CESTODES~ tapeworms General Characteristics: Long, segmented, ribbon like alimentary canal absent, indirect life cycle
As long as 20-30meters (but Flat) o Or as Small as 3-5mm
Segmented Worms
Exclusively parasitic o Not Free Living o They cannot live without a Host
Inhabit the SMALL INTESTINES
Adults are Hermaphroditic o No female of male
Require One or More Intermediate Hosts for development of the Larvae o EXCEPT for Hymenolepis nana
Humans may be Host to either Adult or the Larval Stages
HABITAT: Intestinal Canal (SI) of Man and Animals/ Tissues 3 regions: HEAD- SCOLEX---- SUCKERS AND HOOKS NECK- BUDDING-STROBILA- IMMATURE~ NO DIFFERENTIATION MATURE ~ WITH DIFFERENTIATION GRAVID~ UTERI FILLED WITH EGGS CLASSIFICATION:
A. Order Cyclophyllidea - Globular Scolex + Suckers; Egg = Embryonated => T. solium, T. saginata, H. nana, H. diminuta, D. caninum, E. granulosus, E. multilocularis
B. Order Pseudophyllidea - Elongated & Spatulate Scolex ,Instead of a Sucker, it has a Longitudinal Groove called the Bothrium,Egg = Unembryonated ~Diphyllobothrium latum
Helminths
Distinguishing Characteristics
MOT
Habitat
Infective Stage/Larval form
Diagnostic Stage
Intermediate Host
Definitive Host
Pathology
Diphyllobothrium latum Broad fish tapeworm
Scolex-spoon shaped/spatula BOTHRIA- two slit like grooves (dorsal & ventral) NO rostellum/hooklets
Ingestion of inadequately cooked Infected fish
Small Intestines (ileum)
plerocercoid
Operculated unembryonated
Water= coracidium Cyclops- 1st IH ~procercoid Fish-2nd ~plerocercoid
Dogs, Cats, Man
Vit. B12 deficiency ~anemia
Cysticercus bovis (Larva) in Muscle is Ingested by Man
Small Intestines
Cysticercus cellulosae = for Adult Worm Infection (Taeniasis)
***Gravid Segment Diagnostic = can be passed out in stools
Pig (NOT Pork)
Man ONLY
Taeniasis
Uterus appears in the form of Rosette* Taenia solium Pork tapeworm
** refer to the next table
Egg = for Larval Infection (Cysticercosis)
~caused by Adult Worm Infection Human Cysticercosis Cellulosae
Eggs in the Feces
~Infection with Larval Infection ***Cysticercosis = stage wherein it goes in Systemic Circulation (most dangerous in the brain)
T. saginata Beef tapeworm Hookless tapeworm
**refer to the next table
Cysticercus bovis (Larva) in Muscle is Ingested by Man
Small Intestines
Cysticercus bovis
Gravid Segments or Eggs in Feces
Cattle
Man ONLY
The Larval Stage does not cause CYSTICERCOSIS Mainly due to Adult due to its Large Size cause
Hymenolepis nana Dwarf tapeworm
Egg / Ova ~Inner Membrane = has Two Polar Thickenings, from each of which
Direct Ingestion of the Embryonated Egg by a NEW
Upper 2/3 of the Ileum
Embryonated Egg / Ova
Embryonated Egg in Feces
**NO Intermediate Host is Required
Humans, Mice, Rats
Enteritis (Result of an Internal Autoinfection) Lack of Appetite,
Cysticercoid Larva
arises 4-8 Slender Polar Filaments ~ INFECTIVE when Passed in the Feces . Scolex ~Small Globular, Short Retractile Rostellum
Host
Abdominal Pain with or without diarrhea, anorexia, vomiting, headache, dizziness
Indirect Ingestion of the Cysticercoid in the Rat Flea (for Murine Hymenolepis nana var fraterna) Autoinfection Ingestion of Embryonated Egg by the SAME Host
Hymenolepis diminuta Rat tapeworm
Egg ~ No Polar Filaments / Thickenings in the Inner Membrane; Egg Bigger than H.nana
Accidental Ingestion of Infected Invertebrate Hosts
Small Intestines
Cysticercoid Larva
Accidental Ingestion of Infected Dog’s and Cat’s Fleas containing Cysticercoid Larva
Small Intestines
Cysticercoid Larva
Gut of Carnivores (not Human’s)
Hydatid Cysts
Embryonated Egg in the Feces
Larval Rat & Mouse Fleas, Adult Mealworm Beetle (Invertebrate Hosts)
Rat, Mouse, Man
Gravid Proglottid or Embryonated Eggs Packets
Larval Fleas of Dogs, Cats & Humans and **Dog Louse = Trichoddectes canis
Dogs, Cats, Wild Carnivores, Occasionally Humans
Lab Diagnosis after removal of the Cyst
Sheep, Cattle, etc
Dogs & other Canines Accidental Host:man
Life Span in a Person is SHORT (5-6 weeks)
Scolex~Has a RUDIMENTARY Apical Unarmed Rostellum Dipylidium caninum Dog tapeworm
Rice Grain Appearance Eggs in Packets in Feces
Echinococcus granulosus Hydatid Worm
Cystic echinococcus ~UNILOCULAR SMALLEST Tapeworm of Medical Importance (3-6mm long) (tapeworm of dogs)
(remember ung story about the baby nag poop ng pumpkin seed like poop?) Accidental Ingestion of Infected INTERMEDIATE HOST Accidental Ingestion of eggEggs
Usually Light Infections = With or Without Symptoms
Due to Hydatid Cysts Lungs, liver . spleen,heart, bones
Echinococcus multilocularis Hydatid Worm
Alveolar echinococcus ~MULTILOCULAR
Accidental Ingestion of Infected INTERMEDIATE HOST
Gut of Carnivores (not Human’s)
Hydatid Cysts
Lab Diagnosis after removal of the Cyst
Rodents: Field Mice, Voles, Squirrels, Shrews
Dogs & other Canines Accidental Host:man
Due to Hydatid Cysts Mostly liver
Accidental Ingestion of Eggs Differentiation~ CESTODE
Taenia solium
TYPE OF SCOLEX Globular
SCOLEX
Sucking Disks (4) Rostellum with Chitinous Hooks
Taenia saginata
Pyriform
Sucking Disks (4)
Mature Proglottid / Segment
Roughly Square with Unilateral or Irregularly Alternate Genital Pores on Consecutive Segments Tri-lobed Ovary consists of Two-Lateral Lobes & one small Central Lobe
7-12 less than 13) Lateral Branches on Each Side of the Main Uterine Stem **LESS than 13 Branches
Difference with T. solium = T. saginata has Twice as many Testes and a Bilobed Ovary
Longer: 16-20mm x 5-7mm (has > 13 Lateral Uterine Branches – different from T. solium) Differ from T. solium in having MORE Lateral Branches (15-30 on each side) of the Uterus Has No Uterine Pore, and contains about 100,00 Eggs **MORE than 13 Lateral Branches
No Rostellum; 12mm Broad and Shorter Irregularly Alternate Pores
Diphyllobothrium latum
Elongated / Spatulate
2-Elongated Suctorial Grooves
Gravid Proglottids Segment
to know that it is Taenia solium, count the number of Lateral Uterine Branches
Broader than Long Characteristic Rosette-Like Coiled Uterus
Bothria
by: Gen Redoblado; Prov 3:5 Trust in the Lord with all your heart…and He will direct your path.
