Table for Cestodes and Trematodes

Cestodes

Habitat

Diphyllobotriu m latum

Smal mall inte intest stin ine e

“Fish tapeworm/ Broad Tapeworm”

Features Unar Unarme med d scolex; spoon shaped or spatu spatulat late e w/ bothria

Ova: bile stained, ovoid, operculated, thick thick shelle shelled d embryonated

Uterus in rosette form

Larval stages: coracidium procor procorcoid coid (IH(IHcyclops) plerocorcoid (IH(IH- fresh fresh water fish)

Largest tapeworm of man

Taenia  saginata

Sma Small int intesti estine ne

“beef tapeworm”

Gen Genita ital por pore is is marginal Uterus is dichotomous Unarmed scolex

Taenia solium “pork tapeworm”

Small int intestine

Egg /Larv a

Armed scolex (hooklets shaped like daggers or Arabian poniards) Uterus is dendritic

Egg: Egg: NonNonoperculated; inner embry embryoph ophore ore is thick walled and radially striated; With an oncosphere (hexacanth embryo) Larva : Cysticercus bovis IS:Cypticercus cellulosae

Mode of Infection Ingest Ingestion ion of raw or uncooked infected fish ISPlerocercoid larva

Eating of beef  infected with Cypticercus bovis

Hosts or  Diagnosis Disease/ Vector  Treatment 1st IH- cyclop cyclops s 2nd IH- fresh fresh water fishes FH-man, dog, cat

IH- cattle, cattle, cow, cow, buffalo FHFH- man man

Microscopic exam of feces for operculated eggs or vommited proglottids

Diphyllobothriasi sor  Bothriacephalou s Anemia Prasiquantel Niclozamide

Microscopic exam of stool for eggs, proglo proglott ttids ids or scolex

Taeniasisleading to obstruction of organs Praziquantel Niclozamide

Ingest Ingestion ion of infected pork

IHIH- pork pork FH-man

IS: Cypticersus cellulone

Stool exams for eggs or proglottids

Cypticercosis; Neurocysticerco sis (most (most serious zoonotic disease) Praziquantel Niclozamide

Cestodes

Echinococcus Granulosus

Habitat

lymphatics

“Hydatid worm/ Dog tapeworm” 

Features

Egg/Larv a

-Scolex bears 4 suckers and a protrusible rostellum

Egg: resembles Taenia egg but ovoid

Mode of Infection IS: embryonated egg IS: hydatid cyst

Smallest tapeworm of man

Hymenolepsis diminuta

Hosts or  Diagnosis Vector  IH: sheep, goat, pig, cattle, horse Definitive Host: (canines like dogs, wolf, fox)

Disease and Treatment

radiographic findings

Hydatid sand; Alveolar cyst

Immuno diagnosis

Surgical removal/ Albendazole

Eggs passed in feces

Hymenolepiasis

Accidental Host- Man

Small intestine

Uterus is saclike and transverse

“rat tapeworm”

Egg: double membrane Larva: cysticercoid

IH: fleas IS: Cysticercoiod

AH- man

Praziquantel

unarmed Double pored

Dipylidium caninum

Rose thorn hooklets Gravid proglottids

“Dog Tapeworm”

Hymenolepsis nana “Dwarf tapeworm” Smallest tapeworm

Ileum

Subglobular   armed rostellum

Ova: Thin walled and spherical

IS: Cysticercoid

Ova: spherical w/inner embryo has 3 pair of lancets and intermembrano

Ingestion of eggs or of infected arthropod in w/c cysticercoid lar

IH: Ctenocephalid  es canis: Dog flea Ctenophalides files: cat flea Pulex irritans: human flea Trichoedectas canis: dog flea

Eggs passed in feces

DH: rodents , man

Embryonated eggs in feces

Dipylidiasis Praziquantel

Demonstration of characteristic ova in the stool

Praziquantel

Trematode s Schistosoma  japonicum “Oriental blood fluke”

Schistosoma haematobium “Vesical blood fluke”

Schistosoma mansoni  “Manson’s blood fluke” smallest blood fluke

Paragonimus westermani 

Habitat

superior mesenteric veins of the small intestine

Egg /Larv a Eggs: nonoperculated ; bottle neck egg

Mode of Infection Skin penetration IS: cercariae

Stool exam

IH: Bulimus and Physopsis for  S. haematobium

S.haematobiu m- terminal spine

S. japonicumKatayama’s disease

 S. mansoni Swimmer’s itch

Praziquantel

S.mansonilateral spine IH: Biomphalaria and Australorbis for S. mansoni 

Coffee or bean shaped in pairs or in threes in fibrotic capsules or cysts in the lungs

pancreas

IH: Onchomelania for  S.  japonicum

S. haematobiumBilharziasis or bloody urine

mesenteric veins of colon and rectum

lungs

Hosts or  Diagnosis Disease Vector  and Treatment

S.japonicumlateral knob

vesicle and pelvic plexus of the venous circulation; urinary bladder 

“Oriental Lung Fluke”

Eurytrema  pancreaticum

Features

Stout worm with ruffled margins

Ova: oval; thick shelled; with flattened opercular and thick abopercular  end

Ova: dark brown thick shelled and

Ingestion of insufficiently or uncooked crustaceans containing metacercariae

IH: Brotia asperata (snail) 2nd IH:Sundathelp usa philippina or  Parathelpusa  grapsoides IH: : Macrochlamys indica (snail)

Feces and sputum exam Misdiagnosed on pulmonarytube rculosis

Paragonimiasis Praziquantel Bithionol

Trematode s Fasciolopsis buski 

Habitat

intestine

Features

no cephalic cone no shoulders

Egg /Larv a operculated

“Giant Intestinal Fluke” Largest trematode

Echinostoma ilocanum

Ingestion of encysted metacercariae on aquatic plants IS: metacercariae

Intestine

“Garrism’s fluke”

Oral suckers surrounded by circumoral disk w. crown of  spines

Ova: “germ ball” egg dot-like operculum Larvae: no sporocyst stage but with 2 redial stages

Heterophyes heterophyes

Mode of Infection

intestine

With 3 suckers oral, ventral

Ova: As Clonochis

Hosts or  Diagnosis Disease Vector  and Treatment 1st IH: snailSegmentina sp. Hippentis sp.

Stool exam for unembryonate d eggs

Fasciolopsiasis Praziquantel

2nd IH: fresh water vegetation seed pods of water caltrop (Trapa bicornis, Trapa nutans) bulb of a fresh water chestnut (Eliocharis tuberosa)

Ingestion of infected fish or vegetation

IH: Gyraulus convexiusculu  s

Infective stage: metacercaria

Gyraulus  prashadi 

Heterophydias s

2nd IH: - Pila luzonica (kuhol) Vivipara angularis (susong pampang) Corbicula sp (clam) Ingestion of metacercariae

Detection of eggs in the

Unembryonate d eggs

Praziquantel

Trematode s  ASCIOLA F 

Habitat

Features

liver 

HEPATICA

Conical projection called cephalic cone

“SHEEP LIVER  FLUKE”

Egg /Larv a Ova: looks like hen’s egg

Mode of Infection Ingestion of metacercariae in aquatic plants IS: metacercariae

 ASCIOLA F  GIGANTICA

Hosts or  Diagnosis Disease Vector  and Treatment IH: Lymnea  philippinensis (snail)

Unembryonate d eggs

Fascioliasis Bithionol

2nd IH: blades of grass and water plants

 “GIANT LIVER 

FLUKE”

Chlonorchis  sinensis “Chinese liver fluke”

liver

Unbranched intestine

Ova: smallest like an oldfashioned electric bulb or pitchershaped

Ingestion of raw or undercooked fish; salted and dried fishes IS: metacercaria

IH: Bulimus fuschiana (snail) 2ndIH:Ctenoph aryngondon idellus (fish)

Embryonated egg

Clonorchiasis Triclabendazole Bithionol