INTERNSHIP REPORT ON PAKISTAN TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY COMPANY LIM LIMIT ITED ED
SUBMITTED TO: The HR Department, Busness S!uth, PTCL, C"#t!n E$%han&e
Internship Report at PTCL
ACKNO'LED(MENT
I would like to acknowledge the Internship organizing staff that that help helped ed me atta attain in the the inte intern rnsh ship ip in the the firs firstt plac place. e. Furthermore, the team as well as all the Field Engineers that I had the opportunit of working with! all plaed a huge part in helping me gra" a grip on the core concepts of the dri#e testing of sites..
Internship Report at PTCL
INTRODUCTION TO PTCL Pakistan Telecommunication Compan Limited $PTCL% is the largest telecommunication compan in Pakistan. This compan pro#ides telephon ser#ices to the nation and still holds the status of "ack"one for countr&s telecommunication infrastructure despite arri#al of a dozen other telecoms including telecom giants like Telenor and China 'o"ile . The compan consists of around ())) telephone e*changes across countr pro#iding largest fi*ed line network. +', C-' and Internet are other resources of PTCL,making it a gigantic organization. The +o#ernment of Pakistan sold (/0shares and control of the compan to Etisalat in ())/. The +o#ernment of Pakistan retained /(0 of the shares while the remaining 1(0 are held " the general pu"lic. PTCL is also part of the consortium of three ma2or u"marine communication ca"le networks3 E4'E45E 6, E4'E45E 7 and I4'E45E. In addition to wireless line operations, PTCL also pro#ides fi*ed line ser#ice through its countr wide C-' "ased 5LL $5ireless Local Loop% network, under the 8fone "rand name. In the cellular segment, the second largest cellular pro#ider in Pakistan, 9fone , is also a wholl owned su"sidiar of PTCL. It hopes to "e the leading Information and Communication Technolog er#ice Pro#ider in the region " achie#ing customer satisfaction and ma*imizing shareholders& #alue. The compan has o#er 1:.: million mo"ile su"scri"ers under the name 9fone and more than 7.; million fi*ed line customers. PTCL also continues to "e the largest C-' operator in the countr P with appro*imatel 1.(:million 84fone customers. PTCL also offers mo"ile ser#ices under the 9fone "rand to millions of customers across Pakistan. PTCL has the potential to "ean instrumental agent in Pakistanetwork technologies in ma2or metropolitan centers of Pakistan PTCL is also modernizing local loop ser#ices from copper to an optical network. PTCL is e*panding its international capacit to meet the increasing demand of international traffic " ac?uiring supplementar capacit on the two E4'E45E intercontinental ca"ling routes. @uawei is a leading telecom solutions pro#ider. Through continuous customer4centric inno#ation, we ha#e esta"lished end4to4end ad#antages in Telecom >etwork Infrastructure, pplication A oftware, Professional er#ices and -e#ices. 5ith comprehensi#e strengths in wire line, wireless and IP technologies, @uawei has gained a leading position in the ll4IP con#ergence age. Their products and solutions ha#e "een deploed in o#er1)) countries and ha#e ser#ed 7: of the world&s top :) telecom operators, as well as one third of the world&s population. lso, the ha#e esta"lished 1B RA- centers around the world such as in the ilicon 8alle and -allas of the 9nited tates, tockholm in weden, 'oscow in Russia and angalore in India to ensure glo"al RA- with outstanding people. In addition, we ha#e 6/ training centers worldwide to help out customers and local people to stud ad#anced management, technologies and so on. Internship Report at PTCL
S'ITCHIN( RE(ION In earl ages of telecommunication. 5hen two users wants to talk with each other use point to point communication. In point to point communication one end of the copper wire is connected to the called user and other end of the wire is directl connected to the calling user. Point to point communication onl gi#es the "enefit of no time dela.
The ad#antages of this techni?ue are less as compare to the disad#antages. Following are the demerits of point4to4point communication.
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This method is so costl. 'ore comple* to maintenance.
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s the no of user increase no of link will also increase B)) times.
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s the no of user increase the complication will also increase so the engineers gi#e an idea to replace the point to point communication in to switching techni?ue to accommodate more user in low cost. s the no of user increase the complication will also increase so the engineers gi#e an idea to replace the point to point communication in to switching techni?ue to accommodate more user in low cost. S'ITCHIN(: is temporar path gi#e to the calling user to communicate with called person. fter introducing the switching sstem the doing onl addition of switching office or e*change at starting and ending of point to point communication. In e*change using automatic cross "ar switching sstem. Cross "ar doing work " electrical pulses. Its gi#e the ad#antage of accommodate large no of users easil. ut the pro"lem of trou"leshooting will also increase. This sstem re?uired a lot of space. In cross "ar sstem call first come to the user e*change then transfer to the e*change and e*change further transfer to the desired person $user %.
Internship Report at PTCL
ut the pro"lem again facing " the engineers the limited users. nd pro"lem of trou"leshooting and also noise and poor ?ualit speech. o the whole network is di#ided in to multiple sections. Introducing the new sections $'-F, CI>ET, -.P% from switching room to home user.
The section from '-F to CI>ET is called primar section and the section from CI>ET output to -.P output is known as secondar. In this sstem using copper wiring from switching room to home user. >ow a das using fi"er optics in primar section and replace '-F " =>9.
Opt%a" net)!r* unt +ONU: n =>9 closure is a mechanical compartment that houses the =>9 e?uipment. The outer closure faces the outside en#ironment and pro#ides phsical, mechanical, and en#ironmental protection for ca"le $fi"er and copper% components or e?uipment housed within it. n =>9 sstem consists of a closure that is a metallic or non4metallic enclosure that pro#ides phsical and en#ironmental protection for the acti#e electronic, optoelectronics, and passi#e optical components it houses. It terminates optical fi"ers from the =-> and processes the signals to and from the Customer Premises E?uipment $CPE%. It is the >E that pro#ides the tariff telecommunications as well as #ideo ser#ice interfaces for multiple residential and small "usiness customers. er#ices on the customer side of the =>9 are communicated o#er metallic twisted pairs and coa*ial ca"le drops $in the future, possi"l fi"er ca"le or wireless% to a >etwork Interface $>I% where the are handed off to the customer
-epending on the deploment strateg, the =>9 closure ma pro#ide one or more of the following additional features3 ccess to the fi"er distri"ution ca"le 'anagement of slack fi"er and fi"er splices ccess to the Telephone upport Ca"le $TC% for the purpose of powering the =>9 Pre#ention of unauthorized entr. Primar power for =>9s is deri#ed from either an e*ternal -C or an e*ternal C power source. ack4up power for =>9s can either "e deri#ed from an e*ternal power source or "e internal to the =>9 closure and "e pro#ided " the FITL sstem supplier. Primar power and e*ternal "ack4up power can "e deli#ered to =>9s o#er either copper twisted pairs or coa*ial ca"le facilities. These ca"le facilities are commonl referred to as the TC. -eploment of an =>9 sstem re?uires access to the fi"er distri"ution ca"le, TC, and metallic customer drop wires. 5hen access to these ca"les is pro#ided internal to the =>9 closure $i.e., " looping each ca"le through the closure%, it is necessar that the =>9 closure also pro#ide splicing and storage facilities for each of these ca"les.
S)t%hn& Te%hn!"!&-: There are 7 different kinds of switching technologies currentl operational in PTCL network.
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lcatel iemens
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@awaii
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DTE
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TRANSMISSION RE(ION: I was supposed to get training in si* di#isions named as3 •
International transmission and maintenance $IT'C% Internship Report at PTCL
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'546 $outh East sia 'iddle East 5est Europe%
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'547 $outh East sia 'iddle East 5est Europe%
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>ew ca"le and network support $>C A >%
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'ultimedia and road and $'' A %
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=ptical Fi"er stem
ITMC $International transmission and maintenance% The main task of IT'C is to pro#ide cooperation "etween local media and international media. It esta"lishes connecti#it "etween the local haul or "ack haul and the forward haul or international media. This connecti#it consists of #oice and data. The transmission of #oice and data is accomplished " using different techni?ues. The signals to "e transmitted need to "e undergone techni?ues like sampling, ?uantization, encoding and transmission. To increase the capacit of the transmission media techni?ues like multiple*ing, modulation are also used.
SM'./ • •
5'46 connects 6: countries to Pakistan " means of optical fi"er. T'4/7 is 1 i.e. :: nanometer.
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IPLC $LEE C9T='ER%3 9ses their own "us a single telephone line dedicated to themsel#es.
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PFE $Power Feeding E?uipment%3 Power ca"le tra#els along the optical fi"er ca"le to pro#ide power to regenerators and repeaters in the sea.
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-C> $-T Communications >etwork%3 consists of routers, which define the wa#elength $%. 'um"ai is connected to fi"er pair1 $7% and Fu2airah is connected to $/%. Router recognizes which ca"le is of 'um"ai and which is of Fu2airah. Ca"le from -C> connects to LTE $u"marine Line Terminating E?uipment%. Each countr has its own LTE.
Internship Report at PTCL
R=9TER mplifier% •
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TRI9TRG
C=''=>
T5' $Trans 5a#elength 'ultiple*
T5' $Trans 5a#elength 'ultiple* mplifier% is used to amplif the signals while transmitting R5- $Recei#e 5a#elength -ifferential mplifier% amplif the signals while recei#ing.
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-ata rate in tri"utaries is T'4/7.
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FEC encoder $Forward Error Correction%3 Encodes the data in tri"utar to ena"le error correction.
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5estern side is connected " -2i"outi at $7% and $/%.
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1 T'4/7 1)g"ps.
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-e multiple*ing occurs while recei#ing. T'4/7 H T'41/ H T'47 H E1
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T'47 to T'4/7 @igher =rder.
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E1 to T'41 Lower =rder.
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( Power Feeding E?uipments installed. o 1 for '546. o
1 for '547.
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Connects Pakistan to 1B different countries.
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Process same as '546.
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'arine ca"les come and connect to -C> $-ata Communication >etwork%.
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From -C> ca"les are connected to LTE.
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LTE transfers the ca"les to -'. o
T'4/7 gets de multiple*ed to T'41/, T'47, and T'41. Internship Report at PTCL
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Then the ca"les are fed to =-F. o
This distri"utes the connection locall.
5e ha#e rectifiers to pre#ent damage. '547 connects Pakistan to 1B countries. Few e*amples are3
East
'est
'alasia
ingapore
9E
India
le*andria
'DM +'a2e"en&th D2s!n Mu"tp"e$n&: • •
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-ifferent -@ come and connect to 5-'. ased on the fre?uenc 5-' allots channels to different signals. egment grouping of signals $countries are di#ided into segments% so that a pro"lem occurs it can "e rectified easil.
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Last station 'arseille $France%
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Installing new pro2ect I'5E $Indian 'iddle East 5estern Europe%
Mu"tme3a an3 Br!a3 Ban3 +MM4BB Br!a35an3:
The word "road"and is used for the minimum "andwidth which can support the transmission of multimedia ser#ices. Br!a35an3 a%%ess:
road"and access is the high speed connection "etween the end user and internet through certain kind of network.
Br!a35an3 A%%ess Te%hn!"!&es -L Internship Report at PTCL
@-LJ@igh speed digital su"scri"er -LJJJsmmetric -L -LJJJ.smmetric -L 8-LJJJ8er high "it rate -L E-LJEthernet -L I-LJJJ..I-> -L 9-LJJJJ.9ltra high -L @FCJ@"rid fi"er coa*ial @ome P>JJJ..@ome phone line Ethernet 5ireless road"and L'-Jlocal multipoint -istri"ution -JJJJ-irect road ser#ice 'icrowa#e Radio ccess +PRJJJ..+eneral packet Radio ser#ice =ptical access network PLCJJJ.Power line ca"le -@JJJsnchronous digital hierarch Frame rela. These are some "road"and access technologies, which are used to access internet and other "road"and ser#ices. DSL Prn%p"es: SHDSL
It is ingle pair high "it rate -L, one pair, smmetric transmission, 8aria"le data rates +enerall the #aria"le data rate is 1K( "psJJJ..(.61("ps Internship Report at PTCL
The range is #alid up to a range of : m. 6DSL
8-L is #er high data rate -l, one wire pair, #aria"le -ata rates, 8alid up to : m. The data rate is up to 16m"ps to :('"ps. ADSL
=ne wire pair, smmetric transmission, data rates from /7 "ps to 1.: '"ps, co#ering a distance of : m.
Opt%a" #5er s-stem +O7S: =ptical fi"er sstem consist a network of optical fi"ers which are used for the transmission of optical signals. Initiall all the signals are analog signal, which can
=ptical fi"er generall consists of three parts Internship Report at PTCL
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Core Cladding
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Macket
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CORE: Core is the inner most section and consists of one or more strands, made up of glass or plastic, the core has a diameter of :) micrometer. CLADDIN(: glass or plastic coating ha#ing optical properties different from those of the core, and has diameter of 1(: micrometer. The interface "etween core and cladding act as a reflector to confine light that would otherwise escape the fi"er. 8ACKET: The 2acket is composed of plastic and other materials laered to protect against moisture, a"rasion, crushing and other en#ironmental d angers.
MODES O7 TRANSMISSION:
The transmission of light signals through an optical fi"er is accomplished " using different transmission modes like ingle mode, graded inde* 'ultimode, step inde* mode. SIN(LE MODE
In single mode, the light ras tra#el in a straight line. ome pacing is kept "etween the ras to a#oid interference. This mode is used for large distance communication (RADED INDE9 MULTIMODE
This mode of transmission is done " #aring the inde* of refraction of the core. Refracti#e inde* is higher at centre whereas it decreases towards the corners.This transmission mode is used for shorter distances. STEP INDE9 MULTIMODE:
Ras at shallow angle are reflected and propagated through along the fi"er other ras are a"sor"ed " the surrounding material. 5ith this mode multi paths e*ist due to which signals undergo dispersion and data can
Internship Report at PTCL
'LL RE(ION The 5LL department deals with the installation of the C-'())) sstem .The engineers here are asked to make feasi"ilit reports of #arious sites. The installation of the hardware then ensues when the feasi"ilit of the sstem is suita"le in the region. The engineers in this department ha#e the 2o" of contacting the contractors who then sur#e the area and tr to make a minimum financial estimate for the installation of the hardware. This is primaril wh this department is chosen for fresh internees, so that the can grasp a good idea a"out the workings and ins A outs of the C-'()))sstem.
Internship Report at PTCL
ome terms that I had to ac?uaint to during m internship with PTCL are listed "elow3
'LL: Is an a""re#iation for a 5ireless Local Loop. It is a term for the use of a wireless communications link as the Nlast mile O first mileN connection for deli#ering plain old telephone ser#ice $P=T% andOor "road"and Internet to telecommunications customers. 8arious tpes of 5LL sstems and technologies e*ist. -uring m internship at PTCL, I had to work with road"and 5ireless ccess $5%. =ther terms for this tpe of access include Radio In The Loop $RITL%, Fi*ed4Radio ccess $FR% and Fi*ed 5ireless ccess $F5%.
Internship Report at PTCL
CDMA;;;:
It is also known as I'T 'ulti4Carrier $I'T4'C%% is a famil of 6+mo"ile technolog standards, which use C-' channel access, to send #oice, data, and signaling data "etween mo"ile phones and cell sites. The set of standards includes3 C-'())) 1, C-'())) E84-= Re#. ), C-'())) E84-= Re#. , and C-'())) E84-= Re#. . ll are appro#ed radio interfaces for the IT9&s I'T4())). C-'())) has a relati#el long technical histor and is "ackward compati"le with its pre#ious (+ iteration I4K: $C-' =ne%. In the 9nited tates, C-'())) is a registered trademark of the Telecommunications Industr ssociation $TI49%. The successor toC-'())) is LTE, part of the competing 6+PP famil.
Base trans%e2er stat!n "ase transcei#er station $T% or cell site is a piece of e?uipment that facilitates wireless communication "etween user e?uipment $9E% and a network. 9Es are de#ices like mo"ile phones $handsets%, 5LL phones, computers with wireless Internet connecti#it, 5iFi and 5i' gadgets etc. The network can "e that of an of the wireless communication technologies like +', C-', 5LL, 5>, 5iFi, 5i' etc. T is also referred to as the radio "ase station $R%, node $in 6+ >etworks% or, simpl, the "ase station $%. For discussion of the LTE standard the a""re#iation e> for e#ol#ed node is widel used.
Internship Report at PTCL
Though the term T can "e applica"le to an of the wireless communication standards, it is generall and commonl associated with mo"ile communication technologies like +' and C-', In this regard, a T forms part of the "ase station su"sstem $% de#elopments for sstem management. It ma also ha#e e?uipment for encrpting and decrpting communications, spectrum filtering tools $"and pass filters% etc. antennas ma also "e considered as Components of T in general sense as the facilitate the functioning of T. Tpicall a T will ha#e se#eral transcei#ers $TRs%, which allow it to ser#e se#eral different fre?uencies and different sectors of the cell $in the case of sectorised "ase stations%. T is controlled " a parent "ase station controller #ia the "ase station control function $CF%. The CF is implemented as a discrete unit or e#en incorporated in a TR in compact "ase stations. The CF pro#ides an operations and maintenance $=A'% connection to the network management sstem $>'%, and manages operational states of each TR, as well as software handling and alarm collection. The "asic structure and functions of the T remains the same regardless of the wireless technologies. T in general has the following parts3
Trans%e2er +TR9: uite widel referred to as the dri#er recei#er $-R%. -R are either in the form of single $sTR9%, dou"le $dTR9% or a composite -ou"le Radio 9nit $-R9%. It "asicall does transmission and reception of signals. lso does sending and reception of signals toOfrom higher network entities $like the "ase station controller in mo"ile telephon%.
P!)er amp"#er +PA: mplifies the signal from -R for transmission through antenna! ma "e integrated with -R. Internship Report at PTCL
C!m5ner: Com"ines feeds from se#eral -Rs so that the could "e sent out through a single antenna. llows for a reduction in the num"er of antenna u sed.
Dup"e$er For separating sending and recei#ing signals toOfrom antenna. -oes sending and recei#ing signals through the same antenna ports $ca"les to antenna%.
Antenna: This is the structure that las underneath the T! it can "e installed as it is or disguised in some wa $Concealed cell sites%.
A"arm e$tens!n s-stem: Collects working status alarms of #arious units in the T and e*tends them to operations and maintenance $=A'% monitoring stations.
C!ntr!" #un%t!n: Control and manages the #arious units of T including an software. =n4the4spot configurations, status changes, software upgrades, etc. are done through the control function. Internship Report at PTCL
Base5an3 re%e2er unt +BB$$: Fre?uenc hopping, signal -P, etc.
Open BTS: =penT $=pen ase Transcei#er tation% is a software4"ased +' access point, allowing standard +'4compati"le mo"ile phones to make telephone calls without using e*isting telecommunication pro#iders& networks. =penT is nota"le for "eing the first free software implementation of the industr4standard +' protocol stack. It is written in CQQ and released as free software under the terms of #ersion 6 of the +>9 ffero +eneral Pu"lic License $+PL%
Base stat!n su5s-stem: The "ase station su"sstem $% is the section of a traditional cellular telephone network, which is responsi"le for handling traffic and signaling "etween a mo"ile phone and the network switching su"sstem. The carries out transcoding of speech channels, allocation of radio channels to mo"ile phones, paging, transmission and reception o#er the air interface and man other tasks related to the radio network.
LTE: LTE A32an%e3 It is a preliminar mo"ile communication standard, formall su"mitted as candidate 7+ sstems to IT94T in the fall ())K, and e*pected to "e finalized in ()11. It is standardized " the 6rd +eneration Partnership Pro2ect $6+PP% as a ma2or enhancement of the pre47+ 6+PP Long Term E#olution $LTE% standard.
Internship Report at PTCL
BASE STATION CONTROLLER: The "ase station controller $C% pro#ides, classicall, the intelligence "ehind the Ts. Tpicall a C has tens or e#en hundreds of Ts under its control. The C handles allocation of radio channels, recei#es measurements from the mo"ile phones, and controls hando#ers from T to T $e*cept in the case of an inter4C hando#er in which case control is in part the responsi"ilit of the ancho 'C%. ke function of the C is to act as a concentrator where man different low capacit connections to Ts $with relati#el low utilization% "ecome reduced to a smaller num"er of connections towards the mo"ile switching center $'C% $with a high le#el of utilizations%. =#erall, this means that networks are often structured to ha#e man Cs distri"uted into regions near their Ts which are then connected to large centralized 'C sites. The C is undou"tedl the most ro"ust element in the as it is not onl a T controller "ut, for some #endors, a full switching center, as well as an B node with connections to the 'C and ser#ing +PR support node $+>% $when using +PR%. It also pro#ides all the re?uired data to the operation support su"sstem $=% as well as to the performance measuring centers.
C is often "ased on a distri"uted computing architecture, with redundanc applied to critical functional units to ensure a#aila"ilit in the e#ent of fault conditions. Redundanc often e*tends "eond the C e?uipment itself and is commonl used in the power supplies and in the transmission e?uipment pro#iding the 4ter interface to PC9.
Internship Report at PTCL
The data"ases for all the sites, including information such as carrier fre?uencies, fre?uenc hopping lists, power reduction le#els, recei#ing le#els for cell "order calculation, are stored in the C. This data is o"tained directl from radio planning engineering which in#ol#es modelling of the signal propagation as well as traffic pro2ections.
Internship Report at PTCL
A Summar- !# )hat I "earnt at m- Internshp
The main purpose of the Internship was to ac?uaint mself with the Technical aspects of #arious C-' modulation techni?ues and to gain familiarization with its related machiner. The initial weeks at the internship were full of curriculum studing ..-uring the last few weeks of m Internship, I got the chance to #isit #arious sites where I helped them install and perform different tests on T units .part from 2ust going to the fields to gain hands on e*perience of unit installation, the engineers e*plained the architecture of the T units and how the #arious hardware de#ices are connected together. dd to that, the descriptions of how the sstem emplos itself in case of power failure and emergencies which were #er useful for learning.
Internship Report at PTCL
