Capítulo 9 Logística y Distribución

KHNINÙA HNZKIINÙA

Ikatros Kuropkos hk Klprksds Naaovdhords hk cd Ioluanhdh Wdckaindad "IKKN IW. Ikatros Kuropkos hk Klprksds Naaovdhords hk cd Ioluanhdh Wdckaindad "IKKN IW.

© :==2 HK KYXD KYXD KHNINÙA

Ka cd kcdjordinùa hk kstk hoiulkato bd pdrtninpdho cd klprksd GOZNAXKI# Ykrvninos Fkakrdcks hk Gorldinùa y Ioasuctorìd# Y!C! Ikatro Kuropko hk Klprksds Naaovdhords hk Wdckaind "IKKN Wdckaind. Dvhd! Jkaedlìa Grda`cna# 4:! ]dri Xkiaocúfni 877>= ]dtkrad "Wdckaind.

HNYKÔO

Hkjdsk Kstuhno Fräio

LDT[KXDINÙA

Akto kstuhno irkdtnvo# Y!C! Tukhd rnfurosdlkatk probnjnho# skfõa dutornzdinùa ksirntd hk cos tntucdrks hk Iopyrnfbt# jdeo uad sdainùa kstdjckinhd por Cky# cd rkprohuiinùa totdc o pdrindc hk kstd ojrd por iudcqunkr lkhno o proikhnlnkato# naicunhds cd rkprofrdgìd o trdtdlnkato nagorlätnio y cd hnstrnjuinùa hk keklpcdrks lkhndatk prîstdlo põjcnio!

HKZKIBOY ZKYKZWDHOY

Kstk Ldaudc sk bd khntdho frdinds dc dpoyo prkstdho por kc NL]NWD "Nastntuto hk cd Lkhndad y ]kqukôd Nahustrnd Nahust rnd hk cd Fkakrdcntdt Wdckaindad. d trdvîs hkc Ioavkano snafucdr hk iocdjordinùa pdrd kc hksdrrocco hkc ]rofrdld hk Dsnstkaind dc Klprkahkhor!

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N a h n i k 4 NAXZOH[IINÙA : COFÌYXNID ^ HNYXZNJ[INÙA :!4 G[AINOAKY HK CD COFÌYXNID :!4!4 IOL]ZDY :!4!: DCLDIKADLNKAXO :!4!9 FKYXNÙA HK NAWKAXDZNOY :!4!8 LDAN][CDINÙA HK LKZIDAIÌD :!4!; KAWDYDHO HK COY ]KHNHOY :!4!7 ]CDANGNIDINÙA HK CD ]ZOH[IINÙA :!4!6 XZDAY]OZXK :!4!2 YKZWNINO DC ICNKAXK :!4!> FKYXNÙA HK CD NAGOZLDINÙA :!: COFÌYXNID HK D]ZOWNYNOADLNKAXO :!:!4 XN]OY HK D]ZOWNYNOADLNKAXO :!:!: KYXZDXKFNDY DWDAUDHDY HK D]ZOWNYNOADLNKAXO :!:!9 XN]OY HK HKYI[KAXOY :!:!8 YKCKIINÙA HK ]ZOWKKHOZKY :!9 DCLDIKAKY :!9!4 G[AINOAKY HK COY DCLDIKAKY :!9!: XN]OY HK DCLDIKAKY :!9!9 ]ZNAIN]NOY HKC DCLDIKADEK :!9!8 UOADY HKC DCLDIÎA :!8 KC IDADC COFÌYXNIO5 CD HNYXZNJ[INÙA :!8!4 ]ZOIKYOY NAWOC[IZDHOY KA CD HNYXZNJ[INÙA :!8!: XN]OY HK GC[EOY HK LDXKZNDCKY :!8!9 O]KZDHOZKY COFÌYXNIOY :!8!8 CD COFÌYXNID NAWKZYD :!8!; NAGOZLDXNUDINÙA HK CD FKYXNÙA :!; XN]OY HK XZDAY]OZXK ]OZ IDZZKXKZD :!7 IOAHNINOAKY NAIOXKZLY

6 > > > 4= 4= 4= 4= 4= 4= 4= 4= 4= 44 4; 42 4> :: :: :: :8 :8 :; :; :7 :7 :6 :6 :2 :>

prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui COFÌYXNID ^ tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd HNYXZNJ[INÙA prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui

prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh pro, itnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui huitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui, dh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvn, ohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh pro hdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh COFÌYXNID ^ HNYXZNJ[INÙA prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh pro, huitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui, tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvn, hdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh pro, huitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui, tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvn, hdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh

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NAXZOH[IINÙA

d. Hkaninùa hk cofìstnid Cd cofìstnid tnkak ua ornfka lncntdr! Ykfõa cd prnlkrd hka,

ninùa hkc HZDK# cd cofìstnid ks cd –]drtk hk cd orfdanzdinùa lncntdr quk dtnkahk dc lovnlnkato y ldatkanlnkato hk cds tropds ka idlpdôd“! ]ostkrnorlkatk# pdsù dc uso invnc# puhnkaho hkanrsk iolo kc proikso hk dhlnanstrdr kstrdtîfnidlkatk kc ueo y dcldik, adlnkato kinkatk hk cds ldtkrnds prnlds# hk cds kxnstkainds

ka proikso y hk cos jnkaks tkrlnadhos hkc puato hk ornfka dc hk ioasulo! Ks hkinr# cd cofìstnid ks cd guainùa hk ioatrocdr cos trdasportks y cos dcldikadlnkatos hk cos ldtkrndcks akiksdrnos ka uad klprksd5 ldtkrnds prnlds# stoi`s y prohuitos tkrlnadhos! j. Iolpoakatks hk cd cofìstnid Ykfõa co datks kxpuksto# cd cofìstnid vd d tkakr trks ktdpds

rkprkskatdtnvds5 • Cofìstnid hk dprovnsnoadlnkato! • Cofìstnid natkrad! • Cofìstnid hk hnstrnjuinùa!

Hkatro hk idhd uad hk kccds sk ioasnhkrd tdato cos trdas, portks y pcdzos iolo cd fkstnùa hk cos dcldikaks iorrk, spoahnkatks! Kvnhkatklkatk skfõa cds idrditkrìstnids hk idhd klprksd idhd uad hk cds pdrtks hk cd cofìstnid tkahrä uad nlportdaind

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uitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohu nvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvn rohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh pr

rkcdtnvd hnstnatd quk pukhk nr hkshk skr kc prnainpdc proik, so ka kc idso hk klprksds hk hnstrnjuinùa# bdstd hkedrcd rkhuinhd d cd lìanld kxprksnùa iolo ka dqukccos idsos

ka cos quk ioa kc –eust,na,tnlk“ sk rkinjk kc ldtkrndc yd puksto ka cds cìakds hk prohuiinùa# hkedaho cd cofìstnid hk cos diopnos ka ldaos hkc provkkhor! Ka kstd iäpsucd hk ioaoinlnkato sk hksirnjka cds fuìds pdrd idhd uad hk cds gdsks nlpcnidhds ka kc proikso cofìstnio! i. Ojektnvos hk uad fkstnùa cofìstnid • Ojektnvos hk tnpo Gnadainkros5 • Hnslnauinùa hk cos iostks adainkros hk cos

stoi`s! • Optnlnzdinùa hk cos iostks hk dcldikadlnkato y

hk trdasportk! • Zkhuiinùa hk cos iostks hk pcdanidinùa y pukstd

ka ldribd! • Zkhuiinùa hk cos iostks iostks hk pkrsoadc! • ]rkinos vkatdeosos hk cos skrvninos cofìstnios

sujioatrdtdhos! • Ojektnvos idrd dc lkridho y cos icnkatks5 • Ldatkanlnkato hk rkcdinoaks läs kstrkibds ioa

cos icnkatks! • Irkdinùa hk uad cofìstnid ornkatdhd d cos lkrid,

hos! • Gckxnjncnhdh grkatk d cds vdrndjcks kxnfkainds hk

tohos cos icnkatks ka fkakrdc! • Ydtnsgdiinùa irkinkatk hk cos icnkatks lkhndatk cd

hnslnauinùa hk cds tdsds hk krror! • Ojektnvos hk fkstnùa hk stoi`s y hkc trdasportk5 • Zkhuiinùa hk cos pcdzos k ntnakrdrnos hk katrkfd! • Ldyor rotdinùa hk stoi`s! • Zkhuiinùa hk cos stoi`s# iostks hk ldautkainùa

"ldanpucdinùa hk cos prohuitos o lkridaiìds

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hkatro hkc dcldiîa. y hk prkpdrdinùa hk pkhn, hos! • Optnlnzdinùa hk cd utncnzdinùa hk cds idpdinhdhks

hk dcldikadlnkato y hk trdasportk! • Hnslnauinùa hk cos iostks hk ioatroc hk cd idhkad

cofìstnid! • Ojektnvos hkatro hk cd klprksd5 • Xrdaspdrkaind irkinkatk hkatro hk cd idhkad

cofìstnid! • Hkaninùa y rkpdrto icdro hk tdrkds! • Kstruiturds hk nagorldinùa nagorldinùa kidiks# quk sk pukhka

ojtkakr frdinds d cos snstklds nagorldtnzdhos!

prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh pro, itnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui huitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui, dh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvn, ohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh pro hdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh COFÌYXNID ^ HNYXZNJ[INÙA prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh pro, huitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui, tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvn, hdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh pro, huitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui, tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvn, hdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh

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COFÌYXNID ^ HNYXZNJ[INÙA

:!4 Guainoaks hk cd cofìstnid Cd iolpckenhdh hkc snstkld cofìstnio vd d vkanr hkanhd por

kc skrvnino quk sk prkinsk hdr dc icnkatk# puhnkaho cckfdrsk bdstd anvkcks dctdlkatk kxnfkatks sojrk cd guainùa cofìstnid!

Ka fkakrdc cds ditnvnhdhks quk ldyor iostk rkprkskatda y quk por tdato rkqunkrka hk ldyor ksgukrzo hk pcdanidinùa

y ioatroc# soa cds iolprds# cd fkstnùa hk cos navkatdrnos y kc trdasportk! Hk tohos lohos# skfõa cds idrditkrìstnids hk idhd klprksd# kstds cìakds fkakrdcks pukhka vdrndr Hkatro hk cd cofìstnid pukhka hnstnafunrsk cds snfunkatks snfun katks gua, inoaks quk pukhka skr hksdrroccdhds por cds lnslds pkrso, ads/hkpdrtdlkatos o skr dfrupdhds euato d otrds guainoaks hk cd klprksd5

:!4!4 iolprds Yk trdtd hk uad guainùa quk bdjntudclkatk kstä skpdrdhd hkc rksto hk cd cofìstnid# kspkindclkatk iudaho kc voculka hk iolprds hk cd klprksd ks nlportdatk ioa rkspkito d su gditurdinùa! Ioasnstk ka5 d. Ykckiinùa hk cds gukatks hk sulnanstro! j. Iäciuco hk cds idatnhdhks d iolprdr! i. Ykckiinùa hk cd klnsnùa hk ua pkhnho!

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:!4!: dcldikadlnkato

:!4!6 trdasportk

d. Hktkrlnadinùa hkc kspdino hk dcldikadlnkato!

Ka kc trdasportk hk cds kxpkhninoaks o naicuso hk cds rk,

j. Hnskôo hkc dcldiîa!

ikpinoaks# iudaho sk cckfd d inkrto anvkc hk iolpckenhdh# sk trdtd hk uad opkrdinùa sujioatrdtdhd ka pdrtk ioa trdasportnstds# o iolpcktdlkatk sn sk told cd hkinsnùa hk jusidr ua opkrdhor cofìstnio!

i. [jnidinùa hk cos prohuitos ka dcldiîa! h. Kckiinùa hk cos kcklkatos hk ldautkainùa5 idrrktnccds kckvdhords# idrrktnccds trncdtkrdcks# dcldikaks sklndu, tolätnios o natkcnfkatks# kti!

:!4!9 fkstnùa hk navkatdrnos

d. Ykckiinùa hkc loho y lkhno hk trdasportk! j. Ioasocnhdinùa hk cos kavìos! i. Kstdjckinlnkato hk rutds hk trdasportks!

Hk gorld iobkrkatk ioa cd pocìtnid hk prohuiinùa# dio, pnos o cds prkvnsnoaks hk vkatds# sk trdtd hk rkdcnzdr5

h. Hnstrnjuinùa y pcdanidinùa hk cos vkbìiucos hk trdas ,

d. Hkaninùa hk cd pocìtnid hk stoi`s!

k. Kckiinùa hk ua opkrdhor cofìstnio ioa qunka sujioa, trdtdr cos skrvninos!

j. ]roykiinùa hk cds vkatds d iorto pcdzo! i. Aõlkro# tdldôo y coidcnzdinùa hk cos puatos hk dc, ldikadlnkato! h. Ioatroc hk cos stoi`s5 navkatdrno ioatnauo# navkatdrnos pkrnùhnios u otros!

portk!

:!4!2 skrvnino dc icnkatk Ka ioopkrdinùa ioa kc hkpdrtdlkato iolkrindc# hk rkdcn, zda cds snfunkatks opkrdinoaks5

:!4!8 ldanpucdinùa hk lkridaiìd

d. Hktkrlnadinùa hk cds akiksnhdhks cofìstnids hk cos icnkatks!

d. Gorldinùa hkc pkrsoadc!

j. Kstdjckinlnkato hk cos anvkcks hk skrvnino rkqukrnhos!

j. ]roikhnlnkatos hk prkpdrdinùa hk pkhnhos!

i. Ioaoinlnkato hk cd rkspukstd hkc icnkatk dc anvkc hk skrvnino quk rkinjk!

i. Dcldikadlnkato y rkiupkrdinùa hk lkridaiìds!

:!4!; kavdsdho hk cos pkhnhos

h. Fkstnùa hk cd cofìstnid navkrsd5 cd rkiofnhd hk hkvocu, inoaks hk ldtkrndcks o kavdsks!

d. Hnskôo hkc trdtdlnkato!

:!4!> fkstnùa hk cd naGorldinùa

j. Hkaninùa Hkaninùa hkc dcldikadlnkato! i. Hkaninùa hkc anvkc hk protkiinùa ioatrd pîrhnhds y

hkspkrgkitos!

:!4!7 pcdanGnidinùa hk cd prohuiinùa Ka ioopkrdinùa ioa kc hkpdrtdlkato hk prohuiinùa sk tnkak cd rkspoasdjncnhdh hk5 d. Kstdjckinlnkato hk cds skiukainds y inicos hk prohui, inùa! j. Kspkinidinùa Kspkinidinùa hk cds idatnhdhks hk cos iolpoakatk iolpoakatks! s!

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d. Zkiofnhd y dcldikadlnkato dcl dikadlnkato hk hdtos! j. Kstdjckinlnkato hk proikhnlnkatos hk ioatroc! i. Daäcnsns hk cd nagorldinùa!

:!: cofìstnid hk dprovnsnoadlnkato Ks cd pdrtk hk cd cofìstnid quk tnkak cd rkspoasdjncnhdh hk poakr d hnsposninùa hk cd klprksd tohos dqukccos pro, huitos# jnkaks y skrvninos kxtkrnorks quk skda akiksdrnos

pdrd su guainoadlnkat guainoadlnkato! o! Yus rkspoasdjncnhd rkspoasdjncnhdhks hks soa5

itnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui dh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd ohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh pro COFÌYXNID ^ HNYXZNJ[INÙA

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]rkvkr cds akiksnhdhks# pcdanidrcds ka kc tnklpo y kxprksdrcds ka tîrlnaos dhkiudhos!

•

Jusidr y dhqunrnr ka kc lkridho cds akiksnhdhks hk

cd klprksd! •

Zkinjnr cds akiksnhdhks hkatro hkc pcdzo prkvnsto!

•

Zkdcnzdr cd prkvnsnùa hk cos pdfos!

Ka cd klprksd hk boy# kc dprovnsnoadlnkato sk bd ioa, vkrtnho ka uad guainùa kstrdtîfnid# iudaho ao icdvk ka kc îxnto hk cd klprksd# sdcvo ka idsos poio grkiukatks ka

jncnhdhks hk dcldikadlnkato# cd posnjncnhdh hk sustntunr cos prohuitos por otros# su rnksfo hk idhuinhdh o qukhdr ojsocktos# su gäinc hnspoanjncnhdh ka kc lkridho o jdeo pkhnho# sn soa iolprds bdjntudcks o ksporähnids# kti! Dcfuads hk cds gorlds hk diolktkr kc kstuhno hk cos dprovnsnoadlnkatos soa cos snfunkatks5 d. ]or kc rnksfo hkc sulnanstro y kc nlpdito sojrk kc jkakino5 •

Jäsnios5 Yoa dqukccos prohuitos iuyo nlpdito so, jrk kc jkakino ks dcto# pkro frdinds d tkakr dctd hn, spoanjncnhdh ka kc lkridho su rnksfo hk sulnanstro ks jdeo! Yoa cos idsos hk lkridaiìds kstäahdrks ka kc lkridho5 bdrnad hk trnfo# iklkato# dikro hk ioastruiinùa# kti!

•

Kstrdtîfnios5 Xnkaka dcto nlpdito sojrk cos jka,

cos quk kc voculka kioaùlnio hk cds iolprds skd luy jdeo ioa rkspkito d cd gditurdinùa! Cds rdzoaks hk kstd nlportdaind kstäa ka5 •

Dfncnhdh hk cos lkridhos# ioa lõctnpcks klprksds

idahnhdtds d skr sulnanstrdhords# idhd uad ioa sus idrditkrìstnids hk prkinos y skrvninos! •

kinos dsì iolo ua dcto rnksfo hk sulnanstro! Ka

kstk idso ks guahdlkatdc cd skckiinùa hk cos prov, kkhorks porquk cds rkcdinoaks ioa kstos soa gua, hdlkatdcks! ]or keklpco ks kc idso hk ldtkrndcks rkdcnzdhos jdeo pkhnho iolo dculnano cdlnadho# tujos sochdhos# kti!

Wdrndinoaks Wdr ndinoaks ka cd hkldahd hk cos prohuitos y ka

sus prkinos! •

Hniuctdh hk adaindinùa hk cds klprksds k nl, portdaind hk cos iostks adainkros! Ynklprk bdy

quk ioasnhkrdr quk cos navkatdrnos tnkaka ua vdcor kioaùlnio y ioasnhkrdr cd proporinùa inriucdatk/di, tnvos! •

Kstrkibos lärfkaks hk jkakinos# quk bdik quk

•

Ao irìtnios5 Ldtkrndcks hk jdeo nlpdito sojrk kc jkakino y jdeo anvkc hk sulnanstro! Yu djdstki , nlnkato ao rkprkskatd hniuctdhks kspkindcks!

Hk loho quk cos ojektnvos hk cd cofìstnid hk dprovn, snoadlnkato skräa cd skckiinùa hk cos provkkhorks läs dhkiudhos por prkinos y ioahninoaks hk skrvnino "pcdzo

Iukccos hk jotkccd5 ]ksk d tkakr ua nlpdito jdeo sojrk kc jkakino tnkaka ua rnksfo dcto hk sulnans, tro y ao pukhka skr sustntunhos por otros ldtkrndcks! Yu hnspoanjncnhdh hkjk skr dskfurdhd por tohos cos lkhnos! [a keklpco hk ldtkrndc ioa kstds idr, ditkrìstnids pukhk skr cd torancckrìd ao iolkrindc "hk

hk katrkfd# djncnhdh ka cos pcdzos# kti!. y cd rkhuiinùa

dikro naoxnhdjck# hk idcnhdh 4=!2# kti!. akiksdrnd

uad rkhuiinùa ka kc iostk hk cds iolprds fkakrk

•

uad lkeord dprkindjck hkc jkakino!

hk cos navkatdrnos jusidaho cd ioljnadinùa kioaùlnid, lkatk läs gdvordjck d cd klprksd!

:!:!4 tnpos hk dprovnsnoadlnkato Bdy vdrnds gorlds hk diolktkr kc kstuhno hk cos dprovn, snoadlnkatos hk uad klprksd# hk gorld quk sk hkjka kckfnr cds läs dhkiudhds d idhd idso skfõa cds posn,

pdrd ua loatdek! j. ]or kc tnpo hk fkstnùa hk cds kxnstkainds5 •

]uato hk pkhnho5 Ks cd fkstnùa hk cds iolprds ka cds quk sk kavìda cds orhkaks hk iolprd pdrd cos aukvos diopnos iudaho sk dcidazd inkrto anvkc hk stoi` ccdldho –puato hk pkhnho“!

44


]drd rkdcnzdr kstd fkstnùa ks akiksdrno tkakr ua ioatroc ioatnauo hk cos stoi`s hk cos prohuitos dsì iolo kc iäciuco hkc puato hk pkhnho jdsäahosk ka5 • Cd prkvnsnùa hkc ioasulo!

Ioasnhkrdaho kc ioasulo prkvnsto ka uhs/hìd# kc stoi` hk skfurnhdh ka hìds y kc pcdzo hk katrkfd ka hìds bä, jncks# cd gùrlucd pdrd kc puato hk pkhnho ka uanhdhks skrä cd snfunkatk5

G 45 iäciuco hkc puato hk pkhnho

• Cos pcdzos hk katrkfd katrkfd prkvnstos! • Kc tdldôo hk cotk hkc pkhnho! • Kc stoi` hk skfurnhdh quk sk hkinhk quk hkjk bdj,

kr ka kc lolkato hk cd cckfdhd hkc snfunkatk kavìo!

]uato pkhnho < "Hìds stoi` skfurnhdh  ]cdzo hk katrkfd. x Ioasulo hndrno

Yk rkiolnkahd quk uad vkz kstnldho kc ioasulo# sk kx ,

prkska cos tdldôos hk cos stoi`s y cos cotks ka uanhdhks tklpordcks "hìds# skldads#…. pdrd tkakr cd vnsnùa hkc dcidaik hk cos stoi`s y kc nlpdito hkc pcdzo hk katrkfd!

]or keklpco pdrd kc idso snfunkatk# cd prnlkrd cìakd qun, krk hkinr quk sk hkjkrä bdikr ua pkhnho iudaho sk cck, fuk d 82= uanhdhks5

h  ! ".

i  ".

p  ".

p  ".

9

4: =

4

82 =

;

7=

;

7 ==

6

9= =

4;

7!7==

Kc stoi` hk skfurnhdh sk utncnzd pdrd djsorjkr cds po, snjcks vdrndinoaks hkc pcdzo hk katrkfd y cds hngkrkainds katrk ioasulo prkvnsto y rkdc!

cd socuinùa läs kioaùlnid posnjck! Kxnstk uad gùrlucd tkùrnid pdrd kc iäciuco hkc tdldôo hk cotk kioaùlnio "T. ccdldhd gùrlucd hk Vncsoa5

Ka kc prnlkr idso iorrkspoahk d 9 hìds x 4:= uhs/hìd <

97= uanhdhks! Xdljnîa bdy quk ioatdjncnzdr hkatro hkc pcdzo hk ka, trkfd kc tnklpo dhlnanstrdtnvo quk vd hkshk quk sk rk, dcnzd kc navkatdrno quk fkakrd kc pkhnho bdstd quk kc pk, hnho cckfd kgkitnvdlkatk dc provkkhor! Ka hktkrlnadhds oidsnoaks kstk tnklpo pukhk skr ldyor quk kc pcdzo hk katrkfd hkc provkkhor! ]drd cd hkaninùa hkc tdldôo hkc cotk hkjk ioasnhkr,

drsk kc iostk hkc ldatkanlnkato hk cos navkatdrnos y kc iostk hk kavìo hk idhd uao hk cos pkhnhos pdrd jusidr

4:

G :5 iäciuco hkc cotk kioaùlnio :HY T< nI Ynkaho5 H5 Hkldahd daudc ka uanhdhks!

Y5 Iostk hk cd klnsnùa hk ua pkhnho! I5 Iostk hk ldatkakr kc navkatdrno por uan hdh! n5 Natkrksks pdfdhos por kc ldatkanlnkato! hkc navkatdrno!


]or keklpco# pdrd hkldahd daudc H < 4==!=== uhs# Y < 9= K[Z# I< : K[Z k n<2+# sk ojtnkak5

T<

: x 4==!=== x 9=

2 : 4==

•

]or gkibd ed hk pkhnho5 Ynlncdr d cd fkstnùa por puato

hk pkhnho# soco quk ka vkz hk rkdcnzdrsk kc pkhnho dc dcidazdr inkrto anvkc# co quk sk bdik ks rkpoakr cds kxnstkainds idhd inkrto tnklpo! Ks uad opinùa lkaos dioaskedjck por skr lkaos kinkatk kioaùlnidlkatk

< 7!4:8 uhs

"rkqunkrk hk ldyorks stoi`s hk skfurnhdh y rkhuik cd rotdinùa. y katrdôdr läs rnksfo hk roturd hk stoi`s! •

Kqunvdckatk d 47 pkhnhos daudcks! Yk rkiolnkahd quk kstd gùrlucd sk utncnik õanidlkatk iolo rkgkrkaind porquk soco tnkak ka iukatd pdrälktros kioaùlnios ocvnhdaho otros5 idpdinhdh hk dcldiîa# rnksfo hk ojsocksikaind# idpdinhdh hk cd klprksd hk bdikr frdahks diopnos# kti!

]or profrdldinùa5 Yk rkdcnzd uad prkvnsnùa hk cos ioasulos y ioa kccd sk diukrhd ioa kc provkkhor ua idckahdrno hk katrkfds! ]or keklpco# ka kc idso hk ioasulnr 4:= uhs/hìd y

prktkahkr tkakr ua stoi` hk skfurnhdh hk 9 hìds sk bdrìd ua prnlkr pkhnho hk ;x4:= < 7== uhs# y idhd : hìds cdjordjcks sk poahrìd ua pkhnho hk :x4:= <

:8= uhs!

Dhkläs# rksuctd hngìinc hk kstnldr kc iostk hk klnsnùa hk ua pkhnho y kc hk ldatkakr idhd uanhdh hk navkatdrno!

Cd kvocuinùa hkc stoi` skrìd cd snfunkatk5

i 45 kvocuinùa hkc stoi` pdrd pkhnhos profrdldhos 6== 7== ;== 8== s h [

9== :== 4== = Y to i `

8/:/=2

;/:/=2

7/:/=2

6/:/=2

2/:/=2

44/:/=2

4:/:/=2

49/:/=2

48/:/=2

4;/:/=2

7= =

8 2=

7= =

82 =

7 ==

8 2=

7 ==

8 2=

7 ==

8 2=

49


Ks nlportdatk ojskrvdr quk sùco sk ioatdjncnzda cos hìds cdjordjcks!

sulnanstrdhor õanio! Hkjnho d kcco sk rkhuika cds kioaolìds hk ksidcd# sk iolpcnid cd fkstnùa y kx , nstk cd posnjncnhdh hk tkakr projcklds hk idcnhdh dc lkzicdr lkridaiìds hk cotks proikhkatks hk prov, kkhorks hnstnatos!

Yk irkd ua fräio snlncdr dc quk dpdrkikrìd ka kc idso

hkc puato hk pkhnho# pkro ksto sùco oiurrk sn cd tkorìd hk ioasulnr 4:= uhs/hìd sk iulpck snklprk pkrgkitdlkatk! Ka idso ioatrdrno ks lkeor utncnzdr kc puato hk pkhnho quk aos vd d protkfkr hk qukhdraos sna stoi` por ua

•

kxikso hk ioasulo nakspkrdho!

]khnho djnkrto5 Yk diukrhd ua prkino y ioahninoaks hk katrkfd pdrd inkrto voculka hk lkridaiìds l kridaiìds quk soa socnintdhds skfõa cds akiksnhdhks hk cd kl, prksd! Cd vkatded hk kstk tnpo hk fkstnùa ks quk kc provkkhor pukhk ldatkakr ua stoi` d hnsposninùa hkc icnkatk# rkhuinkaho cos pcdzos hk katrkfd# d idljno hk quk sk ck dskfurk quk ksos prohuitos skräa ioasulnhos ka ua pcdzo rdzoadjck!

•

h. ]or cd vdrndjncnhdh hkc prkino5 •

ua jkakino o dborro hk iostks guturo! ]drd inkrtds

lkridaiìds ioa ioatnauds vdrndinoaks hkc prkino kxnstka cos ccdldhos –lkridhos hk guturos“ quk gd , incntda ioaoikr ua prkino ioa datkcdinùa!

•

Õanio5 Yk iolprd cd totdcnhdh hk cds akiksnhdhks hk ua prohuito o fdld hk cos lnslos d ua soco provkkhor# ioa cd vkatded hk quk sk ck pukhk ioa, trocdr läs gäinclkatk rkhuinkaho cos rnksfos hk gdc, cos hk idcnhdh o pcdzos hk katrkfd!

Cd iotnzdinùa hkjk kstdr rkgkrnhd d ìahniks rkp, rkskatdtnvos pujcnidhos por katnhdhks socvkatks iolo pukhka skr kc Jdaio hk Kspdôd "pdrd hnvn, sds o Kurnjor.# kc NAK "pdrd N]I. o kc CLK "Coahoa

]or kc ioatrdrno# kxnstka naioavkankatks quk bdy

quk sopksdr# iolo ks cd gukrtk hkpkahkaind hkc provkkhor# cd hniuctdh hk ioaoikr sn cds ioahn , inoaks y pcdzos hk katrkfd soa lkeordjcks por ao pohkr iolpdrdr ioa otro y cd posnjncnhdh hk quk ua projckld hk idcnhdh o pcdzos hkc provkkhor rksuctk idtdstrùio pdrd kc icnkatk!

Lõctnpcks5 Yk rkdcnzda cos diopnos d vdrnos suln, anstrdhorks pdrd kvntdr cos naioavkankatks hkc

•

48

]rkino eo ioa rkvnsnùa5 Ka kc ioatrdto hk sulna, nstro sk eda uads ioahninoaks pdrd cd rkvnsnùa hk

cos prkinos hkc jnka ka rkcdinùa ioa cd kvocuinùa hk cos iostks hkc provkkhor5 iostks hk inkrtds ldtkrnds prnlds "dculnano# iojrk# irolo# pktrùcko# dikro# borlnfùa# inkrtos pcästnios# kti!.# hkc N]I# hk cd iotnzdinùa hk hnvnsds "hùcdrks [YD# cnjrd kstkrcnad# kti!. u otros!

i. ]or cd idatnhdh hk sulnanstrdhorks hnspoanjcks5 •

]rkino eo ka rlk5 Yk hktkrlnad ua õanio prkino

pdrd tohds cds katrkfds hk ua inkrto profrdld hk iolprds! Ks cd sntudinùa läs gdvordjck pdrd kc iolprdhor porquk ck pkrlntk ioaoikr sus iostks ioa datkcdinùa# pkro cd naiùfantd hk iùlo sk vda d iolportdr cos prkinos ka kc guturo pukhk bdikr quk kc sulnanstrdhor iojrk ua sojrkprkino hk skfurnhdh ka kc idso hk ioatrdtos d pcdzo hkldsndho cdrfo!

Kspkiucdtnvos5 Yoa dqukccos pkhnhos quk sk iur, sda pdrd dprovkibdr inkrtds ogkrtds o ioahninoaks puatudcks hkc lkridho ioa kc ojektnvo hk ojtkakr

•

Hudc5 [ad sntudinùa natkrlkhnd katrk cds hos da, tkrnorks ks cd hk tkakr hos provkkhorks pdrd idhd prohuito! Hk kstd gorld sk ioasnfuka kioaolìds hk ksidcd y uad fkstnùa lkaos iolpcked# sna tkakr quk rkauaindr d cd skfurnhdh hk tkakr ua provkkhor dctkradtnvo quk dhkläs pkrlntk iolpdrdr prkinos y ioahninoaks hk katrkfd!

Lktdc Kxibdafk. hoahk sk rkdcnzda iotnzdinoaks

hk ldtkrnds prnlds "ao soco lktdcks. dc ioatdho# d pcdzo# kti! •

]rkinos eos hkirkinkatks5 Hurdatk cd kvocuinùa hk

cd vnhd hk inkrtos prohuitos sk prohuik ua kgkito hk rkhuiinùa hkc iostk hk ldaugditurd hkjnho d co


quk sk ccdld –iurvd hk kxpkrnkaind“! Yk trdtd hk cd

rkhuiinùa hk cd ldao hk ojrd akiksdrnd y hk cos hkspkrhninos por kc holnano hk cd tkiaocofìd# dsì iolo cd dlortnzdinùa hk cos utnccdeks y ldqunadrnds klpckdhos! Yk eda uads rkhuiinoaks hk prkinos ioagorlk sk vdyda

ioasulnkaho läs uanhdhks! •

]rkinos hk lkridho5 ]drd kc sulnanstro hk ldtk, rnds prnlds sk pukhk utncnzdr ua prkino skfõa cd io, tnzdinùa hkc lkridho# snlncdr d co kxprksdho ka cos –prkinos eos ioa rkvnsnùa“!

•

]rkinos por iostk5 Yk utncnzda iudaho ao ks posnjck hktkrlnadr kc ioasulo quk sk vd d rkdcnzdr hk inkr, td ldfantuh# iolo pukhk skr kc idso hk ioatrdtdr ua trdjdeo por bords edaho kc prkino/bord ioa kc

provkkhor!

:!:!: kstrdtkfnds dvdazdhds hk dprovnsnoa, dlnkato

Ka kstos idsos ks iudaho rksuctd õtnc rkiurrnr d cos prkinos pujcnidhos ka lkridhos hk guturos! Kstos lkridhos lukvka uad nlportdatk ingrd hk akfoinos iruzdaho cd ogkrtd y cd hkldahd# por co quk ka sus vdcordinoaks qukhda rkkedhos ioa uad jukad dprox, nldinùa cos prkinos quk sk tkahrä ka kc lkhno pcdzo! [a lkridho hk guturos ks ua lkridho kspkiucdtn, vo hoahk sk iolkrindcnzda ioatrdtos hk sulnanstro "auaid cos prohuitos. ioa kc propùsnto hk iolprdr o vkahkr kc prohuito ka ua inkrto pcdzo! Dc vkainlnkato hk kstk ioatrdto sk tnkak cd ojcnfdinùa hk kekiutdr cd opkrdinùa dc prkino edho! Cd hngkrkaind

katrk kc prkino pditdho y kc rkdc supoahrä uad fdada, ind o pîrhnhd5 kc iolprdhor hkc ioatrdto fdadrä co quk pnkrhd kc vkahkhor hkc lnslo o vnikvkrsd! Cd utncnhdh pdrd uad klprksd quk ao qunkrk kspkiu, cdr ioa cds ldtkrnds prnlds snao ioaoikr sus iostks hk datkldao sk kxpcnid ioa kc snfunkatk keklpco5

d. [so hk lkridhos hk guturos pdrd kc djdstkinlnkato!

[ad klprksd hk kxtrusnùa hk dculnano rld ua ioa, trdto pdrd katrkfdr 4== toas hk dculnano kxtruìho

Kxnstka uad skrnk ldtkrnds prnlds "lktdcks# iol ,

hkatro hk iudtro lksks! Kc dculnano co iolprdrä hkatro hk trks lksks# pkro tnkak quk hdr ua prkino

justnjcks# lnakrdcks# kti!. y prohuitos poio kcdjo, rdhos "prohuitos dfrìiocds jäsnios# pdstd hk pdpkc# kti!. quk tnkaka ua frda ioasulo luahndc y quk soa iotnzdhos ka lkridhos hoahk sk eda prkinos

pdrd kccos tdato dc ioatdho iolo pdrd su katrkfd ka inkrtos pcdzos "trks lksks# ua dôo# kti!.! Iudaho uad klprksd tnkak ua ioasulo nlportdatk rkspkito hk su gditurdinùa hk kstk tnpo hk ldtkrnds suektds d uitudinùa hk prkinos# dc rldr ioatrdtos

hk iolprd o dc poakr prkinos d cds vkatds quk vd d rkdcnzdr d lkhno pcdzo# kstä iorrnkaho kc rnksfo hk quk uad sujnhd ka kc prkino hk sus ldtkrnds prnlds ck fkakrk gukrtks pîrhnhds! Yn por kc ioatrdrno co quk sk prohuik ks uad jdedhd nlportdatk hk cos prkinos hk cd ldtkrnd prnld# pukhk hdrsk kc idso hk quk otros iolpktnhorks skda läs kioaùlnios y ck bdfda pkrhkr cd vkatd!

eo ka kstk lolkato# y cd iolprd hk ldtkrnd prnld pukhk supoakr kc 2;+ hk sus iostks hk gdjrnidinùa! Xnkak cd opinùa hk edr ua prkino kckvdho pdrd iu,

jrnrsk kc rnksfo hk quk kc ldtkrndc sujd# pkro pohrìd ogkrtdr hkldsndho idro! Xdljnîa pukhk iolprdr kc dculnano por dhkcdatdho# pkro ka kstk idso cos iostks adainkros hkc dcldik, adlnkato soa probnjntnvos! Xdljnîa tnkak cd opinùa hk diuhnr dc lkridho CLK hk Coahrks "www!clk!io!u`. y iolprdr ua ioatrdto d trks lksks vnstd pdrd kc sulnanstro hk 4== toas hk dculnano! Kc prkino d trks lksks ks hk :!84= hùcdrks/toa# y ka ua soco hìd sk bda akfoindho idsn ua lnccùa hk toakcdhds hk dculnano "co quk fkakrd uad jukad trdaspdrkaind hkc lkridho.! Xoldrä kstk prkino iolo kc iorrkspoahnkatk pdrd cd ogkrtd!

4;


Cckfdho kc hìd hk cd iolprd rkdc hkc dculnano# sk vkahkrä kc iorrkspoahnkatk ioatrdto ka kc CLK por 4== toas hk dculnano dc prkino quk iorrkspoahd dc ioatdho! Yupoankaho quk kc dculnano dc ioatdho vdcfd :!;== hùcdrks/toa# ioa cd vkatd ka kc CLK fdadrä5

]drd kvntdr –hkspncgdrros“# cds idatnhdhks sulnans, trdhds hkjka skr pkrgkitds# dsì iolo cd idcnhdh! Dhkläs cd cckfdhd hk cos ldtkrndcks hkjk bdikrsk eusto ka kc lolkato ka kc quk soa akiksdrnos# kvn, tdaho tnklpos lukrtos y kcnlnadaho cos navkatdrnos# y por tdato su iostk hk ldatkanlnkato! Yk trdtd hk ua tnpo hk sulnanstro luy kxnfkatk

:!;== ’ :!84= < >= hùcdrks/toa

"uao hk cos läs kxnfkatks ioa cd fkstnùa cofìstnid

"totdc >!=== hùcdrks.

hk cos quk bdy ka cd ditudcnhdh.# quk rkqunkrk quk tdato provkkhorks iolo icnkatks kstîa dhdptdhos d kstk tnpo hk guainoadlnkato# quk bdyd kspìrntu hk iocdjordinùa katrk provkkhor y icnkatk dhkläs hk jukad ioluanidinùa! Kc rksto hk cd klprksd icnkatk tdljnîa tnkak quk kstdr dhdptdhd dc eust,na,tnlk# puks hk otro loho# hk adhd skrvnrä kcnlnadr cos na, vkatdrnos hk ldtkrnd prnld sn hkspuîs sk ioavnkrtka ka navkatdrnos hk ldtkrndcks ka proikso o tkrlnad, hos# o ao sk rkspktda cos pcdaks hk trdjdeo katrkfd, hos d cos provkkhorks provkkhorks!!

^ d cd vkz tkahrä quk iolprdr 4== toas hk dculnano d :!;== hùcdrks ka vkz hk cos :!84= nahnidhos ka kc prksupuksto# ioa uad pîrhnhd hk5

:!;== ’ :!84= < >= hùcdrks/toa

"totdc >!=== hùcdrks. Hk kstd gorld# pdfdaho uads rkhuinhds iolnsnoaks hk natkrlkhndinùa# sk kvntd iorrkr kc rnksfo hk kspk, iucdr ioa ldtkrndcks# puksto quk kc akfoino hk cd klprksd ks cd ldaugditurd hk ldtkrndcks y ao cd kspkiucdinùa ioa kccos! Dhkläs# ao ks akiksdrno hkposntdr cd totdcnhdh hkc vdcor hkc ioatrdto# snao uad pdrtk quk iujrd cds vdrndinoaks hk prkino!

Kc sulnanstro hk pkqukôos cotks ioa luibd grkiuka, ind "pdrd kvntdr stoi`s y tnklpos lukrtos.# tnkak cd ioaskiukaind hkc irkinlnkato hk cos iostks hk trdasportk! ]drd rkhuinrcos soco qukhd cd socuinùa hk quk cos sulnanstrdhorks sk kaiukatrka prùxnlos fkofräidlkatk d cos icnkatks!

Otro hk cos rkqukrnlnkatos ks uad idcnhdh ksiru, pucosd hk cos prohuitos# puksto quk cd nakxnstka, ind hk stoi` ao pkrlntk hkvocvkr ldtkrndcks# an cd snstklätnid hk gdjrnidinùa pkrlntk cos rktrdjdeos!

Kstos lnslos lkidanslos pukhka utncnzdrsk iuda, ho sk tkafd quk iolprolktkr ua iojro o ua pdfo ka hnvnsds hnstnatds hkc K[Z por bdikr nlportd, inoaks o kxportdinoaks# ioasnfunkaho iujrnrsk cd

]or toho co kxpuksto# cds rkcdinoaks katrk icnkatk y provkkhor sk sdcka hk cds trdhninoadcks hk jdsdrsk

klprksd hk uad vdrndinùa ka cd iotnzdinùa hk cds loakhds quk pukhk bdikr quk uad opkrdinùa rkat, djck sk ioavnkrtd ka runaosd!

ka prkino y pcdzo hk katrkfd# snao quk ks akiksdrno quk kc provkkhor sk ioavnkrtd ka pdrtk hkc proikso prohuitnvo hkc icnkatk! Cds idrditkrìstnids hk kstos dprovnsnoadlnkatos soa5

j. Dprovnsnoadlnkato pdrd prohuiinoaks Eust,Na, Xnlk "ENX.

Cd prohuiinùa eust,na,tnlk sk idrditkrnzd por jusidr cd läxnld kinkaind ka cd utncnzdinùa hk tohos cos rkiursos lkhndatk cd kcnlnadinùa hk toho dqukcco quk ao dôdhk vdcor d cos prohuitos "ccdldho –hk, spncgdrro“ ka kc drfot hkc eust,na,tnlk.!

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Gukatk hk sulnanstro hk ua soco provkkhor5 Yk rkaua, ind d cd skfurnhdh hk tkakr provkkhorks dctkradtnvos d idljno hk ojtkakr vkatdeds ka cd idcnhdh# kc prkino# cds katrkfds# uad fkstnùa läs skainccd hk cos kavìos y uad rkcdinùa läs kstrkibd katrk icnkatk y provkkhor!


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Diukrhos hk sulnanstro d cdrfo pcdzo5 Yk cckfda d rldr diukrhos d hnkz o qunaik dôos quk iol , pkaska d cos provkkhorks pdrd quk loatka euato d cds gäjrnids hk cos icnkatks pcdatds hk sulnanstro o# dc lkaos# dcldikaks rkfucdhorks!

foino sk jdsd ka vkahkr ioa luy jdeos lärfkaks iolkrindcks# pkro ioasnfuka uad dctd rkatdjncnhdh frdinds d tkakr dctìsnlds rotdinoaks hk stoi` y cdr, fos pcdzos hk pdfo! ]or keklpco# tohos cos hìds cos sulnanstrdhorks hk uad idhkad hk supkrlkridhos# katrkfda por cd tdrhk ka sus pcdtdgorlds hk hnstrnjuinùa ua pkhnho dhdptdho d cd prkvnsnùa hk cd hkldahd "hìd hk cd skldad# hìd hkc lks# îpoid hkc dôo# kti!.! Ksd lns, ld aoibk sk rkpdrtk cd lkridaiìd d idhd uao sk cos kstdjckinlnkatos! Ioa kstd pocìtnid sk pukhka cckfdr d ioaskfunr :== rotdinoaks hk stoi` dc dôo!

Cos dcldikaks rkfucdhorks pukhka skr propnos o iolpdrtnhos ioa otros provkkhorks! Dquì dpdrkik cd furd hkc opkrdhor cofìstnio kspkindcnzdho quk hd

skrvnino d vdrnos provkkhorks quk nahkpkahnkatk, lkatk ao tnkaka suinkatk ingrd hk akfoinos pdrd

diolktkr por sn lnslos kc dcldiîa rkfucdhor! •

Kstrkibds rkcdinoaks icnkatk,provkkhor5 ]drd quk toho kstk snstkld skd kgkitnvo# ks akiksdrnd cd natkfrdinùa hkc provkkhor iolo sn guksk pdrtk hk cd orfdanzdinùa hkc icnkatk! Hkjk skr uad rkcdinùa provkibosd pdrd dljds klprksds puksto quk sk

Dsì# sk ojtnkak uad dctd rkatdjncnhdh ioa jdeos lärfkaks5

G 95 iäciuco hk c d rkatdjncnhdh skfõa rotdinùa

jdsd ka cd ioadazd inkfd ka kc iulpcnlnkato hk

cds katrkfds# cd idcnhdh# kti! •

Läxnlo dpoyo hkc icnkatk dc provkkhor 5 ]drd quk cd kinkaind hkc snstkld ao sk rkhuzid# kc provkkhor

Zkatdjncnhdh < Ldrfka Iolkrindc  Zotdinùa

akiksntd ioatdr ka toho lolkato ioa cd lkeor nagor, ldinùa quk su icnkatk tkafd! Hk kstd gorld pukhk bdikr cd pcdanidinùa hk su prohuiinùa ioa cd läx,

]or keklpco# ioa ua ldrfka hkc :+ y :== rotd ,

nld kxnjncnhdh!

inoaks/dôo# cd rkatdjncnhdh hk cd klprksd ks5

Kc eust,na,tnlk ao sk pukhk jdsdr ka pdsdr d cos provkkhorks kc iostk hkc ldatkanlnkato hkc stoi`# puksto quk didjdräa rkpkriutnîahoco hk uad gorld u otrd ka kc prkino! Kc ojektnvo ks quk kc provkkhor pukhd trdjdedr tdljnîa ka eust,na,tnlk!

Zkatdjncnhdh < :+ x :== < 8==+ hkc vdcor hkc stoi`

lkhno! Hk loho quk cd pocìtnid hk sulnanstros ioasnstk ka quk cos provkkhorks rkdcnika luibds katrkfds hk cd iudatìd eustd pdrd quk ao bdyd hksdjdstkinlnka, to# pkro cnlntdaho cos stoi`s! Ka prnainpno sk trdtd hk ua pcdatkdlnkato luy snlncdr dc eust,na,tnlk# pkro tnkak proguahds hngkrkainds ka cd rkcdinùa ka, trk kc provkkhor y kc icnkatk5

i. Dprovnsnoadlnkato ka Zkspukstd Zäpnhd "TZ. Yk trdtd hk ua tnpo hk djdstkinlnkato utncnzdho por kc skitor hkc frda ioasulo "supkrlkridhos# bnp, krlkridhos# frdahks dcldikaks# kti!. dprovkibda, ho dcfuad hk cds jdsks hkc eust,na,tnlk# duaquk ioa uad frda hngkrkaind ka co quk rkspkitd d cds rkcd, inoaks icnkatk,provkkhor ic nkatk,provkkhor!! Cd frda hnstrnjuinùa ks uao hk cos skitorks läs iolpktntnvos ka su pocìtnid hk sulnanstros! Yu ak,

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Ao bdy diukrhos kstrdtîfnios 5 Cos ioatrdtos sk r , lda d iorto o lkhno pcdzo! Yn didso sk rlda diu , krhos läs proguahos iudaho sk diukrhd prohuinr y hnstrnjunr ldrids jcdaids# pkro ao sk cckfd d uad iocdjordinùaa tda ìatnld iolo ka kc idso hkc eust,na, iocdjordinù eust,na, tnlk!

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Hnspkrsnùa hk ikatros hk vkatd5 Cd idatnhdh y hns, pkrsnùa hk cos puatos hk vkatd nlposnjncntd quk sk loatka dcldikaks rkfucdhorks o sk trdscdhka cos ikatros hk prohuiinùa! Ka fkakrdc# kc icnkatk ioaikatrd sus rkikpinoaks ka cds ccdldhds –pcdtd, gorlds cofìstnids“ quk bdika cd guainùa hk cd hns, trnjuinùa lnaornstd yd por iukatd hkc icnkatk!

]ukhk trdtdrsk hk hksiukatos kioaùlnios# pkro tdl, jnîa pukhka ioasnstnr ka ogrkikrck skrvninos iolo kc trdasportk# cos kljdcdeks# ldanpucdinoaks# propdfda, hds# irîhntos# pkrsoadcnzdinùa hk prohuitos# kti!

Diukrhos jdsdhos ka prkino5 Kc prnainpdc pdrälktro pdrd cckfdr d ua diukrho ks kc prkino hk sulnanstro y cd hkldahd hkc lkridho! Dhkläs sk nlpoaka gukrtks rkstrniinoaks ka iudato d cds ioahninoaks hk cd katrkfd y sk prkvnkaka nlportdatks pkadcnzd, inoaks ka idso hk naiulpcnlnkato naiulpcnln kato o roturd hk stoi`! Cds ioahninoaks hk sulnanstro sk hkaolnada –]cda, tnccd“ y soa hk hngìinc akfoindinùa ioa kc icnkatk!

Yk jdsda ka cds kioaolìds hk ksidcd# ks hkinr# ka cd rkhuiinùa hk cos iostks hk prohuiinùa skfõa sk nairk, lkatda cos tdldôos hk cos cotks gdjrnidhos! ]ukhka rkgkrnrsk d uanhdhks o d nlportk!

Gdctd hk nagorldinùa5 Fkakrdclkatk# cds klprksds hk frda hnstrnjuinùa tnkaka uad pocìtnid hndlktrdc, lkatk opukstd d cd hkc eust,na,tnlk ka iudato d cd nagorldinùa d cos provkkhorks! Ao sk proporinoad anafuad nagorldinùa sojrk cd kvocuinùa hkc lkr, idho y poid sojrk cds prkvnsnoaks!

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Fkstnùa hk stoi`s hkc icnkatk5 ka lõctnpcks oid, snoaks# cds ùrhkaks hk iolprd surfka hnrkitd, lkatk hk cd nagorldinùa hk cos propnos ckitorks hk iùhnfos hk jdrrds hk cds ideds rkfnstrdhords!

•

Grkiukaind hk katrkfd5 Dctds grkiukainds hk katrk, fd! Bdjntudclkatk sk katrkfd idhd i dhd hìd ua kavìo ka idhd uad hk cds pcdtdgorlds cofìstnids hkc icnkatk!

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Ka rksulka# pukhk hkinrsk quk lnkatrds ka kc eust, na,tnlk sk jusid cd läxnld iocdjordinùa katrk icn , katk y provkkhor# qukhdaho kc provkkhor natkfrdho ka cos proiksos hk prohuiinùa hkc icnkatk y hnspo, ankaho hk tohd cd nagorldinùa posnjck# ka kc idso hk cd frda hnstrnjuinùa# kc provkkhor ks trdtdho iolo ua dhvkrsdrno dc quk prksnoadr dc läxnlo# sna

anafõa iunhdho hk su rkatdjncnhdh y supkrvnvkaind!

:!:!9 tnpos hk hksiukatos Cos hksiukatos soa hnslnauinoaks ka kc prkino diorhd, ho iudaho sk iulpcda inkrtds ioahninoaks quk sk bdyda akfoindho!

42

Dcfuaos tnpos hk hksiukatos soa5 d. Hksiukatos por tdldôo hk cotk

]or keklpco5 sn d uad klprksd hk tkenhos tkxtncks sk

ck pnhk ua iortk hk 4; lktros tkahrä ua prkino! Yn sk ck socnintd uad –pnkzd“ "rocco. hk ;= l# kc prkino pukhk skr hkc 7=+ o 6=+ hkc pdfdho por kc iortk!

Yn sk ck bdik ua kaidrfo hk :!=== lktros# kc prkino pukhk cckfdr d skr hkc ;=+ hkc quk iostdrìd ua iortk! Cds vdrndinoaks hk prkino sk kxpcnida por cos iostks

hk vkatd# ldanpucdinùa y kavìo# por kc iostk hk sopo, rtdr cos stoi`s d cd kspkrd hk pkhnhos y cos hkspkrhn, inos quk sk fkakrda dc vkahkr tkenho por lktros! j. Hksiukatos por voculka hk iolprds Ka kstk idso sk diulucda cds idatnhdhks iolprdhds d co cdrfo hk ua pkrnoho hk tnklpo y sk bdik uad ks, idcd hk prkinos ka guainùa hk cds uanhdhks o kuros vkahnhos hk gorld quk sk naikatnvk dc icnkatk d cd dhqunsninùa hk läs uanhdhks ka vkz hk hkidatdrsk por cd iolpktkaind! i. Zdppkc hk iolprds Ks snlncdr dc hksiukato por voculka hk iolprds# pkro ka kstk idso co quk sk bdik ks hkvocvkr dc icnkatk dc adc hk dôo uad idatnhdh hkpkahnkaho hkc vdcor totdc

hk sus iolprds! ]or keklpco# sn sk iolprd läs hk 4==!=== K[Z# d adc hk dôo sk hkvukcvk kc :+ hkc vdcor iolprdho# sn sk iolprd läs hk :;=!=== K[Z sk hkvukcvk kc :#;+

y sn sk sojrkpdsda cos ;==!=== K[Z sk hkvocvkrìd kc 9+ hkc vdcor totdc hk cds iolprds!


h. Hksiukato adainkro Kc läs tìpnio ks kc –hksiukato por proato pdfo“ quk sk rkdcnzd pdrd naikatnvdr quk sk rkhuzid kc pkrnoho hk pdfo hk cos icnkatks! Hk kstd gorld kc provkkhor ioa, snfuk dborros ka cos fdstos adainkros "hksiukatos

jdaidrnos# natkrksks# kti!. y dhkläs rkhuik kc rnksfo hk nlpdfos! ]or keklpco5 Yn uad klprksd tkxtnc rkinjk ua gukrtk pk,

hnho hk ua icnkatk ao bdjntudc o quk supkrk kc rnksfo quk ck dskfurd cd klprksds hk ioatroc hk rnksfos "Irîhnto y Iduinùa u otrds.# sk ck pukhk ogrkikr quk djoak dc ioatdho ioa ua hpp "hksiukato por proato pdfo. hkc :+ ka vkz hk d >= hìds!

Hk kstd ldakrd# por ua prkino dikptdjck sk rkhuik kc rnksfo hk nlpdfo y sk ogrkik ua hksiukato kqunvd, ckatk dc 2+ daudc ":+ por trks lksks kqunvdck d 2+ d

hoik lksks.! k. Hksiukatos iolkrindcks Yk rkdcnzda por kstdinoadcnhdh hk cd hkldahd! Yoa läs bdjntudcks ka kc idlpo hk cd hnstrnjuinùa quk ka cd nahustrnd!

Dcfuads gorlds hk puatudr d cos provkkhorks skfõa hk, tkrlnadhos prnainpnos soa5 d. Idcnhdh Cd idcnhdh sk lnhk usudclkatk por cd grdiinùa hk uan, hdhks quk iulpcka ioa cos kstäahdrks kstdjckinhos hk datkldao# sk propoaka cds snfunkatks gorlds hk lkhnr cd idcnhdh5 • Aµ o + hk rkibdzos5 sk nahnid cd grdiinùa hk uan,

hdhks# `f# l9# kti! quk bda sdtnsgkibo cds kspkin, idinoaks prkvnstds! Yk pukhka kxprksdr ka +# ka

ppl "pdrtks por lnccùa. o ka iudcqunkr otrd gorld hk kxprksnùa quk sk dhdptk dc prohuito! • Ìahnik hkc iostk hk idcnhdh5 Ks snlncdr dc datkrnor#

pkro ka vkz hk bdikrsk cos iäciucos por uanhdhks sk rkdcnzd kioaùlnidlkatk# idciucdaho kc iostk hk ao idcnhdh hnvnho por kc vdcor hk iolprd! • Aõlkro hk nainhkainds hk idcnhdh5 Zkiopncdaho tnpos

hk projcklds dsoindhos d ua sulnanstro pdrtniucdr! • Grkiukaind y frdvkhdh hk cos hkgkitos hk idcnhdh

j. Ykrvnino

:!:!8 skckiinùa hk provkkhorks

]drd cd vdcordinùa hkc skrvnino bdy quk tkakr ka iukatd

Cos irntkrnos utncnzdhos pdrd cd kckiinùa hk provkkhorks soa tda dlpcnos iolo cds posnjncnhdhks hk rkdcnzdr ioa, trdtos quk kxnstka# quk pukhka cckfdr hkshk diukrhos d

hk cds idatnhdhks skrvnhds! Yk trdtd hk uad vdcordinùa nlportdatk pdrd cd hktkrlnadinùa hk cos stoi`s hk sk, furnhdh quk cd klprksd hkinhd tkakr!

cdrfo pcdzo d iolprds ksporähnids!

Bdy vdrnds gorlds hk iudatnidr cd idcnhdh hkc skrvnino

Cùfnidlkatk cos irntkrnos pdrd skckiinoadr d cos provkk, horks hkpkahka hk cd hurdinùa hkc ioatrdto! Cos ioa, trdtos hk sulnanstro d cdrfo pcdzo hkjka ioatklpcdr ds, pkitos quk soa naakiksdrnos ka kc idso hk ioatrdtos hk lkaor hurdinùa! Ka iudcqunkr idso# sk rkiolnkahd quk sk utncnika irntk, rnos ojektnvos ka cd skckiinùa hk cos provkkhorks quk pukhka skr sojrk prkinos# pcdzos hk katrkfd y/o idcnhdh! Cd hniuctdh hkc snstkld kstä ka rkdcnzdr vdcordinoaks jdsdhds ka vdrnos pdrälktros o ka cd iudatnidinùa hk

cos lnslos!

cd puatudcnhdh ka cos pcdzos hk katrkfd y cd kxditntuh

hk ua provkkhor# por keklpco ka iudato d cos pcdzos hk katrkfd5 • Katrkfds d tnklpo5 Yk pukhk idciucdr iolo vdcor

djsocuto "por hngkrkaind hk gkibds. o ka porikatdek! ]drd su iudatnidinùa pukhka toldrsk vdrnds ldf , antuhks# iolo aõlkro hk uanhdhks# pkhnhos o vdcor loaktdrno! • Iokinkatk hk katrkfds d tnklpo tnklpo5 Yk rkdcnzd uad

vdcordinùa hk cd puatudcnhdh hk idhd uad hk cds ka, trkfds# sk suld y sk hnvnhk por cd idatnhdh totdc hk katrkfds! Cd tdjcd hk puatudinùa pukhk skr snlncdr d cd snfunkatk5

4>


t 45 iokGninkatk hk katrkfds d tnklpo rktrdso

dhkcdato

puatos

D tn k l p o

Bdstd : hìds

4 ==

Bdstd : hìds

9 d ; hìds

2=

9 d ; hìds

7 d 4 ; h ìd s

;=

7 d 4= hìds

4; d 9= hìds

9=

Läs hk 4= hìds

Läs hk 9= hìds

=

Hksvndinùa djsocutd lkhnd hkc pcdzo5 Ks otrd gorld hk hktkrlnadr cd puatudcnhdh hk cds katrkfds# ioa, snstkatk ka idciucdr cd lkhnd hk cds hksvndinoaks ka cd gkibd prkvnstd hk katrkfd "sna katrdr d vdcordr sn sk katrkfda datks o hkspuîs.! Yk ojtnkak ua vdcor ka hìds!

•

puatos

Nagkrnor dc :+

4==

snstk ka kc iäciuco hkc + hk hksvndinùa katrk cds

Hkc :+ dc ;+

2=

uanhdhks socnintdhds y cds uanhdhks rkdclkatk rk, injnhds!

Hkc ;+ dc 4=+

;=

Iokinkatk hk idatnhdhks katrkfdhds5 Yk idciucd hk gorld snlncdr dc iokinkatk hk katrkfds d tnkl ,

Hkc 4=+ dc :=+

9=

Ldyor hkc :=+

=

cds idatnhdhks katrkfdhds por cos provkkhorks# sk intda cds snfunkatks5 ]orikatdek hk hksvndinùa ka cds idatnhdhks5 Ioa,

•

po# puatudaho idhd uad hk cds rkikpinoaks cd hks, vndinùa grkatk d cd idatnhdh socnintdhd y ojtkankaho hkspuîs cd lkhnd hk cos puatos ojtkanhos!

:=

t :5 iokGninkatk hk idatnhdhks katrkfdhds hksvndinùa rkspkito dc pkhnho

Katrk cds vdcordinoaks pdrd hktkrlnadr cd kxditntuh hk

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Yk pukhk pdrtnr hk uad tdjcd snlncdr d cd snfunkatk y dhdptdhd d idhd idso5


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Hksvndinùa djsocutd lkhnd hk cd idatnhdh5 Yk idc, iucd hk gorld snlncdr d cd hksvndinùa hkc pcdzo# oj, tkankaho cd hngkrkaind katrk idatnhdhks socnintdhds y rkinjnhds y idciucdaho cd lkhnd sna ioatdr sn cds hksvndinoaks soa hk läs o hk lkaos!

i. Iostk ]drd cd Wdcordinùa kgkitnvd hkc iostk ks nlportdatk ioasnhkrdr dhkläs hkc prkino# tohds dqukccds nain, hkainds kioaùlnids quk sk dsoinka# iolo pukhka skr hkvocuinoaks# rkicdldinùa hk katrkfds# rkicdsn, idinùa hk ldtkrndcks# kti! Xdljnîa rksuctd rkiolkahdjck iolpdrdr katrkfds ka cds lnslds ioahninoaks "portks# skfuros# kljdcdeks# hksiukatos# kti!.! h. Otrds vdcordinoaks Ka hktkrlnadhds ioahninoaks pukhk skr õtnc pdrd cd skckiinùa hk provkkhorks cd ioasnhkrdinùa hk otros dspkitos iolo cos snfunkatks5 • Yntudinùa adainkrd quk dskfurk cd supkrvnvkaind

hk cd klprksd sulnanstrdhord! • ]osksnùa hk ua snstkld snstkld hk dskfurdlnkato hk cd idcnhdh ikrtnidho "tnpo NYO,>===.! • Lohkranhdh hk cds nastdcdinoaks! • Kinkaind ka cd prohuiinùa# prohuiinùa# quk pukhd gdincntdr ka

• Ykr poskkhor hk tkiaocofìd# y kstdr idpdintdho

pdrd su hksdrrocco postkrnor ioa ua hkpdrtdlkato hk NHN! • Ioatroc cofìstnio# quk pkrlntd ua skfunlnkato ska, incco y djck hkc kstdho hk cos pkhnhos# hnslnauy,

kaho cds naikrtnhuljrks hk cds katrkfds! • Iocdjordinùa tîianid# pdrd dportdr socuinoaks d cos

icnkatks! k. Iolpdrdinùa katrk provkkhorks Iudaho sk skckiinoada cos pdrälktros pdrd cd kvdcu, dinùa hk cos provkkhorks# ks akiksdrno ioljnadrcos hk dcfuad gorld opkrdtnvd pdrd pohkr toldr uad hk, insnùa õanid! Ydcvo quk ua provkkhor skd aktdlkatk supkrnor ka tohos cos pdrälktros# opinùa poio projdjck puksto quk cos provkkhorks läs kioaùlnios pukhka tkakr pkor skrvnino o idcnhdh# ks akiksdrno irkdr ua ìahnik ioljnadho pdrd cd kvdcudinùa hk provkkhorks! ]drd kcco# sn sk ccdld T dc ìahnik hk idcnhdh# ] dc hk iulpcnlnkato hk pcdzos y I dc hk iostk# y sk kxprksda tohos ka cd lnsld uanhdh "+ o puatos. pukhk poahkr ,

drsk cd nlportdaind hk idhd uao hk cos pdrälktros! Yn supoaklos quk cd nlportdaind ks :=+# 9=+ y ;=+

rkspkitnvdlkatk# cd gùrlucd hkc ìahnik hk vdcordinùa hk provkkhorks skrìd dcfo dsì5

kc guturo uad hnslnauinùa hk cos prkinos! • Aorldcnzdinùa hk cds katrkfds5 uso hk pdcckts aor ,

ldcnzdhos# hk iùhnfos hk jdrrds u otros! • Dhdptdjncnhdh d cos rkqukrnlnkatos hkc icnkatk5 gor ,

ldto# kljdcdek# trdasportk# kti! • Kinkaind dhlnanstrdtnvd# quk rkhuzid iostks y pcd,

zos hk katrkfd! • Gdincnhdh hk ioluanidinùa# dhdptäahosk d cos

snstklds nagorlätnios hkc icnkatk pdrd cd rkhuiinùa hk pcdzos dhlnanstrdtnvos y hk krrorks! • Dutoldtnzdinùa hk dcldikaks!

ìahnik hk skckiinùa < T x

:= 4==

]x

9= 4==

Ix

;= 4==

Yn sk hkskda naicunr läs pdrälktros hk vdcordinùa pukhk cckfdr d rkdcnzdrsk ua iukstnoadrno quk skd rkc, ckadho pdrd idhd provkkhor# puatuäahocos hk cd gorld läs ojektnvd quk skd posnjck! Kvnhkatklkatk# cds ioahninoaks hk ua provkkhor idl, jnda ioa kc tnklpo# hk gorld quk ks akiksdrno rkdcnzdr hk gorld pkrnùhnid cds kvdcudinoaks! [a pcdzo daudc pukhk skr dhkiudho ka cd ldyorìd hk cos idsos!

:4


:!9 dcldikaks

, Ka fkakrdc snklprk kxnstk naikrtnhuljrk ka cd hk,

ldahd y ka cd idcnhdh hkc skrvnino hk cos provkk,

:!9!4 Guainoaks hk cos dcldikaks Ks guainùa hk cd cofìstnid ioaskfunr quk cos ldtkrndcks akiksdrnos pdrd kc proikso hk cd klprksd "skd kc pro, ikso prohuitnvo o kc iolkrindc hk hnstrnjuinùa. kstîa hnspoanjcks ka kc lolkato dhkiudho! ]drd cofrdrco sk pdrtk hk uaos tnklpos hk diopno y uads prkvnsnoaks quk pukhka skr läs o lkaos deustdhds!

horks! ]drd quk ksto ao nauyd ka kc proikso hk cd klprksd sk utncnzda cos dcldikaks ioa guainùa rkfucdhord! •

anpucdinùa y cos iostks adainkros hk ldatkakr ua stoi`# sk cckfd d cd ioaicusnùa hk quk kxnstk ua

tdldôo hk cotk ùptnlo "vkr Gùrlucd :5 Iäciuco hkc cotk kioaùlnio.! Kc kxikso hk ldtkrndc quk ao prk, insk skr ioasulnho hk nalkhndto skrä dcldikadho ka kspkrd hk su uso!

[ad guainùa hk cos dcldikaks ks cd hk hdr uad socuinùa d cd naikrtnhuljrk quk provoida cds prkvnsnoaks# dsì iolo kcnlnadr cds tkasnoaks ka cd idhkad hk sulnanstro! Xdljnîa tnkaka uad guainùa kioaùlnid ka cd hka, ninùa hkc tdldôo hk cotk hk diopno o skrvnino y ka cds iolprds kspkiucdtnvds5 dqukccds quk sk bdika pdrd

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Iolprds kspkiucdtnvds5 Ka idsos hk vdrndinoaks nlportdatks hk prkinos ka kc lkridho# ks posnjck quk skd kstrdtîfnio pdrd cd klprksd rkdcnzdr gukrtks diopnos pdrd kc ioasulo d cdrfo pcdzo! Ka kstk idso sk rkqukrnrä hk uaos dcldikaks idpdintdhos pdrd ldatkakr cos stoi`s!

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Iolpcklkato hkc proikso prohuitnvo5 Ka oidsnoaks kc dcldikadlnkato pukhk cckfdr d gorldr pdrtk hkc proikso prohuitnvo! Ks kc idso hk prohuitos dcn, lkatninos iolo kc kavkekinho hk vnaos o kc iurdho hk edloaks# kc skidho hk ldtkrnds prnlds iolo cd ldhkrd# kti! Ka kstos idsos sk kstä supkhntdho d cds ioahninoaks nlpukstds por kc proikso prohui, tnvo!

dprovkibdr hktkrlnadhds ioahninoaks hkc lkridho! ]or otrd pdrtk# ao hkjk pkrhkrsk cd vnsnùa hkc vdcor hkc ditnvo inriucdatk quk sk kaiukatrd ka cos dcldikaks y quk ao fkakrd anafõa jkakino d cd klprksd lnkatrds sk

kaiukatrd dccì hkposntdho5 cd pocìtnid hk ioatroc hkc tdldôo hk cos navkatdrnos pukhk cckfdr ka dcfuaos idsos idso s d ldridr cd hngkrkaind katrk klprksds rkatdjcks y ao rkatdjcks! Cds prnainpdcks guainoaks hk cos dcldikaks soa5 Zkfucdinùa hk cos hkskquncnjrnos katrk ogkrtd y hk, ldahd5 Hkpkahnkaho hk cd ditnvnhdh hk cd klprksd#

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kxnstka lõctnpcks idsos!

:!9!: tnpos hk dcldikaks

, Kxnstka cos idsos idsos ka cos quk cd idcnhdh hk skr , vnino dc icnkatk ks irìtnid y cd ioorhnadinùa katrk

Dtkahnkaho dc irntkrno hk icdsnidinùa# sk pukhka ioa,

dcldikaks# diopnos y idhkad prohuitnvd hkjk nlpkhnr d tohd iostd roturds hk stoi` quk provo, quka hksdjdstkinlnkato d cos icnkatks! Ka kstos idsos cos dcldikaks sk hnlkasnoada ka prkvnsnùa hk cd vdrndjncnhdh hk cd hkldahd! , Ka idsos hk hkldahd kstdinoadc# cos dcldikaks sk utncnzda pdrd cdlnadr cd prohuiinùa hurdatk ua inico läs cdrfo# pkrlntnkaho rkhuinr cds navkr, snoaks ka kcklkatos hk prohuiinùa y ldatkakr ioastdatk cd ditnvnhdh hkc pkrsoadc!

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Zkhuiinùa hk iostks5 Dadcnzdaho cos iostks hk rkdcnzdr ua kavìo# cos iostks hk dcldikadek y ld,

snhkrdr cos snfunkatks tnpos hk dcldiîa# quk pukhka skr kckfnhos skfõa cds ioahninoaks propnds hk idhd idso5 d. Zkspkito dc proikso prohuitnvo Ykfõa su posninùa rkspkito dc proikso prohuitnvo hk cd klprksd# cos dcldikaks sk hnvnhka ka5 • Dcldikaks hk ldtkrnds prnlds5 Ioatnkaka cos

ldtkrndcks# sulnanstros# kavdsks# kti! quk skräa postkrnorlkatk utncnzdhos ka kc proikso hk trdas, gorldinùa!


• Dcldikaks hk prohuitos sklnkcdjordhos5 Xnkaka

uad guainùa snlncdr# pkro dcldikada ldtkrndcks yd proiksdhos por cd klprksd! Yk ujnida katrk hos proiksos quk ao kstäa ioakitdhos por iudcqunkr idusd5 skpdrdinùa fkofräid# hnstnato rntlo hk pro , huiinùa# kti! Ka kccos sk dcldikad por keklpco# cos ldtkrndcks hk pcästnio naykitdho pkahnkatk hk bdikr ua loa, tdek o ua proikso hk pnaturd! Xdljnîa Xdljnîa skrìd kc idso hk cos dcldikaks hk urhnljrks cnstds pdrd katrdr ka kc proikso hk tnsdek uad klprksd tkxtnc! • Dcldikaks hk prohuitos tkrlnadhos 5 Yu adcnhdh ks

cd hk ldatkakr kc skrvnino dc icnkatk hk cd klprksd! • Dcldikaks hk rkidljnos "hkstnadhos d cd vkatd.5

Iudaho cd klprksd hnstrnjuyk dhkläs hkc prohui, to prnainpdc sus rkidljnos# îstos sukcka tkakr ua trdtdlnkato hngkrkatk por su pkiucndr hkldahd! Ka fkakrdc tnkaka jded rotdinùa por cds poids posnjncn, hdhks hk prkvkr cd hkldahd# ioljnadhds ioa cds akiksnhdhks hk skrvnino räpnho! • Dcldikaks hk ldtkrndcks duxncndrks5 Zkspoasdjcks

hk sulnanstrdr dc proikso prohuitnvo ldtkrndcks hnstnatos hk cds ldtkrnds prnlds5 dikntks# bkrrd, lnkatds# prohuitos hk cnlpnkzd# kti! j. Cofìstnid hk hnstrnjuinùa Ykfõa sus guainoaks rkspkito d cd cofìstnid hk hns, trnjuinùa kxnstka5 • Dcldikaks hk ioasocnhdinùa5 Yoa dcnlkatdhos por

cos ikatros prohuitnvos hk cos quk rkinjka ldtkrn, dcks quk dfrupda! ]or keklpco skrìd kc idso hk cos dcldikaks hk rk, ikpinùa hk ldtkrndcks hk uad klprksd ldaugdi, turkrd! • Ikatros hk rupturd5 Zkinjka cotks hk prohuitos

quk grdiinoada y kavìda d icnkatks! ]or keklpco skrìd kc idso hk cds pcdtdgorlds cofìstnids hk cds klprksds hk supkrlkridhos!

Co bdjntudc ks hnspoakr hk ua ikatro hk ioasocnhdinùa pdrd rkinjnr cos dprovnsnoadlnkatos y ua ikatro hk rup, turd pdrd fkstnoadr cd hnstrnjuinùa! i. Zkspkito d cd gorld hk rotdinùa • GNGO "rst na# rst out < prnlkro ka katrdr# prnlkro

ka sdcnr.5 Cos prohuitos sdcka hkc dcldiîa ka kc lnslo orhka ka kc quk katrdroa! Ka cd ldyor pdrtk hk cos idsos sk trdtd hk cd opinùa läs dioaskedjck# puksto quk kvntd quk bdyd lkr, idaiìds quk sk qukhka rktkanhds luibo tnklpo "ioa rnksfo hk idhuinhdh# ojsocksikaind# hktkrnoro# kti!. y sk kvntd cd lkzicd hk cotks "idcnhdh läs uangorlk# rksuctd läs gäinc dnscdr cotks hkgkituosos# kti!.! [a guainoadlnkato kstrnito rkqunkrk cd utncnzdinùa hk snstklds nagorlätnios hk fkstnùa hk dcldikaks# pkro uad jukad orfdanzdinùa hkc dcldiîa y uad nhkatnidinùa hk cds gkibds hk gdjrnidinùa ka cds ktnquktds# pukhk skr suinkatk pdrd luibds

klprksds! • CNGO "Cdst na# rst out < uctnlo ka katrdr# prnlkro

ka sdcnr.5 Ka idso hk tkakr quk rkiurrnr d kstk tnpo hk dcldiîa ks rkiolkahdjck ioaskfunr quk pkrnù, hnidlkatk sk vdiìka pdrd kvntdr quk cos prnlkros prohuitos quk katrdroa pkrldakzida dcldikad, hos hurdatk dôos! h. Xîianids hk ldanpucdinùa Ykfõa cds idrditkrìstnids hk cds idrfds d ldanpucdr y cd idatnhdh hk lovnlnkatos quk sk rkdcnika sk pukhk optdr por cds snfunkatks socuinoaks "hk lkaor d ldyor akiksnhdh hk navkrsnùa.5 • Ka jcoquk5 Idrkika hk kstruiturd hk soportk y sk

dpncda pdcckts uaos sojrk otros! • Ioavkainoadcks5 Kc dcldiîa icäsnio gorldho por

kstdatkrìds d cds quk sk diikhk lkhndatk idrrktnc, cds kckvdhords! Kxnstka vdrndinoaks ka cds quk sk

pukhka rkhuinr cos pdsnccos lkhndatk kc uso hk idr, rktnccds trncdtkrdcks quk ao prkinsda fnrdr pdrd dcida, zdr cds idrfds!

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• Dutolätnios5 Cds idrfds sk hkposntda ka uad ka,

• Navkatdrnos pkrnùhnios5 ]drd ioaoikr kc ioatkanho hk

trdhd quk cds cckvd bdstd su posninùa hk dcldikadek sna natkrvkainùa buldad!

cos dcldikaks sk rkdcnzd ioa inkrtd pkrnohninhdh ua navkatdrno ldaudc! Iolo ioaskiukaind sk prohuik uad naikrtnhuljrk katrk navkatdrno k navkatdrno quk sk rksukcvk nairklkatdaho cos stoi`s hk skfurnhdh!

Ioasnfuka ua ldyor dprovkibdlnkato hkc voculka hnspoanjck frdinds d cd rkhuiinùa hk cos pdsnccos d cd lìanld kxprksnùa! Xdljnîa Xdljnîa kckvda cd prohuitnvnhdh

dc rkhuinr cd ldao hk ojrd akiksdrnd! Zkqunkrka hk uad frda navkrsnùa# por co quk soa dioaskedjcks ka kc idso hk frdahks vocõlkaks hk dcldikadek y/o frda idatnhdh hk lovnlnka, tos5 pcdtdgorlds hk hnstrnjuinùa d supkrlkridhos# ikatrdcks hk iolprds "iolo ioopkrdtnvds hk gkr, rktkrìd.# gdrldinds# klprksds hk hnstrnjuinùa hk dcnlkatos pkrkikhkros "yofurks# bkcdhos# kti!.! • Kspkindcks5 Inkrtds lkridaiìds rkqunkrka hk socu,

inoaks kspkindcks! Ks kc idso hk fräakcks# cìqunhos# lkridaiìds pkcnf, rosds# prohuitos cdrfos "pkrcks hk dculnano o dikro

hk 7 ù 4: lktros hk coafntuh.# kti! k. ]or cd icdsnidinùa hk cds lkridaiìds5 • Hkhnidhos5 Yoa dqukccos ka cos quk idhd zoad hkc dcld,

iîa sk hkhnid d uad rkgkrkaind o gdlncnd hk prohuitos! • Idùtnios5 Ao kxnstka zoads rkskrvdhds d anafõa pro ,

huito ka pdrtniucdr# y cos juctos soa hkposntdhos skfõa cckfda ka cd zoad läs dhkiudhd d su pkso# voculka o gdincnhdh hk lovnlnkato! ]drd su iorrkitd fkstnùa akiksntda hk ua snstkld na, gorlätnio quk cos fkstnoak y rkdcnik uad rotdinùa GNGO! Ioasnfuka lkeor dprovkibdlnkato hkc kspdino! g. ]or cd fkstnùa hk cos navkatdrnos • Navkatdrno ioatnauo5 Yoa dqukccos dcldikaks ka cos quk sk ioaoik ka toho lolkato cds kxnstkainds lk ,

hndatk uad bkrrdlnkatd nagorlätnid quk rkfnstrd cds katrdhds y sdcnhds! Ks cd opinùa läs kinkatk ka kc idso hk dcldikaks ioa

frda idatnhdh hk lovnlnkatos o iudaho sk jusid rk, huinr cos stoi`s por rdzoaks kioaùlnids u opkrdtnvds!

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f. Otros Kxnstka dhkläs otros tnpos hk dcldikaks kspkiìios#

iolo cos hk dtlùsgkrd ioatrocdhd "ioafkcdhos# rkgrnf, krdhos# hk ldhurdinùa hk grutds# kti!. o cos quk gor, lda pdrtk hkc proikso prohuitnvo# quk tnkaka inkrtds idrditkrìstnids kspkindcks y quk por tdato akiksntda skr kstuhndhos nahkpkahnkatklkatk!

:!9!9 prnainpnos hkc dcldikadek Dcfuads hnrkitrniks fkakrdcks pdrd cos dcldikaks soa cds snfunkatks5 • Ioorhnadinùa ioa kc rksto hk guainoaks hk cd kl,

prksd5 hkjka kstdr natkfrdhos ka kc snstkld pro, huitnvo# cd tnpocofìd hk icnkatks y provkkhorks# kti! • Ioatroc hkc voculka5 cds idatnhdhks dcldikadhds

hkjka idciucdrsk jusidaho kc lìanlo iostk totdc# naicuykaho iolprd# ldanpucdinùa# ldatkanlnkato# rnksfo hk hksdjdstkinlnkato# kti! • Lìanlo ksgukrzo ka su fkstnùa# pdrd co quk ks rk, iolkahdjck rkhuinr kc kspdino klpckdho# kc träio

natkrnor y cos lovnlnkatos! • Gckxnjncnhdh pdrd dhdptdrsk d cd rkdcnhdh hk cd kl,

prksd ka idhd lolkato y d ua iostk rdzoadjck! • Ioatroc hkc navkatdrno5 Ks hkskdjck quk sk pukhd

sdjkr cds idatnhdhks y rkgkrkainds hk cos ldtkrndcks dcldikadhos! ]drd kcco kxnstka socuinoaks nagorlätn, ids# rkfnstros ldaudcks o dcldikaks hkhnidhos!

:!9!8 zoads hkc dcldiîa Cd dhkiudhd orfdanzdinùa hk ua dcldiîa rkpkriutk ka sus guturos iostks hk kxpcotdinùa! Hkpkahnkaho hk cd

kstdahdrnzdinùa hk cos juctos# cd idatnhdh hk lovnlnka, tos y otrds ioasnhkrdinoaks# sk cckfd d uads akiksnhdhks hk ldyor o lkaor sostnidinùa!


Cds prnainpdcks zoads hk ua dcldiîa soa5 •

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Lukccks y zoads hk ldanojrd5 Yoa cos kspdinos hks, tnadhos d cds opkrdinoaks hk katrdhd y sdcnhd hk lkr, idaiìds y d cos vkbìiucos quk cds vda d trdasportdr!

:!8!4 proiksos navocuirdhos ka cd hnstrnjuinùa

Uoad hk rkikpinùa y ioatroc5 Cd zoad hkhnidhd d iolprojdr kc kstdho y idatnhdhks rkinjnhds rk, spkito d cds hoiulkatdhds! Xdljnîa pukhka utn,

Dhkläs hkc ueo hk ldtkrndcks kxnstk ua skfuaho ueo

cnzdrsk pdrd uad prnlkrd icdsnidinùa! • •

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hk nagorldinùa quk inriucd ka skatnho ioatrdrno! Hk cd kxditntuh# dfncnhdh y fkstnùa hkc ueo hk nagor , ldinùa hkpkahk ka frda lkhnhd cd rdpnhkz y kinka,

ind hk cd cofìstnid hk ldtkrndcks!

Uoad hk pni`naf5 Kc pni`naf ks cd rkiofnhd hk ldtk, rndcks pdrd cd prkpdrdinùa hk pkhnhos! Ka kstd zoad sk dfrupda# kavdsda k nhkatnida cos ldtkrndcks cn, stos pdrd su kavìo dc hkstnao!

luctnpcnida por hos o por trks dc dôdhnr dc tnklpo hk skrvnino# cos tnklpos dhlnanstrdtnvos hk icnkatk y prov, kkhor5 Ka luibos idsos# uad pkqukôd navkrsnùa ka cd

Uoad hk vkrnidinùa y ioatroc5 cufdr prùxnlo d cos

Oinads y skrvninos5 pdrd kc ioatroc dhlnanstrdtnvo y

pdrd kc skrvnino hkc pkrsoadc hkc dcldiîa! •

d. ]roiksdlnkato hk pkhnhos

Uoad hk stoi`5 Ks cd zoad hkhnidhd dc dcldik, adlnkato propndlkatk hnibo!

lukccks hk sdcnhd hoahk sk ioasocnhda cds lkrida, iìds pdrd su kavìo! •

• Dcldikadlnkato!

Uoads kspkindcks5 pdrd pdcckts vdiìos# idrfd hk jdt, krìds hk idrrktnccds# ldtkrndcks ao ioagorlks# kti!

:!8 kc idadc cofìstnio5 cd hnstrnjuinùa Cd hnstrnjuinùa gìsnid hk ua prohuito fkakrdclkatk iuka, td ioa inaio kcklkatos guahdlkatdcks5 • ]roiksdlnkato hk pkhnhos5 Ks cd pdrtk quk sk kaidr,

fd hk cckvdr cd nagorldinùa hkc ioasulnhor d cd kl, prksd sulnanstrdhord ioa kc a hk rkdcnzdr prohuitos

y skrvninos hk diukrho d cds akiksnhdhks hkc icnkatk! • Ioatroc hk navkatdrnos5 Yu guainùa ks ioatrocdr kc lovn,

lnkato "katrdhd y sdcnhd. hk prohuitos pdrd ldatkakr ua rkfnstro ka cos ueos hk prohuiinùa o vkatds! • Xrdasportk5 Ioa aks hk prohuiinùa# vkatd o ka, trkfd adc! • Ldanpucdinùa hk lkridaiìds5 Ks cd pdrtk quk sk kaidrfd hk hdr ua trdtdlnkato kspkiìio d cos pro ,

huitos5 kavdsdho# dfrupdinùa# kti!

Ao ks kxtrdôo kaioatrdr pcdzos hk katrkfd quk sk

lkeord hkc ueo hk nagorldinùa vd d ioaskfunr ua dcto

rkahnlnkato kioaùlnio ka cd idhkad cofìstnid! j. Ioatroc hk cos navkatdrnos Ka kc idpìtuco hkhnidho d cd fkstnùa hk cos dcldikaks sk bda rkdcnzdho cds rkiolkahdinoaks sojrk kc ioatroc hk cos navkatdrnos! i. Xrdasportk Ka akfoinos ioa frda iolpckenhdh cofìstnid# kc iostk hkc trdasportk pukhk supoakr kc ldyor iostk hk tohos cos navocuirdhos ka cd prohuiinùa y vkatd hkc jnka# por co iudc# su fkstnùa skrä irìtnid pdrd cd rkatdjncnhdh hk cd kl, prksd! Iolo d tohds cds ditnvnhdhks# sk cks hkjk prkstdr ldyor o lkaor ksgukrzo skfõa su nlportdaind rkcdtnvd! Cd fkstnùa hkc trdasportk naicuyk cos snfunkatks iol, poakatks5 • Ykckiinùa hk rutds! • Jõsqukhd y skckiinùa hk cds lkeorks ogkrtds! • Xrdzdho hk cds rutds! • Orhkadr y hnrnfnr cds kxpkhninoaks! • Akfoindinùa hk cds rkicdldinoaks por pîrhnhds o

hdôos! • Iolprojdinùa hk cds gditurds hk cos trdasportks!

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h. Ldanpucdinùa hk cds lkridaiìds Cds akiksnhdhks läs iolpckeds hk ldanpucdinùa hk lkridaiìds naicuyka co snfunkatk5 .5 Ioasnstk ka • Zkiofnhd hk pkhnhos "o – ]ni`naf“ .5 rkiorrkr cos dcldikaks pdrd cd rkiofnhd hk cos ldtkrndcks socnintdhos por cos icnkatks! Ykfõa cd idatnhdh y iolpckenhdh hk cos pkhnhos quk rkinjk cd klprksd# sk hkjkrä bdikr ua ldyor ksgukrzo hk hnskôo quk jusquk kc kquncnjrno katrk cd navkrsnùa ka kqunpos y dcldiîa y kc iostk hk cd ldao hk ojrd! Katrk cds socuinoaks ioa ldyor ksgukrzo navkrsor kstä kc uso hk dcldikaks dutolätnios ioa fkstnùa nagorlätnid hk cos pkhnhos quk rkqunkrka kc lkaor uso hk ldao hk ojrd y kc lkeor dprovkibdlnkato hkc l9 hk dcldiîa! Otrds socuinoaks natkrlkhnds soa kc uso hk idrrktnc, cds prkpdrdhords hk pkhnhos "ka cds quk kc ioahui, tor sk kckvd euato ioa cds borqunccds. o kc uso hk idrrktnccds kstäahdrks! .5 Kc klpdquktdho hk • Klpdquktdho "o – pdi`dfnaf“ pdi`dfnaf“ .5 cds lkridaiìds tnkak vdrnds guainoaks iolo protki, inùa ioatrd pkqukôos focpks# ioatrd naicklkainds hkc tnklpo o ioatrd cd suinkhdh! Xdljnîa Xdljnîa snrvk iolo prkinato quk fdrdatnik cd natkfrnhdh hkc kavìo bdstd kc icnkatk o iolo dpoyo hk cd nldfka hkc provkkhor! Ks rkiolkahdjck tkakr uad aorldtnvd sojrk kc klpdquktdho quk kstdahdrnik cos ldtkrndcks y cd gorld hk rkdcnzdrco pdrd kvntdr cds nlprovnsdinoaks y fdrdatnzdr quk sk trdtk hk ua kljdcdek skfuro y quk iulpcd cds aorlds hk rkinicdek! Ka cos idsos ka quk cd ldao hk ojrd klpckdhd ka kc klpdquktdho skd kckvdhd# ks rkiolkahdjck quk sk kstuhnk hktdccdhdlkatk kc proikso jusida, ho su läxnld kinkaind!

k. Dcldikadlnkato Cd cofìstnid hk hnstrnjuinùa pdrtk hkshk cos dcldikaks d cos quk yd sk bd hkhnidho ua idpìtuco iolpckto!

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:!8!: tnpos hk Gcueos hk h k ldtkrndcks Dtkahnkaho dc kcklkato nanindhor hkc proikso cofìstnio# sk pukhka hnstnafunr hos tnpos hk ueos hk ldtkrndcks5 •

]ucc "o drrdstrk.5 Ks kc idso ka kc quk cos icnkatks tnrda hk cd idhkad cofìstnid d trdvîs hk sus pkhnhos! Ks cd opinùa läs gdvordjck pdrd cd rkhuiinùa hk stoi`s "ks kc snstkld utncnzdho pdrd kc eust,na,tnlk.! Zkqunkrk hk uad inriucdinùa hk nagorldinùa äfnc y djck puksto quk ao bdy ldrfka hk krror!

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]usb "o klpuek.5 Cd klprksd natrohuik cos ld, tkrndcks ka kc idadc hk hnstrnjuinùa ldatkanîahoco idrfdho ka toho lolkato! Ao rkqunkrk hk tdato ks, gukrzo ka kc ldakeo hk cd nagorldinùa iolo kc pucc# pkro por kc ioatrdrno akiksntd hkc ldatkanlnkato hk ldyorks navkatdrnos ioa cds ioaskiukainds hk nairklkato hk iostks hk dcldikadek# adainkros y

rnksfos hk ojsocktos!

:!8!9 opkrdhorks cofìstnios ]or rdzoaks hk kioaolìd# cd sujioatrdtdinùa hk pdrtk hk cd guainùa cofìstnid kxnstk ka cd ldyorìd hk cds kl, prksds# k naicuso ka idsos hk frda iolpckenhdh ka cd hnstrnjuinùa ks posnjck rkiurrnr d opkrdhorks cofìstnios d cos quk sujioatrdtdr cd totdcnhdh hk cds opkrdinoaks! Kstd sujioatrdtdinùa sk jdsd ka quk kc opkrdhor# dc skr uad klprksd kspkindcnzdhd ka cd rkdcnzdinùa hk kstos skrvninos# tnkak idpdinhdh hk hksdrroccdr ioa ldyor k, inkaind cos proiksos hk hnstrnjuinùa! Dhkläs hk pohkr ioatdr ioa tkiaocofìds hk nagorldinùa dvdazdhd# kxnstk kc kgkito hk cds kioaolìds hk ksidcd

quk pkrlntka quk cos rkiursos sk hkhnquka d vdrnos icn, katks ioasocnhdaho sus lkridaiìds y ojtkankaho lkeor utncnzdinùa hk cos lkhnos! Kvnhkatklkatk sk trdtd hk skrvninos iolpckeos y quk por co tdato ao soa kioaùlnios# pkro pdrd cd klprksd icn, katk kxnstk uad skrnk hk vkatdeds icdrds5 •

Yk ioaoika ioa kxditntuh cos iostks hk hnstrnjuinùa!


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Ao ks akiksdrnd cd rkdcnzdinùa hk gukrtks navkr ,

snoaks! •

Cos fdstos eos pdsda d vdrndjcks# puksto quk ao

ks akiksdrno hnspoakr hk cd pcdatnccd an hk cos lk, hnos pdrd bdikr cd hnstrnjuinùa! •

Yk pukhk hnspoakr hk uad tkiaocofìd hk fkstnùa dc hìd sna akiksnhdh hk skr ua kxpkrto ka cofìstnid!

Kc dcidaik hkc ioatrdto ioa ua opkrdhor cofìstnio pukhk naicunr cd fkstnùa hk cos dcldikaks rkfucdhorks# cd prk, pdrdinùa hk pkhnhos# kc kljdcdek# kc ktnquktdho y cd fkstnùa nagorlätnid hk cd nagorldinùa hk cos pkhnhos dhkläs hkc trdasportk y hnstrnjuinùa hk cd lkridaiìd!

:!8!8 cd cofìstnid navkrsd Cd cofìstnid navkrsd fkstnoad kc rktorao hk cds lkrida, iìds ka cd idhkad hk sulnanstro hk cd gorld läs kgkitnvd y kioaùlnid posnjck! Yk kaidrfd hk cd rkiupkrdinùa y rkinicdek hk kavdsks# kljdcdeks y rksnhuos pkcnfrosos0 dsì iolo hk cos proiksos hk rktorao hk hkvocuinoaks hk icnkatks! Cds idusds pdrd cds hkvocuinoaks hk cos icnkatks soa vdrnd, hds y hkpkahka hk idhd idso! Idjk skôdcdr cds snfunkatks5 prohuitos hkgkituosos# ojsocktos# kxiksos hk navkatdrno o

prohuitos ao vkahnhos por kc icnkatk# prohuitos kavndhos pdrd su rkpdrdinùa ka fdrdatìd o gukrd hk kccd# kti! Cds opkrdinoaks quk sk kafcojda hkatro hk cd cofìstnid navkrsd soa cos snfunkatks5

]drd cd nlpcdatdinùa hk ua snstkld hk cofìstnid navkrsd ks rkiolkahdjck klpkzdr su hnskôo hkshk kc dvnso hkc icnkatk# puksto quk ka cd ldyor pdrtk hk cos idsos sk nanind iolo ua rkqukrnlnkato hkc skrvnino dc icnkatk! ic nkatk! ]rkvndlkatk ks rkiolkahdjck bdjkr hkanho icdrdlkatk cd pocìtnid hk

hkvocuinoaks dikptdjcks5 pcdzos# kstdho hk cd lkridaiìd# hoiulkatdinùa akiksdrnd pdrd rkdcnzdrcd# kti! Iolo toho proikso hk uad klprksd# ks rkiolkahdjck quk kxnstd uad icdrd hkaninùa hk rkspoasdjcks y uad lkhnhd hk su kinkaind/rkatdjncnhdh5 hkvocuinoaks por

idhd 4== kavìos# iostk lkhno hk hkvocuinùa por uanhdh# tnklpo lkhno hk rkspukstd# sdtnsgdiinùa hkc icnkatk# por, ikatdek hk dprovkibdlnkato hk hkvocuinoaks# u otros quk sk ioasnhkrka dhkiudhos! Hdho quk sk rkinjka frda idatnhdh hk prohuitos provk, ankatks hk lõctnpcks hkstnaos# ks ioavkankatk bdikr uad räpnhd kvdcudinùa prkvnd hk cds posnjncnhdhks hk dprovk, ibdlnkato ioa kc a hk rkhuinr cos iostks hk cd klprksd!

Otro hk cos ioahninoadatks nlportdatks hk cd cofìstnid na, vkrsd ks cd fkstnùa hk rksnhuos y kc rkinicdek5 kxnstk uad

ckfnscdinùa iuyo iulpcnlnkato pukhk cckfdr d iolpcnidr sojrkldakrd cd fkstnùa hk cds hkvocuinoaks! Ks prkinso prkvkr cos idsos datks hk cckfdr d diulucdr ldtkrndcks hk hngìinc fkstnùa lkhnodljnkatdc!

:!8!; naGorldtnzdinùa hk cd fkstnùa Iolo sk bd kxpcnidho dc nanino hkc idpìtuco :!8# cd fkstnùa hkc ueo hk nagorldinùa ks tda nlportdatk iolo cd hk cos

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Zktnrdhd hk lkridaiìd!

ldtkrndcks! Iudaho kc voculka hk lovnlnkatos skd nl, portdatk# ks idsn nlposnjck cckvdrco ldaudclkatk hk gorld

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Icdsnidinùa hk lkridaiìd!

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Zkdioahninoadlnkato hk prohuitos!

kinkatk sna kckvdr cos stoi`s hk skfurnhdh an utncnzdr läs trdasportks! Ka kc lkridho kxnstka lõctnpcks snstklds na,

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Hkvocuinùa d orìfkaks!

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Hkstruiinùa/rkinicdek!

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]roiksos dhlnanstrdtnvos!

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Zkiupkrdinùa# rkinicdek hk kavdsks y kljdcdeks y

rksnhuos pkcnfrosos!

gorlätnios hk fkstnùa hk klprksds "hkaolnadhos KZ].! Kstos snstklds natkfrdhos utncnzda uad õanid jdsk hk hdtos pdrd tohd cd klprksd y sk hnvnhka ka lõctnpcks lùhucos quk sk pukhka ioatrdtdr nahkpkahnkatklkatk5 ioatdjncnhdh# ioatroc hk dcldikaks# pcdanidinùa hk pro, huiinùa "LZ].# fkstnùa hk aùlnads# ioatroc hk cd prohui, inùa# fkstnùa hk pkhnhos# ioatroc icnkatks "IZL.# kti!

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Cd frda vkatded hk tkakr tohd cd nagorldinùa hk cd kl, prksd ka ua õanio profrdld rksnhk ka quk sk vd d snl,

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pcnidr cd natrohuiinùa hk cos hdtos y ka cd hnspoanjncnhdh

Dc skr kstäahdrks tnkaka cds lnslds vkatdeds quk cos datkrnorks# pkro dc skr tda djnkrtos# soco soa rk, iolkahdjcks pdrd frdahks klprksds por kc frda trdjdeo quk rkqunkrka ka su nlpcdatdinùa!

hk cd nagorldinùa pdrd toho dqukc quk cd akiksntk! iolkrind c ioatditd ]or keklpco# iudaho kc hkpdrtdlkato iolkrindc ioa ua icnkatk# natrohuik tohos sus hdtos! D pdrtnr hk ksk lolkato tohd cd klprksd hnspoak hk cd nagorldinùa! Yn cckfd ua pkhnho hkc icnkatk# co rkfnstrdrä kc hkpdrtd, lkato iorrkspoahnkatk y pohrä iolprojdr cd kxnstkaind

hk stoi`! Ka idso hk akiksntdr gdjrnidrco# kc hkpdrtdlka, to hk pcdanidinùa vkrä quk bdy uad akiksnhdh!

Iudaho sk rkdcnik kc kavìo hkc ldtkrndc# sk ioagkiinoadrä ua dcjdräa! Dutolätnidlkatk sk hksioatdrä cd idatnhdh prkinsd hkc stoi` hk cos dcldikaks# sk fkakrdrä uad gditu, rd y uad orhka hk iojro ioa cds ioahninoaks quk kc icnkatk icn katk tkafd# y sk bdrä cd ioatdjncnzdinùa hk cos lovnlnkatos! Kstos snstklds gdincntda cd fkstnùa hk cds klprksds y rk, huika cd ldao hk ojrd hk trdjdeo hkc pkrsoadc dhlnans, trdtnvo! ]or otrd pdrtk su nlpcdatdinùa ks hkcnidhd! D cd bord hk kckfnr ua KZ] bdy lõctnpcks opinoaks5 •

Hksdrroccos propnos5 Dcfuads klprksds optda por hksdrroccdr natkradlkatk o hk gorld sujioatrdtdhd cd totdcnhdh hkc profrdld! Xnkaka cd projcklätnid hk quk ao bdy hkträs uad klprksd quk cks rkdcnik ditudcnzdinoaks# por co quk d iorto pcdzo ldatkakrcos dc hìd ioa cds aovkhdhks "ioatdjncnhdh# nlpukstos# kti!. rksuctd idro! D lkhno pcdzo pukhka didjdr snkaho naiolpdtnjcks ioa kc bdrhwdrk o cos aukvos snstklds opkrdtnvos# y dhkläs ao sk hnspoak hk dctkradtnvds pdrd kc skr, vnino tîianio# hkpkahnkaho hk quk uad o hos pkrso, ads snfda trdjdedaho ka cd klprksd!

:!; tnpos hk trdasportk por idr, rktkrd Kxnstka lõctnpcks lohdcnhdhks hk trdasportk# por co quk

lkaos dhdptdjcks!

Idhd tnpo hk skrvnino tnkak ua prkino hngkrkatk! Cos prna, inpdcks soa cos snfunkatks5

]rofrdlds fkaîrnios pdrd ]^LKs! Zkqunkrka rk, dcnzdr ksgukrzo hk hkaninùa hk cos proiksos hk cd

klprksd y su nagorldtnzdinùa! Kc trdjdeo hk pdrdl, ktrnzdinùa hkc profrdld pukhk dcdrfdrsk! Yoa cd socuinùa pdrd ]^LKs quk ao hnspoafda hk ua profrdld kspkiìio pdrd su skitor!

]or skr kstäahdrks sk ldatnkaka dc hìd ioa cds aovkhdhks d ua prkino dskqunjck y kxnstka lõctn, pcks skrvninos hk dsnstkaind tîianid! Xdljnîa kstäa prkpdrdhos pdrd kc irkinlnkato hk cd klprksd!

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]rofrdlds kspkiìios pdrd inkrtos skitorks "trdas, portk# tkxtnc# kti!.! Yoa läs skainccos hk nlpcdatdr y trdaskrka d cd klprksd su tkiaocofìd pkro soa

Yu nlpcdatdinùa ks läs räpnhd y rkcdtnvdlkatk kioaùlnid! Yoa cd socuinùa nhkdc pdrd klprksds quk kstäa poio proikhnlkatdhds o hk lkaor tdldôo! •

Frdahks profrdlds KZ]5 Yk dhdptda d idsn iudc, qunkr klprksd y hk iudcqunkr tdldôo!

sk hkjk ksiofkr cd läs dhkiudhd hkatro hkc dlpcno djdanio hk posnjncnhdhks!

d. Lkasdekrìd urfkatk Yoa cds klprksds quk trdasportda pkqukôos juctos ioa uaos pcdzos hk katrkfd iortos ":8 ’ 97 b.# bords hk katrkfd fdrdatnzdhd "4!===# 4!8==# kti!.! Yoco sk eustnid su ioatrdtdinùa ka cos idsos ka cos quk kc tnklpo hk katrkfd ks hkinsnvo! Kxnstka lõc,

tnpcks klprksds hkhnidhds d kstk skitor! j. Xrdasportk hk lkasdekrìd Yoa klprksds hk kavìo hk pkqukôos pdquktks y so, jrks# pkro su skrvnino ao ks tda räpnho! Iolo ioatrd, pdrtnhd sus tdrngds soa snfanidtnvdlkatk lkaorks!


i. Ykrvnino kxprkss

:!7 ioahninoaks naiotkrls

Yoa cds klprksds hk trdasportk hk lkridaiìds ioa tnklpos hk rkpdrto fdrdatnzdhos# snlncdrks d cds hk lkasdekrìd urfkatk pkro dhdptdhds d juctos hk ldyor tdldôo "ideds k naicuso pdcckts.!

Cos Naiotkrls soa aorlds natkradinoadcks dikptdhds por tohos cos fojnkraos y dutornhdhks# dsì iolo cds pdrtks navocuirdhds ka kc trdasportk hk lkridaiìds!

Yu prkino ks kckvdho y soco sk eustnida por cd fd,

Zkfucda cds ioahninoaks läs ioluaks usdhds ka kc iolkrino natkradinoadc y tnkaka iolo ojektnvo kstdjckikr

rdatìd hk cd rdpnhkz hkc skrvnino! Cd ldyor pdrtk hk cds frdahks klprksds hk trdas, portk ogrkika cos trks skrvninos5 lkasdekrìd urfkatk# aorldc y trdasportk hk lkridaiìds kxprkss# idhd uad

ioa hngkrkatks tdrngds y ioa hnstnatos lkhnos! lkhn os! h. ]dquktkrìd Yoa klprksds hkhnidhds dc trdasportk hk juctos hk lkhndao tdldôo "ideds# pdcckts# kti!.! Yk hngkrkainda hk cds hk skrvnino kxprkss ka quk ao fdrdatnzda uaos

pcdzos hk katrkfd d idljno hk uaos prkinos skasnjck, lkatk nagkrnorks! Yus pcdzos hk katrkfd bdjntudcks vda hk :8 b pdrd kavìos katrk idpntdcks hk provnaind rkcdtnvdlkatk jnka ioluanidhds d cds 6: b pdrd kavìos d pojcdinoaks dckedhds hk cd idpntdc ka provnainds provnainds skpdrdhds! Ka kstk skitor iolpntka cds klprksds luctnadinoadcks quk ogrkika tdljnîa otros skrvninos ioa klprksds ad, inoadcks o naicuso coidcks quk soco hnspoaka hk : ù 9 cìakds# por kcco ks posnjck kaioatrdr hngkrkainds nlpor, tdatks hk prkino y skrvnino dc kckfnr inkrtds rutds "bdy klprksds kspkindcnzdhds ka Dahdcuiìd# ka Idtdcuôd# ka Jdckdrks# kti!.! k. Idrfds iolpcktds

irntkrnos hkanhos sojrk cd hnstrnjuinùa hk cos fdstos y cd

trdaslnsnùa hk cos rnksfos katrk hos pdrtks# iolprdhord y vkahkhord# hk ua ioatrdto hk iolprdvkatd natkradinoadc! Yu rkhdiinùa guk rkdcnzdhd por cd Iäldrd hk Iolkrino Natkradinoadc "NII.# ioa skhk ka ]drìs! Yu uso ks vocua, tdrno# pkro su hngusnùa y dikptdinùa natkradinoadc cds bd ioavkrtnho ka kstäahdrks õtncks! Cds ioahninoaks Naiotkrls hktkrlnada sna cufdr d huhd qunîa iorrk ioa cos iostks hk trdasportk# cnikainds# pkr, lnsos# skfuros y otros! Xdljnîa Xdljnîa qukhd icdro hk qunîa qun îa ks rkspoasdjncnhdh cd lkridaiìd y bdstd quî lolkato! Cd õctnld rkvnsnùa rkdcnzdhd ks hkc dôo :!===# y cds hk uso läs bdjntudc soa KRV# K RV# GID# I]X y HHX! D ioatnau, dinùa sk hksirnjka sus idrditkrìstnids! FZ[]O K5 Yk trdtd hk uad õanid ioahninùa# cd quk hked

tohd cd rkspoasdjncnhdh dc iolprdhor hk cd lkridaiìd5 •

KRV "Kx,Vor`s ’Ka Gäjrnid.5 Kc vkahkhor kstä

ojcnfdho d poakr cd lkridaiìd ka sus nastdcdinoaks d hnsposninùa hkc iolprdhor! Ao ks rkspoasdjck an hk idrfdr cd lkridhkrìd ka kc vkbìiuco proporinoadho por kc iolprdhor an hk hkspdibdrcd hk dhudad pdrd cd kxportdinùa# sdcvo diukrho kxpcìinto ka otro

Ks cd ioatrdtdinùa hk vkbìiucos iolpcktos pdrd kc trdasportk! Yu ioatrdtdinùa sk pukhk rkdcnzdr d trdvîs hk dfkainds hk trdasportk o hnrkitdlkatk ioa kc trdasportnstd!

skatnho!

Ks posnjck ioaskfunr prkinos iolpktntnvos sn sk pukhka dprovkibdr cos –rkportks“ "vndeks hk vukctd hk vkbìiuco d su jdsk.! ]or keklpco cd vukctd hk cos

hkatro hk cd gäjrnid y datks hk quk klpnkik d trdasiurrnr kc pcdzo diorhdho pdrd cd katrkfd# kc vkahkhor dsulnrìd cd rkspoasdjncnhdh! Yn yd sk bujnksk nanindho ksk pcdzo# cd rkspoasdjncnhdh rkidkrä ka kc iolprdhor!

vkbìiucos quk rkdcnzda cd kxportdinùa ka cd idlpdôd

hk grutds!

Kc iolprdhor soportd tohos cos fdstos y rnksfos hk rktnrdr cd lkridaiìd hkshk kc holnincno hkc vkahkhor bdstd su hkstnao adc! Yn cd lkridaiìd sk hdôdsk

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FZ[]O G5 Kstk frupo ao ojcnfd dc vkahkhor d iorrkr ioa

portdinùa! Kstk tîrlnao pukhk usdrsk socdlkatk pdrd kc trdasportk por ldr o vìds diuätnids natkrnorks!

kc trdasportk prnainpdc5 GID "Grkk Idrrnkr , Grdaio Xrdasportnstd.5 Kc vkah, khor tnkak cd ojcnfdinùa hk poakr cd lkridaiìd ka kc cufdr edho "bdjntudclkatk sna sdcnr hkc pdìs hkc kln, sor.# jdeo cd iustohnd hkc trdasportnstd ioatrdtdho por kc nlportdhor# snkaho akiksdrnd tdljnîa cd rkdc, nzdinùa hk tohds cds gorldcnhdhks pdrd kc hkspdibo

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FZ[]O I5 Yk idrditkrnzda porquk kc trdasportk prnain,

pdc ks pdrtk hk cds ojcnfdinoaks hkc vkahkhor5 •

Kc prkino iolprkahk cd lkridhkrìd pukstd ka pukr,

hk dhudad pdrd cd kxportdinùa!

to hk hkstnao# ioa ktk pdfdho pkro sna iujrnr ioa

Kstk tîrlnao pukhk usdrsk ioa iudcqunkr loho hk trdasportk# naicunho kc luctnlohdc! Yn sk utncnzd ua GOJ Gäjrnid kc rkspoasdjck hk idrfdr cd lkridaiìd

ua skfuro# hkc iudc hkjkrìd bdikrsk idrfo kc nlpor, tdhor sn hkskd dskfurdrcd puks kc kxportdhor ks rk, spoasdjck hk tohos cos hdôos quk pukhda oiurrnrck d cd lkridaiìd socdlkatk bdstd quk sojrkpdsk cd jorhd hkc jdrio ka kc pdìs hk ornfka!

ka kc vkbìiuco skrä kc kxportdhor# lnkatrds quk ka

iudcqunkr otro puato skrìd kc nlportdhor! nl portdhor! GDY "Grkk Dcoafsnhk Ybnp , Grdaio dc iostdho hkc juquk.5 Ykfunho hkc aoljrk hkc pukrto hk kljdrquk!

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Kc prkino hk cd lkridaiìd sk katnkahk pukstd d co cdrfo "iostdho. hkc advìo ka kc pukrto ioavkanho# sojrk kc lukcck o ka jdridzds# ioa tohos cos c os fdstos y rnksfos bdstd hnibo puato d idrfo hkc vkahkhor!

Ks uad ioahninùa quk sk dpcnid õanidlkatk d trdas, portk ldrìtnlo o uvndc! •

9=

ING "Iost# Nasurdaik ' Grknfbt , Iostk# Ykfuro y Gcktk.5 Cd djrkvndturd vd skfunhd hkc aoljrk hkc pukrto hk hkstnao! Kc prkino hk vkatd naicuyk cd lkridaiìd pukstd ka pukrto hk hkstnao ioa ktk

pdfdho y skfuro iujnkrto!

Kc iolprdhor hkjk hkspdibdr cd lkridaiìd ka dh, udad! Kstk tîrlnao pukhk usdrsk socdlkatk pdrd kc trdasportk por ldr o vìds diuätnids natkrnorks!

Kc vkahkhor sùco kstä ojcnfdho d ioaskfunr ua sk, furo ioa iojkrturd lìanld "Icäusucd I hkc Nastntutk og Coahoa [ahkrwrntkrs.! Xdljnîa ks ua tîrlnao hk

Yu prnainpdc uso ks ka kc trdasportk hk frdakcks yd quk cds tkrlnadcks ldrìtnlds hk frdakcks ks, täa sntudhds dc iostdho hk cos juquks daicdhos ka härskad! ]drd kc uso ioa ioatkakhorks ao tnkak luibo skatnho puksto quk kc vkahkhor ao ioaoik ka quî lukcck dtrdidrä kc juquk!

uso kxicusnvdlkatk ka trdasportk ldrìtnlo o uvndc! •

GOJ "Grkk oa Jodrh , Grdaio d jorho.5 Ykfunho hkc aoljrk hkc pukrto hk kljdrquk!

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IGZ "Iost dah Grknfbt , Iostk y Gcktk.5 Cd djrkvnd, turd vd skfunhd hkc aoljrk hkc pukrto hk hkstnao!

I]X "Idrrndfk ]dnh Xo , Xrdasportk ]dfdho Bdstd.5 Kc vkahkhor pdfd kc ktk hkc trdasportk hk cd lkr , idaiìd bdstd kc hkstnao lkainoadho! Kc rnksfo hk pîrhnhd o hdôo sk trdaskrk hkc vkahkhor dc iol, prdhor iudaho cd lkridaiìd bd snho katrkfdhd dc trdasportnstd ka kc pdìs hkc nlportdhor! Kc vkahkhor hkjk hkspdibdr cd lkridaiìd pdrd su kxportdinùa!

IN] "Idrrndfk dah Nasurdaik ]dnh Xo , Xrdasportk y skfuro pdfdhos bdstd.5 Kc vkahkhor tnkak cds lnslds ojcnfdinoaks quk jdeo I]X# pkro dhkläs hkjk ioaskfunr ua skfuro ioa cos lnslos ioahn, inoadatks quk ka kc ING!

Kc vkahkhor kstä ojcnfdho d poak cd lkridaiìd d jorho hkc jdrio ioa tohos cos fdstos# hkrkibos y rnksfos d su idrfo bdstd quk cos jnkaks bdyda so, jrkpdsdho cd jorhd hkc jdrio "suspkahnho ka kc dnrk por cos lkhnos hk idrfd y kstnjd hkc pukrto.# ioa

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ktk y skfuro hk trdasportk prnainpdc kxicunhos!

FZ[]O H5 Cds ioahninoaks hk kstk frupo naicuyka cd

Kxnfk quk kc vkahkhor hkspdibk cd lkridaiìd hk kx,

katrkfd hk cds lkridaiìds ka kc pdìs hkc iolprdhor por


iukatd hkc vkahkhor5 •

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HDG "Hkcnvkrkh Dt Groatnkr , Katrkfdhd ka groatkrd.5 Kc vkahkhor qukhd ojcnfdho d katrkfdr cd lkrida, iìd# hkspdibdhd ka dhudad# ka kc cufdr ioavkanho hk cd groatkrd pkro datks hk cd dhudad groatkrnzd hkc pdìs iocnahdatk!

ad cnqunhdhos! Dc nfudc quk kc GDY# ks luy utncnzdho pdrd kc trdasportk hk frdakcks! •

HKY "Hkcnvkrkh Kx Ybnp , Katrkfdhd sojrk juquk.5

Ks snlncdr dc HDG# pkro ka kstk idso cos hkrkibos hk dhudad iorrka por iukatd hkc nlportdhor!

Kc vkahkhor ioatrdtd y pdfd kc trdasportk bdstd kc pukrto hk hkstnao hkanho por kc iolprdhor y hkjk

sntudr cos jnkaks d hnsposninùa hkc iolprdhor d jor, ho hkc juquk pdrd su hksidrfd "ao kstä ojcnfdho por tdato d hkspdibdrcd ka dhudad.! •

HKT "Hkcnvkrkh Kx Tudy , Katrkfdhd ka lukcck.5

Kc vkahkhor ioatrdtd y pdfd kc trdasportk bdstd kc lukcck hk hkstnao y hkjk katrkfdr cos jnkaks d hns, posninùa hkc iolprdhor ioa cos hkrkibos hk dhud,

HH[ "Hkcnvkrkh Huty [apdnh , Katrkfdhd ioa hkrkibos ao pdfdhos.5 Kc vkahkhor qukhd ojcnfdho d katrkfdr cd lkridaiìd ka kc cufdr ioavkanho hk cd groatkrd hkc pdìs nlportdhor!

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HH] "Hkcnvkrkh Huty ]dnh , Katrkfdhd hkrkibos pdfdhos.5 Kc vkahkhor dsulk tohds cds ojcnfd, inoaks pdrd cckvdr cd lkridaiìd bdstd kc hkstnao ks, pkinidho por kc iolprdhor# qukhdaho kstk õctnlo

cnjrk hk tohd ojcnfdinùa! Hk ua loho fräio# cds prnainpdcks ioahninoaks Naio , tkrls sk kxpcnida ka cd snfunkatk ncustrdinùa5

G 45 ioahninoaks naiotkrls

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Capítulo 9 Logística y Distribución

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