CONCEPT & SIGNIFICANCE OF ADHIKA MASAM

Om! Gam! Ganapathaye! Namaha! Om! Sri Raghavendraya Namaha! Namaha! Om! Namo! Bhagavathe! Bhagavathe! Vasudevaya! Om! Ham! Hanumathe! Sri Rama Doothaya Namaha!

CONCEPT & SIGNIFICANCE OF ADHIKA MASAM With the transit of Sun into Aries (Mesha Sankramana) on 14 th of April 2010 it is going to be a special period known as Adhika Masam in Hindu Lunar Calendar for a period of 30 days starting from 15.04.2010 to 14.05.2010. 14.05.2010 . Incidentally it is coinciding with Vaisakha Masam of Hindu Lunar Calendar and hence it is referred to as Adhika Vaisakha Masam. Masam. Generally we keep hearing the word Adhika Masam once in every two/three years. Last time an Adhika Masam occurred was in the year 2007 when it was Adhika Jyesta Masam. In our our Lunar calendar we have only 12 months starting from Chaithra Masam and ending with Phalguna Masam, in Solar calendar starting from Mesha Masam to Meena Masam, and January to December in case of an official calendar. When such is the case, what is this Adhika Masam, why is it, what is its significance, when does it occur, let us try to understand.

What is Adhika Masa? Literally Adhika means additional, extra and Masa means means a month. Adhika Masa means an extra month. We would would have observed that that in Western Calendar there is a concept called Leap Year which occurs once in every four years when we find an extra day is added to the month of February and the calendar year will have 366 days instead of regular 365 days. Something similar to that, we find in Hindu Almanac where, a time compensation of one month is made to adjust the time movement and to make necessary corrections to to the calendars we follow. This is something in vogue and followed in Hindu religion since time immemorial initiated by our ancient seers with their vision and forethought. Generally we find only one new moon (Amavasya) and one full moon (Pournami) in a Luni - Solar month. If in any solar month two new moons occur, which normally does not, then both the Lunar months will have to be reckoned. When there are two new moons one one at the commencement and other at the end of a solar month then two lunar months would be

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originating in the the same solar month. Then both the Lunar months months will have to bear the same name as of the solar month. Then the the Lunar month that that begins from the first new moon is deemed as an extra month. This is called Adhika Masa or Malamasa. Malamasa. The Lunar month beginning from the second New Moon is called as the real or pure and is referred to as Nija Masa or Suddha Masa with both the months bearing the same name. In short an Adhika Masa is a Lunar month during which there is no Surya Sankramana or solar transit. Therefore, when Adhika Masa occurs, Sun’s stay in a particular sign or raasi will be longer than the duration of that Lunar month. Sun and Moon are called Luminaries which are visible in our day to day life. Their phases viz… Full Moon (Pournami) and New Moon (Amavasya) helped our ancient seers to establish a suitable time division of Lunar Month on which our religious calendar (Almanac) is based. Lunar month commonly observed in our Lunar Calendar is known as Amaanta starting from the end moment of New Moon (Amavasya) to the end moment of the next New Moon. A Lunar month is a period starting from Sukla Prathama (Paadyami) (Paadyami) and ending with Krishna (Bahula) Amavasya. Similarly another noticeable feature was the occurrence and recurrence of seasons known as Ruthus. These phenomena made our seers to notice the obvious movement of the Luminaries on a clear cut path known as zodiac that is divided into twelve signs or Raasis. Movement of Sun from one sign to the other in the zodiac is reckoned as Sankranthi or Sankramana. The period between two Sankrantis (transit of Sun from one sign or raasi to the other) is taken as Soura or a Solar month. One complete cycle of Sun around the zodiac starting from Aries and ending with Pisces is known as a Solar year. Since Vedic times our ancient seers are perhaps the pioneers to combine successfully the solar calendar into the lunar one and take it as a Luni – solar calendar so that it can be used for both religious/spiritual and social purposes.

Technicalities of Adhika Masa It was found by our ancient seers that a Lunar month will have duration of 29 days 12 hours and 44 minutes that add up to 354 days and 9 hours in a year, falling short of the solar year of 365 days by about 11 days (approx).





Therefore in order to synchronize the Lunar months with Luni-Solar calendar and to keep in pace with the seasons our ancient seers have formulated a concept or technique of restraining Lunar months and devised an intercalary month for the Lunar Calendar. Thus, as and when there there is an accumulation of recession by about 30 days, a Lunar month is added to the year. This extra month known as Adhika Masam occurs at regular intervals of 32 or 33 solar months to maintain the balance between Solar and Lunar Calendars. Thus it can be seen that an intercalary month (Adhika Masa) occurs once in two/three years in the normal course.

Kshaya Masa In the process of synchronization between Lunar and Solar calendars there is also a possibility of adding more months over a longer period of time. Under this concept it is said that for 1920 solar months, 60 Adhika Masas will be added when 59 would be adequate. Hence, in order to bring in further refinement and to suppress this excess in Adhika masas our ancient seers have also devised a concept wherein one month is reduced or dropped in the Lunar Calendar by ignoring the count of Lunar month at appropriate intervals. This concept of reduction or dropping of a Lunar month is known as Kshaya Masam where, in such an eventuality there will be no new Moon (Amavasya) in a particular solar month. month. Sun’s stay in in a particular particular raasi raasi or or sign will be less than the duration of a Lunar month and it results in two Sankramanas or Solar transits taking place in a particular lunar month. month. It is said that Kshaya Masa occurs generally once in 141 years and again after 19 years. It doesn’t occur at short intervals of time. Generally Kshaya Masa occurs in one of the Lunar months of Kartika, Margasira and Pushya Masa. In the year when Kshaya Masa occurs there will be two Adhika Masas, one before and the other after the Kshaya Masam. In simple terms an Adhika Masa occurs when there are two New Moons in a Solar Month and there will be no Sun’s transit or Sankramana in that Lunar month. In such a situation we find Sun transit or Sankramana happening just before and just after the Adhika Masa. In other other words words a Lunar month with no Sun transit or Sankramana is referred to as Adhika Masa or Mala Masa. Generally, Adhika Masa o in the period from Chaithra to





Significance of Adhika Masa Having understood the concept and technicalities of Adhika Masa let us try to understand what Adhika Masa Masa signifies in a religious and spiritual way. Lot of solemnity is attached to the Adhika Masa in Hindu religion and spirituality. Adhika is a Sanskrit word, that also means the best, the greatest, powerful, and extraordinary. It is measured more glorious than all other months months in terms of its merits. Lord Sri Maha Vishnu is considered as the presiding deity of Adhika Masam in the name Purushottama Purushottama.. Hence, Adhika Masa is also referred to as Purushottama Masa. Masa. Purushottama is one of the thousands of names of Lord Sri ManNarayana. It means the best among the beings in the Universe. Lord Sri Rama is called as Purana Purushottama. Adhika Masa is the most sacred month dedicated to the most sacred person Lord Sri Maha Vishnu.

Austerities during Adhika Masa Adhika Masa is considered as the most auspicious month to perform certain austerities for spiritual advancement. Some of the austerities prescribed to be observed during Adhika Masa Vratha are, Parayana: Reading of sacred scripts especially Bhagavatha during Adhika Parayana: Masam is given high significance and considered as highly meritorious. Apart from this one can also read other scripts like Bhagavat Geeta, Sri Vishnu Sahasra Nama Sthothram etc…during etc…during Adhika Masam. Naktha Bhojana: Bhojana: Eating one time meals at night with complete fasting during day time and avoiding eating of Urad/Urad dal and preparations made out of it during this period. Eka Bhuktha: Bhuktha: It is opposite of the above, eating only once during day time and not taking any food till next day. Uposhana: Completely avoiding meals and taking only milk and fruits Uposhana: during the vratha period. Mouna Vratha: Vratha: Observing total silence and not talking to any one for a





Dharana Parana:: Fasting on one day and eating on the next day during Parana the vratha period. –

Apart from the above some of the other austerities include, eating food without salt, sleeping on the floor avoiding cot and bed, Lakshavarti (preparing one lakh cotton wicks and lighting lamps with it), avoiding cutting of nails and hair etc… One can also take up any other austerity that pleases Lord Sri Maha Vishnu. In this regard one can consider writing of Sri Rama Nama during the Vratha period the simplest austerity with great benefits. benefits. While writing Rama Nama one should also recite the same silently.

Charities during Adhika Masam Lot of significance is given and is considered highly meritorious to give charity during Adhika Masam. Adhika Masam Anantha Phalam. Phalam. Charity should always be accompanied with proper Dakshina according to ones capacity. Some of the charities prescribed to be given during Adhika Masam are as follows; –

Apoopa Dana: Dana: Apoopa means a sweet dish made with Rice flour, jaggery and Ghee. Such sweet dish 33 in number should be given as charity to a Brahmin along with a Brass plate. According to ones capacity this can be given on every day or during specified days or at least on one of the specified days during the vratha period. period. This type of charity is considered to be highly meritorious and bestows significant results. Phala Dana Dana:: Seasonal fruits or Banana 33 in number can be given as charity as said above. Thaamboola Dana: Dana: Betel leaves + Areca Nut + either a fruit or a Coconut + Dakshina should be given to Brahmin couple (33 in number) as said above. Other charities prescribed during Adhika Masam are Anna Dana, Deepa Dana, Baagina Dana, Pusthaka Dana (Sacred scripts like Bhagavatha), Sayya Dana (Bed Sheet + Blanket + Pillow) along with Lakshmi Narayana Prathima, Godana (donating a Cow), Thila Dana along with a Brass vessel, Vasthra Dana (Clothes), etc…





you do it should be done with all sincerity, devotion and without expecting any results. Specific days for giving charity are Dwadasi (both Sukla & Krishna Paksha), Pournami (full Moon day), Amavasya (New Moon day), Astami, Navami and Chaturdasi days during the dark fortnight (Krishna Paksha), Vyatheepatha, and Vaidruthi days.

Pithru Karma during Adhika Masa Nitya Karma, Amavasya, Yugaadi, Manvaadi related Pithru karmas should be performed both in Adhika Masa as well as in Nija Masa. If annual ceremony of deceased known as Prathisaamvatsareeka Sraaddha falls during the month when Adhika Masam occurs it should be performed in Adhika Masam provided the concerned Pithru had expired during Adhika Masam. Otherwise it should be performed only during Nija Masam. Also means to say that, in case the deceased had expired in Nija Masam in normal course the shraaddha should be performed during Nija Masam and not in the Adhika Masam. In case Adhika Masam coincides with Maasika (monthly) cermonies during the first year of Pithru’s death, the concerned Maasika shraaddha should be performed twice both in Adhika masam as well as in Nija masam. In case if the 12th month ceremony coincides with Adhika Masam then that Maasika ceremony should be performed twice both in Adhika Masa as well as in Nija Masa and the first annual ceremony (Prathamaabdeeka ( Prathamaabdeeka)) should be th performed in the 14 month. In case Adhika Masam coincides with Dasa Dina Karma all the related ceremonies including Sapindeekarana should be performed only during Adhika Masam. In case the first annual ceremony happens to fall during Adhika Masam it should be performed during Adhika Masam only even though they had expired during Nija Masam.







religious and spiritual pursuits it is considered as inauspicious for performing certain other other rituals. Some of the activities to be avoided during Adhika Masam are Upanayana samskara, Vivaha, Gruha Pravesa, Shasti Poorthi and Devatha Prathista etc… However, rituals like Garbhadaana, Pumsavana, Seemantha, Seemantha, Naamakarana, Annapraasana etc…can be performed during Adhika Masam.

Brahmotsavam at Tirumala during Adhika Masam: We are aware that every year the annual Brahmotsavam of Lord Sri Venkateswara Swamy takes place at Tirumala during Kanya Masam that coincides with Navarathri festival during the Lunar month Aaswayuja Masam. If Adhika Masam is coinciding with Aaswayuja Masam then the nine day festival Brahmotsavam at Tirumala is held twice, both in Adhika Masam as well as in Nija Masam.

Specified dates in the Current Adhika Masam 15.04.2010: 26.04.2010: 28.04.2010: 29.04.2010: 06.05.2010: 07.05.2010: 11.05.2010: 13.05.2010: 14.05.2010:

Commencement of Adhika Vaisakha Masam Sukla Dwadasi Pournami (Full Moon day) Vyatheepatha Bahula Astami Bahula Navami Bahula Dwadasi Bahula Chaturdasi Bahula Amavasya (End of Adhika Masam)

CONCEPT & SIGNIFICANCE OF ADHIKA MASAM

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