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Community of Practice - Other Type: Workshop Duration : 1 hour and a half active work, 4-6 weeks for the soap to cure Min/Max participants: N/A Room/space Room/space requirements: A kitchen with a source of heat. If this isn’t suitable you will need portable electric/gas hobs.
Objectives
To learn how to make solid soap and understand how soap can help develop a social enterprise
1. Introduction This is one of the workshops run at the Small is… festivals.. Soap making forms a suitable basis for a sustainable social enterprise abroad. Projects in Tanzania, South Africa and Nigeria have been set up to train the local community in how to make soap. People can create a sustainable business from this on either a small or large scale.
2. Venue A kitchen with a source of heat If this isn’t suitable you will need portable electric/gas hobs.
Activity Welcome Introduction Theory Practical Wrapping Up Closing
Equipment
See material list Sign-ups for email
6. Session Information
Preparation
Read background material
Prepare equipment, tools and materials
Prepare sign-up sheets for new members
Welcome (5 minutes) Introduce yourself:
Your Name
Position/Job/Organisation
Your role in the workshop
Relevant experience to the workshop (University, projects, work etc.)
Explain the learning objectives of the workshop to the audience:
The purpose of this workshop is for participants to learn how to make their own bar of soap. The method used here is the cold process method. Some heating is required but it is very low temperature. The recipe used here is a basic soap recipe however there are many o ther recipes which use different ingredients to achieve a specific type of soap Soap making may not appear relevant to the issue of sustainability or development however it forms a suitable basis for a sustainable social enterprise. Also discussed in this workshop is a bit on the science behind soap; the chemical reactions that take place to create it.
Introduction (5 Minutes) A look into how soap is relevant in the developing world Soap making forms a suitable basis for a sustainable social enterprise abroad. Projects in Tanzania, South Africa and Nigeria have been set up to train the local community in how to make soap. People can create a sustainable business from this on either a small or large scale. Soap making requires very little ma terials and equipment. The majority of the i ngredients are easy to get hold and often found in the local community. Things like packaging for soaps offers further social enterprise opportunities What makes soap so attractive as a social enterprise is its flexibility. On a small scale people can make soap and sell it within their community however with funding or continued growth a company making and selling soap can employ a significant number of people. With enough success the soap can be begin to be exported
Theory (5 Minutes) A little bit about the science behind soap making The main process involved in soap making is saponification. Saponification is the name for a chemical reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt. In the cold process method you mix an oil or fat (Acid) with Lye (Base) to form the soap (Salt) The base must always be composed of one hydroxide ion. Here you are using lye (Sodium hydroxide) which contains one sodium ion and one hydroxide ion. The sodium ion doesn’t take part in the reaction, just the hydroxide ion. Other bases can be used such as potassium hydroxide but this is normally used for liquid soap The acid can take a variety of forms. Each acid has a unique combination of triglycerides (Compounds with 3 fatty acids attached to a single molecule of glycerol). The amount of base required to react with the acid will depend on the chemical structure of the acid
When the acid and base are mixed together the triglycerides release the single glycerol molecule (Which turns into skin nourishing glycerine) which enables the fatty acids to combine with hydroxide ions to form soap. Essentially two reactions occur. The first is turning the glycerol into glycerine and the second is the acid and base reacting to form the salt (soap)
w is the saponification table. It is a table demonstrating how different acids affect the outcome of the soap. Explaining the terms: 1. SAP – How many milligrams of baser is required to completely saponify 1 gram of an acid. This is normally given in terms of how much potassium hydroxide is needed 2. Hard/Soft – How hard or soft the bar of soap will be. If a bar of soap is too soft it will dissolve too quickly and become too mushy. The desired outcome is achieved by combining hard and soft oils 3. Cleansing – This is how well the acid cleans. Any soap will clean relatively well however some soaps will be better than o thers. 4. Fluffy Lather – This is how fluffy the lather created by the soap is. A fluffy lather is thick and bubbly but will wash away easily so is not desirable 5. Stable Lather – A bar of soap with a stable lather has very little substance but is harder to wash away. A balanced lather with be both fluffy and stable 6. Skin Care – How beneficial the soap is to the skin. This is judged in terms of nourshing vitamins, mildness and moisturizing abilities. For the recipe in this guide you are using 3 different oils. These oils when combined will produce a soap with desirable qualities. Acid
Practical (40-80 minutes) Step by step guide on how to make soap. The reason for the varied length in time is due to Step 10. This step can happen relatively quickly or can take a large amount of time.
Step 1 Weigh out 209 grams of lye using a digital scale.
Health & Safety: Lye is an extremely caustic chemical that will burn your skin upon contact. Do not let this chemical touch you in any way. Wear rubber gloves at all times and if available, wear protective eye goggles. Warn participants not to breath in or sneeze near the lye. Always have a bottle of vinegar by your side. If you spill any lye, pour vinegar over the mess to neutralize the chemical.
Step 2 Weigh out 567 grams of distilled water in a heat safe jug
Step 3 Add the lye to the water while stirring the solution with a suitable utensil (Wooden or rubber spoon). Keep mixing until all the lye is dissolved in the water. The reaction will cause the mixture to heat up so be aware of this. This step may take time so avoid rushing it and spilling the mixture
Step 4 o
Once the lye is all dissolved the mixture needs to cool down to 35 C before it can be mixed with the other ingredients. Set it one side but remember to keep an eye on it
Step 5 Measure out 751g of Olive Oil, 468g of Coconut Oil and 283g of Palm O il. It is probably best to do this in separate bowls
Step 6 Melt the 2 solid oils (Coconut and Palm) to liquid in a saucepan. Do this on a low heat as you don’t want to burn the oils
Step 7 Once the two oils have liquefied add the olive oil to the mixture.
Step 8 Both the temperature of the oil mixture and the lye/water mixture needs to be the same at o
35 C before combining them. In most cases you will need to raise or lower the temperature of one or both of the mixtures. To raise or lower the temperature you can put the pan in a sink filled with hot or cold water.
Step 9 o
Once both mixtures are at 35 C the lye/water solution should be added slowly to the pot with the oils. Using the mixing utensil you should stir in a figure of eight pattern to ensure that the lye and oils mix properly at this point
Step 10 Keep stirring until you see trace. To test for trace, drizzle a small amount of the mixture off the end of your utensil over the solution. If the liquid remains on top of the surface for a brief amount of time before sinking back in then trace has occurred. At this point saponification has taken place. This step can take a very long time or happen rather quickly. At the earliest it will happen after 10 minutes of stirring although it can take about an hour. You should regularly test for trace, about every 5 minutes, to ensure you don’t miss it. If you go past the point the soap will begin to solidify in the pot and will be very difficult to pour. To make searching for trace easier ensure your area is well lit. If your pot doesn’t have a clear light shining on it you might not be able to see trace clearly The reason for the time being so varied is due to a number of different factors. The way in which the solution is stirred and with which utensil you use can affect the time. The accuracy of the weight of the ingredients as well how similar the temperatures were can also play their player
Step 11 (Optional) Add any essential oils, nutrients or colorants after trace. This is the step where you can personalise your soap to make it smell and look the way you want. If any extras are added ensure they are will mixed in evenly
Step 12 Pour the soap into your mould(s). A pyrex oven dish is appropriate. If any of the solution sticks to the side of the pot when pouring it should be left. There is a possibility it did not saponify fully
Step 13 Place the lid on your mould or a piece of cardboard or heavy duty f reezer on top. This is to seal it from the air. The mould should be wrapped in a few blankets or towels to help insulate it
At this point the workshop for the day ends. The next few steps should be carried out by the facilitator in their own time. The completed soap (Step 16) could be given back to the participants at a later course/event.
Step 14 Let the soap solidify for at least 24 hours. It may take up to 48 hours to completely solidify.
Step 15 When the solution has solidified it should be removed from the mould. This will require a large sharp knife. Once removed from the mould it can be cut into bars however large you choose
Step 16 Each bar can be placed on a wire rack to cure. The curing process can take about 4-6 weeks so best to leave it for 6 weeks to be on the safe side. After this it i s ready to use. The bars should be flipped over about once a week during the curing process. Before using them any white powder that has formed on the surface should be removed. This is called soda ash and can be drying for the skin
Wrapping Up (5 minutes) Conclude the workshop Below is the saponification table. It is a table demonstrating how different acids affect the outcome of the soap. Explaining the terms: 1. SAP – How many milligrams of baser is required to completely saponify 1 gram of an acid. This is normally given in terms of how much potassium hydroxide is needed 2. Hard/Soft – How hard or soft the bar of soap will be. If a bar of soap is too soft it will dissolve too quickly and become too mushy. The desired outcome is achieved by combining hard and soft oils 3. Cleansing – This is how well the acid cleans. Any soap will clean relatively well however some soaps will be better than o thers. 4. Fluffy Lather – This is how fluffy the lather created by the soap is. A fluffy lather is thick and bubbly but will wash away easily so is not desirable 5. Stable Lather – A bar of soap with a stable lather has very little substance but is harder to wash away. A balanced lather with be both fluffy and stable 6. Skin Care – How beneficial the soap is to the skin. This is judged in terms of nourshing vitamins, mildness and moisturizing abilities. For the recipe in this guide you are using 3 different oils. These oils when combined will produce a soap with desirable qualities.
Closing (5 minutes) Final few words:
Announce next event or meeting
Announce when soap can be collected
Distribute sign up lists (If applicable)
Open the floor to questions
7. Useful Resources Soap making recipes and tutorials: http://www.soap-making-resource.com/index.html A few examples of soap making as a social enterprise: http://www.makesoap.biz/ A company that makes soap as a bi-product of biodiesel: http://jatrophafoundation.org/jatropha_curcas.html How to make soap from the waste material of biodiesel: http://www.permaculture.com/node/535 JUSTaSOAP, a useful shop for buying soap supplies online: http://www.justasoap.co.uk/catalog/index.php
8. Materials For 5 pounds (2.267kg) of soap:
Olive oil (26.5 ounces/751g)
Coconut oil (16.5 ounces/468g)
Palm oil (10 ounces/283g)
Lye (209 grams)
Your choice of essential oils (2.7 ounces/77g - optional scent)
Distilled water (20 ounces/567g)
9. Tools Protective gloves and goggles should be worn when dealing with the Lye.
Weighing Scales
Re-sealable bag
Heat safe jar
Stirring utensil ( e.g. Wooden Spoon)
Thermometer
Bowls (For measuring)
Saucepan (For heating oils)
Large Saucepan (For mixing everything together)
Pouring jug (optional, for easier pouring of lye mixture)
Soap Mould (With lid if preferable)
Blankets/towels
Knife (For cutting soap)
Wire rack for cooling
Sharp knife
10.Feedback 11.Costings this could be the budget spreadsheet attached as an appendix –
Item
Quantity
Price per unit
12. Joining Instructions as an appendix? –
13.Risks to consider (to guide a risk assessment form) Potential Risks
Mitigation Strategy
14.Organiser Checklist see relevant generic checklist –
