Life Science Chapter 4 Notes Atmosphere Launch lab p. 89 I Earth’s Atmosphere ___________________________ is a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around the planet. It maintains a balance between the amount of heat ____________ from the Sun and the amount that escapes back into space. space . It protects all life forms from harmful ___________ radiation.
Makeup of the Atmosphere:
*read section p. 90 Gases in the atmosphere: 1. Nitrogen is the most abundant gas making making up ___________ percent of the atmosphere. 2. Oxygen only makes up __________ percent of the Earth’s atmosphere. Water Water Vapor makes up as much as _____ percent 3. Other gases such as argon and carbon dioxide make up the other __________ percent. The composition of the atmosphere is changing c hanging in small but important ways. For example, car exhaust emits gases into the air. Thee _________ mix with oxygen and other chemicals in the presence of sunlight and form a brown haze called _____. As fuel is burned, ________ is released as a by product into Earth’s atmosphere. Earth’s atmosphere contains small, solid particles such as ______________________________. Plants give off _____________ that becomes mixed throughout part of the atmosphere. The atmosphere also contains small liquid droplets other than water droplets in clouds. Some of these droplets could have come from an __________________ volcano thousands of mile from home. Figure 3 p. 91 The Earth’s atmosphere is made up of o f 5 layers: 1. _______________________ is the lowest of Earth’ atmospheric atmospheric layers layers . it it contains 99% of the __________________________ and _______________ of the atmospheric gases. The troposphere extends up to ___ km. 2. _________________________is the layer directly above the troposphere extends for ____ km above Earth’s surface to about _____km. This is where the ozone layer is located. The formula for ozone is ________. 3. _______________ is the layer that extends from the top of the stratosphere stratosphere to about _________ km above Earth. This where shooting stars are located.
4. _______________________is name for its high temperatures. temperatures. It It is is the thickest atmospheric layer and is found between _____ km and _______ km above Earth’s surface. Between the mesosphere and thermosphere is a layer of electrically charged particles called the ________________. This allows radio waves to travel across the country to another city. 5. ___________________________ is where the space shuttle shuttle orbits. Atmospheric Pressure:
As Earth’s gravity pulls the gases toward its surface, the weight of the gases presses down on the gases below. Force exerted on an area is known as _________________. Air pressure is ______________________ at the surface and decrease as you move up. It is harder to breath on a tall mountain because the air is thinner. applying science p. 94 • Temperature in Atmospheric Layers:
The ____________ is the source of most of the energy on Earth. The atmospheric layers are made up of many different gases so they are different _______________. The troposphere is heated by the Earth’s surface so the temperature goes down as you move up. The ______________ layer however, absorbs the Sun’s rays and the temperature rises as you move ___________. The mesosphere decrease when moving up. The thermosphere and exosphere have very ____________ temperatures. ______________________ layer is found in the stratosphere. It protects Earth from ____________ radiation. This type of radiation can cause ______________. Ozone is made from an O2 being split by such things as lightning and it becomes O. One O attaches to an O2 to make an O3. Evidence exists that some air pollutants are destroying the ozone layer. The most damaging of these pollutants are __________________________ also known as CFC’s. These compound are now outlawed in the US. They used to be used in refrigeration, foams, aerosol cans, and air conditioners. Study figure 9 p. 96 • • • •
read the ozone hole p.97 Watch a video on global warming Do a webquest project on global warming. Section review questions p. 97
II. Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere The _________ provides p rovides most of the Earth’s energy. This energy is used for: 1. Drive wind and _________ _____________ ____ current currentss 2. allows allows plants plants to ______________ _______________ _ and produce produce _______________ _______________..
Three different things can happen to the Sun’s energy coming the Earth: 1. It is _______________ back into space by the atmosphere and clouds. 2. It is ________________ _________________by _by the the Earth’s Earth’s surface surface.. 3. It is ___________________ by the atmosphere, atmosphere, land, and water. Heat: ______________ is the energy that flows from an object with a ______________ temperature to an object with a ______________ temperature.
Heat is transferred in 3 ways: 1. ___________________________ is the energy that is transferred transferred in the form of rays or waves. Radiant energy from the Sun warms your face. 2. ___________________________ ___________________________is is the transfer of energy that occurs when particles bump into one another. Your feet on hot sand would be an example, and a microwave oven is another example. 3. __________________________is the transfer of heat by the flow of materials. Cold air sinks and warmer air rises because it is less dense. This creates convection currents. • •
watch Power Point on Conduction, convection, conve ction, and radiation Do Lab demonstrating the 3 types of heat transfer.
The Water Cycle:
__________________ is a term that describes all the water of Earth. Energy from the ___________ causes water to change from a liquid to a gas by a process called ______________________. Water that evaporates from lakes, streams, and oceans enters Earth’s atmosphere. If it cools enough, it changes back into a liquid. The process of water vapor changing to a liquid is called _______________________. Clouds form when condensation occurs high in the atmosphere. Clouds are made up of ________ water droplets that can collide to form ________ drops. As they grow, they fall to Earth as __________________. This completes the water cycle . *Students will draw and label a water cycle below.
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Do reading check page 102 Section Review 2 questions p. 102 Do Cloud formation lab
III. Air Movement The earth is mostly rock or land, with ______________ of its surface covered by water. These two areas strongly influence global wind systems. _____________ is the movement of air from an area of ________________ pressure to an area of ______________ pressure. The __________________ receives more radiation from the Sun than any other area on Earth, so the air is less dense there. The air at the Poles is cold and dense. Therefore the colder air at the poles sinks and displaces the warmer air at the equator, and this sets up convection currents. The rotation of the Earth causes moving air to appear to turn _______________ north of the equator, and to turn ________________ south of the equator. This is called the __________________. This creates distinctive wind patterns on the Earth which affects wind patterns and where planes and ship can travel most effectively. Figure 16 p. 104 Global Winds: 1. The rainy and windless area near the equator is called called the ____________________. 2. ________________________ are located near 30 degrees north north and south latitude and create steady winds that blow in tropical regions. 3. _________________________ blow in opposite direction direction to the trade winds and are responsible for most of the weather in North America. 4. _______________ _______________________ ________ are found found near near the poles. 5. _________________________ are narrow belts of strong winds winds that blow near the top of the troposphere. The _________________________ moves faster in the winter because the difference between cold and warm air is greater then. When flying eastward, pilots save time and money by following the jet stream.
Convection currents over areas where land meets the sea can cause __________. A _______________ is created during the day because solar radiation warms the land more than the water. Air over the land is heated by _____________. This heated air is ___________ dense and has _____________ pressure. Cooler, denser air over the water has ________________ pressure and flows toward the ________________. The reverse occurs at night where you have movement of air toward water from the land. Is called a ________________________. Section 3 Review questions p. 107 Lab: The Heat is On pp. 108-109 • Chapter Review Questions pp. 112-113 • Standardized Test prep pp. 114-115 •
