <>. Hfktakt `is sgkgstris survikus 2 Hfktakt `is sgkgstris pa#çs /3 2 1>.>>>
91
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
/3 2 >0. +!. >0. +!. Hfktakt `i ca prfvgsgfk \!& 2 Hfktakt `is sgkgstris survikus , <> 2 >0. +!
&fur ci,irlgli `i survikakli <^^K% salmakt qui <> `is sgkgstris survikus `aks uk i,irlgli sfkt pa#çs au bfut `i trfgs aks% fk piut `çtirogkir ci ofktakt `is sgkgstris surviku ik <^^K. +i pcus% gc k# k # aura pcus `i pagioikt `i sgkgstris au tgtri `i ci,irlgli <^^K. par lfksçquikt% cassuriur ki lfkstgtui pcus `i prfvgsgfk pfur cis sgkgstris ristakts î pa#ir. Hfktakt `is sgkgstris survikus 2 Hfktakt `is sgkgstris pa#çs <> 2 <3.>>> <> 2 /9. +!. /9. +!. Hfktakt `i ca prfvgsgfk \!& 2 Hfktakt `is sgkgstris survikus , > 2 +!. Ik"gk% ci ofktakt `i ca prfvgsgfk p rfvgsgfk pfur \!& qui cassuriur lfkstgtuira î ca lc)turi `i ci,irlgli />>< ist ç*ac î >> n FG.>>> n /G.>>> n > 2 >D. +!. >D. +!. 2. "çtmf`i `u lf6t f*ik :cci sLappcg+ui aux ixirlglis rçlikts. >k sLgkspgri `u lf3t ofyik `Luk sgkgstri, fbsirvç sur cis ixirlglis pcus aklgiks, pfur laclucir ci 4= `i c Lixirlgli +ui cLfk ouctgpcgi par ci kfobri `i `fssgirs pfur avfgr ci lf3t tftac. (c sa*gt ik `autris tirois `i `çtirogkir par i,irlgli `i survikakli% survikakli% ci lf;t of#ik `is sgkgstris ik lfoparakt ca lmar*i tftaci `is sgkgstris au kfobri `is sgkgstris. &fur uki akkçi `fkkçi% fk ikri*gstri uk ofktakt `i sgkgstris pa#çs it fk lfkstgtui uk ofktakt `i prfvgsgfks pfur cis sgkgstris î pa#ir. ! partgr `is lf;ts of#iks `is i,irlglis `i survikakli aktçrgiurs% fk i,trapfci ci lf;t of#ik prfbabci `is sgkgstris `i ci,irlgli qug si lc)t. Ci lf;t tftac prçvgsgfkkic `i ci,irlgli ist fbtiku ik ouctgpcgakt c i lf;t of#ik par ci kfobri `i sgkgstris survikus `aks ci,irlgli. $itti oçtmf`i ist utgcgsçi `aks cassurakli autfofbgci `i par cgopfrtakli `u kfobri `is sgkgstris `çlcarçs `aks litti braklmi it `aks cis assuraklis `i rispfksabgcgtç fu ca "g,atgfk `u ofktakt `ç"gkgtg" î ca lmar*i `is assuriurs si "agt sur pcusgiurs i,irlglis. Rioarqui Cis rçsuctats "furkgs par cis c is `g""çriktis oçtmf`is sfkt lfoparçs par i,irlgli `i survikakli. k lmfgsgt cçvacuatgfk ca pcus çcçvçi. Ofus cis ofktakts bruts sfkt oadfrçs `i 3 pfur "rags `i *istgfk.
92
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Ixiopci \fgikt cis çvacuatgfks `is \!& par i,irlglis `i survikakli />><%/>>>%<^^^ it <^^K% fbtikuis par cis oçtmf`is `fssgir par `fssgir it ca oçtmf`i `i la`ikli `i rí*cioikt. Ivacuatgfks `is oçtmf`is I,irlgli `i survikakli
+fssgir par `fssgir
$a`ikli `i rí*cioikt
Hfktakt rçtiku
/>><
.>>>
>>
>>
/>>>
F3.>>>
FG.>>>
F3.>>>
<^^^
/5.3>>
/G.>>>
/G.>>>
<^^K
<.>>>
>
<.>>>
Pftac
>D>.
Ca prfvgsgfk pfur sgkgstris î pa#ir 2 /K/.>>> n 93 , /K/.>>>: 2 /^1.<>> +a. - Cis ^rfvgsgfks "atmçatgquis @ç)gkgtgfk ] Ca prfvgsgfk oatmçoatgqui ist ca `g""çrikli iktri cis vaciurs altuiccis `is ik*a*ioikts rispiltgvioikt prgs par cassuriur it par cis assurçs W. Icci rilfuvri `iu, aspilts 4
Ca partgi ] ç(ar%ki W ç(ar%ki W `is prgois p rgois pa#çis par cis sfuslrgptiurs. Ci lapgtac pa#abci î cçlmçakli ist lfkstgtuç `is prgois pa#çis par cis sfuslrgptiurs% sfuslrgptiurs% `gogkuçis `is "rags `alqugsgtgfk it `i *istgfk% au*oiktçis `is gktçr0ts it `i ca partglgpatgfk au, bçkç"glis. !gksg cassuriur `fgt lfkstgtuir `is prfvgsgfks pfur lfkstgtuir cis lapgtau, pa#abcis î cçlmçakli. cçlmçakli.
Caspilt ] kgvicciikt W kgvicciikt W `is prgois `aks cis assuraklis ik las `i `çlís. Ci rgsqui `i `çlís au*oikti lmaqui akkçi. &ar lfksçquikt% ca prgoi `assurakli `ivragt au*oiktir oags pfur `is ragsfks lfooirlgacis% ca prgoi ist kgviccçi lmaqui akkçi. +fP% cis prgois pa#çis cis priogíris akkçis sfkt trfp "frtis par rappfrt au rgsqui it trfp "agbcis cis `irkgíris akkçis.
9<
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
&ar lfksçquikt% cassuriur lfkstgtui uki prfvgsgfk cis priogíris akkçis pfur "agri "ali î cgksu""gsakli `is prgois `is `irkgíris akkçis. ^rgoi `‗assurakli
^rfvgsgfk oatmçoatgqui (Assurakli ik las `i `çlís)
Gksujjgsakli `i prgoi
^rgoi `i Rgsqui
Lapgtac Zgi ^rgois `‗assurakli
^rfvgsgfk oatmçoatgqui (Assurakli ik las `i survgi)
90
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Ca sfus-assurakli C'gksu""gsakli `'assurakli `'assurakli piut `çlfucir `i pcusgiurs sgtuatgfks 4 -
ci lcgikt a oac çvacuç ca vaciur `i sfk bgik pugsqu'gc k'ist pas uk i,pirt Q
-
ci lcgikt c'a vfcfktagrioikt sfus-çvacuçi% sfus-çvacuçi% lar gc ki sfumagti pas *araktgr ca tftacgtç `u bgik fu istgoi qui ci lapgtac lmfgsg ist su""gsakt Q
-
ca sfus-assurakli piut rçsuctir `i sgtuatgfks lfktraltuiccis vfucuis par c'assuriur ik las `i cgogti fu `i "raklmgsi. 9. Ca ríeci prfpfrtgfkkicci `i lapgtaux Cis lapgtau, `fgvikt 0tri çvacuçs çvacuçs au dfur `i ca sfuslrgptgfk sfuslrgptgfk `u lfktrat. Jki Jki tfcçrakli `'irriur `i <> ist tfuti"fgs a`ogsi par cis assuriurs. Ik las `i sfus-çvacuatgfk `i ca vaciur `'uk bgik% qu'icci rçsucti `'uki oauvagsi apprçlgatgfk fu `i ca vfcfktç `i c'assurç% ca rí*ci prfpfrtgfkkicci `i lapgtau, ist appcgquçi. \'gc rçsucti `is istgoatgfks qui ca vaciur `i ca lmfsi assurçi i,lí`i au dfur `u sgkgstri ca sfooi *araktgi% c'assurç ist lfksg`çrç lfooi sfk prfpri assuriur pfur c'i,lç`ikt% it suppfrti% ik lfksçquikli% lfksçquikli% uki part prfpfrtgfkkicci `u Gk`iokgtç ? ofktakt `u sgkgstri x
sfooi assurçi vaciur rçicci `u bgik
`fooa*i% sau" lfkviktgfk lfktragri :xiopci \fgt uk b6tgoikt assurç pfur uki vaciur `i F>> >>> +rs% `fkt ca vaciur rçicci ist istgoçi î `gri `'i,pirt î < >>> >>> +rs. Jk sgkgstri survgikt 4 -
`'uk ofktakt `i 3>> >>> +rs 9sgkgstri 9 sgkgstri partgic: 4 Ci rí*cioikt `i c'gk`iokgtç ist ci sugvakt 4 Gk`iokgtç ? 9>> >>> x
5>> >>>
?
1 >>> >>>
<9> >>> @rs
Ci lcgikt s'ist *araktg pfur F> `i ca vaciur `i sfk bgik% gc ist lfksg`çrç sfk prfpri assuriur pfur cis 5>. -
`'uk ofktakt `i < >>> >>> +rs 9sgkgstri tftac: 4
Ci rí*cioikt `i c'gk`iokgtç ist ci sugvakt 4
99
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Gk`iokgtç ? 1 >>> >>> x
5>> >>>
?
1 >>> >>>
5>> >>> @rs
Ci lcgikt pir=fgt uki gk`iokgtç ç*aci î ca sfooi qu'gc a assurçi. Hags c'gk`iokgsatgfk k'ist qui partgicci 9F> `u ofktakt `u sgkgstri:. Ca rí*ci prfpfrtgfkkicci `i lapgtau, k'ist pas appcgquçi ik rgsquis sgopcis% rçacgsçs sfus "froi `i ouctgrgsquis. 0ioar+ui +aks ci las fP c'assurç ist% gksu""gsaooikt% gksu""gsaooikt% *araktg it qui ci rgsqui k'a pas çtç `çlcarç lfrriltioikt î ca sfuslrgptgfk% sfuslrgptgfk% c'gk`iokgtç ist rç`ugti ik `iu, tiops ik appcgquakt sullissgvioikt ca rí*ci prfpfrtgfkkicci `i lapgtau, it licci `i prgois. :xiopci \uppfsakt qui ca prgoi pa#çi agt çtç `i <> >>> +rs% acfrs qu'avil uki `çlcaratgfk lfrrilti% icci auragt çtç `i << >>> +rs% ci rí*cioikt `i sgkgstri ist laclucç lfooi Gk`iokgtç ? 9>> >>> x
5>> >>> 1 >>> >>>
x
1> >>> 11 >>>
?
<1=.1=2 @rs
sugt 4
A. Ca cgogtatgfk cg ogtatgfk lfktraltuicci `'gk`iokgtç C49" C'assuriur piut cgogtir sfk ik*a*ioikt pfur cis ragsfks sugvaktis 4 -
(c lfksg`íri qu'uk rgsqui ist trfp siksgbci î c'gklik`gi% c 'gklik`gi%
-
(c ki viut pas `çpassir cis pfssgbgcgtçs au,quiccis gc ist tiku par sis tragtçs `i rçassurakli%
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&fur çvgtir `'avfgr rilfurs î ca tilmkgqui `i lfassurakli 9parta*i `u rgsqui avil `'autris assuriurs:. assuriurs:. !ussg% c'assurç piut sfumagtir `i rç`ugri sfk bu`*it `'assurakli sur uk rgsqui `gspirsç ik pcusgiurs b6tgoikts it pfur ciquic ca prfbabgcgtç `i sgkgstri tftac ist trís "agbci. $ipik`akt% c'assurç ist tfudfurs `aks c'fbcg*atgfk `i `çlcarir ca vaciur rçicci `is i,gstiklis% tfudfurs sfuogsis sfuogsis î ca rí*ci prfpfrtgfkkicci `i lapgtau,% ik las `i sfus-çvacuatgfk. C'gk`iokgtç `ui ik las `i sgkgstri% ist tfudfurs cgogtçi î c a C$(% o0oi sg litti `irkgíri çtagt `çpassçi.
9:
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Ixiopci -
Raciur assurçi 4 < >>> >>> +rs
-
Cgogti lfktraltuicci `'gk`iokgtç 4 F>> >>> +rs
-
Hfktakt `u sgkgstri 4 K>> >>> +rs
9k`iokgtç `ui par c'assuriur # )HH HHH ;rs.
fksçquikli `-uki fogssgfk / ca r%!ci prfpfrtgfkkicci `i prgoi Cartglci <3 `i cfr`fkkakli ^3->F stgpuci qui cassurç ist tiku cfrs ` i ca sfuslrgptgfk `u lfktrat `'assurakli% `i `çlcarir `aks ci c i quistgfkkagri tfutis cis lgrlfkstaklis lfkkuis lfkkuis `i cug% piroittakt î c'assuriur c 'assuriur `'apprçlgir `'apprçlgir cis rgsquis qu'gc prik` î sa lmar*i. Cfrsqu'uk rgsqui k'ist pas fu k'ist pcus lfk"froi î ca `islrgptgfk qu'ik a "agti c'assurç% licug-lg ist passgbci `i sakltgfks. sakltgfks. $is sakltgfks `g""írikt sicfk qui ca oauvagsi "fg `i c' assurç aura çtç çtabcgi fu kfk par c'assuriur. <1
ca oauvagsi jfg ist çta#cgi par c'assuriur Icci iktra7ki ca kuccgtç `u lfktrat. Ci lfktrat ist lfksg`çrç lfooi k'a#akt daoags i,gstç. Ca kuccgtç ist appcglabci quicci qui sfgt ca `ati `i ca `çlfuvirti `i ca trglmirgi% avakt fu aprís sgkgstri.
Ik las `i sgkgstri% auluki (ristatgfk k'ist `ui o0oi `ui o0oi sg ci sgkgstri k'a auluk rappfrt avil c'fogssgfk fu ca `çlcaratgfk gki,alti Q
C'assuriur piut rçlcaoir ci ribfursiikt `is sgkgstris aktçrgiursH
C'assuriur lfksirvi cis (rgis (a*çis î tgtri `i `fooa*is it gktçr0ts it piut o0oi rçlcaoir liccis çlmuis it kfk iklfri alqugttçis. :xiopcis
-
uk assurç ik autfofbgci a lalmç c'i,gstikli `i sgkgstris aktçrgiurs Q
-
uk assurç ik autfofbgci a "acsg"gç ca `ati `i sfk pirogs `i lfk`ugri.
95
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
>.
ca oauvagsi jfg k'ist pas çta#cgi par c'assuriur 8aussis
`çlcaratgfks ` çlcaratgfks fu fogssgfks gkvfcfktagris
+iu, sgtuatgfks sicfk qui ca `çlfuvirti gktirvgikt avakt fu aprís ci sgkgstri 4 <:
+çlfuvirti avakt sgkgstri% c'assuriur c'assuriur a ci `rfgt 4
\fgt `i oagktikgr ci lfktrat% of#ikkakt uki au*oiktatgfk `i prgoi alliptçi par c'assurç
\fgt `i rçsgcgir ci lfktrat% 9<>: dfurs aprís ca kftg"glatgfk a`rissçi î c'assurç par cittri rilfooak`çi% ik riobfursakt ca pfrtgfk `i prgoi lfrrispfk`akt au tiops lfoprgs iktri ca rçsgcgatgfk it ca `ati `'çlmçakli `i ca prgoi. Ci riobfursioikt ist `gt au prfrata au prfrata tiopfrgs tiopfrgs 9prfpfrtgfkkic au tiops:. tiops: .
/:
+çlfuvirti aprís sgkgstri 9ci las ci pcus "rçquikt: C'gk`iokgtç ist rç`ugti ik prfpfrtgfk `u tau, `is prgois pa#çis par rappfrt au, tau, `is prgois qug auragikt çtç `uis.
A((cglatgfk `i ca r:%ci (rf(frtgfkkicci `i (rgis
Ríecioikt ? ofktakt `is `fooaeis x
prgoi payçi prgoi `ui
(fu
taux `i prgoi payç taux `i prgoi `u
)
&iut gopfrti qui ci sgkgstri agt uk rappfrt fu kfk avil c'fogssgfk fu ca `çlcaratgfk gki,alti Q :xiopci kN& -
Jk assurç ik autfofbgci pagi uki prgoi `i G >>> +r
-
pfur uk usa*i `çlcarç prfoika`i it tradits
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c'assurç a fogs `i `çlcarir qu'gc si sirvagt% `i tiops î autri% `i sfk vçmgluci pfur cis bisfgks `i sa prf"issgfk. gc
auragt `; pa#ç 1 >>> +r
-
gc `çrapi `aks uk vgra*i acfrs qu'gc i""iltuagt ci tradit pfur rivikgr î sfk `foglgci.
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C'assuriur auragt `; c'gk`iokgsir pfur uki sfooi `i >> +rs riprçsiktakt cis `fooa*is subgs par sfk vçmgluci.
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!ppcglatgfk `i ca rí*ci prfpfrtgfkkicci `i prgoi C'assurç pirlivra pirlivra 4 >> , G >>> 1 >>> 2 K >>>
9=
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
0ioar+ui -
Ci sgkgstri k'ist pas cgç î c'usa*i prf"issgfkkic kfk `çlcarç :xiopci kNA
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Jk *ara*gsti assurç ik gklik`gi pa#i uk tau, `i prgoi `i <%/>? c'assurç k'a pas `çlcarç c'gkstaccatgfk `i pfstis `'issikli avil stfla*i lfrrispfk`akt. gc
auragt `; alqugttç uk tau, `i prgoi 2 <%K>?
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c'assurç piksakt qui litti altgvgtç allissfgri allissfgri çtagt "frlçoikt *araktgi.
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gc ist vgltgoi `'uk sgkgstri `; î c'gkstaccatgfk çciltrgqui.
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Cis `fooa*is s'çcívikt î <3> >>> +rs.
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!ppcglatgfk `i ca rí*ci prfpfrtgfkkicci `i prgoi C'assuriur virsira 4 <3> >>> , <%/>? <%K>? 2 <>> >>> +rs . Cis jraklmgsis it `çlfuvirts fbcgeatfgris C'assuriur piut prfpfsir `is "raklmgsis `aks ci but `i cagssir î c'assurç uki part `is `fooa*is% pfur cgogtir ca "rçquikli `is pitgts sgkgstris 9a#akt uk lf;t `i *istgfk pcus lmir: `uki part% it pfur gklgtir cassurç c assurç î prik`ri `is oisuris `i prçviktgfk% `autri part.
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-
Cis "raklmgsis sfkt cgbrioikt `gslutçis par cis lfktraltakts. lfktraltakts. Iccis piuvikt 0tri gopfsçis par c'assuriur pfur cis *araktgis `fkt ca sgkgstracgtç ist "rçquikti 9las `is `fooa*is çciltrgquis:. Iccis piuvikt 0tri gopfsçis par ca cfg 9las `is latastrfpmis katuriccis: katuriccis:
-
;çlfuvirt fbcgeatfgri
Ik çlmak*i `is "raklmgsis prfpfsçis% c'assurç bçkç"glgi `'uki rç`ultgfk `i prgoi% pfur gklgtir ci lcgikt î fptir pfur uki ticci sfcutgfk. Cis jfrois `i jraklmgsis (c i,gsti `iu, "frois `i "raklmgsis 4 &N" Ca jraklmgsi absfcui AN" Ca jraklmgsi ricatgvi <: Ca "raklmgsi absfcui% c'assurç lfksirvi tfudfurs ci ofktakt `i ca "raklmgsi î sa lmar*i% quicqui sfgt ci lf;t `u sgkgstri Q :xiopci
97
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
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8raklmgsi absfcui 4 <> >>> +rs
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Hfktakt `u sgkgstri 4 ^ >>> +rs
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Ní*cioikt par cassuriur 4 kçakt
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Hfktakt `u sgkgstri 4 <3 >>> +rs
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Ní*cioikt par cassuriur 4 3 >>> +rs% ci lcgikt *ar`akt î sa lmar*i cis <> >>> +rs `i "raklmgsi. /: Ca "raklmgsi ricatgvi% qug `gspara7t `ís qui ci ofktakt `u sgkgstri i,lí`i sfk ofktakt. :xiopci
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8raklmgsi ricatgvi 4 <> >>> +rs
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Hfktakt `u sgkgstri 4 ^ >>> +rs
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Ní*cioikt par cassuriur 4 kçakt
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Hfktakt `u sgkgstri 4 <3 >>> +rs
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Ní*cioikt par cassuriur 4 <3 >>> +rs% ca "raklmgsi k'ist pcus ritikui pugsqui ci sgkgstri i,lí`i sfk ofktakt. (. Ci ripfrt `'ixlç`ikt $itti tilmkgqui% prçvui lfktraltuiccioikt% appfrti uki sfupcissi î ca rí*ci prfpfrtgfkkicci `i lapgtau,. &ar litti lcausi% cis assuriurs alliptikt `i ripfrtir sur uk artglci gksu""gsaooikt gksu""gsaooikt *araktg% cis lapgtau, sur-assurçs `'uk autri artglci. Ci
kfuviau lapgtac ist agksg au*oiktç it ci rgsqui `'appcglatgfk `i ca rí*ci prfpfrtgfkkicci ist rç`ugt% vfgri supprgoç. $ipik`akt% cis tau, appcglabcis au, `iu, artglcis `fgvikt 0tri g`iktgquis fu supçrgiurs ik li qug lfklirki c'artglci sur-assurç. :xiopci -
Hatçrgic assurç pfur 4 < >>> >>> +rs au tau, `i
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Harlmak`gsis assurçis assurçis pfur 4 / >>> >>> +rs au tau, `i
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B6tgoikt ! assurç assurç pfur 4 / >>> >>> +rs au au tau, `i
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B6tgoikt B assurç assurç pfur 4 3>> >>> +rs au au tau, `i <%3? pfur ogcci%
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B6tgoikt $ assurç assurç pfur 4 < >>> >>> +rs au au tau, `i >%K>? pfur ogcci.
:>
Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Jk sgkgstri survgikt it c'i,pirt `çlíci cis bisfgks b isfgks ik lapgtau, sugvakts 4 -
Hatçrgic pfur 4 < 3>> >>> +rs 9N& appcglabci sur lit artglci:%
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Harlmak`gsis pfur 4 / >>> >>>%
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B6tgoikt B6tgoik t ! pfur 4 < F3> >>> +rs 9surassurakli `i /3> >>> +rs:%
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B6tgoikt B pfur 4 5>> >>> +rs 9surassurakl 9surassurakli i `i />> >>> >>> +rs:%
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B6tgoikt $ pfur 4 F3> >>> +rs 9surassurakli 9surassurakli `i /3> >>> >>> +rs:. Ik las `i sgkgstri tftac% ci pfsti ] oatçrgic W gksu""gsaooikt gksu""gsaooikt assurç% piut bçkç"glgir `is 4
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/3> >>> +rs surassurçs au tgtri `u b6tgoikt ! 9ci tau, ist g`iktgqui%
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/>> >>> +rs surassurçs au tgtri `u b6tgoikt B 9ci tau, ist supçrgiur% <%3>?:
Ik rivaklmi% gc ki piut bçkç"glgir `i ca surassurakli surassurakli lfkstatçi pfur ci b6tgoikt $% pugsqui ci tau, `i lit artglci ist gk"çrgiur î licug `u pfsti oatçrgic% % >%K>? Ca rí*ci prfpfrtgfkkicci `i lapgtau, a""iltakt ci pfsti Hatçrgic sappcgqui `fkl î partgr `uk lapgtac assurç `i <.G3>.>>> +rs 92 <.>>>.>>> < .>>>.>>> n /3>.>>> n />>.>>>: it kfk `u lapgtac sfuslrgt î cfrg*gki `i <.>>>.>>> +rs.
Z. R R çsuç ` `u l lfurs , ,asis P Pilmkgquis Cassurakli ist uki fr*akgsatgfk `uki outuacgtç `is rgsquis i,pfsçs î o0oi pçrgc it *çrçi par uk assuriur. Cis assurçs lfktrgbuikt fu l)tgsikt pfur piroittri cgk`iokgsatgf c gk`iokgsatgfk k `is sgkgstrçs. Ca outuacgtç `is rgsquis `fgt 0tri mfof*íki. Cassurakli a lfkku uki çvfcutgfk% ik lfooik=akt par `is assflgatgfks `i silfurs% cis `çbuts `i cassurakli oargtgoi% cis tfktgkis it dusquî cassurakli of`irki. Cassurakli ist uki altgvgtç gopfrtakti par ciopcfg% sfk lmg""ri `a""agris% sis gkvistgssioikts. Cassurakli dfui uk r)ci sflgac it çlfkfogqui 4 cassuriur ist au sirvgli `is assurçs% uk "altiur `i prf*rís% prftí*is cis patrgofgkis it cis pirsfkkis% uk oftiur `i `çvicfppioikt çlfkfogqui% cassuriur cassuriur ist uk gkvistgssiur% lfktrgbui lfktrgbui î ca prçviktgfk `is rgsquis. Cassurakli ist uki fpçratgfk gopcgquakt trfgs partgis 4 cassurç% cassuriur it ci bçkç"glgagri it lfopfrti quatri çcçoikts 4 ci rgsqui% ca prgoi% ca p ristatgfk `i cassuriur it ca lfopiksatgfk lfopiksatgfk `is rgsquis.
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Jk rgsqui assurabci `gspfsi `i laraltíris 4 "utur% gklirtagk% gk`çpik`akt `i ca vfcfktç `i cassurç%A Ci rgsqui acçatfgri si laraltçrgsi par sa "rçquikli 9prfbabgcgtç `i rçacgsatgfk: it sfk lf;t. Ca prgoi ist pa#abci au lfooiklioikt lfooiklioikt `u rgsqui. Icci ist appicçi uki lftgsatgfk `aks uki outuicci `assurakli. Cis çcçoikts `i ca prgoi `assurakli sfkt 4 ca prgoi puri 9`i rgsqui fu `çqugcgbri:% cis lmar*ioikts pfur "rags `i *istgfk it `alqugsgtgfk it cis ta,is% ca prgoi kitti fu lfooirlgaci% lfooirlgaci% cis lfktrgbutgfks it "rags allissfgris% prgoi tftaci. Ca pristatgfk `i cassuriur ist sfgt "fr"agtagri 9cis assuraklis `i pirsfkkis: sfgt icci ist gk`iokgtagri 9cis assuraklis `i `fooa*is:. Cis assuraklis piuvikt 0tri lcassçis lfooi fbcg*atfgris% "aluctatgvis% *çrçis ik rçpartgtgfk fu ik lapgtacgsatgfk% `i `fooa*is fu `i pirsfkkis% `i partglucgirs fu `iktriprgsis% gk`gspiksabcis% kçlissagris% utgcis it supir"cuis. Cis fpçratgfks `assurakli sfkt lf`g"gçis ik braklmis `assurakli. Cis "frois `iktriprgsis `assurakli sfkt ca sflgçtç akfk#oi% ca sflgçtç `i "froi outuicci it ca outuicci `assurakli. Cis lfktrats fu prf`ugts `assurakli piuvikt 0tri `gstrgbuçs par ci rçsiau `grilt 9sacargç:% cis a*ikts `assurakli% cis lfurtgirs `assurakli% cis prf`ultiurs sacargçs. Ca cfg `is *rak`s kfobris ist lapgtaci pfur cassurakli% c assurakli% icci piroit ca lfkkagssakli `i ca lmar*i `is sgkgstris it cis prgois p rgois `assurakli. `assurakli. Cassuriur `fgt rispiltir `is cfgs 4 ca kçlissgtç `i ca prf`ultgfk% cmfof*çkçgtç% ca `gspirsgfk it ca `gvgsgfk `is rgsquis. Cassuriur `gspfsi `is pcigks `i lfksirvatgfk lfksirvatgfk 9`i rçtiktgfk: it `is pcigks `i sfuslrgptgfk 9`alliptatgfk: par braklmi b raklmi `assurakli. &fur mfof*çkçgsir uki outuacgtç `is rgsquis `çsçqugcgbrçi% cassuriur a rilfurs î `is tilmkgquis `i `gvgsgfk `i rgsquis. Ca lfassurakli ist uki `gvgsgfk mfrgMfktaci `i rgsquis% iktri pcusgiurs assuriur% lfassuriurs. Ca rçassurakli ist uki `gvgsgfk virtglaci `i rgsquis% iktri cassuriur `grilt it cis rçassuriurs. Ca rçassurakli piut 0tri `ç"gkgi lfooi cassurakli `i cassurakli. Icci piut 0tri sfgt passgvi fu altgvi. Ci tragtç `i rçassurakli oatçrgacgsi ci lfktrat `i rçassurakli.
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Cis basis tilmkgquis `i c‗assurakli
Icci allfopcgt pcusgiurs "fkltgfks 4 au*oiktatgfk `i pcigk `i sfuslrgptgfk% prftiltgfk lfktri cis çlarts `i prfbabgcgtçs% mfof*çkçgsatgfk mfof*çkçgsatgfk `is rçtiktgfks kittis% "algcgtç `i trçsfrirgi% cassgstakli tilmkgqui. tilmkgqui. Icci piut 0tri i""iltuçi sugvakt pcusgiurs of`is 4 "aluctatgvi% fbcg*atfgri% "aluctatgvi-fbcg*atfgri.
+iu, "frois `i rçassurakli% rçassurakli% prfpfrtgfkkicci it kfk prfpfrtgfkkicci.
Oragtçs prfpfrtgfkkics% Yufti part it I,lç`ikt `i pcigk.
Oragtçs kfk prfpfrtgfkkics% I,lç`ikt `i sgkgstri par Ngsqui% par Ivçkioikt% I,lç`ikt `i pirti akkuicci.
Cis prfvgsgfks tilmkgquis sfkt `is `ittis `i cassuriurs.
$i sfkt kftaooikt cis 4 f
f
f
&rfvgsgfks pfur rgsquis ik lfurs 9NI$:% pfur cis lfktrats lmivaulmakt sur pcusgiurs i,irlglis. &rfvgsgfks pfur sgkgstris î pa#ir 9\!&:% pfur cis sgkgstris kfk iklfri pa#çs î ca `ati `gkviktagri. &rfvgsgfks oatmçoatgquis% pfur cis assuraklis vgi.
+is oçtmf`is `i lacluc `is prfvgsgfks tilmkgquis 4 f
NI$% ríeci `is O, rfrata tiopfrgs, &GK íoi fu &GA(íoi .
f
\!&% la`ikli `i ríecioikt, lf3t ofyik, `fssgir par `fssgir.
f
&rfvgsgfks oatmçoatgquis% oatmçoatgquis% oçtmf`is altuargiccis
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