]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ ]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
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E@D]IV@F FM ABCMBAMXA@ MTD]MI@ \XJEMTAJB@I FM ABCMBAMXA@ DAUAI
FATMÐJ FM MIMGMBVJ MTVX]DV]X@I FM DJBDXMVJ @XG@FJ FM ]B@ MFAEAD@DAÔB
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Bumstrj p`çs, mb mspmda`i i` djst` pmru`b`, fjbfm sm mbdumbtr` uhad`fj bumstrj prjymdtj, mstà djbsafmr`f` djb `itj pmiacrj sçsgadj, pjr ij qum i` mstrudtur`daôb fmi mfaeadaj fmhm s`tase`dmr ijs rmqumragambtjs t`btj p`r` d`rc`s vmrtad`ims djgj p`r` i`s sjiadat`dajbms sçsgad`s. \`r` ijcr`r s`tase`dmr mstjs rmqumragambtjs, sm fmhm djbt`r djb ub` smram fm mimgmbtjs mstrudtur`ims qum mb djboubtj hrabfmb ub `fmdu`fj djgpjrt`gambtj fm i` mfaead`daôb ` ij i`rcj fm su vaf` ÿtai. Mi pi`btm`gambtj fm i` mstrudtur` sm mi`hjr` mb h`sm ` i` `rquatmdtur` fmi mfaeadaj. Mb ást` sm uhad`b ijs mimgmbtjs mstrudtur`ims tr`t`bfj samgprm fm bj `emdt`r i` mstátad` `rquatmdtôbad` fmi mfaeadaj ba i` eubdajb`iaf`f eubdajb`iaf`f fmi gasgj.
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
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GÁVJFJ FM FATMÐJ
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\XMFAGMBTAJB@GAMBVJ \XMFAGMBTAJB@GAMBVJ FM UAC@
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3.8.
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3.4.
DJGHAB@DAJB FM D@XC@T (\@ÐJ @)
3.6.
@BÀIATAT MTVX]DV]X@I MTVX]DV]X@I - GÁVJFJ GÁVJFJ @DA ....................................................................................................................0=
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D@ID]IJ FMI \MX@IVM MEMDVAUJ
3.5.
MBUJIUMBVM EAB@I - \@ÐJ @
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D@ID]IJ FM @DMXJ GÇBAGJ?
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D@ID]IJ FM @DMXJ GÀ^AGJ?
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D@ID]IJ FM @DMXJ \JX DJBVX@DDAÔB Q VMG\MX@V]X@ ........................................................................85
3.3.5.
UMXAEAD@DAÔB \JX E]MX_@ DJXV@BVM ..............................................................................................................83
3.3.3.
FMV@IIM FM XME]MX_J
3.1.
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D@ID]IJ FMI XME]MX_J?
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3.00.6.
D@ID]IJ FM @DMXJ GÀ^AGJ?
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UMXAEAD@DAÔB \JX E]MX_@ DJXV@BVM
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FATMÐJ FM I@ UAC@ \XABDA\@I ................................................................................................................................. 6< GMVX@FJ FM D@XC@T
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1.4.
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@DMXJ BMC@VAUJ BMC@VAUJ (`pjyj) .....................................................................................................................................>0
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@DMXJ FM VMG\MX@V]X@ VMG\MX@V]X@
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Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` =
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FATMÐJ FM ]B FM\@XV@GMBVJ FM\@XV@GMBVJ FMTVAB@FJ @ JEADAB@
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FATV. CXMCJXAJ @IH@XX@DAB, \XJU. Q FM\@XV@GMBJ FM
……….V@DB@ EMDN@
?
O]BAJ 8<03
FMTDXA\DAJB FMI \XJQMDVJ Mi prmsmbtm tr`h`oj djbsastm mb rm`iaz`r mi fasmðj mb djbdrmtj `rg`fj y fagmbsajb`gambtj fm ijs mimgmbtjs mstrudtur`ims fm mfaead`daôb fm 8 pasjs y ub` `zjtm`, fmstab`fj ` jeadab`, uhad`fj mb mi fastratj fm Crmcjraj @ih`rr`dab — V`db`. Mi tmrrmbj fjbfm sm imv`bt`rà i` mfaead`daôb qum tambm ub` ejrg` rmdt`bcui`r y 88=.<< g8 fm àrm`. Vambm ub ermbtm fm 1 g y fm i`tmr`ims fm 8= g.
D@X@DVMXATVAD@T ]XH@BATVAD@T
]sjs? Jeadab` I` mfaead`daôb mstà djgpumst` fm i` sacuambtm g`bmr`?
\ragmr bavmi? 8 Jeadab`, 0 n`ii, 0 djdnmr`, 8 smrvadaj nacaábadj, 0 o`rfçb.
nacaábadj, 0 `ig`dáb. Tmcubfj bavmi? 8 Jeadab`, 8 n`ii, 0 smrvadaj nacaábadj,
@zjtm`? 0 n`ii, @ig`dáb.
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 5
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
G@XDJ VMJXADJ
0. GÁVJFJ FM FATMÐJ Vjfjs ijs mimgmbtjs ` fasmð`r sm mi`hjr`r`b pjr mi gátjfj fm rmsastmbda`. \`r` fmtmrgab`r i` d`rc` ÿitag` utaiaz`rmgjs i` sacuambtm ejrgui` smcÿb i` Bjrg` M.<5< Djbdrmtj @rg`fj?
] 7 0.6 DG + 0.3 DU Ijs e`dtjrms fm rmfuddaôb Υ, qum v`b ` smr mgpim`fjs fmpmbfambfj fm i` sjiadat`daôb fm i` bjrg` M.<5
\`r` eimxaôb sab d`rc` `xa`i Υ 7 <.1<
\`r` eimxaôb djb d`rc` `xa`i fm tr`ddaôb Υ 7 <.1<
\`r` djrt`btm sab j djb tjrsaôb Υ 7 <.>=
8. G@VMXA@IMT \`r` mi fasmðj sm djbsafmr` Djbdrmtj @rg`fj, qum djbsastm mb ub g`tmra`i djgpumstj pjr djbdrmtj sagpim rmejrz`fj djb h`rr`s fm `dmrj fm i`s sacuambtms d`r`dtmrçstad`s? Djbdrmtj
Xmsastmbda` ` Djgprmsaôb (e‑d) 80< kc/dg 8 Gôfuij fm \jassjb (η) <.0= Gôfuij fm Mi`stad af`f (Md) 0=<<<∟e‑d kc/dg 8 @dmrj (Xmeumrzj djrruc`fj cr`fj 5<) Mseumrzj fm Eiumbda` (ey) 68<< kc/dg8 Gôfuij fm Mi`stadaf`f (Ms) 8<<<<<< kc/dg 8
4. D@XC@T @ GMVX@X Q \MTJT \MTJT ]BAV@XAJT ]BAV@XAJT MG\IM@FJT MG\IM@FJT I`s d`rc`s ` gmtr`r sjb i`s d`rc`s mstàtad`s, djbejrg`f`s pjr i`s d`rc`s gumrt`s y vav`s. \`r` fmtmrgab`r i`s d`rc`s gumrt`s, sm djbsafmr`b ijs sacuambtms pmsjs ubat`rajs?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj
86<< kc/g4
Gurj fm @ih`ðaimrç`
0=< kc/g8
Ijs` @iacmr`f` m7 <.03g
8>< kc/g8
\asj Vmrgab`fj
0<< kc/g8
\`r` fmtmrgab`r i`s d`rc`s vav`s, sm tambmb mb dumbt` ijs v`ijrms fm sjhrmd`rc` abfad`fjs mb i` bjrg` XBM M<.8
Jeadab`
8=< kc/g8
@zjtm`
0<< kc/g8
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 3
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
D@\AV]IJ AA? \XMFAGMBTAJB@GAMBVJ FM MIMGMBVJT MTVX]DV]X@IMT
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` >
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
\XMFAGMBTAJB@GAMBVJ @ pms`r fm qum `ÿb bj sm n` memdtu`fj babcÿb `bàiasas mstrudtur`i y bj sm pumfmb du`btaead`r i`s d`rc`s sjhrm babcÿb mimgmbtj, ms bmdms`raj f`rim fagmbsajbms, `ubqum sm` prjvasajb`ims, ` i` mstrudtur`. \`r` miij, sm tmbfrà qum n`dmr ub `bàiasas du`iat`tavj fm i`s d`rc`s pjr gmfaj fm àrm`s trahut`ra`s, p`r` prmfagmbsajb`r d`f` mimgmbtj fm i` mstrudtur` fm `dumrfj ` mst`s. @ djbtabu`daôb, sm rm`iaz`rà mi prm fagmbsajb`gambtj fm ijs mimgmbtjs fm ub` mfaead`daôb fm 8 pasjs.
6. \XMFAGMBTAJB@GAMBVJ \XMFAGMBTAJB@GAMBVJ FM I@ IJT@ \`r` mi fagmbsajb`gambtj fm ijs mspmsjrms sm djbsafmrô ijs dratmrajs gjstr`fjs qum ` djbtabu`daôb sm gumstr`b ijs mspmsjrms tçpadjs y iudms gàxag`s us`f`s mb bumstrj gmfaj, `piad`hims ` ijs`s `iacmr`f`s mb ub` farmddaôb?
\`r` mi fagmbsajb`gambtj fm bumstr` ijs`, sm djbsafmrô ijs sacuambtms f`tjs?
Iuz gàxag`
?
4.4= g
Vapj fm ijs`
?
@iacmr`f`
E‑d
?
80<.<< Kc/dg8
Ey
?
68<< Kc/dg8
ℂ 7 4.48== g 7<.046g . ≍ . 6< dg.
= dg.
08 0= dg dg.
0< dg.
4< dg.
0 0<
4< dg.
0< dg.
\`r` bumstrj fasmðj sm djbsafmrô ub mspmsjr fm ijs` fm <.03 g
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 1
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
=. \XMFAGMBTAJB@GAMBVJ \XMFAGMBTAJB@GAMBVJ FM UAC@ I` smddaôb fm i` vac` ` tjg`r, mst`rà suomt` `i prmfagmbsajb`gambtj qum sm d`idui`rà ` djbtabu`daôb.
=.0. UAC@ \XABDA\@I
Uac` \rabdap`i — @itur` @itur`
ℂ 7 08 D`iduij?
ℂ 7 6.0853 7 <.<.4141 ≎.
Uac` \rabdap`i — H`sm H`sm
7<.6(ℂ) D`iduij?
7 <.6 ∓ <.6< 7 <.05 ≎ .
(@bdnj gçbagj)
Mbtjbdms i` smddaôb fm i` vac` prabdap`i smrà <.6< g x <.8=g
=.8. UAC@ TMD]BF@XA@
Uac` Tmdubf`raj — @itur`
ℂ 7 06 Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 0<
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
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D`iduij?
ℂ 7 4.066= 7 <.<.865865 ≎ .
Uac` \rabdap`i — H`sm H`sm
7ℂ/8 D`iduij?
7<.4
(@bdnj gçbagj)
Mbtjbdms i` smddaôb fm i` vac` smdubf`raj smrà <.8= g x <.4
5. XMT]GMB
Ijs` @iacmr`f`
?
m 7 <.03 g
Uac` \rabdap`i
?
<.8=* <.6< g
Uac` Tmdubf`ra`
?
<.8= * <.4< g
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 00
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ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
D@\AV]IJ AAA? FATMÐJ FM IJT MIMGMBVJT MTVX]DV]X@IMT — IJT@ @IACMX@F@
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 08
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
3. FATMÐJ FM IJT@ @IACMX@F@ ]BAFAXMDDAJB@I
3.0. GMVX@FJ FM D@XC@T Mi gmtr`fj fm d`rc`s djbsastm mb fmtmrgab`r i`s d`rc`s vmrtad`ims qum `dtÿ`b sjhrm i` mstrudtur`. Tm djbsafmr` djgj d`rc` gumrt` `i pmsj prjpaj fm ijs mimgmbtjs, pasj tmrgab`fj, `d`h`fjs y t`haqums. Djgj d`rc` vav`, sm djbsafmr` ` i`s pmrsjb`s, mquapjs y ijs gumhims djijd`fjs mb i` mfaead`daôb. Ijs v`ijrms fm ijs pmsjs ubat`rajs gjstr`fjs ` djbtabu`daôb n`b safj tjg`fjs fm i` Bjrg` M<8< fm D`rc`s?
3.8. FATMÐJ FM IJT@ IJT@ @IACMX@F@ ]BAFAXMDDAJB@I ]BAFAXMDDAJB@I \`r` mi gmtr`fj fm i` ijs` `iacmr`f` sm utaiaz`rà ub` er`bo` trahut`ra` fm <.6g fm `bdnj. I`s d`rc`s sm mxprms`ràb mb Kc/g fm vacumt`. Mb mi fasmðj fasmðj pjr eimxaôb fmhmgjs fm d`idui`r i` d`btaf`f fm `dmrj qum bmdmsat`ràb i`s vacumt`s, p`r` rmsastar ijs gjgmbtjs y djrt`btms prjfudafjs pjr i`s d`rc`s `dtu`btms. Tm prmsmbt`rà djgj momgpij mi gmtr`fj fm ub` vacumt` tçpad`. D@XC@ G]MXV@ — FMI FMI 0¼ @I 8¼ BAUMI
\msj fm i` ijs` `iacmr`f`
8>< Kc/g8 x 0.<< g 7 4<< Kc/g
\msj pasj tmrga`bfj
0<< Kc/g8 x 0.<< g 7 0<< Kc/g
\msj V`haqumrç`
0=< Kc/g8 x 0.<< g 7 0=< Kc/g
D`rc` Gumrt` Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
=4< Kc/g \àcab` 04
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
D@XC@ UAU@
Tjhrm d`rc` fm smrvadaj vavambf`
8=< Kc/g8 x 0<< g 7
8=< Kc/g
D`rc` Uav`
8=< Kc/g
Fmtmrgab`gjs i` d`rc` ÿitag`? Su 7 0.6 DG + 0.3 DU Su 7 0.6 (=4<) + 0.3 (8=<)
Su 7 0053 Kc/g D`rc` ]itag` mb ub vacumt`, fmbtrj fm ub gmtrj fm gumstr` sm mbdumbtr` 8.= vacumt`s Su¶ 7 0053 / 8.=
Su¶ 7 653 Kc/g
3.4. DJGHAB@DAJB FM FM D@XC@T (\@ÐJ @)
653 Kc/g
4.6= g
0
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
4.6= g
8
4.5< g
4
6
\àcab` 06
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
3.6. @BÀIATAT MTVX]DV]X@I MTVX]DV]X@I - GÁVJFJ GÁVJFJ @DA
Dugpim djb ijs rmquasatjs mst`himdafjs?
Djbtr` djb 8 j gàs tr`gjs (4 tr`gjs) tr`gjs)
Ijs tr`gjs sjb acu`ims (Ib74.6=)
I` d`rc` d`rc` ms ubaejrgm (Su¶ 7 63> Kc/g)
SI ≦ 4SF (88< ≦ 4*==<)
IJT GJGMBVJT \JTAVAUJT?
G08(+)
∓ + + 7653∓4.06 8 7 06 + 7 .
G84(+)
G46(+)
∓ + + 7653∓4.05 8 + 7 05 7 . ∓ + + 7653∓4.06 4= + 7 06 7 .
IJT GJGMBVJT BMC@VAUJT?
G0(-)
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
∓ ∘ ∘ 7653∓4.86 8 ∘ 7 86 7 . \àcab` 0=
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G8(-)
G4(-)
G6(-)
∓ ∘ 7653∓4.0< 8 ∘ 7 0<
∘ 7 . ∘∘ 653∓4. 7 ∓0<83= ∘7 7. 0< ∓86 ∘∘ 7653∓4. 4 = ∘ 7 86 7 .
Ijs gjgmbtjs pjsatavjs? G08(+) 7 460.==3 kc-g G84(+) 7 81>.>>< kc-g G46(+) 7 436.4=0 kc-g
Ijs gjgmbtjs bmc`tavjs? G0(-) 7 011.8=4 kc-g G8(-) 7 63>.8<> kc-g G4(-) 7 =<<.>>3 kc-g G6(-) 7 80>.430 kc-g 3.=. D@ID]IJ FMI FMI \MX@IVM MEMDVAUJ
Tmcÿb i` Bjrg` mi rmduhragambtj ms fm 8 ` 4 dg
7ℂ4 7034 706
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 05
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3.5. MBUJIUMBVM EAB@I - \@ÐJ @
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 03
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3.3. D@ID]IJ FMI XME]MX_J?
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.<=
.06 .03 .08
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Tmddaôb fm i` Uacumt`
3.3.0.@DMXJ \JTAVAUJ(@T+)
7 ℂ 7 = 7 7 ∍∓∓ =33∓0<< = 7 7 <.1460.∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 <. 3∓>5∓ 8 7 .∓¶∓ >5∓68<< 7 <.<.>3=∓80<∓6< 7<.658 7 <.658 7 7 <.5=58 7 <.4>5 7 <.<.433 7 7 <.5=6 8 7 <.4>=
G08(+) 7 G46(+) 7 460.=33 kc-g \ragmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Tmcubfj v`ijr `sugafj?
Vmrdmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 0>
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
7 <.4>= 7 7 ∍∓∓ 460.=33∓0<<<.4>= 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 <.5=6 8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ =6∓68<< <.<.>5=∓80<∓6< 7<.4>= !
Du`rtj v`ijr `sugafj?
G84(+)781>.>>< kc-g
7 ℂ 7 = 7 7 ∍∓∓ 81>.>>∓0<< = 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 <.5>> 8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ >>∓68<< 7 <.<.>5=∓80<∓6< 7 <.6<6 7 <.6<6 7 7 <.=34 8 7 <.443
\ragmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Tmcubfj v`ijr `sugafj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 01
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
7 <.<.445 7 7 ∍∓∓ 81>.>>∓0<<<.445 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓03 8 7 7 <.=38 8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ 38∓68<< 7 <.<.>==∓80<∓6< 7 <.445445 ! 7 ℂ 7 = 7 7 ∍∓∓ 4=0∓0<< = 7 7 <.1436.∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 <. >∓50∓ 8 7 .∓¶∓ 50∓68<< 7 <.<.>>=∓80<∓6< 7<.=<3 7<.=<3 7 7 <.388 7 <.686 7 <.<.686 7 7 <.30>8 7 <.684
Vmrdmr v`ijr `sugafj?
G46(+) 7 436.4=0 kc-g \ragmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Tmcubfj v`ijr `sugafj?
Vmrdmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 8<
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
7 <.688 7 7 ∍∓∓ 436.4=0∓0<<<.688 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 <.30> 8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ 0>∓68<< <.<.>3=∓80<∓6< 7<.688 !
Du`rtj v`ijr `sugafj?
3.3.8.@DMXJ BMC@VAUJ(@s-)
7 ℂ 7 = 7 7 ∍∓∓ 4=0∓0<< = 7 7 <.1436.∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 <.6=> 8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ 44∓68<< 7 <.<.>6=∓80<∓0< 7 0.<31 7 0.<31 7 7 <.418 8 7 <.180
G0(-) 7 011.8=4 kc-g \ragmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Tmcubfj v`ijr `sugafj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 80
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
7 <.<.180 7 7 <.4>1 8 7 <.105 7 <.105 7 7 ∍∓∓ 011.8=4∓0<<<.105 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓03 8 7 7 <.4>1 8
Vmrdmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Du`rtj v`ijr `sugafj?
7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ >1∓68<< 7 <.<.>4=∓80<∓0< 7 <.105 !
G8(-) 7 =5>.16< kc-g
7 ℂ 7 = 7 7 ∍∓∓ =5>.16∓0<< = 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓03 8 7 7 0.<4> 8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ 4>∓68<< 7 <.0.><=∓80<∓0< 7 8.668 7 8.668
\ragmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Tmcubfj v`ijr `sugafj? Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 88
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
7 7 <.1=6 8 7 8.866 7 8.8.866 7 7 <.16> 8 7 8.84< 7 8.84< 7 7 ∍∓∓ =5>.16∓0<< 8.84 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓03 8 7 7 <.<. 16>16> 8
Vmrdmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Du`rtj v`ijr `sugafj?
7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ 6>∓68<< 7 <.<.>1=∓80<∓0< 7 8.8.84<84< !! 7 ℂ 7 = 7 7 ∍∓∓ >>3∓0<< = 7 7 <.1=<<.∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 0.0<<8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ 0<∓68<< 7 <.0.>=∓80<∓0< 7 8.=>>
G4(-) 7 =<<.>>3 kc-g \ragmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 84
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
7 8.=>> 7 7 <.115 8 7 8.464 7 8.8.464 7 7 <.1>5 8 7 8.48< 7 8.40> 7 7 ∍∓∓ =<<.>>3∓0<<8.40> 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓03 8 7 7 <.<. 1>=1>= 8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ >=∓68<< 7 <.<.>1=∓80<∓0< 7 8.8.40>40> !!
Tmcubfj v`ijr `sugafj?
Vmrdmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Du`rtj v`ijr `sugafj?
G6(-) 7 80>.430 kc-g
7 ℂ 7 = 7 7 ∍∓∓ 430∓0<< = 7 7 <.180>.∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 <.=<8 8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓
\ragmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 86
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
>8∓68<< 7 <.0.>0=∓80<∓0< 70.0<6 7 0.<06 7 7 <.640 8 7 0.<06 7 0.0.<06 7 7 <.68> 8 70.<<3 7 0.<<3 7 7 ∍∓∓ 80>.430∓0<<0.<<3 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓03 8 7 7 <.<. 68>8 68>8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ >=∓68<< 7 <.<.>1=∓80<∓0< 7 0.0.<<3<<3 !! 7 .. ∟ ∓80<8∟ 0<¶ ∓∓ 7 <.7><.∓<68<<<4∓<4 ∓ 0<∓0<∓0<∓06 ∓ 06 7 <.68< 8 <.4∘>1 7dg8dg∘8 99<.6888 ∶ ]s`r]s`r 7 0∍4/>" 0∍4/>" djgj djgj gababagj
Tmcubfj v`ijr `sugafj?
Vmrdmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Du`rtj v`ijr `sugafj?
3.3.4.D@ID]IJ FM @DMXJ GÇBAGJ?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
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3.3.6.D@ID]IJ FM @DMXJ GÀ^AGJ? G À^AGJ? Gjgmbtjs bmc`tavjs (-)
Gjgmbtjs pjsatavjs (+)
@s g`x 7<.7 ∓ ∓ ∓ < 05∓0<∓06 @s g`x 78.86 dg8 @s g`x 7<.7 ∓ ∓ ∓ < 05∓6<∓06 @s g`x 7>.15 dg8
@DMXJ FM XME]MX_J?
0(8(08(()) 77 06131>..88=<4> ↘↘ ∘∘ 77 <.<.618<>= dg8dg8dgdg88 ;; 0∍4/>" 0∍40∍0/8" />"≎ ≎ (<. 38 3 8 dg8) dg 8) 0∍0 /8"≎ ≎ (0. 81 8 1 dg8) dg 8) ∘ 4(6(46(()) 77 =8<0<>..>4>330 ↘↘ ∘ 77 0.<.<6438> dg8dg8dgdg88 ;; 0∍0/8" 0∍00∍4/>" /8"≎ ≎ (0. 81 8 1 dg8) dg 8) 0∍4/>"≎≎ (<.3838 dg8) dg8) + 7 <.<.5=6 ( ) 0884( 08( 7 4 6 0 . = 3 3 ↘ 5 =6 dg8 dg 8 ; 0∍4/>" 0∍4/ >"≎ ≎ (<. (< . 3 8 dg8) dg 8) + 7 <.<.=38 ( ) 8446( 7 8 1 > . > > < ↘ = 38 dg8 dg 8 ; 0∍4/>" 0∍4/ >"≎ ≎ (<. (< . 3 8 dg8) dg 8) 46() 7 436.4=0 ↘ + 7 <.30> dg8dg8 ; 0∍4/>" 0∍4/>"≎≎ (<.(<.38 dg8) dg8)
3.3.=.D@ID]IJ FM @DMXJ \JX DJBVX@DDAÔB Q VMG\MX@V]X@ VMG\MX@V]X@
@s@s 7<.7<.<<0>∓0<<∓= <<0>∓h∓m @s 7<. 1 dg8 <.<.1d1dg87 g8 7 6∍0/ 6∍0/6"6"≎≎ (0.(0.86 dg8) dg8) @s g@s`xg`x7 <70..<<8<<88==∓dg80<<0<< ∓ =
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3.3.5.UMXAEAD@DAÔB \JX E]MX_@ DJXV@BVM
Umraead`bfj?
≦ . ∓∍∓ ∓∍ ∓ 0.0∍ 70.0∓<.>=∓.<=4∓∟ =4∓ ∟ e¶d∓∓ e ¶d∓∓ 0.0∍ 70.0∓<.>=∓.<=4∓∟ =4∓ ∟ 80<∓0<∓06 80<∓0<∓06 0.0∍ 7 0<<=. 0<<=.4343 ∘ 7363.8<< kc 9 0<<=.43 kc ! ∘ 7>=1.8>< kc 9 0<<=.43 kc ! ∘ 7 >=1.8>< kc 9 0<<=.43 kc ! ∘ 7 >=1.8>< kc 9 0<<=.43 kc ! ∘ 7>11.==1 kc 9 0<<=.43 kc ! ∘ 73>8.88= kc 9 0<<=.43 kc !
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Ijs gjgmbtjs pjsatavjs? G08(+) 7 460.==3 kc-g G84(+) 7 81>.>>< kc-g G46(+) 7 436.4=0 kc-g
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Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
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Tmddaôb fm i` Uacumt`
3.00.0. @DMXJ \JTAVAUJ(@T+)
G087 460.=33 kc-g
7 ℂ 7 = 7 7 ∍∓∓ =33∓0<< = 7 7 <.1460.∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 <. 3∓>5∓ 8 7 .∓¶∓ >5∓68<< 7 <.<.>3=∓80<∓6< 7<.658 7 <.658 7 7 <.5=58 7 <.4>5 7 <.<.433 7 7 <.5=6 8 7 <.4>=
\ragmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Tmcubfj v`ijr `sugafj?
Vmrdmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 40
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
7 <.4>= 7 7 ∍∓∓ 460.=33∓0<<<.4>= 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 <.5=6 8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ =6∓68<< <.<.>5=∓80<∓6< 7<.4>= ! 7 ℂ 7 = 7 7 ∍∓∓ 4=0∓0<< = 7 7 <.1436.∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 <. >∓50∓ 8 7 .∓¶∓ 50∓68<< 7 <.<.>>=∓80<∓6< 7<.=<3 7<.=<3 7 7 <.388 7 <.686 7 <.<.686 7 7 <.30>8
Du`rtj v`ijr `sugafj?
G84(+) 7 436.4=0 kc-g \ragmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Tmcubfj v`ijr `sugafj?
Vmrdmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 48
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
7 <.684 7 <.688 7 7 ∍∓∓ 436.4=0∓0<<<.688 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 <.30> 8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ 0>∓68<< <.<.>3=∓80<∓6< 7<.688 !
Du`rtj v`ijr `sugafj?
3.00.8. @DMXJ BMC@VAUJ(@s-)
7 ℂ 7 = 7 7 ∍∓∓ 4=0∓0<< = 7 7 <.1436.∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 <.6=> 8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ 44∓68<< 7 <.<.>6=∓80<∓0< 7 0.<31 7 0.<31
G0(-) 7 011.8=4 kc-g \ragmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Tmcubfj v`ijr `sugafj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 44
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
7 7 <.418 8 7 <.180 7 <.<.180 7 7 <.4>1 8 7 <.105 7 <.105 7 7 ∍∓∓ 011.8=4∓0<<<.105 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓03 8 7 7 <.4>1 8
Vmrdmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Du`rtj v`ijr `sugafj?
7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ >1∓68<< 7 <.<.>4=∓80<∓0< 7 <.105 !
G8(-) 7 ==5.=60 kc-g
7 ℂ 7 = 7 7 ∍∓∓ =60∓0<< = 7 7 <.1==5.∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 0.8>< 8 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓
\ragmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 46
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
4>∓68<< 7 <.0.><=∓80<∓0< 7 4.<08 7 4.<08 7 7 0.03> 8 7 8.334 7 8.8.334 7 7 0.053 8 7 8.365 7 8.366 7 7 ∍∓∓ ==5.=60∓0<< 8.3 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓03 8 7 7 0.0558 7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ 6>∓68<< 7 <.<.>1=∓80<∓0< 7 8.8.366366 !!
Tmcubfj v`ijr `sugafj?
Vmrdmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Du`rtj v`ijr `sugafj?
G4(-) 7 80>.430 kc-g
7 ℂ 7 = 7 7 ∍∓∓ 430∓0<< = 7 7 <.180>.∓68<<∓06 8 7 7 <.=<8 8
\ragmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
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ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ >8∓68<< 7 <.0.>0=∓80<∓0< 70.0<6 7 0.<06 7 7 <.640 8 7 0.<06 7 0.0.<06 7 7 <.68> 8 70.<<3 7 0.<<3 7 7 ∍∓∓ 80>.430∓0<<0.<<3 7 7 <.1∓68<<∓03 8 7 7 <.<. 68>8 68>8
Tmcubfj v`ijr `sugafj?
Vmrdmr v`ijr `sugafj?
Du`rtj v`ijr `sugafj?
7 . ∓¶∓ ∓ ∓ >=∓68<< 7 <.<.>1=∓80<∓0< 7 0.0.<<3<<3 !! 7 .. ∟ ∓80<8∟ 0<¶ ∓∓ 7 <.7><.∓<68<<<4∓<4 ∓ 0<∓0<∓0<∓06 ∓ 06 7 <.68< 8 <.4∘>1 7dg8dg∘8 99<.6888 ∶ ]s`r]s`r 7 0∍4/>" 0∍4/>" djgj djgj gababagj
3.00.4. D@ID]IJ FM @DMXJ @DMXJ GÇBAGJ?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
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3.00.6. D@ID]IJ FM @DMXJ @DMXJ GÀ^AGJ? Gjgmbtjs bmc`tavjs (-)
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@DMXJ FM XME]MX_J?
0(8(08(()) 77 0=1=15..8==640 ↘↘ ∘∘ 77 <.0.608<55 dg8dg8dgdg88 ;; 0∍4/>" 0∍40∍0/8" />"≎ ≎ (<. 38 3 8 dg8) dg 8) 0∍0 /8"≎ ≎ (0. 81 8 1 dg8) dg 8) ∘ 4(4() 7 80>.430 ↘ 7 <.68> dg8dg8 ; 0∍4/>" 0∍4/>"≎≎ (<.3838 dg8) dg8) + 7 <.<.5=6 ( ) 08( 0884( 7 4 6 0 . = 3 3 ↘ 5 =6 dg8 dg 8 ; 0∍4/>" 0∍4/ >"≎ ≎ (<. (< . 3 8 dg8) dg 8) 84() 7 436.4=0 ↘ + 7 <.30> dg8dg8 ; 0∍4/>" 0∍4/>"≎≎ (<.(<.38 dg8) dg8)
3.00.=. UMXAEAD@DAÔB \JX E]MX_@ E]MX_@ DJXV@BVM
Umraead`bfj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
≦ . ∓∍∓ ∓∍ ∓ 0.0∍ 70.0∓<.>=∓.<=4∓∟ =4∓ ∟ e¶d∓∓ e ¶d∓∓ 0.0∍ 70.0∓<.>=∓.<=4∓∟ =4∓ ∟ 80<∓0<∓06 80<∓0<∓06 0.0∍ 7 0<<=. 0<<=.4343 ∘ 7363.8<< kc 9 0<<=.43 kc ! ∘ 7>=1.8>< kc 9 0<<=.43 kc ! ∘ 7>11.==1 kc 9 0<<=.43 kc ! ∘ 73>8.88= kc 9 0<<=.43 kc ! \àcab` 43
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Su 7 6001.8= Kc/g
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]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
DJGHAB@DAÔB B¼ <5
DJGHAB@DAÔB B¼ <3
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
\àcab` 66
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
>.4. MBUJIUMBVM EAB@I MBUJIUMBVM E]MX_@T DJXV@BVMT
MBUJIUMBVM GJGMBVJ EIMDVJX
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 6=
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
>.6. D@ID]IJ FM @DMXJ MB UAC@T \XABDA\@I
>.6.0.FATMÐJ \JX EIM^AÔB
FATMÐJ FM UAC@ \XABDA\@I MOM 4- 4 Mi fasmðj pjr eimxaôb sm rm`iaz` gmfa`btm mi gátjfj fm Fasmðj pjr Xmsastmbda`, mb fjbfm sm `gpiaead`b i`s d`rc`s mb smrvadaj ` ub mst`fj fm d`rc`s ÿitag`s, y sm fasgabuymb i`s rmsastmbda`s bjgab`ims fm rjtur` fm ijs mimgmbtjs gmfa`btm e`dtjrms fm rmfuddaôb. Tm prjdmfmrà djb mi fasmðj fmi pôrtadj qum prmsmbt` g`yjr àrm` trahut`ra` qum djrrmspjbfm `i (Moms H-H). \`r` miij smimddajb`gjs ijs gjgmbtjs drçtadjs drçtadjs fm i`s vac`s.
Gu+ 7 =3=4.36 Kc.g Gu- 7 >1>5.65 Kc.g I` smddaôb qum `sugarmgjs p`r` mi prmsmbtm tr`h`oj, sjb i`s qum fm dàiduij prmva`gmbtm mb mi prmfagmbsajb`gambtj. Tmddaôb?
<.6< g* <.8= g
E‑d
?
80< Kc/dg8
Ey
?
68<< Kc/dg8
IJT GJGMBVJT \JTAVAUJT? D@ID]IJ FMI ÀXM@ FM @DMXJ Fmtmrgab`daôb fmi rmeumrzj gmfa`btm eôrgui`?
7 ∍ (0<.=1 ) ∍ 7 (0 <.=1 )) @sugagjs ub pmr`itm memdtavj fm 46 dg
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
=3=4. 3 6 . ∓0< <.1<∓8=∓ 46 ∓ 80< // 7 (0 <.=1 )) <.0<=47=4 77<.(000 <.<.=1 ))
\àcab` 65
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
Fmtmrgab`gjs i` du`btç` fm `dmrj
7 80< ‸/ 7 <.00 7∓ 68<<<.<<5/ 7 77<.7<<5∓<5 ∓∓8=∓8=∓ ∓ 46 7 7 .. ↘ ∍ /"/" ∍ /"/"
Àrm` fm `dmrj ijbcatufab`i ijbcatufab`i
IJT GJGMBVJT BMC@VAUJT?
D@ID]IJ FMI ÀXM@ FM @DMXJ Fmtmrgab`daôb fmi rmeumrzj gmfa`btm eôrgui`?
7 ∍ (0<.=1 ) ∍ 7 (0 <.=1 )) @sugagjs ub pmr`itm memdtavj fm 46 dg
>1>5. 6 5 . ∓0< <.1<∓8=∓ 46 ∓ 80< // 7 (0 <.=1 )) <.05=05= 77<.(001<.=1=1 ) 7 80< ‸/ 7 <.017∓ 68<< / <.<<1= 7 77<.7<<1=∓ <1=∓ ∓ 8=∓8=∓ ∓ 46 7 7 .. ↘ ∍ /"/" ∍ /"/"
Fmtmrgab`gjs i` du`btç` fm `dmrj
Àrm` fm `dmrj ijbcatufab`i ijbcatufab`i
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 63
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
>.6.8.FATMÐJ \JX DJXVM Bjrg`igmbtm mb i`s vac`s sm prmsmbt`b eumrz`s djrt`btms g`yjrms ` ijs qum mi djbdrmtj pumfm rmsastar, pjr ij t`btj ms bmdms`raj prjpjrdajb`r `i mimgmbtj rmeumrzj pjr djrtm gmfa`btm mstrahjs fm `dmrj. I` rmsastmbda` `i djrtm fm i` smddaôb vmbfrà f`f` pjr i` sug` fm ijs `pjrtms fmi djbdrmtj y mi `dmrj. Mi `pjrtm fmi djbdrmtj sm d`idui` fm acu`i g`bmr` qum p`r` ijs`s g`daz`s.
I` Bjrg` M.<5< mb su `rtçduij 00.=.3.8 mspmdaead` i` sacuambtm mxprmsaôb p`r` mi dàiduij fmi `pjrtm fmi rmeumrzj pjr djrtm pmrpmbfadui`r `i mom fm i` vac`.
Fjbfm @ v ms ms mi àrm` fm rmeumrzj pjr djrtm fmbtrj fmi msp`da`gambtj s , prjpjrdajb`f` pjr i` sug` fm i`s àrm`s fm i`s r`g`s fm ijs mstrahjs uhad`fjs mb mi `ig`. Ta sm us`b mstrahjs sagpims, sm mbdumbtr`b fjs r`g`s fmbtrj fmi msp`da`gambtj, pjr djbsacuambtm mi àrm` smrà acu`i ` fjs vmdms mi àrm` fm i` h`rr` @ h, us`f` mb mi mstrahj. Mb tjf` smddaôb fm i` vac` sm fmhmrà dugpiar?
Fjbfm U u ms i` eumrz` djrt`btm ÿitag` fm fasmðj, n`ii`f` ` ub ` fast`bda` ’f‗ gmfaf` fmsfm i` d`r` fm ijs `pjyjs. Ta tmbmgjs mi v`ijr fm U u p`r` ub` smddaôb fmtmrgab`f` y fm U d qum qum ms djbst`btm p`r` tjf` i` vac`, mbtjbdms pjfmgjs jhtmbmr mi v`ijr fm i` rmsastmbda` rmqumraf` U s mb fadn` smddaôb, y pjr djbsacuambtm, mi msp`da`gambtj rmqumrafj p`r` `smcur`r fadn` rmsastmbda`.
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 6>
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
D@ID]IJ FMI XME]MX_J \JX DJXVM MB I@ UAC@ \XABDA\@I I` eumrz` Djrt`btm, tjg`fj fmsfm i` d`r` fm i` djiugb` ms fm 0<==<.>0 Kc
Fmtmrgab`gjs mi v`ijr Uuf? I` eumrz` djrt`btm ` ub` fast`bda` fm ub pmr`itm memdtavj (<.46g) gmfafj ` p`rtar fm i` d`r` fm i` djiugb` ms?
7 ..
Fmtmrgab`gjs i` eumrz` djrt`btm qum rmsastm fmi djbdrmtj Ud?
7 < . = 4 ‸ . .. .8=.46 780</ 7 <.=47 80</ .. ∍ 7 < . > = . ∍7∍∍<.7> =∓5=8>. 4 3 ..
Fmtmrgab`gjs mi v`ijr ÞUd?
Djgprjh`daôb Djgprjh`daôb sa rmquamrm rmeumrzj pjr Djrtm?
2∍ .. 2 2 .. ∶ Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 61
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
Fmtmrgab`gjs i` ijbcatuf fm mstrah`fj?
∍ 8 7 8336.6. 833 =5=5 0<==<.8.6>>0 7 8336.=5 7 < . 5 = 78.67>. <.5= Tmcÿb mi @DA 40>-06 (0>.6.8.6) ’Mb `ghjs mxtrmgjs fm i` vac` fmhmb djijd`rsm mstrahjs dmrr`fjs fm djbeab`gambtj mb ub` ijbcatuf 8n (n7 `itur` fm vac`), gmfafj fmsfm i` d`r` fmi
gamghrj fm `pjyj n`da` mi dmbtrj fm i` iuz‗.
7 8<.<. 8 6 < 7 .
Fmtmrgab`gjs mi dugpiagambtj fm i` smddaôb Tm fmhm vmraead`r qum mi `pjrtm fmi `dmrj `dmrj sm` gmbjr qum mi gàxagj mi du`i sm fmtmrgab` ` tr`vás fm i` mxprmsaôb?
Fjbfm?
\jr ij t`btj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
≦8. 0 ∓∟ed∓h∓f 7 7 ∍ 7 7 10<6.<.>4=4 5=8>.43 7. ≦ 8.0 ∟e∟e d h.h. f \àcab` =<
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
≦8.0 80<80< / 8=dg ∓ 46dg 46dg ≦8=>53. 0 0 Kc .. ≦ ≦ . . ∶
Msp`da`gambtj fm mstrahjs Tm utaiaz`ràb mstrahjs fm 4/>‗ djb ub àrm` tjt`i fm 0.68 dg 8
77778 ∓8<.∓ 3(0À 7 . ) .. 7 .. 0. 6 8 ∓68<</ 7 60>8.50 ∓46 7 .
Msp`da`gambtj pjr dratmrajs fm cramt`s Us iag
Us ≦0.0< ∟e d h.h. f Us iag 7 0.0.0< 0< 80<80< / ∓8=dg∓46dg704=61.66 Kc 60>8. 60>8.50 ≦ ≦ 04=61. 04=61.6666 Kc ≦ ≦ Us iag,g,Mbtjbdmjbdmss mimi Tg`Tg`xx 7 8 Tg`x7 468 7 03 ≎≎
Fmtmrgab`gjs mi bÿgmrj fm rmeumrzjs
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` =0
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
Mi tr`gj ` djbearg`s ms fm <.>< g, `i du`i sm im tambm qum rmst`s ub msp`da`fj fm ub mstrahj fm <.<=g tmbambfj `i eab`i <.3= g ` djbeab`r. Msp`da`gambtjs?
T 7 = dg TT 77 > ∓0.170.70=.8> dg T 7 4< T 7 7 03 dg ≎ ≎
Tm tjg`r` mi gmbjr v`ijr. T0 7 >.=
Bugmrj fm mstrahjs? Eab`igmbtm i` fastrahudaôb smrà? Þ 4/>‗ 0L<.<= g, 3L<.0< g, Xst L<.8
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` =8
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
D@\AV]IJ U? FATMÐJ FM IJT MIMGMBVJT MTVX]DV]X@IMT — UAC@ TMD]BF@XA@
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` =4
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
1. FATMÐJ FM I@ UAC@ TMD]BF@XA@ Tjb i`s qum bj d`rc`b i`s ijs`s fm ijs pasjs j tmdnjs, mb mst`s vac`s sôij sm tambm i` d`rc` fmhaf` ` su prjpaj pmsj, ub` pmqumðçsag` pjrdaôb fm ijs` y mvmbtu`igmbtm i` fm `icÿb t`haqum j p`r`pmtj farmdt`gmbtm `pjy`fj mb ást`s. \`r` i` prmsmbtm vac` sm n`rà ub fasmðj tapj V, qum ` djbtabu`daôb sm fmt`ii`r` p`r` ub` smddaôb fm vac` rmfagmbsajb`f` `btmrajrgmbtm fm <.8=g x <.4
1.0. GMVX@FJ FM D@XC@T \XAGMX BAUMI D@XC@ G]MXV@
\msj fm i` ijs` `iacmr`f`
\msj fm i` Uac`
\msj pasj tmrgab`fj
\msj V`haqumrç`
8>< Kc/g8 x <.=
7
06< Kc/g
7
0>< Kc/g
0<< Kc/g8 x <.3= g
7
3= Kc/g
08< Kc/g8 x <.3=
7
1< Kc/g
86<< Kc/g4 x <.8= g x <.4
D`rc` Gumrt`
6>= Kc/g
D@XC@ UAU@
Tjhrm d`rc` fm smrvadaj vavambf`
8=< Kc/g8 x <.3= g 7 0>3.=< Kc/g
D`rc` Uav`
0>3.=< Kc/g
Fmtmrgab`gjs i` d`rc` ÿitag`? Su 7 0.6 DG + 0.3 DU Su 7 0.6 (6>= Kc/g) + 0.3 (0>3.=< Kc/g)
Su 7 113.3= Kc/g TMC]BFJ BAUMI - @_JVM@ D@XC@ G]MXV@
\msj fm i` ijs` `iacmr`f`
\msj fm i` Uac`
\msj pasj tmrgab`fj
8>< Kc/g8 x <.=
D`rc` Gumrt`
7
06< Kc/g
7
0>< Kc/g
7
3= Kc/g
41= Kc/g
D@XC@ UAU@
Tjhrm d`rc` fm smrvadaj vavambf`
0<< Kc/g8 x <.3= g 7 3= Kc/g
D`rc` Uav`
3= Kc/g
Fmtmrgab`gjs i` d`rc` ÿitag`? Su 7 0.6 DG + 0.3 DU Su 7 0.6 (41= Kc/g) + 0.3 (3= Kc/g)
Su 7 5><.=< Kc/g Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` =6
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
1.8. DJGHAB@DAJB FM D@XC@T
DJGHAB@DAÔB B¼ <0
DJGHAB@DAÔB B¼ <8
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` ==
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
DJGHAB@DAÔB B¼ <4
DJGHAB@DAÔB B¼ <6
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
\àcab` =5
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
DJGHAB@DAÔB B¼ <=
DJGHAB@DAÔB B¼ <5
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
\àcab` =3
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
DJGHAB@DAÔB B¼ <3
1.4. MBUJIUMBVM EAB@I
MBUJIUMBVM E]MX_@T DJXV@BVMT
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` =>
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
MBUJIUMBVM GJGMBVJ EIMDVJX
1.6. D@ID]IJ FM @DMXJ MB UAC@T UAC@T TMD]BF@XA@
1.6.0.FATMÐJ \JX EIM^AÔB
FATMÐJ FM UAC@ \XABDA\@I MOM H - H Mi fasmðj pjr eimxaôb sm rm`iaz` gmfa`btm mi gátjfj fm Fasmðj pjr Xmsastmbda`, mb fjbfm sm `gpiaead`b i`s d`rc`s mb smrvadaj ` ub mst`fj fm d`rc`s ÿitag`s, y sm fasgabuymb i`s rmsastmbda`s bjgab`ims fm rjtur` fm ijs mimgmbtjs gmfa`btm e`dtjrms fm rmfuddaôb. @ djbtabu`daôb sm `b`iaz`r` i` vac` djb ijs gjgmbtjs gàxagjs jhtmbafjs fm i`s mbvjivmbtms.
Gu+ 7 0<==.68 Kc.g Gu- 7 0311.1> Kc.g @sugarmgjs p`r` mi fasmðj fm ub` vac` V, i` h`sm y `itur` d`idui`fj mb prmfagmbsajb`gambtj Tmddaôb?
<.8= g* <.4< g
E‑d
?
80< Kc/dg8
Ey
?
68<< Kc/dg8
F
?
86 dg (pmr`itm memdtavj)
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` =1
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
FATMÐJ FM UAC@ V? @bàiasas fm ub` smddaôb tapj V djb e`ii` fÿdtai? @i acu`i qum mb mi mstufaj fm smddajbms djb `dmrj mb djgprmsaôb, mi memdtj eab`i sm favafarà mb fjs satu`dajbms, djgj sm gumstr` mb i` eacur`. I` pragmr` djrrmspjbfm ` i` djgprmsaôb mb i`s `i`s fm i` smddaôb y i` smcubf` ` i` djgprmsaôb mb mi `ig`
FMVMXGAB@GJT MI @BDNJ FM I@ @IMV@?
≦ ↘ 7 4.<6= ≍. ≦↘↘ 7 <.8= 6.68 ≍ . ≦ ≦ ↘705<. ↘705<.03<.8= ≍. @sugarmgjs mi gmbjr v`ijr fm ’h‗ p`r` mi fasmðj fm i` vac` h7<.3= g.
UMXAEAD@GJT \JX TMDDAÔB? TM UMXAEAD@ MI VA\J FM UAC@ Ijs gjgmbtjs bmc`tavjs sm fasmð`b djb ub` var` rmdt`bcui`r fm `bdnj hw 7 0<.<< dg
Gu- 7 - 0311.1> Kc.g
7 ℂ 7 03.03.<< ) 7 7 ∍.( 8 1 > . ∓0<</ 7 7 <.<.1<∓1< ∓0311.68<< 7 . 03 68<< / /(86(86 8 ) 7 <, >=.... 4.4.<3∓<3 ∓ 68<< 68</< / / ∓8= 7 . 7 <.>=∓80< Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 5<
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
\jr ij t`btj sm jhsmrv`
9ℂ
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
, ij du`i sacbaead` qum ijs gjgmbtjs bmc`tavjs sm fasmð`b djgj ub`
UAC@ XMDV@BC]I@X , fm `bdnj hw78=dg.
Djbeacur`daôb fmi djbdrmtj djgpragafj mb mi tapj fm vac` V
IJT GJGMBVJT \JTAVAUJT TM UMXAEAD@ MI VA\J FM UAC@ Gu+ 7 0<==.68 Kc.g
7 ℂ 7 03.03.<< ) 7 7 ∍.( 8 6 8 . ∓0<</ 7 7 <.<.1<∓1< ∓0<==.68<< 7 . 03 68<< / /(86(86 8 ) 7 <, >=.... 0.0.><∓>< ∓ 68<< 68</< / / ∓3= 7 . 7 <.>=∓80< 9ℂ
\jr ij t`btj sm jhsmrv` `
, ij du`i sacbaead` qum ijs gjgmbtjs pjsatavjs sm fasmð`b djgj ub`
UAC@ XMDV@BC]I@X fm `bdnj h7 3=dg
Djbeacur`daôb fmi djbdrmtj djgpragafj mb mi tapj fm vac` V
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 50
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
DÀID]IJ @DMXJ IJBCAV]FAB@I FM I@ UAC@ TMD]BF@XA@ Fmtmrgab`gjs mi çbfadm fm rmeumrzj?
7 ∍.∍. ... 7 0 ° ∟ 00.0>8.45
\@X@ ]B GJGMBVJ \JTAVAUJ?
\`r` ub Gu 7 0<==.68 Kc.g
6 8 . ∓0<</ 7 <.10<==. <∓80</ ∓ 3= ∓ 86 7. 08.0.04>5(5 (<.<.<04)04) 7. 7 0 ° 08. . 7 7 <. < 04∓ 04 ∓ 80< 80 </ / 7 7 68<< / 7.
Fmtmrgab`gjs i`s du`btç`s
\@X@ ]B GJGMBVJ BMC@VAUJ?
\`r` ub Gu 7 -0311.1> Kc.g
1 >. ∓0<</ 7 <.10311. <∓80</ ∓8=∓86 7. 08.0.04>5(5 (<.<.<55)55) 7. 7 0 ° 08.
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 58
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
Fmtmrgab`gjs i`s du`btç`s
7 7 . <. < 51∓ 51 ∓ 80< 80 </ / 7 7 68<< / 7.
Tm d`idui` i` du`btç` h`i`bdm`f` y i` du`btç` gàxag`, p`r` fmtmrgab`r sa ms sagpimgmbtm rmejrz`f` j fjhimgmbtm rmejrz`f`.
<, > = . 5<<< ) 7 7 .<,>= . (5<<< <, > =∓ 80< / 5<<< ) 7 7 68<< / ∓<,>= ∓ (5<<</
7. 7 7 <.<.3= . 7<.3=∓<.<807. (()7 )7 )) 77 <<..<<<<04 99 <<..<<0055
Tagpimgmbtm rmejrz`fj Tagpimgmbtm rmejrz`fj
D@ID]IJ FM @DMXJ FM XME]MX_J
7 7 . .. ↘ ∍ /" (( (()) 7<.7<.<<<0∓3=∓867. / " <4∓8=∓867. ↘ ∍ /"/"
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 54
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
1.6.8.FATMÐJ \JX DJXVM Bjrg`igmbtm mb i`s vac`s sm prmsmbt`b eumrz`s djrt`btms g`yjrms ` ijs qum mi djbdrmtj pumfm rmsastar, pjr ij t`btj ms bmdms`raj prjpjrdajb`r `i mimgmbtj rmeumrzj pjr djrtm gmfa`btm mstrahjs fm `dmrj. I` rmsastmbda` `i djrtm fm i` smddaôb vmbfrà f`f` pjr i` sug` fm ijs `pjrtms fmi djbdrmtj y mi `dmrj. Mi `pjrtm fmi djbdrmtj sm d`idui` fm acu`i g`bmr` qum p`r` ijs`s g`daz`s.
I` Bjrg` M.<5< mb su `rtçduij 00.=.3.8 mspmdaead` i` sacuambtm mxprmsaôb p`r` mi dàiduij fmi `pjrtm fmi rmeumrzj pjr djrtm pmrpmbfadui`r `i mom fm i` vac`.
Fjbfm @ v ms ms mi àrm` fm rmeumrzj pjr djrtm fmbtrj fmi msp`da`gambtj s , prjpjrdajb`f` pjr i` sug` fm i`s àrm`s fm i`s r`g`s fm ijs mstrahjs uhad`fjs mb mi `ig`. Ta sm us`b mstrahjs sagpims, sm mbdumbtr`b fjs r`g`s fmbtrj fmi msp`da`gambtj, pjr djbsacuambtm mi àrm` smrà acu`i ` fjs vmdms mi àrm` fm i` h`rr` @ h, us`f` mb mi mstrahj. Mb tjf` smddaôb fm i` vac` sm fmhmrà dugpiar?
Fjbfm U u ms i` eumrz` djrt`btm ÿitag` fm fasmðj, n`ii`f` ` ub ` fast`bda` ’f‗ gmfaf` fmsfm i` d`r` fm ijs `pjyjs. Ta tmbmgjs mi v`ijr fm U u p`r` ub` smddaôb fmtmrgab`f` y fm U d qum qum ms djbst`btm p`r` tjf` i` vac`, mbtjbdms pjfmgjs jhtmbmr mi v`ijr fm i` rmsastmbda` rmqumraf` U s mb fadn` smddaôb, y pjr djbsacuambtm, mi msp`da`gambtj rmqumrafj p`r` `smcur`r fadn` rmsastmbda`.
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 56
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
D@ID]IJ FMI XME]MX_J \JX DJXVM MB I@ UAC@ TMD]BF@XA@
I` eumrz` Djrt`btm, tjg`fj fmsfm i` d`r` fm i` djiugb` ms fm 6550.88 Kc
Fmtmrgab`gjs mi v`ijr Uuf? I` eumrz` djrt`btm ` ub` fast`bda` fm ub pmr`itm memdtavj (<.86g) gmfafj ` p`rtar fm i` d`r`
7 ..
fm i` djiugb` ms?
Fmtmrgab`gjs i` eumrz` djrt`btm qum rmsastm mi djbdrmtj Ud?
7 < . = 4 ‸ . .. .8=.86 780</ 7 <.=47 80</ .. ∍ 7 < . > = . ∍∍∍∍ 7 7<.<.>=∓> =∓.65<> 65. <>..85
Fmtmrgab`gjs mi v`ijr ÞUd?
Djgprjh`daôb Djgprjh`daôb sa rmquamrm rmeumrzj pjr Djrtm?
2∍ .. 2 2 .. ∶ Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 5=
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
Fmtmrgab`gjs i` ijbcatuf fm mstrah`fj?
∍ 8 7 84<6.6. 84< 0404 6550.0.3588 7 84<6.04 7 < . > 3 70.375. <.>3
Tmcÿb mi @DA 40>-06 (0>.6.8.6) ’Mb `ghjs mxtrmgjs fm i` vac` fmhmb djijd`rsm mstrahjs dmrr`fjs fm djbeab`gambtj mb ub` ijbcatuf 8n (n7 `itur` fm vac`), gmfafj fmsfm i` d`r` fmi
gamghrj fm `pjyj n`da` mi dmbtrj fm i` iuz‗.
7 8<.<. 8 4 < 7 .
Fmtmrgab`gjs mi dugpiagambtj fm i` smddaôb Tm fmhm vmraead`r qum mi `pjrtm fmi `dmrj `dmrj sm` gmbjr qum mi gàxagj mi du`i sm fmtmrgab` ` tr`vás fm i` mxprmsaôb?
Fjbfm?
≦8. 0 ∓∟ed∓h∓f 7 7 ∍ 7 7 6<8=.<.>5=< 65<>.85 7 7 . ≦ 8.0 ∟e∟e d h.h. f ≦8.0 80<80< / 8=dg ∓ 86dg 86dg ≦0>8=1. 0 4 Kc . ≦ . . ∶
\jr ij t`btj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 55
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
Msp`da`gambtj pjr dratmrajs fm cramt`s Us iag
Us ≦0.0< ∟e d h.h. f Us iag 7 0.0.0< 0< 80<80< / ∓ 8=dg ∓ 86dg 7 1=51=56.6.40 Kc 083.083.36 ≦ 1=56. 1=56.40 Kc ≦ ≦ Us iag,g,Mbtjbdmjbdmss mimi Tg`Tg`xx 7 8 Tg`x7 868 7 08 ≎≎
Fmtmrgab`gjs mi bÿgmrj fm rmeumrzjs
Mi tr`gj ` djbearg`s ms fm <.5< g, `i du`i sm im tambm qum rmst`s ub msp`da`fj fm ub mstrahj fm <.<=g tmbambfj `i eab`i <.== g ` djbeab`r. Msp`da`gambtjs?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
T 7 = dg TT 77 > ∓0.170.70=.8> dg T 7 4< T 7 7 08 dg ≎ ≎
Tm tjg`r` mi gmbjr v`ijr. T0 7 >.=
\àcab` 53
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
Bugmrj fm mstrahjs? Eab`igmbtm i` fastrahudaôb smrà? Þ 4/>‗ 0L<.<= g, =L<.0< g, Xst L<.0=g
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 5>
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
D@\AV]IJ UA? FATMÐJ FM IJT MIMGMBVJT MTVX]DV]X@IMT — DJI]GB@T
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 51
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
0<. FATMÐJ DJI]GB@
0<.0. FMEABADAÔB FM DJI]GB@ I`s djiugb`s sjb gamghrjs vmrtad`ims ` djgprmsaôb fm ijs g`rdjs mstrudtur`ims, qum sarvmb p`r` `pjy`r ` i`s vac`s d`rc`f`s. Vr`sgatmb ` i`s d`rc`s ` ijs pasjs supmrajrms n`st` i` pi`bt` y fmspuás `i sumij, ` tr`vás fm i` dagmbt`daôb. \umstj qum i`s djiugb`s sjb mimgmbtjs ` djgprmsaôb, i` e`ii` fm ub` djiugb` mb ub iuc`r drçtadj pumfm d`us`r mi dji`psj prjcrmsavj fm ijs pasjs djbdurrmbtms y mi dji`psj tjt`i ÿitagj fm i` mstrudtur` djgpimt`. I` e`ii` mstrudtur`i fm ub` djiugb` ms ub mvmbtj fm prabdap`i agpjrt`bda`. Ms pjr mstj qum fmhm fm tmbmr duaf`fj mxtrmgj mb mi fasmðj fm i`s djiugb`s, qum fmhmb tmbmr ub` rmsmrv` fm rmsastmbda` gàs `it` qum i`s vac`s j du`iquamr jtrj mimgmbtj mstrudtur`i njrazjbt`i, mspmda`igmbtm pjrqum i`s e`ii`s fm djgprmsaôb prjpjrdajb`b guy pjd` `fvmrtmbda` vasu`i.
0<.8. FMEABADAÔB FM MTHMIVM_ Ijs memdtjs fm mshmitmz mb i`s djiugb`s `ugmbt`b ` vmdms sacbaead`tav`gmbtm ijs gjgmbtjs d`idui`fjs mb mi `bàiasas bjrg`i miàstadj fm i` mstrudtur`. Ta ub` djiugb` prmsmbt` ub cr`fj fm mshmitmz t`i, qum p`r` mi bavmi fm d`rc` `xa`i `piad`fj, sm cmbmrmb fmejrg`dajbms tr`bsvmrs`ims qum `ugmbtmb sacbaead`tav`gmbtm i` mxdmbtradaf`f djbsafmr`f` mb mi fasmðj, fmhmrà mv`iu`rsm mi gjgmbtj cmbmr`fj pjr i` bumv` mxdmbtradaf`f.
0<.4. FATMÐJ \JX EIM^JDJG\XMTAJB Ijs mimgmbtjs qum mstàb prabdap`igmbtm sjgmtafjs ` eimxj djgprmsaôb, sjb i`s djiugb`s y ijs fmbjgab`fjs gurjs fm djrtm j pi`d`s, mb i`s mfaead`dajbms fm djbdrmtj `rg`fj. Mi fasmðj fm ub mimgmbtj sjgmtafj ` eimxj djgprmsaôb sm rm`iaz` djb i` gasg` tmjrç` m napôtmsas fmi fasmðj pjr eimxaôb, djbsafmràbfjsm `fadajb`igmbtm mi prjhimg` fm i` mshmitmz. I` mshmitmz fm i` djiugb`s, `sjda`fj ` ijs gjgmbtjs fm smcubfj jrfmb qum `dtÿ`b sjhrm mii`s, djbfadajb`b i` d`p`daf`f fm d`rc`, ms fmdar i` g`cbatuf fm i` d`rc` `xa`i. @ ijs gjgmbtjs qum sm cmbmr`b pjr i`s fmejrg`dajbms tr`bsvmrs`ims fm i`s djiugb`s (fmspi`z`gambtj fmi mbtrmpasj), sm ims fmbjgab` gjgmbtjs fm 8fj. Jrfmb. \`r` rm`iaz`r mi fasmðj pjr eimxjdjgprmsaôb sm fmhmrà djbstruar mi fa`cr`g` fm abtmr`ddaôb p`r` i` djiugb`, ijs fa`cr`g`s fm abtmr`ddaôb fmeabmb ijs iagatms fm rmsastmbda` fm i` smddaôb ( àrm` fm `dmrj y àrm` hrut` fm i` smddaôb), p`r` i`s eumrz`s `xa`ims y gjgmbtjs eimdtjrms cmbmr`fjs pjr i`s `ddajbms fm cr`vmf`f y sçsgad`s iumcj fm `gpiaead`ri`s pjr i`s favmrs`s djghab`dajbms, sa ijs pubtjs sm mbdumbtr`b fmbtrj fm i` durv` fm fasmðj , mbtjbdms i` smddaôb y i` d`btaf`f fm `dmrj ms i` `fmdu`f`. I`s durv`s fm fasmðj fmi fa`cr`g` fm abtmr`ddaôb sm cmbmr`b v`ra`bfj i` uhad`daôb fmi mom bmutrj mb i` smddaôb p`r` ub` fmtmrgab`f` fastrahudaôb fm `dmrj, iumcj sm prjdmfm ` d`idui`r pjr mquaiahraj i` rmsastmbda` bjgab`i fm i` smddaôb p`r` msm d`sj, fmtmrgabàbfjsm ub pubtj, y `sç sudmsav`gmbtm n`st` djgpimt`r i` durv`. Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 3<
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
0<.6. \XMFAGMBTAJB@FJ Àrm` trahut`ra`?
@t76.4>∓4.=8= @t7@t 7 0=.0=.66 g8g8
D`rc` ubat`ra` `sugaf`? 0tb/g8 \smrvadaj?
ÀXM@ FM I@ DJI]GB@?
\smrmrvavadj7dj 7 @t∓@t ∓ #pa#pasjs∓js ∓ d`rcd`rc`` ubat`rara` \smrmrvavadj7dj 7 0=.=.6666 g8g8 ∓ 8 ∓ 0tb/g8 b/g8 \smrmrvavadj7dj 7 4<.4<.>> tb @d7@d 7 <.\s6m=∓ervad‸jd .>> tb ∓ 0<<< 0<<< @d7@d 7 <.4<.4<6=∓80
\ragmr`gmbtm mst` smddaôb rmsuit` smr guy mshmit` pjr miij sm jptô pjr ub` smddaôb g`yjr fm <.8=*<.6
0<.=. UMXAEAD@DAÔB FM MTHMIVM_ D`rc` `gpiaead`f` (\u)
7 0.= ∓ 7 0.= ∓ 4<.>> 7 65.65.4848
D`rc` dratad` fm p`bfmj (\dr), K70
Umraead`daôb?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
7 ℂ ∓∓ 70∓8.> ∓88<<<<∓<.<<<53 7 0=>.>.0= 6>6> \àcab` 30
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
∍ ∍ 2 2 0.0. 5 <...3∓0=>. 6 >20. 5 ∓65. 4 8 2 .. !! Tm prjdmfm ` tr`h`o`r djb smddaôb fm djiugb` fm <.8=gx<.6
0<.5. D@ID]IJ FM I@ D@XC@ ßIVAG@ \u Fmtmrgab`rmgjs mi rmeumrzj fm `dmrj p`r` ub` djiugb` fm <.8= g <.6
\msj fm i` Uac` Tmdubf`ra` 86<< Kc/g4 x <.8=g x <.4
7
=31.5< Kc
\msj fm i` Uac` \rabdap`i
86<< Kc/g4 x <.8=g x <.6 g
7
131.8< Kc
\msj fm ijs` @iacmr`f`
8> g
7
453>.=4 Kc
\msj fm pasj tmrgab`fj
0<< Kc/g8 x 4.=8g x 6.4> g
7
0=60.35 Kc
D`rc` Gumrt`
533>.3> Kc
D@XC@ UAU@
Tjhrm d`rc` fm smrvadaj vavambf`
8=< Kc/g8 x 4.6= g x 6.4> g
D`rc` Uav`
7
4333.3= Kc
4333.3= Kc
Fmtmrgab`gjs i` d`rc` ÿitag`? \u 7 0.6 DG + 0.3 DU \u 7 0.6 (533>.3> Kc) + 0.3 (4333.3= Kc)
\u 7 0=108.63 Kc Fmtmrgab`gjs mi gjgmbtj uitagj Gu.
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 38
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
Gu 7 >1>5.65 Kc.g
0<.3. D@ID]IJ FM XME]MX_J IJBCAV]FAB@I
7 >1>50=108..656.3 7 . 7 >1>5. 7 <.> =. ‸ 7 <.>68<<=∓80<// 7. 7 4<8(5) 4< 7.
Fmtmrgab`gjs i` mxdmbtradaf`f
Fmtmrgab`gjs mi v`ijr fm g.
Fmtmrgab`gjs c
Fmtmrgab`gjs K
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 34
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
7 ...ℂ 63 7 80< /0=108. ∓4<∓4< 7 <.0
]taiaz`bfj ijs fa`cr`g`s fm abtmr`ddaôb djb ijs sacuambtms v`ijrms?
7 .
V`ghaáb
7 // 7 7 / ↘ <.4<=5 7<.<0> 7<. 0 7<. < 8< 7 7 <.84.<8<=4 7<.<<0
\jr fa`cr`g` fm abtmr`ddaôb?
JHTMXU@DAÔB? Mi pjrdmbt`om gçbagj fm rmeumrzj ijbcatufab`i fmhm bj gmbjr qum mi 0.< % , pjr t`btj `sugarmgjs ub v`ijr gçbagj fm 0% p`r` mi fasmðj fm i` djiugb`.
D`iduij fmi àrm` fm @dmrj.
7 7 ... . ℂ 7 7 <. < 0∓ 0 ∓ 8= ∓ ∓ 6< 7 7 . ↘ ∍ /"/"
(08 (08 dg8)
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 36
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
0<.>. D@ID]IJ FM MTVXAHJT
Ij7N/5 = Ij[Ij [g`x6=7 ; ga g a b 7 ; Tj[Tj [ 0<8 8 05fh T0[T0 [gab4<7 ; Fast`bda` mbtrm mstrahjs
ga g a b 7 ; Tj[Tj [ 0<8 8 7 7 . 6=6== 7 <.<.<1<1 ≫ L 05fh7 ; T0[T0 [gab4< 0 7 05 ∓ <.1= 7 0=.8 9 8= 0 7 L 4. < Ij7 Ij 7 57 67<<.<.; 8== g IjIj g`x6= 7 7 4.=< 7 .
Fast`bda` ` mstrah`r
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 3=
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
7 7 4.=< 7 . 7 <. <= 7 6= 0< 7 6.=~ ∍/ ∍/""L L 7 84 7 84 ∓47 ∓4 7 < = 7 8<. 7 0.8=1 7 3.5~ ∍/ ∍/""L L
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 35
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
D@\AV]IJ UAA? FATMÐJ FM IJT MIMGMBVJT MTVX]DV]X@IMT — MTD@IMX@
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 33
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
00. FATMÐJ FM MTD@IMX@ MTD@IMX@
Ms ub mimgmbtj mstrudtur`i duy` eubdaôb ms pjfmr djbfudar ` faemrmbtms bavmims fm ub` mfaead`daôb, duyj g`tmra`i ms fm djbdrmtj `rg`fj 00.0. FAGMBTAJB@FJ Q DÀID]IJ FMI MT\MTJX MT\MTJX \XJGMFAJ MT\MTJX \XJGMFAJ
@IV]X@ GMFA@
7 8< ~ 8= 0 7 8.8<1= 7<.06 8 7 8.8=1= 7.00> ∶7. ≍. ℂ 7 ∟ 8 <. < . 8 = . 0 3= ∟ ℂ7 .0= <.8= <.083= 7.
00.8. GMVX@FJ FM D@XC@T \`r` mi gmtr`fj fm msd`imr` sm utaiaz`rà ub` er`bo` trahut`ra` fm 0.
\msj prjpaj
@d`h`fj
86<< Kc/g4 x 0.<< g x <.830 g 7 561.66 Kc/g 0<< Kc/g8 x 0.<< g 7 0<<.<< Kc/g
D`rc` Gumrt`
361.66 Kc/g
Fmsd`bsj fm msd`imr` D@XC@ G]MXV@
\msj prjpaj
@d`h`fj
86<< Kc/g4 x 0.<< g x <.0=< g 7 45<.<< Kc/g 0<< Kc/g8 x 0.<< g 7 0<<.<< Kc/g
D`rc` Gumrt` Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
65<.<< Kc/g \àcab` 3>
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
D@XC@ UAU@
Tjhrm d`rc` fm smrvadaj
6<< Kc/g8 x 0<< g 7 6<< Kc/g
D`rc` Uav`
6<< Kc/g
VX@GJ 8 D@XC@ G]MXV@ C`rc`bt` fm msd`imr`
\msj prjpaj
@d`h`fj
86<< Kc/g4 x 0.<< g x <.830 g 7 561.66 Kc/g 0<< Kc/g8 x 0.<< g 7 0<<.<< Kc/g
D`rc` Gumrt`
361.66 Kc/g
Fmsd`bsj fm msd`imr` D@XC@ G]MXV@
\msj prjpaj
@d`h`fj
86<< Kc/g4 x 0.<< g x <.0=< g 7 45<.<< Kc/g 0<< Kc/g8 x 0.<< g 7 0<<.<< Kc/g
D`rc` Gumrt`
65<.<< Kc/g
D@XC@ UAU@
Tjhrm d`rc` fm smrvadaj
6<< Kc/g8 x 0<< g 7 6<< Kc/g
D`rc` Uav`
6<< Kc/g
Fmtmrgab`gjs i` d`rc` ÿitag`? VX@GJ 0 y 8
Su0 7 0.6 DG + 0.3 DU Su0 7 0.6 (361.66) + 0.3 (6<<)
Su0 7 0381.08 Kc/g Su8 7 0.6 DG + 0.3 DU Su8 7 0.6 (65<) + 0.3 (6<<)
Su8 7 0486.< Kc/g
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` 31
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
00.4. @BÀIATAT MTVX]DV]X@I
00.4.0. D`iduij fm X` y Xh
∐7< ( (4.4.80=)0=)0381.80∓8.8=∓80486∓>3=∓<.643=7< ((4.4.80=)0=) 7566=.06 7. 7∐‸ 704>4.88 7 7 ..
00.4.8. D@ID]IJ FM GJGMBVJ GJGMBVJ GÀ^AGJ
7 0 7 8=6=.0381.<8540 7 0.0.638638 + 7 7∓ 0∓ 8 7 + 7 . Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` ><
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
00.6. D@ID]IJ FMI XME]MX_J
00.6.0. @DMXJ \JTAVAUJ (`dmrj prabdap`i)
7 + 70>38.1 74 7 0=4 = 4 7 08
Fmtmrgab`daôb fmi rmeumrzj gmfa`btm eôrgui`?
3∍∓∓∓0<< 7<. > = = <.<.388= 0.∍∓∓ ∓ ∓‸ ∓0<< 7<. > = <.<.388= <.10.< ∓3∓8<46 ∓80< 0 < < ∓ 0 8 7<.<3> 7 ‸80< 7 <7.<<3.><<68<<6 7 77<.7<<6∓<6 ∓∓0<<∓ ∓0<<∓ 08 7 .. ↘ L /"/" .. 00.6.8. @DMXJ BMC@VAUJ (`pjyj)
7<. < <0>∓∓ + ≭ 4 7 < . < < 0 > ∓ 0 < < ∓ 0 8 7 8 . 0 5 8 + ≭ 4 7 6.34<0 7 0.0.=53=53 88 7 .. ↘ L /" .. Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
\àcab` >0
]BAUMXTAF@F \XAU@F@ FM V@DB@
ABCMBAMXÇ@ DAUAI
00.6.4. @DMXJ FM VMG\MX@V]X@
7 7 ∓ ∓ 777..7<.<<0>∓ <0> ∓↘0<<∓ 0<
‸ ≦∍∓ 7 X` Su0(<.<.8=f) =f) 7 01<=.=. 01< 8585 KcKc 7 ∓ 7 ∓ ∟ 7 .. 7<.=4∓∟ 4∓ ∟ 80<∓0<<∓08 80<∓0<<∓08 71805.=05 ∍ 7<.>=∓ ∍ 7<.>=∓1805.=05 ∍ 7 .. Umraead`bfj?
Djbdrmtj @rg`fj A
0=5<.>6 kc 93>46.<6 kc !
\àcab` >8
