PTJHY KDCALVAK
IHRH LDGJHOHR BNCHGJHG VRNLH# KALVAYNP# EVB# KVK# @HG BNCHGJHG RALHZN
+
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@nytytg Acdm ? Kdcalvak : Kdchy B
_hngtc Htcnh
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Ghgh Gtrcnhgn
H8D96:>
VRAJRHL YPT@N Y8 VJY@ PDRNGPDJRHYN EHKTCPHY KDJTRTHG @HG NCLT VDG@N@NKHG TGNUDRYNPHY CHLBTGJ LHGJKTRHP BHGOHRBHRT 266>
8
IHRH LDGJHOHR BNCHGJHG VRNLH# KALVAYNP# EVB# KVK# @HG BNCHGJHG RALHZN H' Vach Bnchgjhg Jhgonc `hg Jdghc
Vh`h vakak bhmhyhg ngn# hg`h `nhohk tgptk ldgjdghc bnchgjhg jhgonc `hg bnchgjhg jdghv ydrph ihrh ldgjdghckhgg~h kdvh`h ynyzh' @dengnyn? 8' Bnchgjhg hycn ~hgj pn`hk mhbny `nbhjn `th `nydbtp bnc hgjhg jhgonc 2' Bnchgjhg hycn ~hgj mhbny `nbhjn `th `nydbtp bnchgjhg jdghv Iagpam 8' 9# 4# :# ># 88# ' ' ' ' h`hchm bnchgjhg jhgonc# ydbhb pn`hk pn`hk mhbny `nbhjn `th# khrdgh onkh `nbhjn `th ldgjmhynckhg ynyh yhpt' 2' 0# 5# =# 86# 82 ' ' ' ' h`hchm bnchgjhg jdghv# ydbhb mhbny `nbhjn 2# hpht onkh `nbhjn `th ynyhg~h gac' Iagpam ? 8'
4 <2}2+8#
oh`n 4 bnchgjhg,bnchgjhg bnchgjhg,bnchgjhg jhgonc
2'
: <2}9+8#
oh`n : h`hchm bnchgjhg jhgonc
9' 8> <2}>+8#
Oh`n 8> h`hchm bnchgjhg jhgonc
0' 9: <2}8=+8#
oh`n 9:h`hchm bnchgjhg jhgonc
4' :9 <2}95+#
oh`n :9 h`hchm bnchgjhg jhgonc
5'
2 <2}8
oh`n 2 h`hchmbnchgjhg h`hchmbnchgjhg jdghv
:'
= <2}0
oh`n = h`hchm bnchgjhg jdghv
=' 25 <2}89
oh`n 25 h`hchm bncgjhg jdghv
Vdlbdchohrhg
Ld`nh ~hgj `hvhp hg`h jtghkhg ldghghlkhg kagydv bnchgjhg jhgonc `hg jdghv kdvh`h ynyzh# h`hchm kdcdrdgj# cn`n# hpht bdg`h chng ~hgj lt`hm `n`hvhp `nydknphr kdchy' Tgptk ldgjhohrkhg kagydv bnchgjhg jhgonc kdvh`h ynyzh# hg`h `hvhp ldchktkhg chgjkhm,chgjkhm chgjkhm,chgjkhm ydvdrpn bdrnktp' Hlbncchm ydotlchm cn`n hpht kdcdrdgj# kdlt`nhg kdcalvakkhg `th,`th' Onkh pdrg~hph lhynm h`h ynyh ~hgj pn`hk ldlvtg~hn pdlhg bdrkdcalvak# lhkh bdrhrpn bhg~hk cn`n hpht kdcdrdgj ~hgj `nhlbnc h`hchm jhgonc'
2
Vhg`hgj kdcalvak kdcdrdgj `nbhzhm ngn kdlt`nhg mnptgjchm bhg~hkg~h kdcdrdgj ldgtrtp bhrny' <: <4 <9 <8 Kdpdrhgjhg `nhphy ydpdchm `nkdcalvakkhg `th,`th pdrg~hph ldg~nyhkhg yhpt# ngn bdrhrpn bhg~hk kdcdrdgj lhyngj,lhyngj kdcalvak h`hchm jhgonc' Acdm khrdgh npt bnchgjhg ~hgj ldg~hphkhg bhg~hkg~h kdcdrdgj `hchl lhyngj,lhyngj kdcalvak `nhphy `nydbtp bnchgjhg jhgonc' Oh`n 8# 9# 4# :' ' ' ' ldrtvhkhg bnchgjhg jhgonc' Ydkhrhgj hlbnc ydotlchm cn`n# yd`dlnknhg ydmngjjh `hvhp `nkdcalvakkhg ldgoh`n `th,`th' Vhg`hgj kdcalvak cn`n `nbhzhm ngn# kdlt`nhg mnptgj bhg~hkg~h cn`n ldgtrtp bhrny' <= <5 <0 <2 Bhg~hkg~h cn`n ~hgj `nkdcalvakkhg `th,`th `nhphy h`hchm jdghv' Acdm khrdgh npt bnchgjhg ~hgj ldg~hphkhg bhg~hk cn`n `n hphy h`hchm `nydbtp bnchgjhg jdghv' Oh`n 2# 0# 5# = ' ' ' ' h`hchm bnchgjhg jdghv' Tgptk cdbnm ldlhgphvkhg vdlhmhlhg ynyzh vh`h kagydv bnchgjhg jhgonc `hg jdghv ngn# ydbhnkg~h hg`h ldchktkhg mhc,mhc ydbhjhn bdrnktp ? 8' Ptjhyn bdbdrhvh ynyzh lhyngj,lhyngj ldgjhlbnc ydotlchm cn`n hpht kdcdrdgj hpht kdrnknc kdinc hpht bdg`h chng ~hgj lt`hm `n`hvhp `n ydknphr kdchy# kdlt`nhg yhrhgkhg ldrdkh tgptk ldgjdcalvakkhg ldgjdcalvakkhg ldgoh`n `th,`th' 2' Vnyhmkhg kdcalvak ynyzh ~hgj ldldjhgj kdcdrdgj hpht bdg`h chng ~hgj `hvhp `nbthp kdcalvak `th,`th `dgjhg ynyzh ~hgj ldldjhgj kdcdrdgj hpht bdg`h chng ~hgj pn`hk mhbny onkh `nkdcalvakkhg ldgoh`n `th,`th' `th,`th'
9
9' Lhyngj,lhyngj hghk ytrtm ldg~dbtpkhg bhg~hk kdcdrdgj hpht bdg`h chng ~hgj `nvdjhgjg~h' 0' Kdlt`nhg odchykhg kdvh`hynyzh# kdcalvak lhgh ~hgj ldldjhgj kdcdrdgj hpht bdg`hchng `dgjhg otlchm jhgonc `hg kdcalvak lhgh ~hgj ldldjhgj kdcdrdgj hpht bdg`h chng `dgjhg otlchm jdghv' Tgptk ldgjdphmtn hvhkhm ynyzh yt`hm `hvhp ldlhmhln bnchgjhg jhgonc hpht bnchgjhg jdghv# ydbtpchm ythpt bnchgjhg hpht ptcnyhg `nvhvhg ptcny hpht bnchgjhg# kdlt`nhg pdg~hkhg kdvh`h ynyzh hvhkhm bnchgjhg pdrydbtp bnchgjhg jhgonc hpht jdghv' Ihrh ngn `hvhp `ntchgj tgptk bdbrhvh bnchgjhg# khcht vdrct yhlhvhn bnchgjhg rnbthg' Pdphvn ~hgj mhrty `nngjhp h`hchm# ydpnhv ynyzh ldgohzhb jdghv hpht jhgonc phg~hkhg hchyhgg~h ldgjhvh `dlnknhg' @dgjhg `dlnknhg `nmhrhvkhg ynyzh hkhg cdbnm ldlhmhln kagydv bnchgjhg bnc hgjhg jhgonc `hg bnchgjhg jdghv' Ynehp bnchgjhg Jhgonc Vdrmhpnkhg vdgotlchmhg bdrnktp ? 9+:<86 8+4<5 89+24<9= 8:+89<96 Bnchgjhg,bnchgjhg hvhkhm ~hgj pdrcdphk `n rthy knrn -`nydbdchm knrn phg`h yhlhh `dgjhg. `hg bnchgjhg,bnchgjhg hvhkhm ~hgj pdrcdphk `n rthykhghg -`n ydbdchm khghg phg`h yhlh `dgjhg.1 Kdvh`h ynyzh hg`h `hvhp ldgodchykhg ydihrh ng`tkpne `dgjhg bdbdrvh iagpam ydvdrpn `hg kdlt`nhg ldg~nlvtckhg bhmzh otlchm `th bnchgjhg jhgonc h`hchm bnchgjhg jdghv ' Pdphvn ydihrh lhpdlhpnkh pn`hk `n ptgptp ldlbtkpnkhg
bdbdrhvh vdrg~hphhg npt ydihrh `d`tkhpne# hrpng~h `hrn vdrg~hphhg ~hgj bdghr bdrynehp tltl `nbdrchktkhg tgptk vdrg~hphhg ~hgj kmtyty' B' Ehkpar Ythpt Bnchgjhg
Vdrphlh khcn ~hgj vdrct `nyhlvhnkhg kdvh`h ynyzh bdrkhnphg `dgjhg nypnchm ehkpar h`hchm vdlbhjnhg bnchgjhg hycn acdm bnchgjhg hycn' Acdm khrdghg~h jtrt vdrct ldlbdrnkhg bhmhg hvdrydvyn kdvh`h ynyzh bdrtvh vdgjthyhhg ehkph `hyhr
0
vdrkhcnhg `hg vdlbhjnhg' Kdlt`nhg knph bdrnkhg vdgjdrpnhg ehipar ythpt bn chgjhg h`hchm vdlbhjn mhbny bnchgjhg pdrydbtp' Ydchgotpg~h knph bdrnkg bdbdrhvh iagpam? Iagpam ? ihrnchm ydlth ehipar `hrn 82
Tgptk ldg~dcdyhnkhg lhyhchm ngn vdrct `nyhlvhnkhg bhmzh ehipar ldrtvhkhg bnchgjhg hcn ~hgj ktrhgj `hrn hpht yhlh `dgjhg 82' Chgjkhm,chgjkhm g~h ydbhjhn bdrnktp? Hohk ynyzh tgptk tgptk ldg~nlvtckhg ldg~nlvtckhg bhmzh 8 `hg `hg 82 ldrtvhkhg ldrtvhkhg ehipar `hrn 82# ydchgotpg~h ydchgotpg~h bdrnkhg vdgjthphg vdgjthphg bhmzh bhmzh 8 ldrtvhkhg ldrtvhkhg ehipar `hrn ydpnhv bnchgjhg# `dlnknhg vtch ythpt bnchgjhg ldrtvhkhg ehipar `hrn `nrg~h ydg`nrn' Hohk ynyzh ynyzh tgptk ldgihrn bnchgjhg,bnchgjhg bnchgjhg,bnchgjhg ~gj ldrtvhkhg vdlbhjn mhbny 82# ~hnpt 2#9#0# `hg 5' @hrn kd`th kdjnhphg knph `hvhp `nynlvtckhg bhmzh mnlvtghg ehipar `hrn 82 h`hchm { 8# 8#2# 9# 0# 5# 82 | Vdghghlhg kagydv pdgphgj ehkpar otjh `hvhp `nchktkhg `dgjhg ld`nh yd`drmhgh bdrtvh khrpt bdrhgjkh'
I' Kdcnvhphg Ythpt Bnchgjhg
Vdgjdrpnhg kdcnvhphg bdrkhnphg `dgjhg bnchgjhg hycn# ydmngjjh ynyzh vdrct `nhvdrydvyn pdgphgj mnlvtghg bnchgjhg b nchgjhg hycn { 8# 2# 9# 0# 4#‥| ' Kdcnvhphg ythpt bnchgjhg h`hchm bnchgjhg,bnchgjhg ~hgj ldrtvhkhg mhync vdrkhcnhg `hrn bnchgjhg pdrydbtp `dgjhg mnlvtghg bnchgjhg hycn' Tgptk cdbnm ldlhmhlkhg vdgjdrpnhg pdrydbtp ydbhnkg~h bdrnkhg bdbdrhvh iagpam# lnyhckhg Iagpam ? Ptcnykhg mnlvtghg bnchgjhg,bnchgjhg kdcnvhphg 5
Tgptk ldg`hvhpkhgg~h knph bnyh hohk ynyzh tgptk ldgjhcnkhg 5 `dgjhg mnlvtghg bnchgjhg hycn ydmngjjh `nvdracdm 5 Ú 8# 5 Ú 2# 5 Ú 9# 5 Ú 0# `hg ydpdrtyg~h ydmngjjh `n`hvhpkhg mnlvtghg kdcnvhphg 5 ~hnpt {5# 82# 8=# 20# ‥| Bdrkhnphg `dgjhg `dgjhg kagydv ngn knph bnyh yhlvhnkhg bhmzh bhmzh 5 ldrtvhkhg yhchm yhpt yhpt ehipar `hrn mnlvtghg kdcnvhphg 5'
4
@' Bnchgjhg Vrnlh
Bnchgjhg vrnlh ldrtvhkhg bnchgjhg hycn ~hgj cdbnm `hrn 8 `hg pdvhp ldlvtg~hn `th ehipar ~hnpt 8 `hg `nrng~h ydg`nrn' Hrnypapdcdy ldlvdrkdghckhg ihrh ldgihrn bnchgjhg vrnlh ~hgj ydchgotpg~h `nkdghc `dgjhg yhrngjhg Hrnypapdcdy' Ldpa`d ngn otjh yhgjhp vdgpngj `nvdrkdghckhg kdvh`h ynyzh Y@ tgptk `hvhp ldgjn`dgpnenkhyn bnchgjhg vrnlh ktrhgj `hrn 866# h`hvtg chgjkhm,chgjkhm n`dgpnenckhyng~h h`hchm ydbhjhn bdrnktp' Ytytgchm bnchgjhg hycn `hrn 8 yhlvhn `dgjhg 866 `hchl bdgptk vdrydjn Iardpchm bnchgjhg 8 -`nphg`hn `dgjhg ldlbdr btchphg# 8 . Iardpchm bnchgjhg kdcnvhphg 2# kdithcn 2 -`nphg`hn `dgjhg iardp ldg`hphr# 0. Iardpchm bnchgjhg kdcnvhphg 9# kdithcn 9 -`nphg`hn iardp ldg`hphr jhg`h# 84. Ydpdchm `niardp kdcnvhphg 2 `hg 9# pdgptg~h bnchgjhg,bnchgjhg bdrkdcnvhphg 0# 5# =# `hg > yt`hm nktp `niardp# ydmngjjh tgptk ydchgotpg~h ~hgj vdrct `niardp pngjjhc kdcnvhphg 4 `hg kdcnvhphg :' Iardpchm bnchgjhg kdcnvhphg 4# kdithcn 4 -`nphg`hn iardp ldg`hphr `hg jhrny bhzhm# 24. Iardpchm bnchgjhg kdcnvhphg :# kdithcn : -`nphg`hn iardp ldg`hphr `abdc `hg jhrny bhzhm# 0>. @hg ydpdrtyg~h# ydmngjjh ydlth bnchgjhg ~hgj ldlvtg~hn ehipar ydchng `nrng~h ydg`nrn `hg 8 pdchm pdriardp ydlthg~h' @hg hkmnrg~h pdrynyh bnchgjhg ~hgj pn`hk pdriardp ldrtvhkhg bnchgjhg vrnlh ~hgj ktrhgj `hrn 866# ~hnpt? 2# 9# 4# :# 88# 89# 8:# 8># 29# 2># 98# 9:# 08# 09# 0:# 49# 4># 58# 5:# :8# :9# :># =9# =># >:' Ydlth hgjjaph bnchgjhg vrnlh h`hchm bnchgjhg jhgonc kdithcn 2' Ydpdchm knph yhonkhg n`dgpnenkhyn bnchgjhg vrnlh `dgjhg yhrngjh Hrnypapdcdy# knph vdrct ldgjhohk ynyzh tgptk bdrvnknr ydihrh hbyprhk tgptk ldg`hvhpkhg inrrn, inrn bnchgjhg vrnlh ktrhgj `hrn 866' H`hvtg bdbdrhvh ehkph inrrn bnchgjhg vrnlh ~hgj vdrct `nyhlvhnkhg kd ynyzh h`hchm ydbhjhn bdrnktp' Ldrtvhkh bnchgjhg jhgonc# kdithcn 2 Btkhg ldrtvhkhg ldrtvhkhg hgjkh kdlbhr# kdlbhr# kdithcn 88# lnyhcg~h lnyhcg~h 22# 99# 00# ' ' ' btkhg bnchgjhg vrnlh' Otlchm hgjkh,hgjkhg~h bdrkdcnvhphg 9# iagpamg~h 28 -2+8<9.# 2: -2+:<>.# 40 -4+0<>. btkhg bnchgjhg vrnlh khrdgh mhbny `nbhjn 9'
5
Pn`hk bdrhgjkh yhpthg 4# lnyhcg~h 84# 24# 94# ' ' ' btkhg bnchgjhg vrnlh khrdgh mhbny `nbhjn 4' Btkhg ldrtvhkhg bnchgjhg kth`rhp# kth`rhp# lnyhcg~h >' 24# 0># =8# ' ' '
D' Bnchgjhg Kalvaynp
Vh`h yhrngjhg Hrnypapdcdy# bnchgjhg ~hgj pn`hk `niardp ldrtvhkhg bnchgjhg vrnlh# yd`hgjkhg bnchgjhg,bnchgjhg ~hgj `niardp ydchng 8 `nydbtp bnchgjhg kalvaynp' @dgjhg khph chng# bnchgjhg kalvaynp ldrtvhkhg bnchgjhg btkhg vrnlh ydchng 8# hpht bnchgjhg hycn ~hgj ldlvtg~hn ehkpar cdbnm `hrn `th ehkpar'
E' Ihrh Ldgjhohr Bnchgjhg Vrnlh `hg Bnchgjhg Bnc hgjhg Kalvaynp
Ydpnhv bnchgjhg hycn `hvhp `ng~hphkhg ydhjhn mhync vdrkhcnhg bnchgjhg hycn ~hgj chng# lnyhcg~h 5<2}9<5}8}8# `hg ydbhjhng~h' Bdgptk 2}9# 5}8}8 `nydbtp ghlh ehkpar `hrn bnchgjhg 5' Vdrmhpnkhg ghlh ehkpar tgptk 5 nchjhg hycn vdrphlh ydvdrpn jhlbhr :'8' Ydbhjhnlhgh knph kdphmtn# tgptk ldg~hphkhg ghlh ehkpar ythpt bnchgjhg knph `hvhp ldgjtghkhg 8 ydbhjhn ehkpar ydydrngj ~hgj `nngjngkhg# ydmngjjh `nvdracdm bhg~hk ghlh ehkpar tgptk bnchgjhg pdrydbtp' Cdm khrdgh npt tgptk ldlbhphyn otlchm ghlh ehkpar ythpt bnchgjhg# `npdgptkhg bhmzh ? -h. 8 pn`hk `hvhp `ntghkhg ydbhjhn ehkpar cdbnm `hrn ydkhcn' -b. Onkh `th ghlh ehkpar ythpt bnchgjhg ldrtvhkhg vdrkhcnhg ehkpar,ehkpar ~hgj yhlh pdphvn `hchl trtphg bdrbd`h# lhkh `th ehkpar pdrydbtp `nkhphkhg yhlh'
@dgjhg vdlbhphyh pdrydbtp# `hephr ghlh,ghlh ehkpar vh`h jhlbhr :'8 `hvhp bdrtbhm ydvdrpn pdrcnmhp vh`h jhlbhr :'2'
:
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8
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2
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9
8}9# 9}8#
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0
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4
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5
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Jhlbhr :'2 Onkh ythpt bnchgjhg pn`hk ldlvtg~hn ghlh ehkpar bnchgjhg npt `nydbtp yhpthg hpht tgnp ; onkh bnchgjhg mhg~h ldlvtg~hn yhpt ghlh ehkpar# `nydbtp bnchgjhg vrnlh ; `hg onkh ldlvtg~hn `th hpht cdbnm ghlh ehkpar `nydbtp bnchgjhg kalvaynp' @dgjhg `dlnknhg knph ldcnmhp bhmzh 8 h`hchm yhpt,yhptg~h bnchgjhg ~hgj ldrtvhkhg nchgjhg yhpthg; 2# 9# 4 bnchgjhg vrnlh `hg 0# 5 bnchgjhg kalvaynp' Oh`n bdr`hyhrkhg ghlh ehkpar bnchgjhg hycn `nkdcalvakkhg? h' bnchgjhg yhpthg b' nchgjhg vrnlh i' bnchgjhg kalvaynp
=
Yhchm yhpt ihrh ~hgj `hvhp ldlbdrnkhg vdptgotk kdvh`h hghk tgptk ldgltkhg hvhkhm ythpt bnchgjhg npt vrnlh hpht kalvaynp h`hchm? vdrphlh ldlbdrnkhg kdvh`h hghk mnlvtghg abodk,abodk ydbhg~hk bnchgjhg npt' Kdlt`nhg hghk `nlngph tgptk ldg~tytg abodk,abodk npt `hchl ohohrhg ~hgj bdrbdgptk vdrydjn vhgohgj' Onkh ytytghg ~hgj `hvhp `nbdgptk mhg~h pdr`nrn `hrn yhpt kacal hpht yhpt bhrny yhoh# lhkh bnchgjhg pdrydbtp h`hchm bnchgjhg vrnlh' Pdphvn onkh `hvhp `nytytg `hchl bdgptk ohohrhg ~hgj chng# lhkh bnchgjhg pdrydbtp bnchgjhg kalvaynp' Lnyhcg~h# hghk `hvhp ldgdltkhg 82 btkhg bnchgjhg vrnlh# khrdgh abodk,abodk ~hgj `nbdrnkhg `hvhp `nbdgptk ytytghg ohohrhg ydbhjhn bdrnktp'
// // ///
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Hg`h `hvhp ldg~tytg kdjnhphg bdchohr bdbhy bhjn ynyzh ydbhjhn bdrnktp? Ydpnhv hghk `nbdrn mnlvtghg abodk ydbhg~hk pnjhvtctm hpht c dbnm' Kdlt`nhg hghk `nlngph tgptk ldg~tytg abodk,abodk npt `hchl bdrbhjhn bdgptk ohohrhg `dgjhg ldltchn `hrn 2 abodk `hg ydchgotpg~h ldgihrn `hg ldgihphp otlchm lhkynltl lhihl ytytghg ~hgj `hvhp `nbdgptk `hrn 2 abodk npt; kdlt`nh 9 abodk; 0 abodk `hg ydpdrtyg~h' Ydbdctl ldltchn kdjnhphg dkyvcarhyn ngn# bnch `nvdrctkhg# Hg`h `hvhp ldg`dlagyprhynkhg kdltgjknghg pdroh`ng~h ytytghg hohrhg `dgjhg ldgjjtghkhg iagpam'
>
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ldgjjtghkhg 2 bhcak# 9 bhcak# `hg 0 bhcak' Onkh ytytghg ~hgj `hvhp `nbdgptk h`h pdvhp 2 lhihl# bnchgjhg npt h`hchm bnchgjhg vrnlh# dphvn onkh cdbnm `hrn 2 lhihl bnchgjhg npt h`hchm bnchgjhg kalvaynp' Bhjn hghk ~hgj cdbnm `dzhyh# tgptk ldg~dcn`nkn hpht ldgihrn bnchgjhg vrnlh `hvhp `nbdrnkhg ihrh ydbhjhn bdrnktp' Pdrcdbnm `hmtct hkhg `nbhmhy ynehp bhrnyhg kdcnvhphg bnchgjhg vrnlh' Bhrnyhg vh`h jhlbhr :'0 h`hchm bhrnyhg bnchgjhg kdcnvhphg 2 `hg ghlh,ghlh ehkparg~h' pdrcnmhp bhmzh ydlth bnchgjhg ~hgj cdbnm `hrn 2 ldlvtg~hn ghlh chng ~hgj pdrvdg`dk ydchng ghlh ~hgj ldgjjtghkhg ehkpar 8# ydmngjjh ydlth bnchgjhg pdrydbtp h`hchm kalvaynp; hpht pn`hk h`h bnchgjhg kdcnvhphg 2 `hg cdbnm `hrn 2 ~hgj ldrtvhkhg bnchgjhg vrnlh' 2
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< {8# 2# 9# 0# 5# =# 82# 20|
Ehkpar 45
< {8# 2# 0# :# =# 80# 2=# 45|
Ldlvtg~hn ehkpar ehkpar vdrydktpthg `hrn `hrn 8=# 20 `hg 45 45 < {8# 2| Oh`n# EVB EVB `hrn 8=# 8=# 20# 20# `hg 45 < 2 2. Ldgjjtghkhg Vamag Ehkpar
Bthpchm vamag ehkpar `hrn kd`th bnchgjhg ~hgj `nihrn EVB,g ~h' Ptcny ehkparnyhyn vrnlhg~h' Vncnmchm bnchgjhg vakak ~hgj yhlh vh`h kd`th ehkparnyhyn vrnlh' Onkh bnchgjhg pdrydbtp ldlncnkn vhgjkhp ~hgj bdrbd`h# hlbncchm bnchgjhg vrnlh `dgjhg vhgjkhp ~hgj pdrdg`hm' Iagpam ? h' Pdgptkhg EVB `hrn bnchgjhg 95 `hg 46 95
2
46
8=
2
2
> 9
24
4 9
28
4
2
2
2
9 < 95
2
4
2
Oh`n# EVB `hrn 95 `hg 46 h`hchm 2 2 h`hchm bnchgjhg vrnlh ~hgj yhlh,yhlh pdr`hvhp ehkparnyhyn vrnlh kd`th vamag ehkpar' Vhgjkhp pdrdg`hm `hrn 2 h`hchm 8' Lhkh EVB g~h h`hchm 2
b' Pdgptkhg EVB `hrn bnchgjhg 8=# 96# `hg 95 8=
2
>
9
2
96
2
84
9
4
9
2
9 < 8=
95
2
9
2
8=
2
>
4 < 96
9
2
Oh`n# EVB `hrn 8=#96# `hg 95 h`hchm < 2
2
9
2
9 < 95
9<5
2 `hg 9 h`hchm bnchgjhg vrnlh ~hgj yhlh,yhlh pdr`hvhp ehkparnyhyn vrnlh kdpnjh vamag ehkpar' Vhgjkhp pdrdg`hm `hrn 2 h`hchm 8' Vhgjkhp pdrdg`hm `hrn 9 h`hchm 8' Lhkh EVB < 2
9< 5
9. Ldgjjtghkhg Phbdc
Bthpchm ihrh phbdc tgptk ldgihrn ehkparnyhyn vrnlh `hrn bnchgjhg ~hgj `nihrn EVB,g~h' Bdrn phg`h ehkpar vrnlh ~hgj yhlh'' Iagpam h' Pdgptkhg EVB `hrn bnchgjhg 95 `hg >6
22
95
>6
2
8=
04
9
5
84
9
2
4
2
8
4
4
8
8
Oh`n# EVB `hrn 95 `hg >6 h`hchm 2 < 2
9
9
2
9 < 8=
b' Pdgptkhg EVB `hrn bnchgjhg :4# 864 `hg 826 :4
864
826
2
:4
864
56
2
:4
864
96
2
:4
864
84
9
24
94
4
4
4
:
8
4
8
:
8
:
8
8
8
Oh`n# EVB `hrn :4# 864# `hg 826 h`hchm 0. Ldgjjtghkhg Vdlbhjnhg Dticn`dy
Iagpam pdgptkhg EVB `hrn 96 `hg 02 8 96 02 96 82
2 96 20 5
2 82 82 6 Oh`n# EVB `hrn 96 `hg 02 h`hchm 5
29
9
4 < 84'
Onkh 82 ldlvtg~hn ldlvtg~hn ghlh ehkpar 9
# lhkh ydbhcnkg~h 2# 9#
0# 5# h`hchm ehkpar `hrn 82' Mnlvtghg ydlth ehkpar 82 h`hchm {8# 2# 9# 0# 5# 82| Mnlvtghg ydlth ehkpar = h`hchm {8# 2# 0# =| Lhkh mnlvtghg mnlvtghg ehkpar vdrydktpthg vdrydktpthg 82 `h = nhchm {8# 2# 0| 0|
`hg ehkpar
vdrydktpthg pdrbdyhr -EVB. 82 `hg = h`hchm 0 @dgjhg ldgjjtghkhg nrnyhg 2 mnlvtghg ehkpar,ehkpar vrnlh `hrn 2 bnchgjhg# `hvhp `nvdracdm `hrn 2 bnchgjhg pdrydbtp' Jhlbhr :'26 ldgtgotkhg bdbdrhvh ihrh ldlvdracdm bdbdrhvh EVB `dgjhg nrnyhg mnlvthghg ehkpar, ehkpar vrnlh `hrn `th bnchgjhg ~hgj `nkdphmtn'
Bnchgjhg
Jhbtgjhg mnlvtghg ehipar vrnlh
KVK
94 `hg 24
{
4
82 `hg =
{
9 `hg 86
{
0 `hg =
{
|
{ |
|
{ |
|<{ {
| |<{
|
2
|<{ | {
|< {
|
2
/khrdgh pn`hk ldlvtg~hn ehkpar vdrydktpthg vrnlh yd`hgjkhg 8 h`hchm ehkpar ydpnhv bnchgjhg bnchgjhg lhkh EVB `hrn 9 `hg 86 h`hchm h`hchm 8 Knph `hvhp ldgjjtghkhg EVB tgptk ldgdltkhg bdgptk vhcngj yd`drmhgh `hrn mnlvtghg vdihmhg ~hgj dktnuhcdg ; lnyhcg~h `nkdphmtn
bnchgjhg vdihmhg
' Nrnyhg mnlvtghg ehkpar,ehkpar vrnlh `hrn 82 `hg 2=
h`hchm{
{
|
|<{
|
Lhkh 5 h`hchm EVB bnchgjhg 8= `hg 20' Ydmngjjh
#
ldrtvhkhg bdgptk yd`drmhgh `hrn vdihmhg pdrydbtp' Lhpdrn `hg ptjhy ~hgj yhlh `njtghkhg hghk tgptk ldgdltkhg KVK `hvhp `njtghkhg ldgdltkhg EVB' @hchl mhc ngn vdlng`hmhg khrpt ~hgj `nchktkhg hghk mhrtychm khrpt,khrpt ~hgj ydythn ~hgj h`h vh`h kd`th bnchgjhg ~hgj `nkdphmtn ' lnyhcg~h hkhg `nihrn ehkpar vdrydktpthg pdrbdyhr `hrn H < = `hg B < 82? H<2
20
B<2 Lhkh EVB 2 @dgjhg `dlnknhg 0 ldrtvhkhg EVB bnchgjhg = `hg 82'
K' KDCNVHPHG VDRYDKTPTHG PDRKDINC -KVK.
Kdcnvhphg ythpt bnchgjhg h`hchm mhync khcn bnchgjhg pdrydbtp `dgjhg bnchgjhg hycn# lnyhcg~h? ln yhcg~h? Kdcnvhphg 2 nhchm 2# 0# 5# =# 86# 82# 80# 85# 8=# ' ' ' Kdcnvhphg 9 nhchm 9# 5# ># 82# 84# 8=# 28# 20# ' ' ' Mnlvtghg kdcnvhphg kdcnvhphg 2 nhchm {2# 0# 5# =# 86# 82# 80# 85# 85# 8= ' ' '| Mnlvtghg kdcnvhphg 9 nhchm {9# 5# ># 82# 84# 8=# 28# 20# ' ' '| Lhkh mnlvtghg kdcnvhphg vdrydktpthg 2 `hg 9 nhchm {5# 82# 8=# ' ' '| `hg kdcnvhphg vdrydktpthg vdrydktpthg pdrkdinc -KVK. `hrn 2 `hg 9 nhchm 5' Yhchm yhpt kdjtghhg ldgihrn KVK `hrn 2 bnchgjhg h`hchm tgptk ldgotlchmkhg bnchgjhg vdihmhg ~hgj vdg~dbtpg~h pn`hk yhlh #
lnyhcg~h?
KVK `hrn `th bnchgjhg `hvhp `nvdracdm `dgjhg ldgjjtghkhg jhbtgjhg mnlvtghg ehkpar,ehkpar vrnlh `hrn bnchgjhg,bnchgjhg bnchgjhg,bnchgjhg pdrydbtp' Phbdc `nbhzhm ngn ldgtgotkhg vdracdmhg bdbdrhvh kdcnvhphg vdrydktpthg pdrkdinc acdm jhbtgjhg mnlvtghg ehkpar,ehkpar vrnlh' Bnchgjhg
Jhbtgjhg mnlvtghg ehkpar vrnlh
KVK
94 `hg 24
{
|
4
5 `hg =
{
|
{ 9 `hg 86
{
0 `hg =
{
{
|<{
2 |<
|
{ |
|
| |<{
{
| |<{
24
2 |
2
4
@dgjhg ldla`nenkhyn cdlbhrhg ptjhy ydvdrpn `hchl vhyhc ydbdctlg~h `hvhp `nytytg kdjnhphg bdchohr dkyvcarhyn bdbhy tgptk ldgdltkhg `hrn ydvhyhgj bnchgjhg' Ydkhrhgj hghk `nbdrn yhpt ptlvtkhg khrpt bnchgjhg vrnlh ~hgj pdr`nrn `hrn bdrlhihl,lhihl khrpt bnchgjhg vrnlh ~hgj `nbdrn zhrgh pdrpdgpt' Lnyhcg~h ydlth khrpt bnrt ldgtgotkhg bnchgjhg 9 `hg ydbhjhng~h' ydbhjhng~h' Vdrphlh# hghk `nlngph tgptk ldgtgotkhg ehkparnyhyn vrnlh `hg ydvhyhgj bnchgjhg# lnyhcg~h bnchgjhg H < 94 `hg B < 24 ~hgj `nmhrhvkhg hkhg `nptgotkkhg ydbhjhn bdrnktp# H<4 B<4 Ydchgotpg~h# hghk `nlngph ldlng`hmkhg khrpt bnchgjhg vrnlh ehkpar `hrn bnchgjhg H kd pdlvhp pdlvhp bnchgjhg B lhykh lhykh khrpt `n ptlvtkkhg ptlvtkkhg `n hphy bnchgjhg ~hgj yhlh pdrydbtp' Ydpdchm ptjhy npt `nchkyhghkhg hkhg `nvdracdm 4 Ydchgotpg~h hghk hkhg ldgdltkhg bhmzh KVK 94 `hg 24 h`hchm 4
KVK ldrtvhkhg kdcnvhphg vhcngj kdinc `hrn jhbtgjhg bdbdrhvh
bnchgjhg hpht mhync khcn ydlth ehkpar `dgjhg vhgjkhp pdrpngjjn' Ihrh ldgihrn KVK 8. Ldgjjtghkhg Mnlvtghg Kdcnvhphg Vdrydktpthg
Iagpam ? b'
Pdgptkhg KVK `hrn bnchgjhg 84 `hg 26 Kdcnvhphg 84 < {84# 96# 04# 56# :4# >6# 864# 826# ‥| Kdcnvhphg 26 < {26# 06# 56# =6# 866#826# ‥| Kdcnvhphg vdrydktpthg `hrn 84 `hg 26 < {56# 826# 826# ‥'| Oh`n# KVK `hrn `hrn 84 `hg 26 h`hchm 56
i'
Pdgptkhg KVK `hrn bnchgjhg 5# = `hg 86 Kdcnvhphg 5
< {5# 82# 8=# 20# 96# 95# 02# 0=# ‥|
Kdcnvhphg =
< {=# 85# 20# 20# 92# 06# 06# 0=# ‥|
Kdcnvhphg 82 < {82# 20# 95# 0=# 56# ‥| Kdcnvhphg vdrydktpthg `hrn 5# = `hg 82 < {20# 0=# 0=# ‥|
25
Oh`n# KVK KVK `hrn `hrn 5# =# `hg 82 < 20
2. Ldgjjtghkhg Vamag Ehkpar
Bthpchm vamag ehkpar `hrn kd`th bnchgjhg ~hgj `nihrn KVK,g~h' Ptcny ehkparnyhyn vrnlhg~h' Khcnkhg ydlth ehkparnyhyn vrnlh Onkh yhpt bnchgjhg pdr`hvhp `n cdbnm `hrn yhpt vamag# hlbncchm bnchgjhg `dgjhg vhgjkhp ~hgj pdrpngjjn'
Iagpam ? h' Pdgptkhg KVK `hrn bnchgjhg 82 `hg 96 82
2
96
5
2
2
84
9
2
2
9
4
9
2
Oh`n# KVK KVK `hrn `hrn 82 `hg 96 h`hchm h`hchm 2
2
9
9
4
4 < 56
2# 9# `hg 4 h`hchm ehkpar vrnlh ~hgj pdr`hvhp vh`h ehkparnyhyn vrnlh' Vhgjkhp pdrpngjjn 2 h`hchm 2' Vhgjkhp pdrpngjjn 9 h`hchm 8' 2
Lhkh KVK < 2 ] 9 ] 4 < 56 b' Pdgptkhg EVB `hrn bnchgjhg 02# 0=# `hg 06 02 2
0=
28
9
2
:
06
20
2
2
82 2
2:
26
2 5
86
2 2 2 } 9 } : < 28
2
0
Oh`n# KVK `hrn 06# 02# `hg `hg 0= h`hchm h`hchm 2
4
9 9 < 0=
0
9
2
4 < 06
9 } 4 } : < 85=6
2# 9# 4# `hg : h`hchm ehkpar vrnlh ~hgj ~hgj pdr`hvhp pdr`hvhp vh`h ehkparnyhyn vrnlh' Vhgjkhp pdrpngjjn 2 h`hchm 0' Vhgjkhp pdrpngjjn 9# 4# `hg : h`hchm 8' Oh`n# KVK g~h h`hchm 2
9.
0
9 } 4 } : < 85=6
Ldgjjtghkhg Phbdc
Bthpchm ihrh phbdc tgptk ldgihrn ehkparnyhyn vrnlh `hrn bnchgjhg ~hgj `nihrn KVK,g~h' Khcnkhg ydlth ehkpar vrnlh' Iagpam
h' Pdgptkhg KVK `hrn bnchgjhg 95 `hg 50 95
40
2
8=
2:
2
>
2:
9
9
>
9
8
9
9
8
8
KVK < 2 ] 2 ] 9 ] 9 ] 9 9
< 22 ] 9 < 86=
b' Pdgptkhg KVK `hrn bnchgjhg 86# 84 `hg 24
2
86
84
24
4
84
24
2=
9
4
4
24
4
8
8
4
4
8
8
8
KVK < 2 ] 9 ] 4 ] 4 2
< 2 ] 9 ] 4 < 846 C' Mtbtgjhg KVK `hg EVB EVB
Tgptk ldgihrn KVK hpht EVB `hrn `th bnchgjhg `hvhp `nchktkhg `dgjhg ihrh chng# ~hnpt onkh yhchm yhpt `hrn KVK hpht EVB yt`hm `nkdphmtn' Ihrh ~hgj `njtghkhg h`hchm `dgjhg ldgdrhvkhg ldgdrhvkhg rtlty ?
KVK - h # b . <
hpht EVB - h # b . <
Iagpam ? Pdgptkhg KVK hpht EVB `hrn 85 `hg 20 ( Vdg~dcdyhnhg Vdg~dcdyhnhg ? 85 < 2
0 9
20 < 2 } 9 9
EVB - 85 # 20 . < 2 < = KVK - 85 # 20 . <
< 8'66=
L' Ldg~dcdyhnkhg Yahc Idrnph ~hgj Bdrmtbtgjhg @dgjhg EVB `hg KVK `hchl Kdmn`tvhg Ydmhrn ’ mhrn h'
@hrn jhlbhr `nhphy pdr`hvhp `th chlvt# `nlhgh `nlhgh chlvt H ldg~hch ydpnhv ydpnhv = `dpnk `hg chlvt B ldg~hch ydpnhv 82 `dpnk' Vh`h `dpnk kd bdrhvh vdrphlh khcn kd`th chlvt hkhg ldg~hch bdryhlh 1
2>
Ohzhb ? =
82
2
0
5
2
2
9
2
8
9
9
8
8
Oh`n# KVK `hrn = `hg 82 h`hchm 2 } 2 } 2 } 9 < 20 Oh`n# kd`th chlvt vdrphlh khcn ldg~hch bdryhlh vh`h `dpnk kd ’ 20' ’ 20' b' Vhk Hg`n ldg`hvhp jncnrhg jncnrhg rag`h ydpnhv 0 mhrn'
Vhk Khrnl ldg`hvhp
jncnrhg rag`h ydpnhv ydpnhv 5 mhrn' Vhk Pd`n ldg`hvhp ldg`hvhp jncnrhg rag`h ydpnhv ydpnhv = mhrn' Ydpnhv bdrhvh bdrhvh mhrn ldrdkh ldrdkh rag`h bdryhlh,yhlh 1
Onkh ldrdkh rag`h
bdryhlh,yhlh phgjjhc 0 Lhrdp 266># 266># phgjjhc phgjjhc bdrhvhkhm ldrdkh rag`h rag`h bdryhlh,yhlh chjn 1 Ohzhb ? K VK VK
`hrn 0# 5 `hg = 0
5
=
2
2
9
0
2
8
9
2
2
8
9
8
9
8
8
8
KVK `hrn 0# 5# `hg = < 2
2 9
2
< 2
9
< =
9
9
< 20 Oh`n ldrdkh rag`h bdryhlh,yhlh ydpnhv 20 mhrn' Onkh phgjjhc phgjjhc 0 Lhrdp 266> ldrdkh rag`h bdryhlh,yhlh# lhkh lhkh phgjjhc 2= lhrdp 266> ldrdkh rag`h bdryhlh,yhlh chjn' i' Ydarhgj vd`hjhgj ldlncnkn :4 vdrldg rhyh iakdchp# 864 vdrldg rhyh odrtk `hg 826 vdrldg rhyh lhgjjh' Nh ldgjngjngkhg ydpnhv ypavcdy ldlthp kdpnjhodgny vdrldg pdrydbtp `hchl otlchm ~hgj yhlh tgptk `nbhjnkhg
kdvh`h
hghk
96
,
hghk'
h'Bdrhvh
bhg~hk
ypavcdy
~hgj
mhrty
`nyd`nhkhg1
b' Bdrhvh bhg~hk vdrldg rhyh iakdchp# rhyh odrtk# `hg rhyh lhgjjh `hchl ydpnhv ypavcdyg~h ~hgj `npdrnlh hghk , hghk1 EVB `hrn :4# 864# `hg 826 :4
864
826
2
:4
864
56
2
:4
864
96
2
:4
864
84
9
24
94
4
4
4
:
8
4
8
:
8
:
8
8
8
Oh`n# EVB `hrn :4# 864# `hg 826 h`hchm
9
4 < 84'
Oh`n otlchm otlchm ypavcdy ~hgj `nvdrctkhg < 84 ypavcdy ypavcdy Nyn pnhv khgpagj ?
Vdrldg rhyh iakdchp
< :4 ? 84 < 4 btpnr
Vdrldg rhyh odrtk
< 864 ? 84 < : btpnr
vdrldg rhyh lhgjjh
< 826 ? 84 < = btpnr
`'
Vhk Pdjtm ldg`hvhp ptjhy vnkdp `n ydkachm ydpnhv 82 mhrn ydkhcn' Vhk @n`n ldg`hvhp ptjhy vnkdp ydpnhv 8= mhrn ydkhcn' Phgjjhc 8 Hvrnc 266= ldrdkh ldg`hvhp ptjhy vnkdp ydihrh bdryhlhhg' Khvhg ldrdkh hkhg ldg`hvhp ptjhy vnkdp ydihrh bdryhlhhg tgptk ~hgj kd`th1 Ohzhb ?
98
KVK `hrn 82 `hg 8= 82
8=
2
5
>
9
2
9
2
8
9
9
8
8
KVK `hrn 82 `hg 8= h`hchm 2 } 2 } 9 } 9 < 95' Oh`n ldrdkh ldg`hvhp ldg`hvhp ptjhy vnkdp `n ydkachm bdryhlh,yhlh ydpnhv ydpnhv 95 mhrn' Onkh phgjjhc phgjjhc 8 Hvrnc Hvrnc 266= ldg`hvhp ptjhy vnkdp `n ydkachm bdryhlh,yhlh ldrdkh rag`h bdryhlh,yhlh# lhkh phgjjhc : Ldn 266= ldrdkh rag`h bdryhlh,yhlh chjn '
G' Vdrlhyhchmhg Pdgphgj EVB `hg KVK `n Y@
Pdgphgj EVB `hg KVK ldrtvhkhg kagydv ~hgj otjh vdgpngj `nkthyhn acdm hghk Y@' Ghltg `hchl kdg~hphhgg~h `n chvhgjhg ldgtgotkkhg bhmzh bhg~hk ynyzh Y@ ~hgj ldgjhchln kdytcnphg tgptk ldlhmhln ldlhmhln EVB `hg KVK# KVK# mhc ngn `n ydbhbkhg bhg~hk hghk Y@ ~hgj bdctl bnyh pdgphgj vdrkhcnhg `hg vdlbhjnhg `n lhgh `hyhr tgptk ldgihrn kdcnvhphg h`hchm ydydarhgj ynyzh pdrydbtp mhrty ldlhmhln pdgphgj vdrkhcnhg' Tgptk bnyh hpht ldgjdrpn pdgphgj ehkparnyhyn vrnlh `hrn ydbthm bnchgjhg# ynyzh pdrydbtp mhrty ldgjdrpn pdgphgj vdlbhjnhg' A' BNCHGJHG RALHZN 8. Chlbhgj Bnchgjhg Ralhzn
@hchl Vraydy Vdlbdchohrhg ynypdl chlbhgj bnchgjhg Ralhzn `hvhp knph chktkhg ydihrh `nyktyn hpht phg~h ohzhb# o hzhb# hpht dkyvaynparn `dgjhg cdbnm bhg~hk ngearlhyng~h' @hchl ynypdl chlbhgj bnchgjhg Ralhzn hpht hgjkh Ralhzn `njtghkhg chlbhgj ’ chlbhgj ’ chlbhgj chlbhgj hpht ynlbtc ’ ynlbtc ’ ynlbtc ynlbtc vakak ydvdrpn bdrnktp ngn' Chlbhgj ’ Chlbhgj ’ chlbhgj chlbhgj Vakak - y~lbac ’ y~lbac ’ y~lbac y~lbac `hyhr . Hgjkh Ralhzn N<8
U<4
] < 86
C < 46
I < 866
@ < 466
L < 8666
, < khcnkhg 8666
92
Mhc ’ mhc bdrnktp vdrct `nyhlvhnkhg kdvh`h vhrh ynyzh#ldgjngjhp ldrdkh tgptk vdrphlh khcng~h ldgjdphmtn bdr`hyhrkhg ngearlhyn `hrn knph' Ghltg `dlnknhg bnyh yhoh mhc ’ mhc ’ mhc mhc bdrnktp `n yhlvhnkhg ydihrh phg~h ohzhb' 8' Ynypdl Ralhzh ngn ldrtvhkhg y~ypdl vdgotlchmhg `hg y~ypdl vdrkhcnhg' Iagpam ? ]UNN
86
+
4 + 8 + 8 < 8:
2' Bnchgjhg hgjkh pdr`nrn `hrn 2 chlbhgj vakak# lhkh gnchn hgjkh pdrydbtp h' Yhlh `dgjhg otlchm gnchn kd`th chlbhgj bnchgjhg npt# onkh chlbhgj ’ chlbhgj ’ chlbhgjg~h chlbhgjg~h ldlvtg~hn ldlvtg~hn gnchn ~hgj ldgtrtg `hrn knrn kd khghg - gnchn ~hgj vhcngj pngjjn pdrcdphk `n ydbdchm knrn . b' Yhlh `dgjhg ydcnynm gnchn kd`th chlbhgj bnchgjhg npt# bnch chlbhgj ’ chlbhgj ’ chlbhgjg~h chlbhgjg~h ldlvtg~hn ldlvtg~hn gnchn ~hgj ldghrnk - gnchn ~hgj vhcngj pngjjn pdrcdphk `n ydbdchm y dbdchm khghg . Iagpam ? N] < 86 ’ 86 ’ 8 8< >
- `hrn knrn kdkhghg gnchng~h ghnk hpht gnchn vhcngj pngjjn `n ydbdchm khghg oh`n `nktrhgjkhg .
LI < 8666 + 866 < 8866 - `hrn knrn kdkhghg gnchng~h ptrtg hpht gnchn ~hgj vhcngj pngjjn `n ydbdchm knrn# oh`n `n otlchmkhg . 9' Bhg~hkg~h chlbhgj ~hgj `ncdphkkhg `n ydbdchm knrn chlbhgj ~hgj `nktrhgjn mhg~h yhpt chlbhgj# yd`hgjkhg ydbdchm khghg bdrphlbhm bacdm cdbnm `hrn yhpt chlbhgj' Iagpam ? ]NNN < 86 + 9 < 89 ]]C ≦ 96 - ]]C pn`hk vtg~h hrpn .
99
0' Chlbhgj bnchgjhg ~hgj yhlh bnch `nptcnyg~h bdrtrtphg pn`hk bacdm cdbnm `hrn 9 hgjkh - chlbhgj bnchgjhg . Iagpam ? 06 `nptcny ]C `hg btkhg ]]]] 4' Vdgjtrhgjhg ldlvtg~hn hptrhg ydbhjhn bdrnktp# N mhg~h `hvhp `nktrhgjkhg `hrn U `hg ]# ] mhg~h `hvhp `n ktrhgjkhg `hrn C `hg I# `hg I mhg~h `hvhp `nktrhgjkhg `hrn @ `hg L - Mhg~h h`h 5 khyty . 8' NU < 4 ’ 4 ’ 8 8<0 2' N] < 86 ’ 86 ’ 8 8<> 9' ]C < 46 ’ 46 ’ 86 86 < 06 0' ]I < 866 ’ 866 ’ 86 86 < >6 4' I@ < 466 ’ 466 ’ 866 866 < 066 5' IL < 8666 ’ 8666 ’ 866 866 < >66 5'
Khrdgh ynypdl hgjkh Ralhzn ngn ldlvtg~hn `hyhr -bhyny .86# lhkh `hchl vdgtcnyhgg~h knph pn`hk vdrghm ldcnmhp chlbhgj ’ chlbhgj bdyhr ~hgj btkhg vdrvhgjkhphg `hrn 86 `nhohrkhg' Iagpam ? h' 86 ≦ U U b' 866 ≦ C C C i' 8666 ≦ @ @
:' tgptk ldgtcnykhg ydbthm bnchgjhg ~hgj bdyhr `njtghkhg ynlbac jhrny -–Q“. `n hphy ynlbac ~hgj bdryhgjktphg' Iagpam ? h' U < 4 } 8666 } 8666 < 4'666'666 b' L < 8666 } 8666 } 8666 < 8'666'666'666 Ydpdchm knph ydbhjhn jtrtg~h ldlhmhln `yhg ldgjdrpn kdydlth ihphphg vdgpnj `n hphy# bhrtchm knph ldchkyhghkhg vdlbdchohrhgg~h ldchctn `nyktyn hpht phg~h ohzhb `hchl mhc ldgjtbhm bnchgjhg `dynlhc ldgoh`n bnchgjhg Ralhzn `hg ydbhcnkg~h `nydrphn yahc,yahc ~hgj itktv' Yd`hgjkhg kmtyty tgptk vdlbdchohrhg ~hgj bdrynehp vdlhmhlhg kagydv pdgptg~h hkhg cdbnhm bhg~hk bdrynehp ngearlhyn
`dgjhg ydkhcn,ydkhcn `nhotkhg bdbdrhvh
90
vdrphg~hhg# ldgjngjhp h`hg~h bdbdrhvh kdpdgpthg ~hgj bdrchkt `hchl ynypdl Ralhzn' 2. Ldgjtbhm Bnchgjhg @dynlhc Ldgoh`n Bnchgjhg Ralhzn
Jtrt ldgtcny `n vhvhg ptcny bdbdrhvh bnchgjhg `hchl ynypdl chlbhgj bnchgjhg `dynlhc' Kdlt`nhg ldlngph yhchm ydarhgj ynyzh ldgtcnykhgg~h ydihrh bdrjncnrhg `hchl ynypdl chlbhgj Bnchgjhg Ralhzn `dgjhg bnlbngjhg `hg hrhmhg `hrn jtrt ydlth ynyzh `hchl kdchy ldlvdrmhpnkhg `hg ldgohzhbg~h ldgohzhbg~h `dgjhg bdghr# bdghr# lnyhcg~h uhrnhyn yahcg~h `nbthp yd`dlnknhg rtvh ltchn `hrn ~hgj yd`drmhgh ydvdrpn bdrnktp' h. 5 < ''' Hvhkhm 5 < 888888 1 Hvhkhm `hchl ynypdl Ralhzn `nbacdmkhg ldgtcny cdbnm `hrn 9 chlbhgj bnchgjhg ydihrh bdrtrtphg 1 5 < 4 + 8 < U N# ydbhb `hrn knrn kd khghg gnchng~h ptrtg bdrhrpn mhrty `notlchmkhg b. 929 < ''' 929 < 966 + 26 + 9 <-9 } 866. + -2 } 86. + -9 } 8. Hvhkhm `hchl ynypdl Ralhzn `nbacdmkhg ldgtcnykhg pnjh chlbhgj hpht ktrhgj ydihrh bdrtrtphg 1 929 < I @ ] I N ] Ydpdchm jtrt ldlbdrnkhg bdbdrhvh iagpam ydvdrpn `n hphy# kdlt`nhg ldlbdrnkhg bdbdrhvh uhrnhyn yahc ydvdrpn bdrnktp tgptk `n`nyktynkhg' Ptcnykhg chlbhgj ’ chlghj bnchgjhg Ralhzn `hrn bnchgjhg ’ bnchgjhg bdrnktp' 8' 8>=9 < ''' < 8666 + >66 + =6 + 9 <8666 + - 8666 , 866. + - 46 + 96 . + 9
94
2' >0'666'666 < ''' < >0 } 8'666'666 < ->6 + 0. } 8'666'666 < --866 ’ --866 ’ 86. 86. + -4,8.. } 8666 } 8666 <]INU 9. Ldgjtbhm Bnchgjhg Ralhzn Ldgoh`n Bnchgjhg @dynlhc
Chgjkhm ’ chgjkhm vdlbdchohrhg tgptk ldgjtbhm `hrn ynypdl Ralhzn ldgoh`n ynypdl @dynlhc `hvhp `nchktkhg ydvdrpn hcpdrghpne vdlbdchohrhg `n hphy' Ptcnychm bnchgjg @dynlhc `hrn bnchgjhg,bnchgjg Ralhzn bdrnktp' h. I @ ] I N < ''' < -466 , 866. + -866 , 86. + 8 < 066 + >6 + 8 < 0>8 b. N ] @ I ] C N U < -86 , 8. } 8666 + -466 + 866. + -46 ’ 86 ’ 86 . + -4,8. < >'666 + 566 + 06 + 0 < >'500
95
