1. Introduction Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to benefit man. As a career-oriented applied education, Civil Engineering Students Internship Program (CESIP) bridges the gap between theory and practice and provides students with practical, field based, real world experiences during their years of study. CESIP provide us the following opportunities: a. Apply theoretical knowledge in industrial application. b. Acquire knowledge of various stages of construction, project management and team-work. c. Practice ethical and professional work culture. d. Provide opportunity for students to work with industrial practitioners. e. Implement Health Safety Environment (HSE) practices at workplace. For these practical & technical skills we participated in CESIP-2012 under “GENETIC LIMITED” construction firm.
2. Aim The aim of this report is to apprise you about the practical experience gained by us from ongoing project activities during the package of CESIP.
3. Development of a Project 3.1 Site Selection
The following are the few factors which generally taken into account while selecting a site 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Location Climate of region Availability of raw materials for Cost and time frame Population of the region
The selection of a site for affordable housing should reflect the particular needs of the population that housing development will serve. An important consideration is the Page | 1
location of the property in relation to the services residents will need to access, such as shopping, medical, schools and transportation. Location of the site may also have a significant impact on the cost of project. In “Genetic Limited” we have found that they have a survey team. In the initial stage they visit the site and find if the condition is satisfactory according to their company policy. While selecting the sites they follow some of the criteria. Like1. The land should be in a condition that no filling of land is required. 2. The minimum land area should be five Katha. 3. The location of the land should be in the prime location of Dhaka city. Like – Basundhara,Baridhara,Gulshan,Uttara etc. 4. The land should be undisputed.
3.2 Soil Investigation Soil Investigation is carried out for designing a right type of foundation safely and economically, a designer must possess sufficient information about the physical properties and the arrangement of underlying materials. The field and laboratory investigations required to get this essential information is known as soil exploration. A standard soil test report contains the following features. a) b) c) d) e)
Introduction. Location & level. General notes on sub-soil investigation. Scope of the work. Field investigation. i. Drilling & recording. ii. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) iii. Disturbed sample collection. iv. Undisturbed sample collection. v. Ground water table. f) Laboratory test. Following tests should be conducted. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.
Grain size analysis. Moisture content. Direct shear test. Specific gravity test. Atterburg limit test. Density test. Page | 2
vii. Unconfined compression test. viii. Consolidation test. g) Determination of bearing capacity. h) Determination of pile capacity. i) Foundation recommendation. Recommendation is made basing on the test result. From SPT test we can find the hard soil strata. If the depth of the hard strata is low, then shallow foundation can be used. Otherwise pile foundation is used. Type of pile such as precast concrete or cast in situ R.C.C. Pile depth & diameter is mentioned in the recommendation. If the soil requires any improvement, it is also mentioned in the recommendation. In Genetic Limited we found that they outsource other company for soil testing. During our training we have gone through some of the soil test report and found many anomalies. (A sample is attached as Appendix-C) Those are described below: 1. They have not collected any undisturbed soli sample for clay layer. But they have conducted the “Unconfined Compression Test” by sample U-1which they have not mentioned in their bore hole log. 2. In case of “Direct Shear Test” for clay they have shown zero Cohesion, which is not possible in practical. 3. The total percentage of sand & silt shown in the grain size analysis does not match up with the percentage shown in the summary. 4. The value of unconfined compressive strength obtained from the graph does not match with the result they have shown.
3.3 Foundation Design
Design of foundations with variable conditions and variable types of foundation structures will be different, but there are steps that are typical to every design, including: 1. Calculate loads from structure, surcharge, active & passive pressures, etc. Page | 3
2. Characterize soil – hire a firm to conduct soil tests and produce a report that includes soil material properties 3. Determine footing location and depth – shallow footings are less expensive, but the variability of the soil from the geotechnical report will drive choices 4. Evaluate soil bearing capacity – the factor of safety is considered here 5. Determine footing size – these calculations are based on working loads and the allowable soil pressure 6. Calculate contact pressure and check stability 7. Estimate settlements 8. Design the footing structure – design for the material based on applicable structural design codes which may use allowable stress design.
3.4 Superstructure Design Designing superstructures requires considering the pressure and force they will exert on the finished construction and balancing this to address concerns about safety and stability. The size of the superstructure is an important factor in base design, as the base of the structure must be able to support the entire laden weight. In building construction, there may be concerns about structural integrity in earthquakes and high winds. During designing Engineer should have a clear idea about the rules/codes likeBNBC, RAJUK & local rules etc. and apply them correctly. The superstructure is also the highly visible part of a structure. For the purpose of determining the maximum stresses in any structure or member of a structure, the various loads have to be taken into account such as:
Dead load of the structure Live Load of the structure Wind Load Seismic Load Temperature effects Loads during construction period
Once the required calculations for the structure are done, certain checks are performed to make sure that the structure remains durable, sound and stiff. Periodic inspections are conducted to make sure the structure is still sound, checking for issues like the development of rust, holes, and other issues. In Genetic Limited They mainly rely on outsourcing for the structural design. Page | 4
3.5 Project Planning and Management
Excellence in Project Management is achieved through a structured process that includes multiple phases:
Initiating Planning Executing Monitoring and Controlling Closing.
The process balances the key project constraints and provides a tool for making decisions throughout the project based on stakeholder values, performance metrics, established procedures and project goals. Effective project management includes strategies, tactics, and tools for managing the design and construction delivery processes and for controlling key factors to ensure the client receives a facility that matches their expectations and functions as it is intended to function. Successful project delivery requires the implementation of management systems that will control changes in the key factors of scope, costs, schedule, and quality to maximize the investment. This section offers guidance for the entire team to successfully and effectively carry out a high performance building project. There is a great deal involved in managing a construction. The main task includes:
Dealing with suppliers and making sure materials are ordered and delivered on time. Monitoring progress once work starts to make sure everything complies with the contract and consent documentation (including plans and specifications). Arranging for inspections by your own professionals, for example, the designer or architect. Arranging for inspections by the building inspectors at the end of each stage. Knowing when progress payments are due and checking claims for payment. Negotiating with the builder and subcontractors to come back and fix any work not completed or done properly. Page | 5
Arranging amendments to the building consent where necessary. Arranging the final inspection for the code compliance certificate.
In “Genetic Limited” the “Management Dept.” looks after the overall process & a separate “Purchase & Construction Dept.” responsible for the construction management. In this company has minimum one experienced diploma engineer in each project & an AGM (Area General Manager) for each specific zone, who are always responsible for the projects management on ground.
3.6 Construction When a project is executed on the site it has to cover up a sequential order from its initial stage to final stage. This generally includes: 1. Site mobilization 2. Drawing collection 3. Proposed area check 4. Pilling /Earth cutting 5. Pile cap /Footing 6. Column 7. Grade beam 8. Column 9. Slab & beam 10. Brick Layout 11. Lintel & false slab 12. Grill fitting & door floor fitting 13. Grove cutting for electrical wire 14. Inside & outside plaster 15. Sanitary work 16. Electrical wearing 17. Tiles 18. Paint 19. Fitting Works During our visit we observed many steps of this project execution on ground. Pre-Construction Phase Site Mobilization: It is the preliminary stage of a construction project. This includes: • Gas connection • Water connection Page | 6
• •
Labor facility Storage facility
Foundation: In general there are these types of foundations: • Isolated Footing • Combined footing • Raft • Pile Basement: If there is basement floor in the plan. Then in addition the following structure is taken consideration. • Shore pile/Sheet pile • Earth excavation • Bracing fitting • Retaining Wall
Figure 1 : Shore pile
Figure 2: Sheet pile
Figure3: Steel Bracing
Figure 4: Retaining Wall
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PL Height Setting: In general PL height is measured by considering the main road level as the datum.PL is set 2’-3’ above the datum. High flood level is rarely taken consideration during this task. Water Tank: There are two water tanks in every project. One is underground & other is overhead. We arbitrarily calculated capacity of some of the water tank. According to their design the water tank has a capacity of 22,167 litres. They have calculated assuming 6 members per flat with 45 gallon/day consumption for each. They multiply the total consumption amount with around 2.5 for some uncertainty in water consumption. As there are 8 flats The total water consumption = (8*6*45*4.55) litre /day =9828 litre /day =9828*2.5 litre /day
=24570 litres/day
This is not satisfactory. Septic Tank: The design of septic tank is generally done for that project only where there is no connection with the central sewerage pipe. Area like Basundhara Mirpur DOHS there are aseptic tank for every project but in Gulshan the waste is directly connected to the sewerage line. Site Material Quality: Shuttering material: There are various types of shuttering materials used during the construction process having their own advantages & disadvantages. •
•
•
Bamboo & wood• Most common • Not durable • Low cost • Easily available Steel probe• Costly • Longevity • Efficient working Multipurpose shuttering• Multitask • Can be used both vertically & horizontally
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Figure 5: Steel Props
Figure 6: Bamboo & wood shuttering
Figure 7: Multipurpose shuttering
Cement: Cements are brought to the site according to the demand. It is kept in a dry place. The maximum age of the cement in the site is generally 1-2 week. They always try to use the fresh cement. Storage Facility: Storage facility in construction is not that much good. Because of the scarcity of open land sometimes it appears to be very difficult to store the materials. This problem generally arises during the initial stage. Again in some places likeBasundhara there are certain rules which hampers the good storage facility. Availability of Construction Tools: For tools supply the company fully depend on the contractor. It is their liability to supply the tools on demand.
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During Construction Concrete Work: In most of the project concreting is done by ready mix concrete. If any difficulties arose on conveying ready mix concrete then only the hand mix procedure is done. Especially in Basundhara there are restrictions on trucks. Slump test is rarely done on the site. Cylinder blocks are prepared during casting & tested on labs. For concrete lifting on higher places rope hoist is set up.
Figure 8: Preparation of cement mortar
Figure 9: Rope hoist for lifting concrete
Maintaining Clear Cover: Clear cover is generally maintained by rectangular block are used in slab & beam and a triangular type block is used in column.
Figure 10: Rectangular block
Figure 3
Figure 11: Triangular Block
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Reinforcement Detailing: Placing the reinforcement is done according to the design. All the specifications are given in the design. The following faults are generally found: Incorrect spacing Position of the hook Position of the lapping
Figure 12: Incorrect spacing
Figure 13: Incorrect positioning of hook
Figure 14: Standard placement of hook
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Column Construction: After setting up the reinforcement and shuttering column is casted. A column has an initial portion named as “kicker”. This portion is generally 69inch.It has following causes: make the column centered as per the grid line Maintaining straight alignment Columns are generally constructed in two phase. Now a days using of steel shuttering in column casting has been increased for its structural importance. Some admixtures are used as plasticizer in column construction. Slab & Beam Construction: Slab & beam are constructed monolithically. Water tank & septic tank construction: While constructing water/septic tank a special type of admixture named as “foam loop” is used to make the structure water proof.
Utility & Others: Electric Features: In every project there is substation & generator facility. A HT line is connected from PDB 440volt to the main electric supply line then LT line distribute then to MDB & SDB.in main distribution board 4-10 rm, sub distribution board 2.5 rm, switch board 1.5 rm cable is used. Plumbing Features: Plumbing features are installed & checked in every point by applying water pressure. Most of the pipes are made of plastic. The gases lines are installed though in most of the project have not the gas connection yet.
Figure 15: Electrical wires in switch board
Figure 16: Main panel board
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Paint: The painting process they followed is as such: a) The plastered surface is first rubbed by stone. Then by grinding paper. b) Then the sealer is applied or a mixture of 1 begs chalk powder+1 gallon enamel+1/2 liter plastic paint is applied. c) Then the paint is applied. They have used distemper for inner wall & Weather coat for outer wall of Three coats. Tiles: Tiles generally used Homogeneous/mirror polish tiles for floor Ceramic tiles on the outer wall Some tiles making sounds indicate void space beneath the tiles. These types of tiles should be removed & replaced. But in general they don’t replace it. Administration & Safety: •
According to the company’s law they always hang on a placard in a place which can be seen easily, in which safety measures are written. It is company’s rules to make the labor aware about the safety by the concerned site supervisor/engineer in every Tuesday. But rather doing this on the fixed day they choose a favorable time in the week & remind the safety measures to the labor.
•
It is found that though the labor knows about the safety measure, they don’t follow them strictly all the time.
•
There is no progress chart /work dairy in any construction site.
3.7 Time and Progress Aspect of Project Progress Control of your project is arguably the most important project management control activity needed to achieve the project’s objectives. In its most basic form, Progress Control is associated with the managed completion of all activities required to successfully implement your project and to realize the benefits expected of it. Only when you have completed all the necessary planned activities will you truly complete your project. Page | 13
Everything else stems from completing activities:
Time - by completing activities within the planned time, the overall completion date of the project will be met. Money - by completing activities within the planned time helps assure associated areas of the cost budget are not exceeded. Only when an activity has been completed fully can you draw a line under its actual cost, with certainty. Risk - only when an activity is fully completed can any risks associated with its implementation be considered fully mitigated. Resources - only when an activity has been fully completed, can its resources be efficiently reassigned to subsequent scheduled tasks.
3.8 Project Handover / Completion Aspects Upon completion of construction works, a seller or contractor usually wishes to swiftly hand-over the completed property to its buyer and thereby trigger further payment obligations of the buyer. At the same time, a buyer may wish to thoroughly verify that all works have been performed and completed as agreed and a good quality product free of defects and faulty work constructed which may take some time. In order to address these conflicting interests, both parties agree on proper written hand-over procedures which can be described under carefully drafted sale and purchase or construction agreements Following are list of items builder handover apartment owners during handover of apartment and its amenities.
Copy of Building plan and approval plan: All building plans need to be approved by the local authority (i.e. RAJUK). The company has to handover copy of building plan and approval plan to the owner to prove the apartment and all its amenities are constructed as per plan approved by concerned authority.
Transfer utility connection: Company transfer utility connection to the owner during handover of apartment and its amenities. I
Handover of documents: Handover of documents such as original registration documents, parental documents, drawings, concerned authority approvals etc.
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4. Administration “Genetic Limited” is a well-organized construction firm. They always try to update their administrative policies to give effective services. “Genetic Limited” has presently following departments: a) Design b) Accounts c) Management d) Construction & purchase e) Marketing f) Logistics Their responsibilities are given below:
Design i. ii. iii. iv.
To prepare an architectural design for the proposed project as per the demand of land owner. Then the design is sent to the structural engineer. After getting the structural design, if there is any recommendation for changing the design, they change the design accordingly. Then the design is sent to the concerned authority for approval.
Accounts i. ii. iii. iv.
This department controls the money flow and prepares a rough estimate After receiving the budget from Managing section they send it to the higher authority. After singing the budget from the higher authority they send the budget to the AGM. To pay the bill of the contractor according to the terms & conditions set by the company.
Management i. ii. iii.
To select a suitable land. (Area not below than 5 Katha-for this company). Consulting with the land owner about the terms & conditions followed by their company & negotiate with the land owner about the price. To inquiry about the essential certificates & reports & justify them correctly. Page | 15
iv. v.
To see the all the legal aspect of the project. Make a rough cost estimation report for the project.
Construction & Purchase i. ii. iii.
To observe the whole construction work, if it is running according to the schedule. Inspect the project regularly. Ensures the supply of materials on demand.
Marketing i. ii. iii. iv. v. i.
Advertising the company in the available media. Deal with the byers. To describe the terms & condition in detail with the byer. Convince the byer showing the higher facilities of the proposed project. Handover the project to the buyer after completing. To provide the facilities during the defect period (6 months) specified by the company.
Logistics i.
To give logistical support before, during & after construction process.
5. Engineering Ethics Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the engineering profession by 1. Using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare and the environment; 2. Being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and clients; 3. Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession; and 4. Supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines.
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Engineers should follow the following code of ethics: 1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties. 2. Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their competence. 3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. 4. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest. 5. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others. 6. Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the engineering profession. 7. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers, and shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their supervision.
6. Conclusion The aim of a civil engineer is to plan and design various types of structures. This will not be possible unless he involves himself in ground oriented tasks. A project engineer is mostly responsible for implementing the structural design on ground. He needs to have depth of knowledge and foresightness so that his project does not stuck up for material scarcity, manpower, any special equipment or any other project related problem like requirement of dewatering in an excavation pit. This should be also theoretically covered along with practical orientation. So CESIP will help us immensely in gathering knowledge of project management.
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7. Recommendation i.
In CESIP program projects should be planned in such a manner that the whole process of construction can be seen step by step.
ii.
Proper mixing of cement, sand, water so that honeycomb does not develop.
iii.
Shuttering materials should be removed with care so that it cannot affect the structure.
iv.
Stair size should be wider as no emergency exit is designed.
v.
It would be better if the company supplies shuttering instruments, curing instruments without depending on contractor to accelerate the construction work.
vi.
Provision should be made for firefighting in every project.
vii.
All over self-safety should be maintained during construction.
viii.
Thunder arrester should be installed according to standard specification.
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Appendix A of Internship Report Letter of undertaking:
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Appendix B of Internship Report Project locations: Area
Project Name
Location
Gulshan-2
Baro bhuiyan
Plot 3/A, Road 49, Gulshan-1, Dhaka.
Mahbuba Wasim
Plot 7/A, Road 49, Gulshan-1, Dhaka.
Boro uthan
Plot-03, Road-18, Sector-07, Uttara,Dhaka.
KulsumTerrace
Plot-08, Road-07, Sector-03, Uttara, Dhaka.
Dale Afroza
Plot-17, Road-31, Sector-07, Uttara,Dhaka.
Gini house
Plot-12, Road-2/A, Sector-12, Uttara,Dhaka.
Kononika
Plot-238, road-4,Mirpur DOHS ,Dhaka.
Najib Homes
Plot 28, Block-14, Pallabi, Mirpur Dhaka.
Islam garden
Plot-134&135, Road -06, Block-C, Bosundhara, Dhaka.
H S Terrace
plot 27, block B, Bosundhara, Dhaka.
Villa de Shihab
Plot 146, Block B, Basundhara, Dhaka.
Harmony
Plot 11, block B, Basundhara ,Dhaka
Tasana Heights
Plot-6, Block A, Niketon, Gulshan-1, Dhaka.
Phoneix
Plot-8, Block A, Niketon, Gulshan-1, Dhaka.
Uttara
Mirpur
Basundhara
Niketon, Gulshan-1
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