Cara Penanganan Dan Pemberian Obat Pada Hewan Percobaan_Kelompok 1

LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM FARMAKOLOGI FARMAKOLOGI SISTEM ORGAN Cara Penanganan dan Pemberian Obat pada Hewan Percobaan

Selasa, 10 Maret 2015 Kelompok 1 Selasa Pkl 0!"00 #10"00 $I%

 Nama 'as(a N Nr S) S)a*+a* Mar+ta Ist+ $la(ar+ ar+ A(+sa Ros+a(a I(ta( Mer+ta  Na+ma* Ra*ma3at+ S

NPM

T&as

2-01101.0001T 1Teeor+ /a /asar, Proser  2-01101.0002Ke 2Kes+mpla( la(, E+tor  2-01101.000.Ta(, Pr+(s+p, Teor+ /asar  2-01101.000Pema*asa(, Per*+t(&a( 2-01101.0005Pema*asa( 2-01101.0005Pema*asa(

LA%ORATORIUM FARMAKOLOGI SISTEM ORGAN FAKULTAS FARMASI UNI4ERSITAS PA/A/ARAN 2015  N+la+

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CARA PENANGANAN PENANGANA N DAN PEMBERIAN OBAT PADA PADA HEWAN HEWAN PERCOBAAN

I.

T!an

1" Me(&eta*+ a( mamp me(a(&a(+ *e3a( (tk per6oaa( 7armakolo&+ se6ara a+k" 2" Me(&eta*+ s+7at8s+7at *e3a( per6oaa( a( 7aktor87aktor )a(& mempe(&ar*+ respo(()a" ." Me(&e(al tek(+k8tek(+k pemer+a( oat melal+ era&a+ rte pemer+a( serta pe(&ar*()a ter*aap e7ek )a(& +t+mlka(" II.

Prin"ip

1" Repla6eme(t Repla6eme(t relat+9e )a+t mema(7aatka( *e3a( per6oaa( sea&a+ o(or  or&a(, ar+(&a(ata sel" Repla6eme(t asolte )a+t t+ak memerlka(  a*a( ar+ *e3a( mela+(ka( mema(7aatka( &alr sel ata pro&ram 6ompter :'a(+7a*,200;<" 2" Re6t+o( Me(&ra(&+ pema(7aata( mla* *e3a( per6oaa( se*+(&&a se+k+t m(&k+( e(&a( a(ta( +lm stat+st+k , pro&ram 6ompter, a( tek(+k #  tek(+k +ok+m+a serta t+ak me(&la(&+ pe(el+t+a( e(&a( *e3a(  per6oaa( apa+la t+ak perl :'a(+7a*,200;<" ." Re7+(eme(t Me(&ra(&+ ket+ak ()ama(a( )a(& +er+ta ole* *e3a( per6oaa( seelm, selama a( setela* pe(el+t+a(, m+sal()a e(&a( pemer+a( a(al&et+k :'a(+7a*,200;<" III.

Teori Da"ar

Pe(&&(aa( *e3a( per6oaa( alam pe(el+t+a( +lm+a* ++a(& keoktera( ata +ome+s tela* erala( pl*a( ta*( )a(& lal" 'e3a( sea&a+ moel ata sara(a per6oaa( *arsla* meme(*+ pers)arata( # pers)arata( terte(t a(tara la+( pers)arata( &e(et+6 ata ketr(a( a( l+(&k(&a( )a(& memaa+ alam

 pe(&elolaa(()a, +samp+(& 7a6tor eko(om+s, ma* t+ak()a +perole*, serta mamp memer+ka( reaks+ +olo&+s )a(& m+r+p kea+a(()a paa ma(s+a :Ta),T"'a(Ra*ara,K, 2002<" =ara meme&a(& *e3a( serta 6ara pe(e(ta( e(+s kelam+(()a perl pla +keta*+" =ara meme&a(& *e3a( ar+mas+(&8 mas+(& e(+s *e3a( erea # ea a( +te(tka( ole* s+7at *e3a(, keaaa(7+s+k :esar ata ke6+l< serta ta(()a, kesala*a( alam 6ara()a aka( me()eaka( ke6elakaa( ata *+ps atap( rasa sak+t paa *e3a( +(+ aka( me()l+tka( alam pe()(t+ka( atap( pe(&am+la( ara* a( a&+ ora(& )a(& meme&a(&()a :Kat>(&, %"G,1??;<" /+t+(a ar+ se&+ s)stem pe(elolaa(()a ata 6ara pemel+*araa(()a, +ma(a 7a6tor ketr(a( a( l+(&k(&a( er*(&a( e(&a( s+7at +olo&+s )a(& terl+*at karakter+st+k *e3a( per6oaa(, maka aa  &olo(&a( *e3a( ,)a+t @ 1" 'e3a( l+ar  2" 'e3a( )a(& ko(9e(s+o(al, )a+t *e3a( )a(& +pel+*ara se6ar aterka ." 'e3a( )a(& eas kma( spes+7+k pato&e(, )a+t *e3a( )a(& +pel+*ara e(&a( s)stem arr+er :terttp<" " 'e3a( )a(& eas sama sekal+ ar+ e(+* kma( )a+t *e3a( )a(& +pel+*ara e(&a( s)stem +solator" Sa* ara(& te(t pe(&&aa(  per6oaa( terset +atas +sesa+ka( e(&a( ma6am per6oaa( +ome+s )a(& aka( +lakka( :Kat>(&, %"G,1??;<" 'e3a( 6oa ata *e3a( + ser+(& +set *e3a( laorator+m aala* *e3a( )a(& k*ss +ter(aka( (tk keperla( +olo&+6" 'e3a( per6oaa( +&(aka( (tk pe(el+t+a( pe(&ar* a*a( k+m+a ata oat paa ma(s+a, pera(a( *e3a(  per6oaa( alam ke&+ata( pe(el+t+a( +lm+a* tela* erala( seak pl*a( ta*( )a(& lal" /eklaras+ +(+ er+s+ te(ta(& se&+ et+k per6oaa( )a(& me(&&(aka( ma(s+a a(tara la+( +kataka( perl()a +lakka( per6oaa( ++a(& +ome+s map( r+set la+(()a +lakka( ata +perlakka( ter*aap ma(s+a, se*+(&&a e(&a( em+k+a( elas *e3a( per6oaa( memp()a+ m+ss+o( epro&ram keselamata( mat ma(s+a melal+ sat pe(el+t+a( +ome+s :Slakso(o, ME,1??2<"

Mem+l+* rte pe(&&(aa( oat ter&a(t(& ar+ ta( terap+, s+7at oat()a serta ko(+s+ pas+e( ,ole* sea +t perl mempert+ma(&ka( masala* # masala* sepert+ er+kt @ a" Ta( terap+ (tk e7ek lo6al ata e7ek s+stem+k"  " Apaka* o(set t+me oat 6epat ata lamat" 6" Sta+l+tas oat alam lam(& ata ss" " Keama(a( relat+9e melal+ pe(&&(aa( e(&a( era&a+ rte e" Rte )a(& tepat a&+ pas+e(" %e(tk se+aa( )a(& +er+ka( aka( mempe(&ar*+ ke6epata( a( esar()a oat )a(& +asorps+, e(&a( em+k+a( aka( mempe(&ar*+ pla ke&(aa( a( e7ek terap+ oat" %e(tk se+aa( oat apat memer e7ek oat se6ara lo6al ata e7ek s+stem+k, e7ek s+tem+k +perole* +ka oat erear keselr* t* melal+ pereara( ara* sea(& e7ek lo6al aala* )a(& ekera setempat, e7ek  s+stem+k +&olo(&ka( e(&a( 6ara @ a" Oral melal+ salra( &astro+(test+(al a( re6tal"  " Pare(teral e(&a( 6ara +(tra9e(a, +(trams6lar a( skta(" 6" I(*alas+ la(&s(& kealam par # par" Rte pe(&&aa( oat apat e(&a( 6ara @ a" Melal+ rte oral  " Melal+ re pare(teral 6" Melal+ I(*alas+ " Melal+ memra(e mkosa sepert+ mata, *+(&, tel+(&a, 9a&+(a a( sea&a+()a" e" Melal+ rte kl+t :A(+e7, 1??0<" /+a>epam merpaka( tr(a( e>o+a>ep+(" Kera tama +a>epam )a+t  pote(s+as+ +(*++s+ (ero( e(&a( asam &amma8am+(ot+rat :GA%A< sea&a+ me+ator paa s+st+m s)ara7 psat" /+metaol+sme me(a+ metaol+t akt+7 )a+t  N8esmet+l+a>epam a( oa>epam" Kaar p(6ak alam ara* ter6apa+ setela* 1  # 2 am pemer+a( oral" $akt par* er9ar+as+ a(tara 20 # 50 am sea(& 3akt

 par* esmet+l+a>epam er9ar+as+ *+(&&a 100 am, ter&a(t(& s+a a( 7(&s+ *at+ :Alla*, 2012< Pe(+((&kata( perkema(&a( +lm pe(&ete*a( a( tek(olo7+ + +a(& kese*ata( +are(&+ e(&a( pe(&+(&kata( ket*a( aka( *e3a( + tertama me(6+t" Pe(&&(aa( me(6+t +(+ +kare(aka( realat+7 ma* alam pe(&&(aa()a, kra(()a )a(& relat+7 ke6+l, *ar&a()a relat+7 mra*, mla* pera(aka(()a a()ak  )a+t sekal+ mela*+rka( +sa me(6apa+ 1-81; ekor, *e3a( +t mem+l+k+ s+stem s+rklas+ ara* )a(& *amp+r sama e(&a( ma(s+a serta t+ak mem+l+k+ kemampa( (tk m(ta* kare(a mem+l+k+ katp + lam(&" S*+(&&a a()ak  +&(aka( (tk pe(e+t+a( oat :Mara3at+, 200?<" %era&a+ 6ara pemer+a( perlaka( ter*aap *e3a( 6oa apat +lakka( e(&a( 6ara@ a< Per oral 8 Me(6+t ata t+ks +letakka( + atas ram ka3at, ekor +tar+k  8 ars s(t+k )a(& sa* +soler +maskka( ke alam mlt me(6+t

(am( *ars +per*at+ka( proses mask()a arm a&ar t+ak melka+ or&a( alam me(6+t" 8 Setela* selesa+, tar+k kemal+ arm terset se6ara perla*a(  < I(tramsklar  8 Pema(t mem&a(& pa*a, pe()(t+k meme&a(& pa*a k+r+ ar+ epa( 8

e(&a( ta(&a( k+r+" arm +tskka( ar+ al+k e(&a( st te&ak lrs ter*aap  permkaa( kl+t k+ra8k+ra + te(&a* pa*a se*+(&&a tska( sampa+ ke

8

oto +6ep 7emor+s Lal s(t+kka( a*a( pelaka(, tar+k arm, tempat s(t+ka( +p+at

 pela(8pela( 6< I(traper+to(ea 8 Me(6+t +a(+(& e(&a( e(ar  8 Tskka( arm + s+s+ ekat m+l+6sBk+ra8k+ra 5 mm +samp+(& &ar+s te(&a* a(tara 2 pt+(& ss pal+(& elaka(& 8 Tar+k arm lal lepaska( me(6+t < Skta( OatBa*a( +s(t+kka( + a3a* kl+t + aera* p(&&(&, terasa lo(&&ar   +la arm +&rak8&erakka(, erart+ s(t+ka( sa* e(ar" Pe(&a3asa(

l+(&k(&a" Sema e(+s *e3a( per6oaa( *ars +tempatka( alam l+(&k(&a( )a(& sta+l a( sesa+ e(&a( keperla( 7+s+olop&+s, termask  memper*at+ka( s*, kelemaa( a( ke6epata( ara )a(& ekstr+m *ars +*+(ar+ :Malole,1?;?<" I#.

A$at dan Ba%an

A" Alat

Alat s(t+k 

Ka(a(&

 Nera6a O*ass

Peme&a(& :resta+(er<

So(e oral

%" %a*a( 1" Alko*ol 2" /+a>epam ." Na=l F+s+olo&+s #.

Pro"edr

'e3a( + )a(& +&(aka( aala* 1 ekor t+ks a( . ekor me(6+t )a(& sala* sat()a et+(a" Ke  *e3a( + terset +t+ma(& terle+* a*l seelm +lakka( pe(&+a(" Kem+a( paa me(6+t 1 )a(& sa* +ta(a+, +er+ so(e oral )a(& me(&a((& +a>epam 0,2; ml, +er+ka( melal+ tep+ la(&+t8la(&+t sampa+ ke eso7a&s" Kem+a( paa me(6+t 2 +maskka( ke peme&a(& :resta+(er< e(&a( ekor ++arka( kelar, seelm +s(t+k peml* ara* + ekor +oles*ka( e(&a( eter terle+* a*l, a( +s(t+ka( +a>epam 0,2? ml

se6ara +(tra9e(a paa ekor me(6+t terset" Kem+a( paa me(6+t . +er+ka( s(t+ka( +a>epam 0,.5 ml se6ara +(traper+to(eal, )a+t melal+ aome( a3a* t+ak terlal atas a&ar t+ak me(&e(a+ *at+ a( t+ak terlal a3a* spa)a t+ak  me(&e(a+ ka((& kem+*" Paa t+ks +er+ka( larta( Na=l 7+s+olo&+s me(&&(aka( so(e oral ke tep+ la(&+t8la(&+t sampa+ eso7a&s" /+s(t+kka( pla melal+ +(traper+to(eal, )a+t paa aome( a3a* t+ks + seela* &ar+s m+sa&+tal" /a( +s(t+kka( melal+ +(tramsklar, )a+t ke alam sek+tar &ltes ma+ms ata ke alam otot pa*a la+( ar+ kak+ elaka(&" /e(&a( +6ek apaka*  arm t+ak mask ke alam 9e(a, e(&a( me(ar+k kemal+ p+sto( alat s(t+k" #I.

Data Pengamatan

1" %erat aa( *e3a( + %erat %aa( :&ram< T+ks

1-

Me(6+t 1

22,5

Me(6+t 2

2;

Me(6+t .

2.

2" Rte Pemer+a( PO T+ks

C

Me(6+t 1

C

I4

IP

S=

IM

C

Me(6+t 2

C

Me(6+t .

C

." $akt Me(6+t 1 :me(+t< Me(6+t 2 :me(+t< Me(6+t . :me(+t< $akt O(set

11"25

2"21

"1.

/rat+o( o7

2"10



"20

e77e6t

Gamar Pe(&amata( 1"

Me(6+t 1 @ Peroral

2"

Me(6+t 2 @ I(tra 4e(a

."

Me(6+t . @ I(traPer+to(+al

"

T+ks @ Per Oral

Per*+t(&a( 1" 2" ." " #II.

Pemba%a"an

Prakt+km kal+ +(+ mempalaar+ te(ta(& 6ara pemer+a( oat ter*aap asorps+ oat alam t* :alam *al +(+ paa t* *e3a( +<" Rte pemer+a( oat : Routes of Administration < merpaka( sala* sat 7aktor )a(& mempe(&ar*+ e7ek oat, kare(a karakter+st+k l+(&k(&a( 7+s+olo&+s a(atom+ a( +ok+m+a )a(&  erea paa aera* ko(tak oat a( t* karakter+st+k +(+ erea kare(a  mla* spla+ ara* )a(& ereaD e(>+m8e(>+m a( &eta*8&eta* 7+s+olo&+s )a(& terapat + l+(&k(&a( terset erea" 'al8*al +(+ me()eaka( a*3a mla* oat )a(& apat me(6apa+ lokas+ kera()a alam 3akt terte(t aka( erea, ter&a(t(& ar+ rte pemer+a( oat" Pe(&&(aa( *e3a( per6oaa( alam pe(el+t+a( +lm+a* ++a(& keoktera(B+ome+s tela* lama +&(aka(" 'e3a( sea&a+ moel ata sara(a  per6oaa( *arsla* meme(*+ pers)arata(8pers)arata( terte(t, a(tara la+(  pers)arata( &e(et+s B ketr(a( a( l+(&k(&a( )a(& memaa+ alam

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6a+ra(Bos+s )a(& +er+ka( paa set+ap e(+s *e3a( per6oaa( t+ak ole* mele+*+ atas maks+mal, sea aka( me(&ak+atka( e7ek 7armakolo&+s )a(& mema*a)aka( *e3a( +" Paa *e3a( + aa eerapa Faktor )a(& apat mempe(&ar*+ *as+l  per6oaa(, )a+t Faktor +(ter(al a( Faktor ekster(al" 1" Faktor +(ter(al Faktor +(ter(al )a(& apat mempe(&ar*+ *as+l per6oaa( a(tara la+( aala* 9ar+as+ +olo&+ :s+a, e(+s kelam+(<, rasa a( s+7at &e(et+k, stats kese*ata( a( (tr+s+, oot t* a( las permkaa( t*" Us+a a( e(+s kelam+( erpe(&ar* paa *as+l per6oaa( kare(a paa s+a )a(& tepat paa 7ase *+p *e3a( terset, e7ek 7armakol&+ )a(& +*as+lka( aka( le+* a+k" La+( *al()a +ka s+a *e3a( terset mas+* a)+" e(+s kelam+( &a erpe(&ar*, kare(a +ka +l+*at ar+ leteratr erat aa( )a(&  erea" Kea()a erpe(&ar* paa os+s )a(& aka( +&(aka( paa *e3a( + terset" Ras a( s+7at &e(et+k p( erpe(&ar* kare(a +ka me(&&(ka( *e3a(  per6oaa( e(&a( ras a( s+7at &e(et+k )a(& erea8ea a( karakter+st+k  )a(& erea pla, maka mas+(&8mas+(& mem+l+k+ pereaa( alam per+lak, kemampa( +m(olo&+s, +(7eks+ pe()ak+t, kemampa( alam respo( ter*aap oat, kemampa( reproks+ a( la+( sea&a+()a" %oot a( las permkaa( t* *e3a( + &a erpe(&ar* alam *as+l  per6oaa(" %oot a( las permkaa( t* *e3a( )a(& essar aka( le+* memt*ka( le+* a()ka os+s +a(+(&ka( e(&a( )a(& eroot a( mem+l+k+ las permkaa( t* )a(& ke6+l" 2" Faktor ekster(al Faktor ekster(al )a(& apat mempe(&ar*+ *as+l per6oaa( a(tara la+( aala*  pemel+*araa( l+(&k(&a( 7+s+olo&+k :keaaa( ka(a(&, sasa(a as+(& ata

 ar, pe(&alama( *e3( alam pe(er+maa( oat, keaaa( ra(& *+p :s*, kelemaa( aa, 9e(t+las+, 6a*a)a, ke+s+(&a( serta pe(empata( *e3a(<, spla+ oks+&e(" Me(+(&kat()a kea+a( pe()ak+t +(7eks+ paa *e3a( per6oaa(, +seaka( kare(a ko(+s+ l+(&k(&a( )a(& elek +ma(a *e3a( +t t+(&&al" Maka e(&a( me(+(&kat()a kea+a( pe()ak+t +(7eks+ a( +serta+ e(&a( keaaa( (tr+s+ )a(& rk &a aka( erak+at res+ste(s+ t* me(r(, se*+(&&a aka(  erpe(&ar* ter*aap *as+l sat per6oaa(" •

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kealam()a"4olme larta( aaes )a(& +s(t+ka( paa +(tra9e(a aala* 0".5 ml" arm +s(t+kka( e(&a( st 10 0a&ar arm t+ak  melka+ ta(&a( prakt+ka("Apa+la terasa aa ta*a(a( art+()a arm terset elm mask ke alam peml* 9e(a )a(& art+()a arm s(t+k  *a()a me(ems sampa+ kl+t" 'al +(+ +ta(a+ e(&a( memesar()a kl+t  paa ekor me(6+t )a(& +s(t+ka(, a( apa+la arm +tar+k maka aka( ++kt+ 6a+ra( )a(& kelar ar+ ekor me(6+t :larta( )a(& +s(t+ka(<" 'al +(+ me()eaka( me(6+t merasa t+ak ()ama("Kesala*a( +ta(a+ e(&a(()a apa+la arm s(t+k +tar+k maka t+ak aa ara* )a(& kelar"

Paa a3al()a prakt+ka( melakka( kesala*a( +ma(a arm t+ak  me(ems peml* 9e(a )a(& +ta(a+ e(&a( memesar()a aera* ekor me(6+t )a(& +s(t+k"Kem+a( prakt+ka( me()(t+ka( kemal+ larta( aaes kealam ekor me(6+t sesa+ e(&a( per*+t(&a( os+s  paa +(tra9e(a a( sema aaes mask kealam peml* 9e(a"Paa saat arm s(t+k +tar+k, kelar ara* ar+ aera* ekor me(6+t )a(& +s(t+k"'al +(+ memkt+ka( a*3a prakt+ka( e(ar melakka( +(eks+ +(tra9e(a paa me(6+t" •

Peroral I(eks+ peroral +lakka( e(&a( me(&&(aka( so(e )a(& +maskka( kealam mltla(&s(& ke alam lam(& melal+ esop*a&s"Paa  pemer+a( larta( aaes se6ara peroral e(&a( me(&&(aka( so(e, me(6+t *ars +at alam keaaa( me(e(&aa* ke atas, +ma(a pos+s+ me(6+t lrs"=e(&kram kat me(6+t se*+(&&a me(6+t t+ak +sa me()e(t* ata me(&am+l (& so(e"Kem+a( so(e +maskka( oral ke la(&+t8 la(&+t mlt me(6+t, kem+a( +maskka( se6ara perla*a(8la*a( larta( aaes sampa+ mask kealam lam(&"4olme larta( aaes )a(& +s(t+ka( paa peroral aala* 0"2; ml"  Paa saat so(e sa* mask ke alam esop*a&s, maka aka( aa a per6aa(&a( +ma(a terapat salra( )a(& me( par8par a( aa salra( la+( )a(& me( lam&" Letak salra( me( par8par terletak  + seela* k+r+ paa me(6+t sea(&ka( salra( me( lam(& aa + seela* ka(a( paa me(6+t" Se*+(&&a apa +la +l+*at ar+ s+s+  prakt+ka(,so(e aka( +maskka( ke seela* k+r+ t+ks" =ara pemer+a( )a(& kel+r )a+t mask ke alam s)stem  per(a7asa( ata par8par apat me()eaka( &a(&&a( per(a7asa a( kemat+a( paa *e3a( +" =ara prakt+ka( me(&eta*+ pemer+a( oat se6ara oral +(+ er*as+l ata t+ak )a+t e(&a( ta(a apa+la 6a+ra( )a(& +er+ka( se6ara peroral kepaa me(6+t aka( kelar mele3at+ mlt ata *+(&()a" 'al +(+ me(a(aka( a*3a so(e elm mask sempr(a ke

alam lam(&"'al +(+ +seaka( kare(a so(e m(&k+( mas+* eraa + + te(&&oroka( ata sa* mask kealam par8par me(6+t" Tap+ apa+la  pemer+a( se6ara peroral er*as+l, maka t+ak aka( tera+ apa8apa paa me(6+t"

Apa+la per6oaa( sa* me(&&(aka( >at k+m+a ses(&&*()a ata paa *e3a( + terset +tm*ka( sat +(7eks+, maka perl +lakka( pe(&ora(a( *e3a( :eta(as+<" Eta(as+ ata 6ara kemat+a( ta(pa rasa sak+t perl +lakka( seem+k+a( rpa se*+(&&a *e3a( mat+ e(&a( sem+(+mal m(&k+( rasa sak+t" =ara  pe(&ora( *e3a( + apat +lakka( e(&a( a 6ara, )a+t se6ara 7+s+k a( k+m+a" U(tk 6ara 7+s+k +sa +&(aka( +slokas+ le*er" =ara()a aala* me(6+t +pe&a(& e(&a( meme&a(& (& ekor()a e(&a( ta(&a( ka(a(, letaka( paa alas kasar, +arka( me(6+t me(a(&kaBme(6e(&kram alas kasar :pe(tp ka3at ka(a(&< se*+(&&a mere&a(&ka( aa(()a"Ket+ka *e3a( mere&a(&ka( aa(()a,  paa a&+a( te(&kk +er+ sat pe(a*a( )a(& keras a( +pe&a(& e(&a( ta(&a( k+r+"Sea(&ka( ta(&a( ka(a( me(ar+k ekor()a e(&a( keras sampa+ le*er()a ter+slokas+" =ara k+m+a()a aala* e(&a( me(&&(aka( eter ata pe(toar+tal (atr+m paa os+s letal se*+(&&a apat mem(* *e3a(8*e3a( terset, a(  &a e(&a( me(&&(aka( &as =O 2" #III.

&e"imp$an

1" /apat +s+mplka( a*3a, (tk prakt+km 7armakolo&+ +(+ aa eerapa tata 6ara alam me(a(&a(+ *e3a( per6oaa(" Mla+ ar+ memperlakka( *e3a( e(&a( a+k a&ar *e3a( + t+ak stres" Lal , k+ta apat me(&eta*+ a&a+ma(a a&ar *e3a( + apat +ke(al+ka( ket+ka sea(& melalakka( + 7armakolo&+" 2" /e(&a( melakka( prakt+km +(+, k+a apat me(&eta*+ s+7at8s+7at a( 7aktor87aktor )a(& mempe(&ar*+ respo(()a" Me(6+t memp()a+ s+7at ma* +(ak, sa(&at akt+7, 7oto7o+k, akt+7 paa malam *ar+, 6e(er(& ska erkmpl e(&a(

sesama()a, a( la+(8la+(" Sea(&ka( t+ks

memp()a+ s+7at +(ak, +ka sala* perlaka( t+ks aka( me()era(&

ma(s+a, t+ak 7oto7o+k, 6e(er(& t+ak kmpl e(&a( sesama()a, a( la+(8la+(" Kem+a( aa 2 7aktor )a(& mempe(&ar*+ respo( ar+ *e3a( + )a+t, 7aktor +(ter(al a( 7aktor ekster(al" Faktor +(ter(al mel+pt+, las  permkaa( *e3a( +, oot aa(, &e(et+k, a( aspa( (tr+s+" Faktor  ekster(al mel+pt+ s*, oks+&e(, 6a*a)a, a la+(8la+(" ." Terapat tek(+k8tek(+k rte pemer+a( oat paa *e3a( +, )a+t +(tra9e(a e(&a( memer+ka( oat melal+ peml* ara*" Per oral  pemer+a( oat melal+ mlt e(&a( me(&&(aka( so(e" I(tra msklar  )a+t pemer+a( oat melal+ otot a&+a( pa*a" I(terper+to(+al )a+t  pemer+a( oat melal+ a&+a( pert" Skta( )a+t pemer+a( oat melal+ a&+a( a3a* kl+t" Ket+ka me(6+t +er+ +a>epam e(&a(  era&a+ rte pemer+a( me(+mlka( e7ek kepaa me(6+t" Me(6+t )a(& akt+7 aka( me(a+ +am, kare(a +a>epam teapat e7ek pe(e(a(& ata seat+7" Sea(&ka( paa t+ks, ket+ka +er+ka( Na=l 7+s+olo&+s t+ak  me(+mlka( e7ek" Urta( rte pemer+a( oat ar+ )a(& ter6epat me( lamat )a+t, +(tra9e(a8+(traper+to(+al8skta(8+(tramsklar8peroral"

DA'TAR P()TA&A

Alla*, Ro>+" 2012" /+a>epam" Terse+a o(l+(e + *ttp@BBksakokter"or& +akses paa ta(&&al 10 Maret 2015" A(+e7,M"1??"Farmaset+ka"Ho&)akarta @ U(+9ers+tas Gaa* Maa Press 'a(+7a*, "M  Am+r, Amr+"200;"Et+ka Keoktera(  'km Kese*ata( E+s+ " akarta @ EG=" Kat>(&,%"G"1??;" Farmakolo&+ /asar a( Kl+(+k E+s+ 4I" akarta @Pe(er+t %k Keoktera( EG=

Malole, M"M"%, Pramo(o" 1?;?" Pe(&&(aa( 'e3a( 'e3a( Per6oaa Laorator+m" Terse+a o(l+(e + *ttp@BB7armas+k"6om +akses paa ta(&&al 11 Maret 2015" Mara3at+" 200?"  Penetapan Hayati dengan Hewan Percobaan" Terse+a o(l+(e + el+sa"&m"a6"+ +akses paa ta(&&al 10 Maret 2015" Slakso(o, ME" 1??2"Pera(a(, Pe(&elolaa( a( Pe(&ema(&a( 'e3a( Per6oaa(@ akarta" Ta),T"' a( K" Ra*ara" 2002" Oat # Oat Pe(t+(&K*as+at, Pe(&&(aa(,a( E7ek # E7ek samp+(&()a E+s+ Kel+ma" akarta @ Pe(er+t PT Ele Me+a Kompt+(o Kelompok Grame+a"