1. The World Trough our Senses I. Sensory Organs and its Stimuli a) Eyes - Light b) Ears - Sound c) Skin - Pressure !eat "old Pain d) #ose - "hemicals e) Tongu ongue e - "hemicals
II. Sense o$ touch %skin) and &ain&ressurehotcold.
III. Sense o$ smell %nose) and chemical 'a&our
- The sensory rece&tors are sensiti'e to chemicals in the air and they are located in the u&&er nasal ca'ity and co'ered (ith mucus.
I. Sense o$ !earing %ear) and Sound
- The &ath taken by the sound (a'es $rom the ears to the brains %mechanism o$ hearing) is as the $ollo(ing *
- The eustachian tube and the semicircular canals are not in'ol'ed in the hearing mechanism.
. Sense o$ Sight %eyes) and Light - The eye is made u& o$ three layers * a) sclera %outer layer) b) choroid %middle layer) c) retina %innermost layer)
- The &arts o$ eye that hel& the $ocus the light onto the retina are * a) the cornea b) the a+ueous humour c) the lense d) the 'itreous - The light &ath in human eyes *
- ,unctions o$ the dierent &arts o$ the eye *
I. Stimuli and es&onses in Plants - Plants res&ond to stimuli in t(o (ays * a) Tro&isms ro&is ms b) #astic mo'ements
- #astic mo'ements are res&onses to stimuli (hich come $rom any direction direction and these res&onses do not de&end on the direction o$ stimuli.
/. #utrition I. "lasses o$ ,ood ,ood and 0alance iet
a) "arbohydrates - 2ade u& o$ carbon hydrogen and o3ygen. - There are three main ty&es o$ carbohydrates * 1) starch /) sugar 4) cellulose - Ty&es o$ $ood * rice &otato sugar bread and more. b) Protein
- 2ade u& o$ carbon hydrogen o3ygen and nitrogen.It also contain &hos&horus &hos&ho rus and sul&hur. sul&hur. - Ty&es o$ $ood * 5sh milk meat egg (hite and nuts. - Protein Protein is re+uired re+uired to build ne( cells or tissues. a) ,or gro(th b) To re&laced damaged tissues. c) ,ats - 2ade u& o$ carbon hydrogen and o3ygen but the ratios are dierent dierent $rom that o$ a carbohydrate. - Ty&es o$ $ood * &alm oil coconut coconu t oil 5sh oil butter and more. - ,at &roduce t(ice the amount o$ energy com&ared com&a red to carbohydrates o$ the same (eight. - ,unction o$ $at * a) su&&lying energy and (armth b) as an insulator o$ heat to reduce heat loss $rom the body c) &rotecting &rotecting the internal organs such as the kidneys and heart d) dissol'ing certain 'itamins in the body like 'itamin 6 E and 7 d) itamin - e+uired e+uired in small amounts only $or our o ur health and gro(th. - itamin are classi5ed into t(o grou&s * a) itamins soluble in (ater b) itamins soluble in $at
2eaning o$ a balanced diet - 6 balanced diet is made u& o$ $ood that has all the nutrients in the right +uantities. - 6 balanced diet is necessary $or * a) su&&lying the right right amount o$ energy energy b) balanced body gro(th c) maintaining maintaining the health o$ the body d) &re'enting &re'enting de5ciency diseases diseases such as scur'y and rickets
E3am&le o$ balanced diet
II. !uman igesti'e System - digestion and absor&tion o$
,ood
End &roducts o$ digestion - igestion o$ $ood is com&lete in the small intestine. - The end &roducts o$ digestion must be in the sim&lest $orm that can be readily readily absorbed into the small intestine through the villi.
6bsor&tion o$ the Products o$ igestion 1. 6bsor&tion is a &rocess (hen the end &roducts o$ digestion enter the bloodstream through the small intestinal (alls. /. The inner sur$ace o$ the small intestine is co'ered (ith millions o$
small &ro8ections %about 1mm long). These &ro8ections are called villi %&lural $or villus). 4. ,ood that has been digested into its sim&lest $orm is absorbed by the 'illi on the small intestinal (alls into the bloodstream. 9. The e:ciency o$ absor&tion o$ digested $ood in the small intestine can be increased by * a) more 'illi to increase sur$ace area b) 'illus (ith 'ery thin (alls i.e. one-cell thick c) has a net(ork o$ blood ca&illaries
III. eabsor&tion o$ Water and e$ecation eabsor&tion o$ (ater eabsor&tion 1. The main $unction o$ the large intestine is to reabsorb water. /. The substances that enter the large intestine consist o$ (ater and undigested $ood substances like cellulose $rom the 5bre o$ 'egetables and $ruit %roughage). 4. Water Water is reabsorbed $rom these undigested $ood substances. e$aecation 1. ;ndigested $ood in the large intestine is e3&elled as $aeces through the &rocess o$ the defaecation %de$ecation). /. The $aeces that reach the rectum are made u& o$ undigested $ood substances. The $aeces accumulate in the rectum.
4. When the rectum is $ull o$ $aeces it undergoes &eristalsis and assisted byabdominal contraction (ill &ush the $aeces through the anus to be e3&elled. 9. I$ an indi'idual has &roblem to em&ty the bo(el he
I. !ealthy eating habits 1. !ealthy eating habits (ill hel& in maintaining a healthy body. /. ;nhealthy eating habits cause 'arious health &roblems. Table Table >.? E3cessi'e or lack o$ nutrients causes 'arious health &roblems.
,ood &yramid *
!ealthy li'ing &ractices 1. We li'e in a caring society. There$ore (e should be generous. /. We should donate e3cess $ood to the &oor and needy. 4. We should res&ect res&ect each other@s culture as 2alaysia is a multiracial and multireligious multireligio us country. country.
4. 0iodi'ersity Organism and Their "lassi5cation ariety o$ Li'ing Organisms and Their "lassi5cation 1. Biodiversity is the 'ariety o$ dierent dierent ty&es o$ organisms $ound on the Earth. /. The li'ing things $ound on Earth are humans animals abd &lants. 4. 6 li'ing thing is kno(n as an organism . 9. 6nimals and &lants ha'e 'arious sha&es siAes and habitats. =. The dierences that e3ist bet(een the same s&ecies o$ li'ing things are called variations. !abitat o$ Li'ing Things 1. 6 habitat is the natural &lace (here ( here a li'ing li'es. /. ierent animals and &lants li'e in dierent habitats.
"lassi5cation o$ 6nimals based on "ommon "haracteristics 1. 6nimals can be classi5ed based on common characteristics. /. E3am&les o$ classi5cation o$ animals based ba sed on their habitats and their habitats and their breathing organs are sho(n in ,igure 1B./
"lassi5cation on Plants based on "ommon "haracteristics 1. Plants are also classi5ed based on their common characteristics. /. E3am&les o$ the classi5cation o$ &lants based bas ed on habitat ty&e o$
stem and method o$ re&roduction re&roduction are sho(n in ,igure 1B.4 .
"onstructing a system o$ "lassi5cation 1. 6 dichotomous key o$ identi5cation is used to classi$y organisms. /. Pairs o$ o&&osite characteristics are used in the identi5cation key. 4. 6t each instance a &air o$ o&&osite characteristics are used. 9. The identi5cation key is constructed $ollo(ing t(o (ays to identi$y the $ollo(ing animals.
0ee
"at
0at
Eagle
a) ;sing "hart b) ;sing Statements System o$ "lassi5cation o$ 6nimals - 6nimals can be classi5ed into t(o grou&s * a) In'ertebrates %animals (ithout backbones) b) ertebrates ertebrates %animals (ith backbones)
In'ertebrates 1. In'ertebrates make u& the most number o$ animals in the (orld. /. 2ost in'ertebrates li'e in (ater. 4. Some in'ertebrates ha'e a hard e3ternal e3ternal skeleton &rotectionC like like the crab and the beetle.
ertebrates 1. Warm-blooded Warm-blooded 'ertebrates %homoio-thermic) % homoio-thermic) ha'e 53ed body tem&eratures. tem&eratures. "old-blooded 'ertebrates %&oikilothermic) ha'e body tem&eraturethat tem&eraturethat change according to the tem&erature o$ their surroundings. surroundings. /. ertebrates ertebrates can be classi5ed into 5'e main grou&s * a) ,ish
b) 2ammals c) e&tiles d) 6m&hibians e) 0irds
9. Interde&endence 6mong Li'ing Organisms and the En'ironment I. Interaction bet(een Li'ing Organisms 1. The organisms in a community interact (ith one another to obtain $ood shelter trans&ort su&&ort and many other necessities. /. This interaction hel&s to ensure that a balanced ecosystem is maintained. 4. There are dierent kinds o$ interaction in nature e3am&les * a) &rey-&redator b) symbiosis
- "ommensalism - Parasitism - 2utualism c) "om&etition d) 0iological control
II. Photosynthesis $ood chain and $ood (eb Photosynthesis - is a &rocess that occurs in green &lants in (hich $ood is made $rom (ater and carbon dio3ide in the &resence o$ chloro&hyll and sunlight.
/. The e+uation belo( sho(s the &rocess o$ &hotosynthesis. "arbon dio3ide
Wate
chloro&hyll sunlight
glucose O3yg %$ood)
4. The glucose &roduced is brought to other &arts o$ the &lant to be a) o3idised o3idised through the &rocess o$ res&iration to &ro'ide energy. b) stored as starch i$ in e3cess. 9. "arbon dio3ide (ater sunlight and chloro&hyll are needed $or &hotosynthesis. ,ood "hain
1. 6 $ood chain is an a n energy link sho(ing ho( energy in $ood is &assed $rom &lants %&roducers) to animals 4 %consumers). /. 6 $ood chain sho(s the interaction o$ se'eral organisms (ith each other is sho(n in ,igure ,igure 11.1/ .
,ood Web 1. 6 $ood (eb consists o$ se'eral $ood chains that are interlinked. /. The organisms in a $ood (eb interact (ith each other. 4. Dust as in a $ood chain dead organisms in the $ood (ebs are decom&osed by decom&ossers such as $ungi and bacteria.
III. 0alance Ecosystem 1. 6n ecosystem consists o$ se'eral communities that interact (ith one another and (ith the &hysical en'ironment %non-li'ing things such as (ater air soil light and mineral salts) . /. ,or e3am&le * a) a &ond ecosystem b) a tro&ical rain$orest ecosystem
- !uman beings are a &art o$ the ecosystem that de&end on li'ing and non-li'ing things $or sur'i'al. - !uman beings interact (ith the ecosystem to obtain needs and to lead com$ortable com$ortable li'es. !uman acti'ities acti'ities bring about an imbalance and decline in the ecosystem. !uman acti'ities that destroy the balance o$ nature are * a) ,orestry
En'ironment Issues - !uman acti'ities cause &ollution and ha'e raised the $ollo(ing en'ironmental issues * %a) the greenhouse eect %b) the de&letion %thinning) o$ the oAone layer %c) acid rain
I. "onser'ation and Preser'ation o$ Li'ing Organisms 1. "onser'ing and &reser'ing li'ing things is one (ay to ensure that our natural resources (ill last $ore'er. $ore'er. In this (ay (e can lead com$ortable li'es because our resources are not threatened. /. The conser'ationand &reser'ation o$ green &lants in a $orest. Ste& to conser'e and &reser'e li'ing things include * a) establishing $orest reser'es and &rotected &rotected areas areas b) re&lanting c) establishing establishing breeding breeding centres centres and man-made habitats $or animal $acing e3tinction. e3tinction. d) &ractise selecti'e logging that is cutting do(n only old trees. e) im&lementing im&lementing la(s to &re'ent illegal trade in &lants and animals. $) im&lementing im&lementing the #ational ,orestry ,orestry and Wildli$e Wildli$e Protection 6cts. Link o$ eeral Websites htt&s*<
