CMT 565 Exp 1 : Total Solid (TS) Exp 2 : Total Suspended solid (TSS) EXP 3 : Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS)
Name:
Mohd.Israk bin Mohd. Ali
(2011461518)
Liyana binti Jamil
(2011789815)
Muhammad Fakhrizzaki bin Mohd.Muhye (2011800746)
Lab Instructor : Encik Mohd Faisal Date Submission : 1 October 2013 Date experiment : 2013
INTRODUCTION
A total solid is a measure of all the suspended, colloidal, and dissolved solids in a sample of water, which includes dissolved salts, for instance sodium chloride, NaCl, and solid particles such as silt and plankton. Excessive total solids in rivers and streams pose as a very common problem. The accumulation of total solids in water results from various factors, with largely soil erosion being the main contributor. Increase or a decrease in water flow in stream-bank vegetation can speed up the process of soil erosion and contribute to the increase in level of suspended particles, such as clay and silt. Natural rocks and minerals exist in the soil such as halite, NaCl, or limestone, CaCO 3, may also dissolve into the water, adding to the accumulation of total solids. Variety sorts of runoff may also result in total solids formation, for instance, agricultural runoff t hat usually contains fertilizers and suspended soil particles. Other sources include industrial wastes, effluent from water treatment plants, and urban runoff from parking lots, roads, and rooftops. A total suspended solid (TSS) is a water quality measurement usually abbreviated TSS. This parameter once called non-filterable residue (NFR), a term t hat refers to the identical measurement, the dry-weight of particles trapped by a f ilter, typically of a specified pore size. TSS of a water sample can be determined by pouring a carefully measured volume of water through a pre-weighed glass fibre filter disc of a specified pore size, then reweighing the filter again after removing all water t hrough drying. The gain in weight is a dry weight measure of the particulates present in the water sample expressed in units derived or calculated from the volume of water filtered. If the water contains an appreciable amount of dissolved substances, these will add to the weight of the filter as it is dried, making it necessary to ‘wash’ the filter and sample with deionised water after filtering the sample and before drying the filter. Failure to add this step happened to be a mistake commonly made by inexperienced laboratory technicians working with sea water samples. This will completely invalidate the results as the weight of salts left on the filter during drying can easily exceed that of the suspended particulate matter. TSS and turbidity purports to measure approximately the same water quality property. However, TSS is more useful because it provides an actual weight of the particulate material present in the sample. In water quality monitoring situations, a series of more labour intensive TSS measurements will be paired with relatively quick and easy turbidity measurements to develop a site-specific correlation. Once satisfactorily established, the correlation can be used to estimate TSS from more frequently made turbidity measurements, saving time and effort. Because turbidity readings are somewhat dependent on particle size, shape, and colour, this approach requires calculating a correlation equation for each location.
Further, situations or conditions that tend to suspend larger particles through water motion can produce higher values of TSS not necessarily accompanied by a corresponding increase in turbidity. This is because particles above a certain size are not measured by a bench turbidity meter, but contribute substantially to the TSS value. A volatile suspended solid (VSS) is a water quality measure obtained from the loss on ignition of TSS. Solids that remained after evaporation or filtration process are dried, weighed, and then ignited. The loss of weight by ignition at 550°C is a measure of the volatile solids, which are classed as organic material. The remaining solids are the fixed solids, which are considered as inorganic (mineral) matter. The suspended solids associated with volatile fraction are termed volatile suspended solids (VSS), and the suspended solids associated with the mineral fraction are termed fixed suspended solids (FSS).
TITLE
Experiment 2: Total Solids Experiment 3: Total Suspended Solids Experiment 4: Volatile Suspended Solids.
OBJECTIVE
1. To measure the amount of total solids present in water sample via weight gained over empty porcelain crucible. 2. To investigate weight increase of filter representing the amount of total suspended solids present in water sample. 3. To measure the amount of volatile suspended solids present among suspended solids representing the amount of insoluble organic matter present
CHEMICAL
1. Water sample
INSTRUMENTS / APPARATUS
1. 5cm diameter porcelain apparatus 2. 5ml and 100ml measuring cylinders 3. 5ml and 10ml pipette 4. Steam bath – preheated to 100ºC 5. Oven – preheated to 103 ºC - 105 ºC 6. Desiccator 7. Analytical balance 8. Tongs 9. Aluminium foil 10. 9cm glass fibre filter disc – predry in oven 11. Buchner flask and f unnel 12. Vacuum pump 13. Pincers 14. Muffle furnace – preheated to 550 ºC
PROCEDURE
Total Solids
1. Water sample was shaked thoroughly until homogenized 2. Empty 5cm diameter porcelain crucible was dried and weighted until constant weight achieved. 3. 5ml of sample was then pipette into the empty crucible. 4. The crucible containing water sample was let evaporated on steam bath. 5. Wrapped in aluminium foil, the crucible was further dried in an oven with temperature of 105ºC for 1 hour. 6. The crucible was let cooled in a dessicator, an then weighted. (drying process repeated until constant weight obtained)
Total Suspended Solids
1. Glass fibre filter disk was dried in the oven at 103ºC to 105ºC for 1 hour. 2. The disk was let cooled in dessicator and weighted. 3. Filter disk then rested on Buchner funnel set on top of Buchner flask connected to vacuum pump. 4. The disk wetted with distilled water. 5. 10ml of water sample was then pipetted onto the centre of disk in Buchner flask, with gentle suction of vacuum. The disk then poured with 10ml distilled water. 6. The disk then wrapped in aluminium foil and dried in oven at 103ºC for 1 hour. 7. The disk was cooled in a dessicator before being weighted. (drying and weighting repeated until constant weight achieved)
Volatile Suspended Solids
1. The disk containing sample of suspended solid was wrapped with aluminium foil. 2. The sample was ignited in 550ºC muffle furnace for 30 minutes. 3. The sample disk was let cool in a dessicator, then weighted. (drying repeated until constant weight achieved)
RESULTS
Total solids (TS) = 2820 ppm Total Suspended Solid (TSS) = 70000 ppm Volatile suspended solid = 70170 ppm
DISCUSSION
The lab session consist of three experiments. The first part is the determination of the amount of total solid (TS). Total solid contents are the residue that remained as wastewater sample evaporated and dried at specific temperature. 5ml of sample volume was taken and added into the empty crucible, and then let evaporated on steam bath. Then it was wrapped in aluminium foil and further dried in an oven. When the content dried, we managed to find that there was an increase of weight of the crucible at 0.0141g. After some calculation, we found that the total amount of total solid was 2820 ppm. Next experiment was the determination of the t otal suspended solid (TSS) by filtration and drying of wastewater. The amount of suspended solid in wastewater shown by analyzing the substances residue that remained on glass fibre f ilter, which contained much of organic matter. Total suspended solids are materials that did not dissolve in water and are nonfilterable in nature. The increase in weight of the glass fibre filter represents the total suspended solids. In the experiment, we found that t he increase in weight of glass fibre filter was 0.7000g making the amount of suspended solid an astoundingly 70000ppm. This high figure might be due to incomplete drying of the fibre glass filter containing solids, making the weight of water included, and resulting error. The drying and weighing process should be repeated until constant weigh achieved, but in this experiment the processes was done only once. The third experiment was the advancement from the determination of the total suspended solid for the determination of the amount of volatile suspended solid (VSS).The glass fibre filter containing the suspended solid from the second experiment was heated in a muffle furnace for 30 minutes. The volatile solids will burn out in the furnace, leaving only the non-volatile solids behind. The decrease in weight of the glass fibre filter shows the loss of volatile matter in the suspended solid that can be measured. After half an hour, it was observed that the weight decreased from the g lass fibre filter marked at 0.7017g. After some calculations, the amount of volatile suspended solids was 70170 ppm. The high amount of volatile matter further strengthen the theory that error occurred, since little amount of sample held high amount of volatile substance might be caused by water still containing in the filter
and suspended solids. The water evaporates along with volatile matter, leaving only non volatile solids. The precautionary measures needed to be taken while performing the experiment is being careful while handling the samples because the wastewater of samples may contain high concentration of calcium, chloride, magnesium or sulphate that can rapidly absorb moisture from the air. Such samples may need to be dried for a longer period of time, cooled under proper dessication and weighed rapidly in order to achieve a reasonable constant weight.
Conclusion
The amount of total solid (TS) was successfully determined at 2820 ppm. As for total suspended solid (TSS) and volatile suspended solid (VSS) results were 70000 ppm and 70170 ppm respectively.
Questions
1. Name the various forms of TS that can be found in waste water. Dissolved solids and suspended solids in water.
2. Explain the importance of total solid determination with repect to wastewater. The determination of total solid showed the level of wastewater treatment such as filtration and solid removal. Higher amount of total solids requires higher level of treatment.
3. List possible sources of error in this determination. i) Moisture error from the hand while touching the crucibleand moisture from the environment. ii) Temperature shock. iii) Different weight balance used to determine the weigh. iv) Incomplete evaporation of waste water sample in the crucible.
4. What are the impacts of total suspended solid (TTS) on wastewater quality? The wastewater quality decreases due to the ability of total suspended solid to absorb light. The temperature of water will increase, causing the ability of water in holding the oxygen decreases. This can affect aquatic life such as suffocation of fish and other organisms due to the lack of oxygen.
5. Explain the significance of TTS in the wastewater and in the mixed liquor of the activated sludge aeration tank. It functions to ensure that enough microbes present in order to feed on the organic pollutant at anytime.
6. Can ordinary filter paper be used in this test? No, it will not withstand high temperature of furnace and be burnt.
7. What is the significance of this determination of VSS in wastewater? To measure the organic solids present in the water sample. However, for activated sludge biological plant treating human sewage, it measure of the bacterial population present through COD and BOD.
Appendix
Calculation
Total solid (TS)
Initial weight = 38.7434g Final weight = 38.7575g Total weight = 38.7575g – 38.7434g = 0.0141g = 14.1mg Total amount = 14.1 mg / 0.005L = 2820 ppm
Total Suspended solid (TSS)
Initial weight = 0.3050g Final weight = 1.0050g Total weight = 1.0050g – 0.3050g = 0.7000g = 700 mg Total amount = 700 mg / 0.010L = 70000 ppm
Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS)
Initial weight = 1.0050g Final weight = 0.3033g Total weight = 1.0050g – 0.3033g = 0.7017g = 701.7 mg Total amount = 701.7 mg / 0.010L = 70170 ppm
