@G_]@]S]E HXB_@JC@XE MC VC]XßJCE IÂ_ C H@EOELHS_]ÌQC@_ Vß_-IXBMSBÉÏE CL CGICGNBX@B MC @G_]XSLCG]BÉÏE @GMS_]X@BJ
X@]B MC OÂ__@B OEX]CT MC BJCGOBX JC@]C _EHX@GNB
OBJMC@XB_ B QBVEX CL GBQ@E_ VC]XEJC@XE_ LEM@A@OBÉÓC_ GE _@_]CLB MC OELHS_]ÌQCJ VBXB S_E ME JEY _SJASX ASCJ E@J
Xco`ac 862=
X@]B MC OÂ__@B OEX]CT MC BJCGOBX JC@]C _EHX@GNB
OBJMC@XB_ B QBVEX CL GBQ@E_ VC]XEJC@XE_ LEM@A@OBÉÓC_ GE _@_]CLB MC OELHS_]ÌQCJ VBXB S_E ME JEY _SJASX ASCJ E@J
Legeirba`b suhlct`mb be Ourse mc Vÿs-Irbmubéïe Jbte _cgsu cl Cgicgnbr`b mc @gstrulcgtbéïe @gmustr`bj me @gst`tute Hrbs`jc`re mc Vctrÿjce, Iâs c H`eoelhustìvc`s, oele rcqu`s`te pbro`bj pbrb ehtcgéïe me irbu mc Cspco`bj`stb cl Cgicgnbr`b mc @gstrulcgtbéïe @gmustr`bj. Er`cgtbmer4 Desà Lbgucj Iegzbjcs ]ôh`e Vcrcz ‟ Vctrehrbs ‟ OCGVC_
Xco`ac 862=
Æ l`gnb lïc Lbr`b Jôo`b Jepcs Oertcz Jc`tc, pcje bler `goegm`o`egbj c ctcrge `gocgt`ve.
BIXBMCO@LCG]E_
B Mcus per tcr lc mbme sbômc, aeréb c rcourses pbrb oegoju`r cstb `lpertbgtc ctbpb cl l`gnb v`mb. B l`gnb ablìj`b pcje bler, `gocgt`ve, bpe`e c oelprccgsïe. Bes oejcibs mb turlb mc ‚Vÿs Irbmubéïe cl Cgicgnbr`b mc @gstrulcgtbéïe ‟ ]urlb Q@ ‟ Xco`ac“ pcje cxocjcgtc oegvìv`e be jegie me ourse. Be lcu er`cgtbmer Vcrcz pcjbs cxocjcgtcs bujbs c pcje cxclpje mc nul`jmbmc c sbhcmer`b. Bes oejcibs mb ]rbgspctre c mb Lbr`gnb Lcrobgtc pcjb er`cgtbéïe c `gocgt`ve, cl cspco`bj bes oncacs mc lâqu`gbs @sbbo _bgtes c Lâr`e Ielcs. Be oerpe meocgtc mc aerlb icrbj c æ cqu`pc bml`g`strbt`vb me @HV, cl cspco`bj æ Dcbgc Hbrres pcjb btcgéïe c ou`mbmes oel es bjuges be jegie me ourse. C b temes quc m`rctb eu `gm`rctblcgtc a`zcrbl pbrtc mcssb oegqu`stb4 e lcu lu`te ehr`ibmb!
"_cl es gbv`es c es lbrìt`les, lctbmc mb pepujbéïe pbssbvb aelc c b eutrb lctbmc oegicjbvb."
OBJMC@XB_ B QBVEX CL GBQ@E_ VC]XEJC@XE_ LEM@A@OBÉÓC_ GE _@_]CLB MC OELHS_]ÌQCJ VBXB S_E ME JEY _SJASX ASCJ E@J
Xcsule4 @gtcrgbo`egbjlcgtc, e oegtcôme mc cgxearc ge oelhustìvcj ut`j`zbme pcjes gbv`es à rciujbme pcjb Oegvcgéïe @gtcrgbo`egbj pbrb b Vrcvcgéïe mb Veju`éïe per Gbv`es. Oele rcsujtbme mcssb oegvcgéïe, bjiugs gbv`es usbl oelhustìvc`s lb`s j`lpes, oel hb`xes gìvc`s mc cgxearc. Oegtume, lu`tes mcjcs oegt`gubl usbgme oelhustìvc`s oel bjtes tcercs mc cgxearc. Vbrb btcgmcr b jci`sjbéïe c bmqu`r`r pcrl`ssïe pbrb gbvcibr cl ârcbs cspcoìa`obs quc oegtrejbl e tcer mc cgxearc cl oelhustìvc`s lbrìt`les, es pr`lc`res gbv`es pctrejc`res t`pe _uczlbx me Vreirblb mc Lemcrg`zbéïe c Cxpbgsïe mb Aretb mb ]rbgspctre cstïe lem`a`obgme scus s`stclbs mc oelhustìvc`s, `gojus`vc mbs objmc`rbs bux`j`brcs, pbrb use me oelhustìvcj m`cscj mc hb`xe tcer mc cgxearc (Jew _ujaur Aucj E`j). Oel e ehdct`ve mc bprcscgtbr tb`s lem`a`obéócs, cv`mcgo`bgme es pegtes mc `gstrulcgtbéïe c oegtrejc mbs objmc`rbs lbrìt`lbs, `g`o`bjlcgtc scrâ ac`tb ulb bhermbicl sehrc es gbv`es tbgqucs pctrejc`res, egmc scrïe bprcscgtbmes scus pr`go`pb`s s`stclbs. Cl sciu`mb e trbhbjne trbrâ ulb rcv`sïe h`hj`eirâa`ob sehrc objmc`rbs, mcstbobgme bs objmc`rbs t`pe bqubtuhujbrcs. Gb scquägo`b e trbhbjne trbrâ oel lb`s mctbjncs e quc`lbmer mc btel`zbéïe b vbper, mcsorcvcgme es scus oelpegcgtcs c scus s`stclbs mc bj`lcgtbéïe bsseo`bmes. E ôjt`le obpìtuje trbtb mb jci`sjbéïe cgvejv`mb, hcl oele bprcscgtb bs lem`a`obéócs `lpjclcgtbmbs ge cqu`pblcgte c s`stclbs cgvejv`mes, oelpjclcgtbgme oel er`cgtbéócs sehrc epcrbéïe, lbgutcgéïe, sciurbgéb c `gspcéïe pbrb use me Jew _ujaur Aucj E`j cl objmc`rbs lbrìt`lbs.
_SLÂX@E 2. @G]XEMSÉÏE......................................................................................................... 2 8. GBQ@E_ ]BGRSC................................................................................................... ? ?. OBJMC@XB_............................................................................................................. 9 ?.2. OELVEGCG]C_ OJÂ__@OE_ ........................................................................... > ?.8. OJB__@A@OBÉÏE MB_ OBJMC@XB_.............................................................. 26 ?.8.2. OBJMC@XB_ AJBLE]SHSJBXC_ ............................................................. 22 ?.8.8. OBJMC@XB_ BRSB]SHSJBXC_ ............................................................... 2? =. OBJMC@XB_ BS^@J@BXC_ L@__@EG M-]PVC ................................................. 23 3. RSC@LBMEX OEL B]EL@TBÉÏE B QBVEX ................................................ 20 3.2. MC_OX@ÉÏE ICXBJ ........................................................................................ 20 3.8. OELVEGCG]C_ VX@GO@VB@_ ME RSC@LBMEX ......................................... 82 3.8.2. OB@^B MC BX ................................................................................................ 82 3.8.8. MS]E MC BX ME RSC@LBMEX.................................................................. 88 3.8.?. @IG@]EX ......................................................................................................... 88 3.8.=. JBGÉB ME RSC@LBMEX ............................................................................ 8= 3.8.3. AE]EOÀJSJB................................................................................................ 8= 3.?. _@_]CLB MC ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ ............................................................. 81 3.?.2. MC_OX@ÉÏE ICXBJ ..................................................................................... 81 3.?.8. ]BGRSC_ MC ßJCE ..................................................................................... 81 3.?.?. HELHB_ MC ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ ......................................................... 89 3.?.=. OEG]XEJC MC VXC__ÏE ME ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ............................ 89 3.?.3. VXÀ-BRSCOCMEX ........................................................................................ 89 3.?.1. OEG]XEJC MC ]CLVCXB]SXB ME ßJCE ............................................. 8> 3.?.9. _@_]CLB MC ßJCE MC @IG@ÉÏE .............................................................. 8> 3.=. _@_]CLB_ MC BJ@LCG]BÉÏE ME RSC@LBMEX ..................................... 8> 3.=.2. 3.=.8. 3.=.?. 3.=.=. 3.=.3. 3.=.1.
MC_OX@ÉÏE ICXBJ ..................................................................................... 8> _@_]CLB MC ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ ......................................................... 80 _@_]CLB MC QBVEX MC B]EL@TBÉÏE.................................................. ?6 _@_]CLB MC BX MC OELHS_]ÏE ........................................................... ?2 _@_]CLB MC @IG@ÉÏE ................................................................................ ?8 _@_]CLB MC BX OELVX@L@ME ................................................................. ?8
1. _@_]CLB MC OEG]XEJC ................................................................................... ?? 1.2. MC_OX@ÉÏE ICXBJ ........................................................................................ ?? 1.8. _CÉÏE MC OEG]XEJC JEOBJ ..................................................................... ?= 1.?. _CÉÏE MC BJ@LCG]BÉÏE OELSL ........................................................... ?3 1.=. _@_]CLB MC LEG@]EXBLCG]E HB_CBME CL VO ................................ ?3 1.3. @G]CXABOC LEMHS_ ..................................................................................... ?1 9. LEM@A@OBÉÓC_ GE _@_]CLB MC ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ MB_ OBJMC@XB_ L@__@EG M-]PVC ................................................................................. ?9 9.2. B JCI@_JBÉÏE ................................................................................................ ?9 9.2.2. XCRS@_@]E_ MB SG@ÏE CSXEVÀ@B ......................................................... ?9 9.2.8. XCRS@_@]E_ ME C_]BME MB OBJ@AßXG@B ........................................... ?> 9.2.?. XCRS@_@]E_ ME BGC^E Q@ MB LBXVEJ ............................................... ?0 9.8. XCOELCGMBÉÓC_ ME ABHX@OBG]C ......................................................... =2 9.8.2. _@_]CLB MC ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ XCQ@_BME .................................... =8 9.8.8. _@_]CLB MC ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ ME RSC@LBMEX XCQ@_BME .... =? 9.?. EX@CG]BÉÓC_ VBXB EVCXBÉÏE, LBGS]CGÉÏE C _CISXBGÉB .... =3 9.?.2. C^VJE_ÏE MB AEXGBJNB MB OBJMC@XB ........................................... =3 9.?.8. ABJNB_ ME RSC@LBMEX C ME _@_]CLB MC OELHS_]ÌQCJ B__EO@BME.................................................................................................................. =1 9.?.8.2. RSC@LBMEX C _CS _@_]CLB MC OEG]XEJC ................................... =1 9.?.8.8. _@_]CLB MC BJ@LCG]BÉÏE MC OELHS_]ÌQCJ............................. =9 9.?.?. M@_VE_@ÉÓC_ ICXB@_ ................................................................................. => >. OEGOJS_ÓC_ ....................................................................................................... 36 0. XCACXÄGO@B_ H@HJ@EIXÂA@OB_ .................................................................... 32
J@_]B MC A@ISXB_
A`iurb 24 Gbv`e _uczlbx me VXELCA A`iurb 84 ]bgqucs me gbv`e pctrejc`re A`iurb ?4 ]urhe-helhb mc obrib bo`egbmb per ulb turh`gb b vbper A`iurb =4 Csquclb mc augo`egblcgte mc ulb objmc`rb A`iurb 34 Objmc`rb Ajbletuhujbr A`iurb 14 Objmc`rb Bqubtuhujbr A`iurb 94 Objmc`rb Bqubtuhujbr - L`ss`eg M-typc, Bbjheri A`iurb >4 Objmc`rb Bqubtuhujbr - Vr`go`pb`s `tcgs - L`ss`eg ]L M typc, Bbjheri A`iurb 04 Csquclb s`lpj`a`obme me s`stclb mc quc`lb A`iurb 264 @justrbéïe me quc`lbmer KH_M A`iurb 224 @justrbéïe mb ob`xb mc br m`gèl`ob A`iurb 284 @justrbéïe me quc`lbmer mc `ig`éïe A`iurb 2?4 Jbgéb me quc`lbmer A`iurb 2=4 O`rou`te mc lcm`éïe - Aeteoàjujb A`iurb 234 @justrbéïe me s`stclb mc ÿjce A`iurb 214 _`stclbs mc bj`lcgtbéïe me quc`lbmer KH_M A`iurb 294 @justrbéïe me s`stclb mc oegtrejc A`iurb 2>4 @justrbéïe mb scéïe mc oegtrejc jeobj A`iurb 204 @justrbéïe mc ul pb`gcj mc bj`lcgtbéïe A`iurb 864 J`l`tcs mc tcer mc cgxearc oegaerlc Bgcxe Q@ LBXVEJ A`iurb 824 @justrbéïe me s`stclb mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj rcv`sbme A`iurb 884 @justrbéïe me s`stclb mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj me quc`lbmer rcv`sbme
J@_]B MC ]BHCJB_
]bhcjb 24 Mbmes mc preocsse (Âiub/Qbper) ]bhcjb 84 Mbmes me Ruc`lbmer ]bhcjb ?4 J`l`tcs mc cgxearc cl oelhustìvc`s lbrìt`les gb SC ]bhcjb =4 J`l`tcs mc cgxearc mcgtre mc 8= l`jnbs (?0 kl) mb oestb - Obj`aÿrg`b ]bhcjb 34 J`l`tcs mc tcer mc cgxearc cl oelhustìvc`s lbrìt`les - LBXVEJ
J@_]B MC BHXCQ@B]SXB_ C _@IJB_
@HV ‟ @gst`tute Hrbs`jc`re mc Vctrÿjce, Iâs c H`eoelhustìvc`s INI ‟ me `gijäs Irccgneusc Ibs (ibscs me cac`te cstuab) OE8 ‟ m`ÿx`me mc obrhege _Ex ‟ ÿx`mes mc cgxearc GEx ‟ ÿx`mes mc bzete _E8 ‟ m`ÿx`me mc cgxearc GE8 ‟ m`ÿx`me mc bzete @LE ‟ Eribg`zbéïe Lbrìt`lb @gtcrgbo`egbj LBXVEJ ‟ Oegvcgéïe @gtcrgbo`egbj pbrb b Vrcvcgéïe mb Veju`éïe per Gbv`es _COBs ‟ Ârcbs Cspco`b`s mc Oegtrejc mbs Cl`ssócs mc _Ex J_AE ‟ Jew _ujaur Aucj E`j ]XBG_VC]XE ‟ Vctrehrbs ]rbgspertc _/B VXELCA ‟ Vreirblb mc Lemcrg`zbéïe c Cxpbgsïe mb Aretb mb ]rbgspctre HH ‟ Helherme HC ‟ Hercstc O.E.] ‟ Obrie E`j ]bgk (]bgquc mc ßjce mc Obrib) Y.H.] ‟ Ybtcr Hbjjbst ]bgk (]bgquc mc Âiub mc Jbstre) MY] ‟ Mcbmwc`int ]eggbic (]egcjbmbs mc Vcse Lerte, scgme cqu`vbjcgtc æ selb mc temes es pcses vbr`âvc`s quc ul gbv`e à obpbz mc clhbrobr cl sciurbgéb) NAE ‟ Ncbvy Aucj E`j (ßjce Oelhustìvcj Vcsbme) LME ‟ Lbr`gc M`cscj E`j LIE ‟ Lbr`gc Ibs E`j GX ‟ Gerlb Xciujblcgtbmerb
OJV ‟ Oegtrejbmer Jÿi`oe Vreirblâvcj JQ ‟ Qâjvujb mc oegtrejc mc gìvcj _MGX ‟ _nut Mewg Geg Xcturg Qbjvc OO ‟ Oerrcgtc oegtìgub V@M ‟ Vrepero`egbj / @gtcirbj / Mcr`vbt`ve V]266 ‟ t`pe mc tcrlerrcs`stägo`b quc lcmc b tclpcrbturb pcjb oerrcjbéïe mb sub rcs`stägo`b cjàtr`ob oel b tclpcrbturb @/V ‟ Oegvcrser mc _`gbj Cjàtr`oe cl Vgculât`oe Ov ‟ Oeca`o`cgtc mc vbzïe VO ‟ Vb`gcj mc Oegtrejc @/E ‟ @gput/Eutput OVS ‟ Ocgtrbj Vreocss`gi Sg`t CVXEL ‟ Crbsbhjc Vreirbllbhjc Xcbm-Egjy Lclery 8
C VXEL ‟ Cjcotr`objjy Crbsbhjc Vreirbllbhjc Xcbm-Egjy Lclery JOM ‟ J`gc Orystbj M`spjby OOL ‟ Ocgtre mc Oegtrejc mc Lâqu`gbs OOO ‟ Ocgtre mc Oegtrejc mc Obribs COB ‟ Ârcbs mc Oegtrejc mc Cl`ssïe SC ‟ Sg`ïe Curepà`b OBXH ‟ Obj`aerg`b B`r Xcseurocs Hebrm V&@M ‟ V`p`gi bgm @gstrulcgtbt`eg M`birbl
2. @G]XEMSÉÏE E trbgspertc lbrìt`le lev`lcgtb 06% mbs lcrobmer`bs mc teme e lugme, `goju`gme vcstuâr`e, bj`lcgtes, hr`gqucmes, cqu`pblcgtes, lbtcr`b`s, cgcri`b c lbtàr`bs-pr`lbs. Ocrob mc 96 l`j gbv`es lcrobgtcs oruzbl es eocbges temes es m`bs, `goju`gme gbv`es pertb-oegtcgtercs, gbv`es pctrejc`res, gbv`es mc obrib icrbj, obrib b irbgcj c j`gnbs mc oruzc`re. B peju`éïe btlesaàr`ob preveobmb pcje trbgspertc lbrìt`le lbg`acstb-sc btrbvàs mb cl`ssïe mc ibscs mc cac`te cstuab pcjes gbv`es, `goju`gme e OE8, c pcjb cl`ssïe mc pejucgtcs, `goju`gme es ÿx`mes _Ex c GEx c lbtcr`bj pbrt`oujbme. Cl 8666, bpcgbs ges lbrcs quc o`rougmbl b Curepb (e Lbr Hâjt`oe, e Lbr me Gertc, b pbrtc germcstc me Btjègt`oe, e Lcm`tcrrègce c e Lbr Gcire), bs cl`ssócs rcsujtbgtcs mb gbvcibéïe `gtcrgbo`egbj aerbl cst`lbmbs cl 8,? l`jnócs mc tegcjbmbs mc _E 8, ocrob mc ?,? l`jnócs mc tegcjbmbs mc GEx c 836 l`j tegcjbmbs mc lbtcr`bj pbrt`oujbme. Gul ocgâr`e gerlbj, cstbs cl`ssócs pemcr`bl orcsocr =6% b 36% btà 8686. [2\ E _E8, tblhàl oegnco`me oele bg`mr`me sujaurese, à ul iâs mcgse, `goejer, gïe `gajblâvcj, bjtblcgtc tÿx`oe c b sub `gbjbéïe pemc scr aertclcgtc `rr`tbgtc. À eht`me gb quc`lb mc oelhustìvc`s, dugtblcgtc oel es ÿx`mes mc obrhege c mc bzete. À, dugtblcgtc oel e GE 8, ul mes pr`go`pb`s obusbmercs mb onuvb âo`mb, pe`s, bsseo`bme æ âiub prcscgtc gb btlesacrb, aerlb e âo`me sujaurese. Btrbvàs mc rcbéócs quìl`obs ge br, e _E8 c e GEx sïe oegvcrt`mes cl pbrtìoujbs a`gbs, gb aerlb mc bcressÿ`s mc sujabtes c g`trbtes. Cstbs l`gôsoujbs pbrtìoujbs suspcgsbs ge br cstïe j`ibmbs b lertcs prclbturbs, mbme quc bpÿs cgtrbrcl ges pujlócs, sïe sua`o`cgtclcgtc pcqucgbs pbrb pbssbr btrbvàs mes tco`mes c cgtrbr gb oerrcgtc sbgiuìgcb, pemcgme bss`l mcscgobmcbr `gajblbéócs quc cvcgtubjlcgtc obusbl abjnbs obrmìbobs c pujlegbrcs. 2
E Bgcxe Q@ mb LBXVEJ, gb sub aerlb btubj, trbtb cspco`a`oblcgtc mb rcmuéïe mcsscs ibscs j`hcrbmes pcjes gbv`es. B qubgt`mbmc mc _E 8 mcpcgmc me tcer mc cgxearc ge oelhustìvcj rcs`mubj, oelulcgtc oegnco`me oele oelhustìvcj hugkcr. Cssc Bgcxe `goju` ul j`l`tc ijehbj mc =,3% l/l mc tcer mc cgxearc ge ÿjce oelhustìvcj, c oegtàl m`spes`éócs quc pcrl`tcl b or`béïe mc Ârcbs Cspco`b`s mc Oegtrejc mbs Cl`ssócs mc _Ex (_COBs), cstbhcjcocgme oegtrejcs lb`s r`iereses sehrc bs cl`ssócs mc cgxearc. Gcssbs ârcbs, e tcer mc cgxearc me ÿjce oelhustìvcj ut`j`zbme b herme mes gbv`es gïe mcvc cxocmcr 2,3% l/l. Es brlbmercs pemcl eptbr per m`acrcgtcs làtemes pbrb bt`gi`rcl b oegaerl`mbmc c rcspc`tbrcl b rciujblcgtbéïe4 •
E use mc oelhustìvcj mcst`jbme (M`cscj mc hb`xe tcer mc cgxearc - J_AE) ge juibr me rcs`mubj oegtr`hu`râ pbrb b rcmuéïe mc _Ex (oegtr`hu`râ tblhàl pbrb b rcmuéïe me GEx);
•
E use mc tcogejei`bs pbrb j`lpczb mes ibscs mc mcsobrib, per cxclpje, b jbvbicl mes ibscs oel âiub me lbr (soruhhcr), à obpbz mc rcmuz`r e _Ex cl btà 00%, e GEx cl 3% c e lbtcr`bj pbrt`oujbme cl >6%. Ehv`blcgtc, nbvcrâ gcocss`mbmc mc prcsorcvcr or`tàr`es pbrb mcsobrib mcssb âiub b a`l mc gïe preveobr peju`éïe me lbr;
•
E mcscgvejv`lcgte mes letercs mc prepujsïe lbrìt`lb pcrl`t`râ quc es geves letercs cl`tbl lcgercs qubgt`mbmcs mcsscs ibscs.
E prcscgtc trbhbjne bhermb bs lem`a`obéócs quc aerbl rcbj`zbmbs ge s`stclb mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj, cspco`a`oblcgtc mbs Objmc`rbs Bux`j`brcs mc ul mes Gbv`es Vctrejc`res _uczlbx me VXELCA, pbrb use me oelhustìvcj J_AE, b a`l mc ehtcr pcrl`ssïe pbrb gbvcibr c btrbobr cl ârcbs mc oegtrejc mc cl`ssïe.
8
8. GBQ@E_ ]BGRSC Cx`stcl btubjlcgtc lb`s mc 2866 gbv`es tbgquc pctrejc`res cl teme e lugme quc trbgspertbl pctrÿjce hrute b jegibs m`stègo`bs. _uczlbx à ul t`pe mc gbv`epctrejc`re oel m`lcgsócs quc pcrl`tcl sub pbssbicl pcje Obgbj mc _ucz (obgbj quc j`ib es lbrcs Lcm`tcrrègce c Qcrlcjne). B A`iurb 2 oerrcspegmc b ul _uczlbx oegstruìme ge Hrbs`j, btrbvàs me Vreirblb mc Lemcrg`zbéïe c Cxpbgsïe mb Aretb mb ]rbgspctre (VXELCA). B clhbrobéïe oegtb oel 89= lctres mc oelpr`lcgte, => lctres mc jbriurb, 32,1 lctres mc bjturb c oel b obpbo`mbmc mc trbgspertbr lctbmc mb premuéïe m`âr`b mc pctrÿjce hrbs`jc`re (2 l`jnïe mc hbrr`s mc ÿjce oru).
A`iurb 24 Gbv`e _uczlbx me VXELCA Aegtc4 nttp4//perteslcrobmes.oel.hr
Es gbv`es tbgquc pctrejc`res sïe m`v`m`mes gbs sciu`gtcs scéócs4 •
_céïe mb preb;
•
_céïe mes tbgqucs;
•
_céïe mb pepb. ?
Es gbv`es tbgquc pctrejc`res täl, icrbjlcgtc, > b 28 tbgqucs mc obrib, quc sïe gulcrbmes mc vbgtc pbrb rà c mcs`igbmes per helherme (HH) c hercstc (HC) mc boerme oel b sub pes`éïe. Ge predcte _uczlbx me VXELCA tcles 28 tbgqucs mc obrib (O.E.]), scgme 61 ge jbme helherme c 61 ge jbme hercstc, 28 tbgqucs mc jbstre (Y.H.]), scgme 61 ge jbme helherme c 61 ge jbme hercstc, c 68 tbgqucs sjep, 62 ge jbme helherme c 62 ge jbme hercstc. B âiub mc jbstre à oejeobmb b herme pbrb lbgtcr b cstbh`j`mbmc me gbv`e qubgme cstc cstâ b gbvcibr scl, eu oel peuob, obrib. Es tbgqucs mc âiub mc jbstre gul gbv`e tbgquc cstïe oelpjctblcgtc scpbrbmes (scircibmes) me s`stclb mc obrib c mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj. Es gbv`es pctrejc`res oel 96.666 MY] c bo`lb mcvcl scr cqu`pbmes oel pcje lcges me`s tbgqucs mc rcsìmues (sjep-tbgk's). Es sjep-tbgk's sïe usbmes ges gbv`es tbgquc pbrb rcoejncr bs l`sturbs mc ÿjce c âiub rcsujtbgtcs mb jbvbicl mes tbgqucs mc obrib. Cstcs tbgqucs mcvcl tcr b obpbo`mbmc gcocssâr`b pbrb rctcr es rcsìmues icrbmes gb jbvbicl mc tbgqucs, rcsìmues mc ÿjce c mc rcsìmues mc jbstre sude. Cl rcirb, b obpbo`mbmc tetbj mcstcs tbgqucs gïe mcvc scr lcger quc ?% mb obpbo`mbmc mc obrib me gbv`e. [8\ B A`iurb 8 lestrb e s`stclb mc tbgqucs me predcte _uczlbx me VXELCA.
A`iurb 84 ]bgqucs me gbv`e pctrejc`re Aegtc4 V&@M Ves`t`eg ea Nbgm M`pp`gi =
B prepujsïe me pctrejc`re a`ob per oegtb mc ulb ôg`ob nàj`oc mc qubtre pâs c >,8 lctres mc m`èlctre, lev`mb per ul leter pr`go`pbj, quc tcl ulb petägo`b quc cqu`vbjc cl terge mc 2.>66 letercs mc obrres làm`es. Mcgtrc es m`vcrses s`stclbs mc ul gbv`e pctrejc`re, mcstbobl-sc b pjbgtb mc trbtblcgte mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj, e s`stclb mc pur`a`obéïe mc ÿjce juhr`a`obgtc, es s`stclbs mc obrib c mcsobrib, e s`stclb mc iâs `gcrtc, b pjbgtb mc icrbéïe mc âiub meoc, quc premuz cl làm`b =6 l`j j`tres mc âiub/m`b (Vredcte _uczlbx VXELCA), b pjbgtb mc icrbéïe mc vbper, quc à oelpestb mc mubs objmc`rbs bux`j`brcs, c ulb sàr`c mc oelpegcgtcs pbrbjcjes4 icrbéïe mc br oelpr`l`me, icrbéïe mc ar`e pbrb bs boelembéócs, icrbéïe mc ar`e pbrb e s`stclb ar`ierìa`oe, pb`gà`s oel tembs bs `gaerlbéócs, tume boegtcocgme cl tclpe rcbj c scgme leg`terbme cl sbjbs mc oegtrejc. Mcpe`s me s`stclb mc prepujsïe, e s`stclb lb`s `lpertbgtc gul gbv`e tbgquc pctrejc`re à e mc mcsobrib me gbv`e. E s`stclb mc mcsobrib mc obrib à oegst`tuìme per ul oegdugte mc helhbs, m`spes`t`ves mc bo`egblcgte, s`stclbs mc tuhujbéócs c bocssÿr`es, ou`mbmesblcgtc oegoch`mes pbrb pcrl`t`r b mcsobrib mes tbgqucs mc ulb aerlb ca`o`cgtc c sciurb. Cstcs s`stclbs mc helhcblcgte sïe icrbjlcgtc bo`egbmes per vbper. Mc boerme oel bs gerlbs `gtcrgbo`egb`s, cgqubgte ul gbv`e-tbgquc cstâ b mcsobrrcibr b sub obrib, e cspbée ge `gtcr`er mes tbgqucs mcvc scr prccgon`me oel iâs `gcrtc, b a`l mc prepero`egbr ulb btlesacrb sciurb gïe cxpjes`vb. E iâs `gcrtc pemc scr qubjqucr l`sturb mc iâs gïe oerres`ve, oel lcges mc 3% mc ex`iäg`e. Bs aegtcs lb`s oelugs mcstc iâs sïe es ibscs mc oelhustïe, jbvbmes c brrcaco`mes, mbs objmc`rbs me gbv`e eu mc ul icrbmer mc iâs `gcrtc. [8\ Bs helhbs mc obrib pemcl tcr träs t`pes mc bo`egblcgte4 n`mrâuj`oe, cjàtr`oe c b vbper. E s`stclb mc bo`egblcgte b vbper mbs helhbs mc obrib oegs`stc cl mubs objmc`rbs b premuz`r vbper sbturbme (Vredcte _uczlbx VXELCA), pbrb bj`lcgtbr turh`gbs quc 3
bo`egbl bs helhbs c mcsobrrcibl e vbper pbrb ul oegmcgsbmer o`roujbme per âiub me lbr. Es oegmcgsbmes vejtbl pestcr`erlcgtc æs objmc`rbs oele âiub mc bj`lcgtbéïe.
A`iurb ?4 ]urhe-helhb mc obrib bo`egbmb per ulb turh`gb b vbper Aegtc4 nttp4//www.cgbut`ob.pt/ Bjàl mes s`stclbs dâ mcsor`tes, e gbv`e tbgquc mcvc m`sper mc s`stclbs mc bquco`lcgte gcocssâr`es pbrb e trbgspertc c use `gtcrge mc bjiulbs obribs. Bs arbéócs lb`s pcsbmbs, oele per cxclpje, e NAE, qubgme ar`bs tergbl-sc lb`s v`soesbs. B a`l mc abo`j`tbr e obrrciblcgte c mcsobrrciblcgte mcstcs premutes, tergb-sc gcocssâr`e lbgtä-jes bquco`mes. E oelàro`e mc premutes pctrejìacres à tïe m`vcrs`a`obme quc es gbv`es tbgquc pemcl gulb v`bicl cstbr b epcrbr cl âiubs trep`ob`s c, gb v`bicl sciu`gtc, epcrbr ge Ârt`oe. Vertbgte, à gcocssâr`e quc es gbv`es tbgquc m`spegnbl mc ul s`stclb mc bquco`lcgte mc obrib obpbz mc abzcr aboc æs oegm`éócs cxtrclbs. Âiubs ar`bs rcmuzcl rbp`mblcgtc b tclpcrbturb mb obrib tergbgme e preocsse mc bquco`lcgte mb obrib lu`te lb`s cx`icgtc. E bquco`lcgte mb obrib ges tbgqucs à ac`te 1
oel vbper. Obmb tbgquc tcl, pbrb obmb scrpcgt`gb, vâjvujbs mc vbper c oegmcgsbme quc pcrl`tcl oegtrejbr `gm`v`mubjlcgtc b tclpcrbturb mb obrib cl obmb tbgquc. Bs scrpcgt`gbs s`tubl-sc gb zegb `gacr`er mes tbgqucs mc obrib. Rubgme à gcocssâr`e bqucocr b obrib, e vbper à j`hcrbme pbrb obmb ul mes tbgqucs mc obrib, bqucocgme e premute quc sc cgoegtrb gb sub v`z`gnbgéb. E ÿjce bquco`me sehc ge tbgquc icrbgme ulb o`roujbéïe oegvcot`vb mb obrib ge tbgquc. Bs obribs mc NAE cx`icl scr lbgt`mbs b ulb tclpcrbturb cgtrc es =3¶O c 16¶O. Gcstb ab`xb mc tclpcrbturb, b icgcrbj`mbmc mes NAE's sïe abo`jlcgtc trbgspertâvc`s. Ge obse mes ÿjces juhr`a`obgtcs, oel irbgmc m`vcrs`mbmc qubgte b sub cstbh`j`mbmc, mcgs`mbmc c v`soes`mbmc, mcvcl scr btcgm`mbs `gstruéócs cspcoìa`obs pbrb e scu bquco`lcgte.
?. OBJMC@XB_ Objmc`rbs b vbper sïe cqu`pblcgtes mcst`gbmes b premuz`r c boulujbr vbper seh prcssïe supcr`er æ btlesaàr`ob, ut`j`zbgme qubjqucr aegtc mc cgcri`b, cxoctubgme-sc es rcacrvcmercs c cqu`pblcgtes s`l`jbrcs ut`j`zbmes cl ug`mbmcs mc preocsse. [?\ E vbper premuz`me pcjbs objmc`rbs à usbme icrbjlcgtc gb `gmôstr`b pbrb lev`lcgtbr lâqu`gbs tàrl`obs eu oele aegtc mc objer pbrb preocsses. Ge obse mes gbv`es pctrejc`res e vbper premuz`me à ut`j`zbme pbrb bo`egbr helhbs mc obrib c jbstre, pbrb bquco`lcgte mc obrib cl tbgqucs c pbrb m`vcrses scrv`ées oele icrbéïe mc âiub meoc, pur`a`obéïe mc ÿjce juhr`a`obgtc c ÿjce oelhustìvcj, `go`gcrbmer, scrv`ée mc bquco`lcgte pbrb boelembéócs, cgtrc eutres (Vredcte _uczlbx VXELCA). Mcstc leme, bs objmc`rbs sïe cqu`pblcgtes obpbzcs mc trbgsacr`r b cgcri`b brlbzcgbmb gbs aegtcs oelhustìvc`s pbrb b âiub c, cgtïe, pbrb b bpj`obéïe a`gbj. B A`iurb = bprcscgtb e pr`goìp`e mc augo`egblcgte mc ulb objmc`rb.
9
A`iurb =4 Csquclb mc augo`egblcgte mc ulb objmc`rb Aegtc4 Mcpbrtlcgt ea Lconbg`obj Cgi`gccr`gi, L`mmjc Cbst ]cong`obj Sg`vcrs`ty
?.2.
OELVEGCG]C_ OJÂ__@OE_
Btubjlcgtc es icrbmercs mc vbper mc irbgmc pertc sïe oegst`tuìmes mc ulb bsseo`béïe mc oelpegcgtcs, `goju`gme supcrbqucocmercs, coegel`zbmercs, prà-bqucocmercs mc br, obptbmercs mc auj`icl, cxtrbtercs lcoèg`oes mc o`gzb, c eutres. Es oelpegcgtcs ojâss`oes mbs objmc`rbs sïe j`stbmes b sciu`r, oel b rcssbjvb quc gcl temes es oelpegcgtcs bhb`xe, gcocssbr`blcgtc, abzcl pbrtc mc temes es icrbmercs mc vbper. •
_upcrbqucocmer4 Xcspegsâvcj pcjb cjcvbéïe mb tclpcrbturb me vbper sbturbme icrbme gb objmc`rb. ]eme e vbper be pbssbr per cstc bpbrcjne sc supcrbqucoc.
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Coegel`zbmer4 Egmc b tclpcrbturb mb âiub mc bj`lcgtbéïe searc cjcvbéïe, bprevc`tbgme e objer scgsìvcj rcs`mubj mes ibscs mb oelhustïe, bgtcs mc scrcl cj`l`gbmes pcjb onbl`gà.
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Bqucocmer mc br4 ]blhàl oegnco`me oele prà-bqucocmer mc br, oudb augéïe à bqucocr e br mc oelhustïe pbrb cl sciu`mb `gtremuz`-je gb aergbjnb, irbébs be bprevc`tblcgte me objer scgsìvcj mes ibscs mb oelhustïe.
>
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Aergbjnb4 Jeobj egmc eoerrc preocsse mc quc`lb, scdb pbrb b quc`lb mc oelhustìvc`s sÿj`mes, jìqu`mes eu ibseses.
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Ruc`lbmer4 à ul m`spes`t`ve usbme pbrb b quc`lb mc oelhustìvc`s cl objmc`rbs, aerges c scobmercs oel b a`gbj`mbmc mc prelevcr ulb l`sturb ìgt`lb cgtrc e oelhustìvcj c e br pbrb oelhustïe; m`rco`egbr b l`sturb mc aerlb btel`zbmb c pujvcr`zbmb gb oèlbrb mc oelhustïe; prelevcr b quc`lb oegtìgub c ca`o`cgtc mb l`sturb. Cstcs m`spes`t`ves pemcl scr usbmes gb oelhustïe me iâs c me ÿjce, pemcgme tblhàl scr me t`pe oelh`gbme. Es quc`lbmercs mc ÿjce, bjàl mc ibrbgt`r b l`sturb br/oelhustìvcj, täl b augéïe mc btel`zbr e oelhustìvcj. Mes t`pes oegnco`mes, es lb`s oelugs sïe es mc btel`zbéïe oel br c vbper. Csscs quc`lbmercs boc`tbl qubjqucr t`pe mc oelhustìvcj jìqu`me, mcsmc quc b v`soes`mbmc scdb bmcqubmb be t`pe mc quc`lbmer.
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Oèlbrb mc oelhustïe4 Qejulc egmc sc mcvc cxt`giu`r temb b lbtàr`b oelhustìvcj bgtcs mes premutes mc oelhustïe bt`gi`rcl c pcgctrbrcl ge ac`xc mc bhseréïe me objer per oegvcoéïe. Cstb oèlbrb per vczcs sc oegaugmc oel b prÿpr`b aergbjnb mcjb abzcgme pbrtc, eutrbs vczcs scpbrb-sc oelpjctblcgtc. B oèlbrb mc oelhustïe pemc scr oegst`tuìmb pcjb prÿpr`b bjvcgbr`b rcarbtâr`b, eu rcvcst`mb mc tuhes (pbrcmc mc âiub), eu `gtcirbjlcgtc `rrbm`bmb.
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Obgb`s mc ibscs4 _ïe trcones `gtcrlcm`âr`es eu a`gb`s mc o`roujbéïe mes ibscs mc oelhustïe btà b onbl`gà. Cstcs obgb`s pemcl scr mc bjvcgbr`b eu mc onbpbs mc bée oegaerlc b tclpcrbturb mes ibscs quc gcjcs o`roujbl.
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Onbl`gà4 À b pbrtc quc ibrbgtc b o`roujbéïe mes ibscs qucgtcs mb oelhustïe btrbvàs mc teme e s`stclb pcje onblbme cac`te mc t`rbicl. Rubgme b t`rbicl, peràl, à prelev`mb per vcgt`jbmer cxbuster, sub augéïe sc rcsulc cl m`r`i`r es ibscs mb oelhustïe pbrb b btlesacrb. Gcstc obse sc m`z quc b t`rbicl à `gmuz`mb. B 0
o`roujbéïe mes ibscs tblhàl pemcrâ scr bssciurbmb per ul vcgt`jbmer seprbmer mc br mc oelhustïe oel prcssïe sua`o`cgtc pbrb vcgocr temb b pcrmb mc obrib me o`rou`te. Gcstc cxclpje, b t`rbicl sc m`z aerébmb. •
O`gzc`re4 Juibr egmc mcpes`tbl bs o`gzbs c/eu cvcgtubjlcgtc rcstes mc oelhustìvc`s quc btrbvcssbl e supertc mc quc`lb scl oelpjctbrcl sub oelhustïe.
?.8.
OJB__@A@OBÉÏE MB_ OBJMC@XB_
Bs objmc`rbs pemcl scr ojbss`a`obmbs mc boerme oel4 •
Ojbsscs mc prcssïe;
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Irbu mc butelbéïe;
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]`pe mc cgcri`b clprcibmb;
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]`pe mc treob tàrl`ob.
Mc boerme oel bs ojbsscs mc prcssïe, bs objmc`rbs aerbl ojbss`a`obmbs sciugme b gerlb GX-2? cl4 •
Obtcier`b B4 objmc`rb oudb prcssïe mc epcrbéïe à supcr`er b 2016 kVb (20,0> kia/ol8);
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Obtcier`b O4 objmc`rbs oel prcssïe mc epcrbéïe `iubj eu `gacr`er b 3>> kVb (3,00 kia/ol8) c vejulc `gtcrge `iubj eu `gacr`er b 266 j`tres;
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Obtcier`b H4 objmc`rbs quc gïe sc cgqubmrbl gbs obtcier`bs bgtcr`ercs.
Mc boerme oel e irbu mc butelbéïe, bs objmc`rbs pemcl sc ojbss`a`obr cl4 •
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Lbgub`s; _cl`-butelât`ob;
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Butelât`ob.
Mc boerme oel e t`pe mc cgcri`b clprcibmb, cjbs pemcl scr me t`pe4 •
Oelhustìvcj sÿj`me; 26
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Oelhustìvcj jìqu`me;
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Oelhustìvcj ibsese;
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Objmc`rbs cjàtr`obs;
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Objmc`rbs mc rcoupcrbéïe.
Cx`stcl eutrbs lbgc`rbs pbrt`oujbrcs mc ojbss`a`obéïe, b sbhcr4 qubgte be t`pe mc legtbicl, o`roujbéïe mc âiub, s`stclb mc t`rbicl c t`pe mc sustcgtbéïe. Slb objmc`rb à oelpestb mc me`s s`stclbs hâs`oes scpbrbmes4 ul à e s`stclb âiubvbper (jbme mc âiub mb objmc`rb) c e eutre e s`stclb mc iâs oelhustìvcj (br-iâs mc oelhustïe). B ojbss`a`obéïe lb`s usubj mc objmc`rbs rcacrc-sc æ jeobj`zbéïe mc âiub/ibscs c m`v`mc-bs cl4 •
Ajbletuhujbrcs;
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Bqubtuhujbrcs.
?.8.2. OBJMC@XB_ AJBLE]SHSJBXC_ Cstc ae` e pr`lc`re t`pe mc objmc`rb oegstruìmb. À tblhàl onblbmb mc tuhe-mc-aeie, tuhe-mc-aulbéb eu p`retuhujbr, per obusb mes ibscs qucgtcs prevcg`cgtcs mb oelhustïe quc o`roujbl ge `gtcr`er mes tuhes cl ul eu lb`s pbsscs, a`obgme b âiub per aerb mes lcsles. À e t`pe mc objmc`rb lb`s s`lpjcs. Lu`te usbmb cl jeoelet`vbs c gbv`es, lcsle oel e bpbrco`lcgte mc objmc`rbs lb`s lemcrgbs, cstc t`pe b`gmb oegt`gub cl use. Vestcr`erlcgtc, oel bjiugs bpcrac`éeblcgtes, pbsseu b onblbr-sc objmc`rb csoeocsb. [=\ Gb A`iurb 3 à bprcscgtbme ul lemcje oegstrut`ve mc ulb objmc`rb ajbletuhujbr. Cstbs objmc`rbs bprcscgtbl ul quc`lbmer egmc eoerrc b quc`lb me oelhustìvcj. Cl sciu`mb, 22
es ibscs prevcg`cgtcs mb oelhustïe (ibscs qucgtcs c/eu ibscs mc oelhustïe) pbssbl ge `gtcr`er mc ul ac`xc mc tuhes, quc sc cgoegtrbl `lcrses cl âiub. E objer ocm`me æ âiub abz oel quc b lcslb sc bqucéb c pestcr`erlcgtc sc vbper`zc, icrbgme bss`l vbper m'âiub. E oegtrejc me cqu`pblcgte c bs lbgehrbs mc pbrbmb c pbrt`mb sïe cactubmes gul pb`gcj mc oelbgme ge qubj cx`stcl onbvcs c hetec`rbs cjàtr`obs.
A`iurb 34 Objmc`rb Ajbletuhujbr Aegtc4 @HV Cstbs objmc`rbs dâ aerbl ojbss`a`obmbs oele lbgub`s, eu scdb, oelpjctblcgtc mcpcgmcgtcs me epcrbmer, quc, cl obse mc prco`p`tbéïe eu mc bjiulb lbgehrb `goerrctb, pemcr`b eobs`egbr ul s`g`stre, oudbs oegscquägo`bs scr`bl `lprcv`sìvc`s. Btubjlcgtc, b j`gnb mc premuéïe mes pr`go`pb`s abhr`obgtcs ge Hrbs`j (BBJHEXI, H@EONBLL, _]CBLLB_]CX, ]CGIC) dâ bprcscgtb cstc lemcje mc objmc`rb oel m`vcrsbs oegm`éócs mc butelbéïe, pr`go`pbjlcgtc4 onbvc scqucgo`bj mc pbrt`mb c `gtcrtrbvblcgte oegtrejbme per OJV - Oegtrejbmer Jÿi`oe Vreirblâvcj. Bs vbgtbicgs mbs objmc`rbs ajbletuhujbrcs sïe4 •
Ouste mc bqu`s`éïe lb`s hb`xe; 28
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Abo`j`mbmc mc lbgutcgéïe;
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Cx`icl peuob bjvcgbr`b;
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M`spcgsbl trbtblcgte r`ierese mb âiub mc bj`lcgtbéïe.
Cl oegtrbpbrt`mb bs mcsvbgtbicgs mbs objmc`rbs ajbletuhujbrcs sïe4 •
Hb`xe rcgm`lcgte tàrl`oe;
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Vbrt`mb jcgtb mcv`me æ irbgmc qubgt`mbmc mc âiub;
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Vrcssïe j`l`tbmb b 26 kia/ol8;
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Bprcscgtbl m`a`oujmbmcs pbrb `gstbjbéïe mc coegel`zbmer, supcrbqucocmer c pràbqucocmer.
?.8.8. OBJMC@XB_ BRSB]SHSJBXC_ Bs objmc`rbs bqubtuhujbrcs suri`rbl ge a`gbj me sàouje ^@^ c sïe tblhàl onblbmbs objmc`rbs mc pbrcmcs mc âiub eu mc tuhes mc âiub. _ïe bs lb`s oelugs cl sc trbtbgme mc ug`mbmcs tcrlecjàtr`obs eu icrbéïe mc cgcri`b cjàtr`ob cl icrbj, cxocte cl ug`mbmcs mc pcqucge pertc. Gcstbs objmc`rbs, b prcssïe c b tclpcrbturb me vbper icrbme sïe hcl lb`ercs quc gbs mbs objmc`rbs ajbletuhujbrcs, cx`st`gme tblhàl b pess`h`j`mbmc mc supcrbquco`lcgte me vbper sbturbme oel b `gstbjbéïe mc supcrbqucocmercs. B A`iurb 1 bprcscgtb ul csquclb mb objmc`rb bqubtuhujbr ut`j`zbmb ge predcte _uczlbx me VXELCA (L`ss`eg M-]ypc - Bbjheri). Cstc t`pe mc objmc`rb bprcscgtb me`s vbses (tuhujócs) `gtcrj`ibmes per ac`xcs tuhujbrcs4 ul supcr`er, quc oegtàl b l`sturb jìqu`mevbper (36% mc âiub), c ul `gacr`er, quc oegtàl b 266% mc âiub. Es ibscs mc oelhustïe prevcg`cgtcs mb aergbjnb pbssbl per aerb mes tuhes, b âiub per sub vcz o`roujb ge `gtcr`er mcstcs, rcsar`bgme bs pbrcmcs, bqucocgme-sc c j`hcrbgme vbper ge tuhujïe supcr`er.
2?
Æ lcm`mb quc eoerrc b j`hcrbéïe me vbper, bm`o`egb-sc âiub ge tuhujïe supcr`er btrbvàs mb vâjvujb JQ. B âiub ar`b bm`o`egbmb ge tuhujïe supcr`er mcsoc btrbvàs mes mewgoelcrs (tuhes mc mcso`mb) pbrb e tuhujïe `gacr`er c b qucgtc sehrc btrbvàs mes r`scrs (tuhes mc suh`mb) pbrb e tuhujïe supcr`er, mcv`me æ m`acrcgéb mc mcgs`mbmc (cac`te tcrless`aïe). [3\ Es ibscs mc oelhustïe sïe bprevc`tbmes ge coegel`zbmer (quc prà-bqucoc b âiub mc bj`lcgtbéïe). Bs objmc`rbs bqubtuhujbrcs sïe prbt`oblcgtc 266% butelbt`zbmbs, pessu`gme lbjnbs oelpjcxbs mc oegtrejc, quc `gtcrj`ibl m`vcrsbs vbr`âvc`s mc preocsse, oele per cxclpje4 e gìvcj me vbse supcr`er, e oegtrejc mc oegsule me vbper (oegtrejc mc mclbgmb) c e oegtrejc mc oelhustïe. E s`stclb mc oegtrejc à gerlbjlcgtc cactubme per s`stclbs supcrv`sÿr`es c mc `gtcrtrbvblcgte per OJV. Qbgtbicgs mbs objmc`rbs bqubtuhujbrcs4 •
Xcmuéïe me tblbgne mb objmc`rb qubgme oelpbrbme oel b premuéïe mc vbper;
•
Lcger tclpcrbturb gb oèlbrb mc oelhustïe;
•
Cj`l`gbéïe mb gcocss`mbmc mc use mc rcarbtâr`es mc bjtb qubj`mbmc;
•
Xâp`mb cgtrbmb cl rci`lc;
•
Aâo`j `gspcéïe ges oelpegcgtcs;
Cl oegtrbpbrt`mb bs mcsvbgtbicgs mbs objmc`rbs bqubtuhujbrcs sïe4 •
Ouste mc bqu`s`éïe lb`s bjte;
•
Lbgutcgéïe lb`s prejegibmb;
•
Gcocss`tbl mc trbtblcgte r`ierese mb âiub mc bj`lcgtbéïe.
2=
A`iurb 14 Objmc`rb Bqubtuhujbr Aegtc4 Bbjheri `gmustr`cs
=. OBJMC@XB_ BS^@J@BXC_ L@__@EG M-]PVC Bs mubs objmc`rbs bux`j`brcs me Vredcte _uczlbx me VXELCA sïe me lemcje L`ss`eg M-typc, abhr`obgtc Bbjheri, me t`pe bqubtuhujbr, vcrt`obj mupje-tblher, "tep-a`rcm", cqu`pbmb oel ul quc`lbmer oel btel`zbéïe per aju`me bux`j`br (vbper). Bss`l oele e quc`lbmer, e pb`gcj mc oegtrejc jeobj à `gstbjbme ge tepe mb objmc`rb. [1\ E s`stclb mc oegtrejc aergcoc epcrbéïe tetbjlcgtc butelât`ob mb objmc`rb c me quc`lbmer oel btel`zbéïe b vbper. B A`iurb 9 bprcscgtb e csquclb icrbj mb objmc`rb t`pe L`ss`eg M-typc. E tblher mc vbper à aergco`me oel oegcxócs rbl`a`obmbs c bocssÿr`es `gtcrges gcocssâr`es pbrb ibrbgt`r ulb m`str`hu`éïe ug`aerlc mb âiub mc bj`lcgtbéïe c âiub mc o`roujbéïe pbrb ulb pessìvcj cxbustïe mb objmc`rb. Bjàl m`sse, ul scpbrbmer mc vbper à `gstbjbme pbrb ibrbgt`r ulb scobicl ca`o`cgtc me vbper. E predcte me tuhujïe mc âiub à s`l`jbr be me tuhujïe mc vbper. E tblbgne mcssc tblher eacrcoc ul cspbée `mcbj pbrb scrpcgt`gb mc bquco`lcgte c aâo`j bocsse pbrb `gspcéïe. 23
Slb cact`vb o`roujbéïe gb objmc`rb à bjobgébmb per lc`e mc mewgoelcrs. B ]bhcjb 2 bhb`xe bprcscgtb es mbmes mc preocsse Âiub/Qbper mb objmc`rb t`pe L`ss`eg M-typc cl cstume.
]bhcjb 24 Mbmes mc preocsse (Âiub/Qbper) VXEMSÉÏE MC QBVEX VXC__ÏE MC ]XBHBJNE ]CVCXB]SXB MC ]XBHBJNE VXC__ÏE MC ]XBHBJNE %&'B BM'__QCJ ]CVCXB]SXB MB %*SB MC BJ'C+]BÉÏE
?3.666 ki/n 21 hbr(i) !6"#$ 2 hbr(i) 16#$
Mubs oèlbrbs mc v`s`tb sïe oegvcg`cgtclcgtc m`spestbs ges tuhujócs mc vbper c âiub c, mcgtre mcjcs, ul cspbée sua`o`cgtc à m`speg`h`j`zbme pbrb `gspcéïe c lbgutcgéïe. Bjàl m`sse, à aergco`mb ulb pertb mc `gspcéïe pbrb pcrl`t`r b `gspcéïe me oegdugte mc tuhes mc icrbéïe. E bocsse æ aergbjnb à pessìvcj btrbvàs me bocsse æ pertb mc augme mb lcslb. B `gspcéïe mb onblb me quc`lbmer à pessìvcj btrbvàs mc me`s er`aìo`es mc `gspcéïe m`spestes cl me`s gìvc`s gb pbrcmc mb aergbjnb.
A`iurb 94 Objmc`rb Bqubtuhujbr - L`ss`eg M-typc, Bbjheri Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bbjheri 21
_ciuc ulb hrcvc mcsor`éïe mes pr`go`pb`s `tcgs `gstbjbmes gb objmc`rb L`ss`eg M-typc, `gm`obmes gb A`iurb >. •
Qâjvujbs mc sciurbgéb (O2)4 mubs vâjvujbs mc sciurbgéb sïe legtbmbs per rbzócs mc sciurbgéb, c predctbmbs pbrb cv`tbr quc b prcssïe mb objmc`rb ujtrbpbssc e vbjer mb prcssïe mc predcte.
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Qâjvujb mc vbper pr`go`pbj (O8)4 B vâjvujb mc vbper pr`go`pbj à ulb vâjvujb t`pe snut-eaa. Rubgme aconbmb `sejb b objmc`rb mb j`gnb mc vbper pr`go`pbj. Slb oncok vbjvc (vâjvujb mc rctcgéïe) à legtbmb mcpe`s mb vâvujb mc vbper pr`go`pbj, `lpcm`gme e ajuxe oegtrâr`e mc vbper mcgtre mb objmc`rb.
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Qâjvujbs mc âiub mc bj`lcgtbéïe (O? c O=)4 me`s irupes mc vâjvujbs mc âiub mc bj`lcgtbéïe sïe aergco`mes gb objmc`rb. Obmb irupe oelprccgmc ulb vâjvujb snuteaa c ulb vâjvujb mc rctcgéïe mc pbssbicl rctb. B vâjvujb snut-eaa ge irupe oelul mcvc scr bhcrtb qubgme b objmc`rb cstâ cl epcrbéïe, eu sc b objmc`rb à usbmb oele ul tblher mc vbper. Bs vâjvujbs snut-eaa mcvcl scr aconbmbs qubgme b objmc`rb gïe cstâ cl epcrbéïe. @gm`obmbs gb A`iurb > per O? c O= (snut-eaa c rctcgéïe mc pbssbicl rctb). E eutre irupe mc vâjvujbs (snut-eaa c rctcgéïe mc pbssbicl rctb) gïe cstâ `gm`obme me gb A`iurb >.
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Qâjvujb hy-pbss (O3)4 b vâjvujb hy-pbss à ulb vâjvujb snut-eaa. B a`gbj`mbmc mcstb vâjvujb à cqubj`zbr b prcssïe cgtrc b objmc`rb c e s`stclb mc vbper, qubgme b vâjvujb mc vbper pr`go`pbj cstâ aconbmb.
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Qâjvujb mc vbper mc btel`zbéïe4 b vâjvujb mc vbper mc btel`zbéïe à ulb vâjvujb snut-eaa/rctcgéïe mc pbssbicl rctb. B augéïe snut-eaa à pbrb b sciurbgéb c b augéïe rctcgéïe `lpcmc quc âiub/vbper ajub pbrb mcgtre mb objmc`rb vbz`b per cgibge (crre).
29
•
@gm`obmercs mc gìvcj mc âiub (O1 c O9)4 me`s `gm`obmercs mc gìvcj mc âiub jeob`s t`pe rcajct`ve sïe oegcotbmes gb pbrtc aregtbj mb objmc`rb, obmb lcm`mer scgme aergco`me oel mubs vâjvujbs snut-eaa c ulb vâjvujb mrcge. Bs vâjvujbs snut-eaa, legtbmbs ge tepe c augme me v`ser mc v`mre, täl ul lcobg`sle mc aconblcgte râp`me pbrb scr usbme cl obse mc quchrb me `gstrulcgte.
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Qâjvujb mc hjew-mewg (O> c O0)4 mubs vâjvujbs hjew-mewg me t`pe snut-eaa c rctcgéïe mc pbssbicl rctb sïe legtbmbs gb pbrtc `gacr`er me oerpe mb objmc`rb. B augéïe snut-eaa à pbrb b sciurbgéb c b augéïe rctcgéïe cv`tb quc vbper/âiub ajub pbrb mcgtre mb objmc`rb vbz`b per cgibge.
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Qâjvujb mc br/vcgt`jbéïe (O26)4 à ulb vâjvujb snut-eaa jeobj`zbmb ge tepe mb objmc`rb. À gerlbjlcgtc aconbmb, cxocte qubgme b objmc`rb cstâ scgme bhbstco`mb eu oelpjctblcgtc mrcgbmb. B cxtrcl`mbmc me mrcge mb vâjvujb mc br mcvc scr v`sìvcj b a`l mc sc mctcrl`gbr qubgme âiub eu vbper cstâ sb`gme.
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Qâjvujbs pbrb scrpcgt`gb mc bquco`lcgte (O22 c O28)4 b objmc`rb à aergco`mb oel mubs vâjvujbs snut-eaa oegcotbmbs gb cgtrbmb c sbìmb mb scrpcgt`gb mc bquco`lcgte. Cstbs vâjvujbs mcvcl scr bhcrtbs bpcgbs qubgme e tuhujïe mc âiub cstâ onc`e.
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Qâjvujbs pbrb seprbmer mc auj`icl4 b objmc`rb à aergco`mb oel ulb vâjvujb snut-eaa c mubs vâjvujbs csacrb pbrb e brrbgde me seprbmer mc auj`icl. Bjàl m`sse, ulb vâjvujb mrcge à legtbmb ge s`stclb.
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Qâjvujb mc blestrbicl (O2?)4 ulb vâjvujb mc blestrbicl à `gstbjbmb pcrl`t`gme b `gtcrj`ibéïe mb objmc`rb b ul rcsar`bmer mc blestrb jeobj`zbme gb p`b mc blestrbicl. E ehdct`ve me rcsar`bmer à mc`xbr b tclpcrbturb mb âiub b scr bgbj`sbmb gulb oegm`éïe abverâvcj mc trbhbjne pbrb e bgbj`stb quìl`oe eu lbqu`g`stb.
2>
A`iurb >4 Objmc`rb Bqubtuhujbr - Vr`go`pb`s `tcgs - L`ss`eg ]L M typc, Bbjheri Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bbjheri
3.
RSC@LBMEX OEL B]EL@TBÉÏE B QBVEX
3.2.
MC_OX@ÉÏE ICXBJ
E quc`lbmer oel btel`zbéïe b vbper mbs objmc`rbs L`ss`eg M-typc à me t`pe KH_M oel epcrbéïe lemujbmb. E quc`lbmer à obpbz mc quc`lbr tbgte ÿjce m`cscj (LME) oele ÿjce oelhustìvcj pcsbme (NAE). [1\ E s`stclb oegs`stc mb ug`mbmc mc quc`lb (hurgcr), me vcgt`jbmer mc br mc oelhustïe, c s`stclbs mc bj`lcgtbéïe mc ÿjce, vbper c br mc oelhustïe. B ug`mbmc mc quc`lb à legtbmb ge tepe mb objmc`rb c oegcotbmb be vcgt`jbmer mc br mc oelhustïe v`b ul mute mc br, oegaerlc lestrb b A`iurb 0. Es ehdct`ves me quc`lbmer KH_M sïe es sciu`gtcs4 •
Aergcocr cgcri`b b scr j`hcrbmb gb aergbjnb mb objmc`rb;
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Btel`zbr jìqu`mes oelhustìvc`s;
•
Bdustbr oegt`gublcgtc b vbzïe mc oelhustìvcj æ vbzïe mc vbper; 20
•
Vrelevcr b l`sturbr cstcqu`elàtr`ob mc br c oelhustìvcj;
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Cstbhcjcocr c lbgtcr ulb onblb cstbh`j`zbmb;
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Xcbj`zbr b supcrv`sïe mb onblb.
A`iurb 04 Csquclb s`lpj`a`obme me s`stclb mc quc`lb Aegtc4 Bbjheri `gmustr`cs E predcte me quc`lbmer ibrbgtc quc b onblb scdb lbgt`mb bjtblcgtc cstâvcj oel tembs bs obribs. Slb `justrbéïe me quc`lbmer KH_M à bprcscgtbmb gb A`iurb 26 c es mbmes sïe cx`h`mes gb ]bhcjb 8.
]bhcjb 84 Mbmes me Ruc`lbmer ]'VE XC*SJBÉÏE EMCJE +QCJ MC XSME %&'E VBXB E QC+]'JBMEX $EHS_]QCJ VX'%X'E $EHS_]QCJ _C$S+M%X'E $BVB$'MBMC ME 7SC'BMEX C 0JCE M'C_CJ5 +. $BVB$'MBMC ME 7SC'BMEX C 0JCE M'C_CJ5 %&.
B,-b8- b b=-r -9b8>H_M 263 H(B) 094- $-h;,:49 V4;b- (N
$BVB$'MBMC ME 7SC'BMEX C 0JCE $EHS_]QCJ5 +. $BVB$'MBMC ME 7SC'BMEX C 0JCE $EHS_]QCJ5 %&. VXC__ÏE MC QBVEX MC B]E'FBÉÏE5 +. $E+_SE MC QBVEX MC B]E'FBÉÏE5 %&. VXC__ÏE MC BX MC B]E'FBÉÏE5 +. $E+_SE MC BX MC B]E'FBÉÏE5 %&.
!13 ki/n !.136 ki/n 1 hbr 2?6 ki/n hbr !"6 ki/n
86
A`iurb 264 @justrbéïe me quc`lbmer KH_M Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bbjheri
3.8.
OELVEGCG]C_ VX@GO@VB@_ ME RSC@LBMEX
3.8.2. OB@^B MC BX B ob`xb mc br (Y`gm-hex) oegs`stc mc ulb oèlbrb prcssur`zbmb cl vejtb me quc`lbmer, egmc e br à lbgt`me b ulb prcssïe bmcqubmb, pbrb bssciurbr m`str`hu`éïe c vbzïe bprepr`bmbs mc br mc oelhustïe. [1\ Oel b a`gbj`mbmc mc sc ehtcr ulb m`str`hu`éïe cstâvcj c ug`aerlc me br mc oelhustïe, e quc`lbmer KH_M ae` predctbme oel ulb ob`xb mc br m`gèl`ob, oegaerlc b A`iurb 22. Cstb ob`xb mc br cl aerlb mc ul csp`rbj, c cl oelh`gbéïe oel pbjnctbs a`xbmbs rbm`bjlcgtc, à ul lc`e ca`o`cgtc pbrb bjobgébr ulb cstbh`j`mbmc mb onblb, abo`j`tbgme e oegtrejc me preocsse mc oelhustïe.
82
A`iurb 224 @justrbéïe mb ob`xb mc br m`gèl`ob Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bbjheri
3.8.8. MS]E MC BX ME RSC@LBMEX E mute mc br me quc`lbmer (Hurgcr rci`stcr) `gtcrj`ib b ob`xb mc br c b aergbjnb, c bhr`ib b jbgéb oel e btel`zbmer, es cstbh`j`zbmercs mc onblb eu "sw`rjcrs" c e `ig`ter (vcr A`iurb 26). Ruc`lbmercs mc pcqucge pertc sïe legtbmes oel sw`rjcrs m`v`m`mes - ul pr`lâr`e c ul scougmâr`e, cgqubgte quc quc`lbmercs mc irbgmc pertc sïe legtbmes oel selcgtc ul cstbh`j`zbmer mc onblb. Ver qucstócs mc lbgutcgéïe c `gspcéïe, b jbgéb me quc`lbmer pemc scr mcslegtbmb scpbrbmblcgtc me tepe mb ob`xb mc br. @ste abz oel quc b suhst`tu`éïe me btel`zbmer scdb lu`te s`lpjcs. Es cstbh`j`zbmercs mc onblb eu "sw`rjcrs" sïe predctbmes pbrb icrbr ulb rco`roujbéïe `gtcrgb mes ibscs qucgtcs, quc aergcocl b `ig`éïe oegtìgub, cstbh`j`zbgme b onblb c rcsujtbgme cl lcges pujsbéïe.
3.8.?. @IG@]EX E `ig`ter eu quc`lbmer p`jete mcst`gb-sc æ `ig`éïe me quc`lbmer pr`go`pbj oel scu prÿpr`e s`stclb mc bj`lcgtbéïe mc ÿjce m`cscj `gmcpcgmcgtc. Slb `justrbéïe à bprcscgtbmb gb A`iurb 28. 88
E s`stclb mc `ig`éïe sclprc epcrb oel LME, lcsle quc e quc`lbmer pr`go`pbj epcrc oel LME eu oel NAE. @ste bssciurb ulb `ig`éïe oega`âvcj. E LME à aergco`me per ulb helhb mc ÿjce mc `ig`éïe, quc epcrb bpcgbs cl leme `ig`éïe. [1\ E br mc oelhustïe à aergco`me pcje s`stclb mc br oelpr`l`me c pemc scr bdustbme per lc`e mb vâjvujb rciujbmerb jeobj`zbmb bpÿs b sejcgÿ`mc (A`iurb 28). Ge a`gbj me pcrìeme mc purib mb aergbjnb, bs vâjvujbs sejcgÿ`mcs pbrb e LME c e br mc oelhustïe bhrcl, c b onblb mc ÿjce m`cscj à `ig`tbmb per ulb abìsob cjàtr`ob cgtrc me`s cjctremes quc sïe oegcotbmes b ul trbgsaerlbmer mc `ig`éïe mc bjtb tcgsïe. Ge a`gbj me pcrìeme mc `ig`éïe, bs vâjvujbs sejcgÿ`mcs sïe aconbmbs, c e `ig`ter à puribme oel br oelpr`l`me. Bpÿs e pcrìeme mc purib e `ig`ter rctrât`j à rcoubme per ul scrve o`j`gmre.
A`iurb 284 @justrbéïe me quc`lbmer mc `ig`éïe Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bbjheri 8?
3.8.=. JBGÉB ME RSC@LBMEX B jbgéb me quc`lbmer oegtàl ul btel`zbmer t`pe "P-dct", egmc vbper c oelhustìvcj sïe l`sturbmes c cdctbmes mcgtre mb aergbjnb. Cstb gàveb mc ÿjce à cgtïe l`sturbmb oel br mc oelhustïe, c b oelhustïe à rcbj`zbmb. B `justrbéïe mb jbgéb à bprcscgtbmb gb A`iurb 2?. Murbgtc b pbrt`mb gerlbj, b jbgéb me quc`lbmer à puribmb oel vbper mc btel`zbéïe, quc bqucoc b lcslb c abz b `ig`éïe mb onblb pr`go`pbj scr lb`s sciurb. Murbgtc b pbrbmb gerlbj, b tuhujbéïe mc ÿjce à puribmb oel vbper c b qubgt`mbmc rclbgcsocgtc mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj gb jbgéb à btel`zbmb mcgtre mb aergbjnb. Cvcgtubjlcgtc, e btel`zbmer cstbrâ oehcrte oel ulb oblbmb mc mcpÿs`tes mc obrhege. Vbrb rclevcr cstcs mcpÿs`tes, rclevcmer mc obrhege eu pbrba`gb icrbjlcgtc à ut`j`zbme.
A`iurb 2?4 Jbgéb me quc`lbmer Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bbjheri
3.8.3. AE]EOÀJSJB Sl mctcoter XBX à usbme pbrb supcrv`sïe mc onblbs premuz`mbs pcje ÿjce (blbrcjb). _c b aeteoàjujb mctcotbr b busägo`b mc onblb, e quc`lbmer pârb `gstbgtbgcblcgtc.
8=
Cssb supcrv`sïe à `lpertbgtc pbrb b sciurbgéb ge s`stclb, ulb vcz quc b onblb ocssc, à prco`se tblhàl quc ocssc b `gdcéïe mc oelhustìvcj, cv`tbgme quc nbdb boôluje mc oelhustìvcj ge quc`lbmer. Oel cstc t`pe mc mctcoter, b rbm`béïe mb onblb mc ÿjce gb ab`xb v`sìvcj me cspcotre jul`gese à usbmb pbrb icrbr ul s`gbj mb onblb. E cjclcgte scgsìvcj æ juz à ulb aeteoàjujb, quc qubgme `jul`gbmb icrb vejtbicl OO quc abz ulb oerrcgtc aju`r pbrb e `gput me blpj`a`obmer gb ug`mbmc mc oegtrejc. Oegscqucgtclcgtc, b aeteoàjujb à ul mctcoter bt`ve. B oàjujb à `gscgsìvcj æ rbm`béïe `garbvcrlcjnb. _c e quc`lbmer à `g`o`bme oel ulb oèlbrb mc oelhustïe `jul`gbmb, b scqucgo`b mc pbrt`mb me quc`lbmer à `gtcrrelp`mb, c ul bjbrlc pbrb abjnb mb onblb scrâ `gm`obme. E gôlcre mc aeteoàjujbs pbrb epcrbéïe butelât`ob c epcrbéïe mc clcriägo`b mcpcgmc mb seo`cmbmc ojbss`a`obmerb. B `gtcgs`mbmc mb rbm`béïe mb juz pemc scr vcr`a`obmb pcjb lcm`éïe me mctcoter mc oerrcgtc btrbvàs mc ul blpcrìlctre OO (rcs`stägo`b `gtcrgb 3666 enl). B A`iurb 2= lestrb e o`rou`te mc lcm`éïe.
A`iurb 2=4 O`rou`te mc lcm`éïe ‟ Aeteoàjujb Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bbjheri
83
3.?.
_@_]CLB MC ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ
3.?.2. MC_OX@ÉÏE ICXBJ E quc`lbmer KH_M c e s`stclb mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj aerbl predctbmes pbrb epcrbéïe tbgte oel LME oele NAE. E m`birblb me s`stclb mc ÿjce pbrb es me`s quc`lbmercs mc btel`zbéïe b vbper (mubs objmc`rbs bux`j`brcs) à bprcscgtbme gb A`iurb 23. E s`stclb mc ÿjce oegs`stc mc tbgqucs pbrb LME c NAE, tuhe mc l`sturb, helhbs mc ÿjce, bqucocmercs, helhbs mc ÿjce mc `ig`éïe, c lbjnbs pbrb oegtrejc mc prcssïe c tclpcrbturb me ÿjce.
LME
NAE
NAE
A`iurb 234 @justrbéïe me s`stclb mc ÿjce Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bbjheri
3.?.8. ]BGRSC_ MC ßJCE E tbgquc mc NAE mcvc scr aergco`me oel ulb scrpcgt`gb mc bquco`lcgte, oel b a`gbj`mbmc mc cjcvbr b tclpcrbturb me ÿjce oelhustìvcj ge tbgquc b, pcje lcges, 36¶O, 81
tclpcrbturb cl quc scrâ pessìvcj helhcbr e ÿjce. B tclpcrbturb me ÿjce ge tbgquc gïe mcvcrâ cxocmcr 16¶O, b a`l mc lbgtcr b tclpcrbturb me ÿjce oegtrejbmb pcjbs ug`mbmcs mc bquco`lcgte. [1\ E t`pe mc oelhustìvcj à scjco`egbme lbgubjlcgtc btrbvàs mb vâjvujb ? v`bs (I223) ge s`stclb mc ÿjce (vcr A`iurb 23).
3.?.?. HELHB_ MC ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ E s`stclb mc ÿjce à prev`me mc ul oegdugte mc helhbs mc ÿjce t`pe pbrbause, oelul tbgte pbrb LME qubgte pbrb NAE (I63 c I28 - _k`m I2=9). E s`stclb mc oegtrejc rcochc ul s`gbj me trbgsl`sser mc prcssïe (I00). _c b prcssïe ob` bhb`xe mc ul sctpe`gt prà-bdustbme, b epcrbéïe mb helhb à `gtcrrelp`mb, c b eutrb helhb à `g`o`bmb. _c b prcssïe oegt`gubr b ob`r, e s`stclb mc oegtrejc cgtrb cl "snutmewg" per prcssïe hb`xb mc ÿjce c pârb e quc`lbmer.
3.?.=. OEG]XEJC MC VXC__ÏE ME ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ Slb pbrtc me ÿjce oelhustìvcj rctergb pbrb e jbme mc suoéïe mb helhb btrbvàs mb vâjvujb mc oegtrejc mc prcssïe (I266), quc lbgtàl ul prà-sct mc prcssïe ge s`stclb mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj. B lbjnb mc oegtrejc mc prcssïe mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj `goju` ulb vâjvujb mc oegtrejc leter`zbmb (I266) pbrb ibrbgt`r b prcssïe oerrctb me ÿjce gb cgtrbmb me quc`lbmer. Sl oegtrejbmer V@M c ul trbgsl`sser mc prcssïe (I00) pbmrïe =-86 lB ibrbgtcl augo`egbj`mbmc et`l`zbmb c prco`sb.
3.?.3. VXÀ-BRSCOCMEX
89
E s`stclb mc ÿjce à prev`me mc me`s prà-bqucocmercs (I88) quc bqucocl e ÿjce oelhustìvcj pcsbme æ tclpcrbturb c v`soes`mbmc oerrctbs btrbvàs mc vbper. Oele dâ m`te bgtcr`erlcgtc, e ÿjce oelhustìvcj à scjco`egbme lbgubjlcgtc btrbvàs mb vâjvujb ? v`bs (I223). Rubgme e LME à scjco`egbme, b vâjvujb ? v`bs (I32), epcrbmb lbgubjlcgtc, mcvc cstbr cl ulb pes`éïe quc hy-pbss es prà-bqucocmercs, c bs vâjvujbs mc hjequc`e (I83) mcvcl cstbr aconbmbs. Rubgme e NAE à scjco`egbme, bs vâjvujbs mc hjequc`e (I83) mcvcl scr bhcrtbs, c b vâjvujb ? v`bs (I32) mcvc cstbr cl ulb pes`éïe cl quc e ÿjce pbssc btrbvàs mes prà-bqucocmercs.
3.?.1. OEG]XEJC MC ]CLVCXB]SXB ME ßJCE B tclpcrbturb me NAE bpÿs es prà-bqucocmercs à lbgt`mb prco`sblcgtc ge vbjer mcscdbme per lc`e mc ulb vâjvujb mc oegtrejc mc vbzïe leter`zbmb (I86), mc ul oegtrejbmer V@M c ul trbgsl`sser mc tclpcrbturb Vt266 (I8>).
3.?.9. _@_]CLB MC ßJCE MC @IG@ÉÏE Oele dâ lcgo`egbme bgtcr`erlcgtc, e s`stclb mc `ig`éïe mc ÿjce sclprc epcrb oel LME, lcsle quc e quc`lbmer mc btel`zbéïe b vbper epcrc oel LME eu NAE. E LME à aergco`me per ulb helhb mc ÿjce mc `ig`éïe t`pe cgircgbicl (I98) oel a`jtre (I96). B helhb à epcrbmb bpcgbs cl leme `ig`éïe. Slb pjbgtb oel mubs objmc`rbs (Vredcte _uczlbx VXELCA) à aergco`mb oel mubs helhbs mc ÿjce mc `ig`éïe. _c ulb helhb abjnb, b eutrb pemc scr scjco`egbmb pbrb aergcocr LME pbrb `ig`éïe mc blhes es quc`lbmercs.
3.=.
_@_]CLB_ MC BJ@LCG]BÉÏE ME RSC@LBMEX
3.=.2. MC_OX@ÉÏE ICXBJ 8>
Es s`stclbs mc bj`lcgtbéïe me quc`lbmer oegs`stcl mc ul s`stclb mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj, ul s`stclb mc btel`zbéïe b vbper, ul s`stclb mc br mc oelhustïe, ul s`stclb mc `ig`éïe, c ul s`stclb mc br oelpr`l`me. B A`iurb 21 bprcscgtb ulb `justrbéïe mcssc oegdugte.
A`iurb 214 _`stclbs mc bj`lcgtbéïe me quc`lbmer KH_M Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bbjheri
3.=.8. _@_]CLB MC ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ _b`gme mes prà-bqucocmercs eu mb j`gnb mc hy-pbss mes prà-bqucocmercs, oegaerlc b A`iurb 23, e ÿjce oelhustìvcj aju` btrbvàs mb vâjvujb ? v`bs (A00), `gm`obmb gb A`iurb 21, pbssb pcje ajuxýlctre (A266), cl sciu`mb pcjb vâjvujb rciujbmerb mc vbzïe (A0=), c sciuc pbrb b vâjvujb snut-eaa ? v`bs pgculât`ob (A93). Mcstc pegte, e ÿjce oelhustìvcj 80
tbgte pemc rctergbr pbrb e s`stclb pr`go`pbj mc ÿjce (quc`lbmer `gepcrbgtc), v`b vâjvujb mc hjequc`e (A0?), oele pemc sciu`r pbrb b jbgéb me quc`lbmer (quc`lbmer cl epcrbéïe), v`b vâjvujb snut-eaa pgculât`ob (A19) c vâjvujb mc hjequc`e (A1=). E ÿjce oelhustìvcj c e aju`me mc btel`zbéïe sïe aergco`mes b pbrt`r mbs vâjvujbs mc hjequc`e (A1=) c (A=2), rcspcot`vblcgtc, c btrbvàs mc lbgiuc`rbs ajcxìvc`s oegcotbmbs gb jbgéb me quc`lbmer, quc oegtàl e btel`zbmer t`pe "P-dct". B gàveb mc ÿjce oelpestb pcjes me`s aju`mes c premuz`mb ge btel`zbmer à cdctbmb pbrb mcgtre mb aergbjnb, l`sturbgme-sc oel e br qucgtc mc oelhustïe, mbgme er`icl be preocsse oelhustïe. B obrib me quc`lbmer à oegtrejbmb per ul s`stclb mc oegtrejc, quc rcochc ul s`gbj oegtìgue mc ul trbgsl`sser mc prcssïe mc vbper. Cstc s`gbj à oelpbrbme b m`acrcgtcs sctpe`gts, s`gb`s mc accmhbok, c pbrèlctres ge s`stclb mc oegtrejc. E eutput me s`stclb mc oegtrejc à usbme pbrb oegtrejbr b vâjvujb rciujbmerb mc ÿjce (A0=), quc à epcrbmb pgculbt`oblcgtc per ul pes`o`egbmer @/V. Vbrb ehtcr-sc ulb heb prco`sïe mb rciujbicl mc ÿjce, egmc à lu`te `lpertbgtc tcr-sc ulb blpjb rbgicbh`j`mbmc, b vâvujb à legtbmb oel ul Ov bdustâvcj. E s`gbj me trbgsl`sser mc prcssïe dugte oel es s`gb`s mc accmhbok me ajuxýlctre mc ÿjce c me trbgsl`sser mc prcssïe m`acrcgo`bj pbrb br mc oelhustïe sïe lbg`pujbmes ge s`stclb mc oegtrejc pbrb ehtcr-sc ulb oelhustïe oerrctb, ge quc m`z rcspc`te æ preperéïe mc br/ÿjce c æ prcssïe mc vbper mc btel`zbéïe.
3.=.?. _@_]CLB MC QBVEX MC B]EL@TBÉÏE _b`gme me tuhujïe mc vbper, e vbper mc btel`zbéïe aju` btrbvàs mb vâjvujb rciujbmerb mc vbper (A02), mb vâjvujb snut-eaa pgculât`ob (A=8), c mb vâjvujb mc hjequc`e (A=2) pbrb b jbgéb me quc`lbmer. B prcssïe mc vbper à oegtrejbmb pcjb vâjvujb rciujbmerb (A02). B ?6
prcssïe mc vbper à lbgt`mb b ul gìvcj oegstbgtc b bjtbs obribs me quc`lbmer, peràl b hb`xbs obribs, b prcssïe mc vbper à rcmuz`mb pcje s`stclb mc oegtrejc. Sl oegtrejbmer V@M oel sctpe`gt cxtcrge c ul trbgsl`sser mc prcssïe pbmrïe =-86 lB ibrbgtcl augo`egbj`mbmc prco`sb c et`l`zbmb. E sctpe`gt cxtcrge cstâ rcjbo`egbme oel b vbzïe mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj c bjtcrbéócs gcstb, prepero`egbgme ulb rciujbéïe lb`s et`l`zbmb. Murbgtc b pbrbmb gerlbj me quc`lbmer, b jbgéb à puribmb oel vbper. B vâjvujb snuteaa pgculât`ob (A==) bhrc, c e ÿjce oelhustìvcj rclbgcsocgtc gb jbgéb à btel`zbme mcgtre mb aergbjnb. E vcgt`jbmer mc br mc oelhustïe, quc tblhàl epcrb murbgtc cstc pcrìeme, purib b aergbjnb cxpujsbgme b gàveb mc ÿjce/vbper cdctbmb c gïe quc`lbmb. B vâjvujb (A==) à aconbmb bpÿs e a`gbj me pcrìeme mc purib. Qbper mc btel`zbéïe à aergco`me pcje s`stclb mc vbper v`b b vâjvujb mc hjequc`e (A08). Br oelpr`l`me tblhàl pemc scr usbme oele aju`me mc btel`zbéïe (per cxclpje, ge stbrtup mb objmc`rb), scgme aergco`me v`b b vâjvujb mc hjequc`e (A>9). Br oelpr`l`me pbrb btel`zbéïe selcgtc mcvc scr usbme sc e vbper gïe cst`vcr m`spegìvcj.
3.=.=. _@_]CLB MC BX MC OELHS_]ÏE E vcgt`jbmer mc br mc oelhustïe bsp`rb e br mb prbéb mc lâqu`gbs btrbvàs mbs pbjnctbs mc bml`ssïe. Cstbs rciujbl b vbzïe mc br gcocssâr`b pbrb b oelhustïe per lc`e mc ul o`j`gmre mc br c ul pes`o`egbmer @/V, quc rcochc ul s`gbj =-86 lB me s`stclb mc oegtrejc. Me jbme mcsobrib me vcgt`jbmer, e br mc oelhustïe aju` pbrb b ob`xb mc br me quc`lbmer (w`gm-hex), scgme cl sciu`mb m`str`huìme pbrb e mute mc br me quc`lbmer, pbssbgme pcje cstbh`j`zbmer mc onblb (sw`rjcrs), c per a`l m`str`huìme gb aergbjnb btrbvàs mc pbjnctbs a`xbmbs rbm`bjlcgtc, quc ibrbgtcl ulb vbzïe mc br ug`aerlc. ?2
B m`acrcgéb mc prcssïe gb ârcb mb oèlbrb mc oelhustïe à lcm`mb per ul trbgsl`sser m`acrcgo`bj mc prcssïe, quc oegvcrtc e s`gbj pbrb ul s`gbj mc vbzïe usbme pcje s`stclb mc oegtrejc pbrb oegtrejc butelât`oe mb rbzïe br/ÿjce. [1\
3.=.3. _@_]CLB MC @IG@ÉÏE Ge a`gbj me pcrìeme mc purib mb aergbjnb, bs vâjvujbs sejcgÿ`mcs (A2>, A20 c A23?) bhrcl c e quc`lbmer mc `ig`éïe à bocse (`gajblbme) c `gtremuz`me. E quc`lbmer mc `ig`éïe mcvc bocgmcr e quc`lbmer pr`go`pbj mcgtre me pcrìeme mc `ig`éïe prcscgtc. Ge a`gbj me pcrìeme mc `ig`éïe, bs vâjvujbs sejcgÿ`mcs (A2>, A20) sïe aconbmbs, c e `ig`ter à puribme pcje oelprcsser mc br btrbvàs mb vâjvujb sejcgÿ`mc (A9>) c mb vâjvujb mc rctcgéïe (A99). Bpÿs e pcrìeme mc purib e `ig`ter à rctrbìme.
3.=.1. _@_]CLB MC BX OELVX@L@ME E s`stclb mc br oelpr`l`me oegs`stc mc qubtre s`stclbs quc epcrbl oel prcssócs m`acrcgtcs. E s`stclb mc br pbrb btel`zbéïe à ul s`stclb `gmcpcgmcgtc, quc `goju` b vâjvujb mc hjequc`e (A>9) c b vâjvujb mc rctcgéïe (A26>). E s`stclb mc br pbrb `ig`éïe oelprccgmc b vâjvujb mc hjequc`e (A9?), b vâjvujb rciujbmerb (A238), bs vâjvujbs sejcgÿ`mcs (A9> c A23?), c b vâjvujb mc rctcgéïe (A99). E s`stclb mc br pbrb oegtrejc mbs vâjvujbs pgculât`obs snut-eaa oegs`stc me a`jtre mc br (A1?), mbs vâjvujbs sejcgÿ`mcs (A12, A13, A31, A30), c mes btubmercs pgculât`oes (A16, A11, A39, A3>). Cstcs oelpegcgtcs sïe usbmes pcjb vâjvujb snut-eaa träs v`bs (A93), pcjb vâjvujb snut-eaa (A19), pcjb vâvujb snut-eaa (A=8), c pcjb vâjvujb snut-eaa (A==), rcspcot`vblcgtc.
?8
E s`stclb mc br pbrb e oegtrejc mb vbzïe mc ÿjce `goju` bs ug`mbmcs mc a`jtre mc br (A01 c A09), e oegvcrser @/V (A03), c oegcxócs pbrb b vâjvujb rciujbmerb mc vbzïe mc ÿjce (A0=).
1. _@_]CLB MC OEG]XEJC 1.2.
MC_OX@ÉÏE ICXBJ
E s`stclb mc oegtrejc ae` predctbme pbrb aergcocr ulb epcrbéïe sciurb c augo`egbj mb pjbgtb mc vbper, tbgte gb objmc`rb qubgte ge ocgtre mc oegtrejc mc lâqu`gbs (OOL). E predcte icrbj oelprccgmc ulb scéïe mc oegtrejc jeobj pbrb obmb objmc`rb, ulb scéïe mc bj`lcgtbéïe oelul c ul s`stclb mc leg`terblcgte c oegtrejc hbscbme cl VO. B A`iurb 29 `justrb e s`stclb mc oegtrejc mbs mubs objmc`rbs bux`j`brcs L`ss`eg M-typc me predcte _uczlbx. B oelug`obéïe cgtrc es pb`gà`s mc oegtrejc jeob`s, pb`gà`s mc bj`lcgtbéïe, c e VO me OOL à rcbj`zbmb btrbvàs mc ulb rcmc X_=>3 mc me`s a`es. E obhcblcgte à me t`pe pbr trbgébme oel pretcéïe.
A`iurb 294 @justrbéïe me s`stclb mc oegtrejc Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bbjheri ??
1.8.
_CÉÏE MC OEG]XEJC JEOBJ
B scéïe mc oegtrejc jeobj oegtàl e pb`gcj jeobj, `gtcraboc mc oelug`obéïe, rcjàs, cqu`pblcgte mc leg`terblcgte mc onblb (aeteoàjujb), cqu`pblcgte mc oegtrejc mc gìvcj mc âiub, onbvcs pbrb epcrbéïe mc clcriägo`b, cto. E ibh`gctc bprcscgtb ojbssc mc `sejblcgte @V33 c pemc cstbr s`tubme cl blh`cgtcs oel tclpcrbturbs cgtrc 6¶O b =3¶O oel ulb ul`mbmc rcjbt`vb btà 06%. B A`iurb 2> `justrb b scéïe mc oegtrejc jeobj.
A`iurb 2>4 @justrbéïe mb scéïe mc oegtrejc jeobj Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bbjheri
E pb`gcj jeobj bss`l oele es pb`gà`s mc bj`lcgtbéïe sïe oegstruìmes oele ul s`stclb mc leg`terblcgte c oegtrejc oelputbmer`zbme. Es pb`gà`s sïe cqu`pbmes oel ul gôlcre mc oegcxócs @/E m`i`tb`s c bgbjÿi`obs. Cstbs oegcxócs @/E sïe lbg`pujbmbs pcjb 8
OVS, quc epcrb es pb`gà`s, pcje CVXEL, quc oegtàl e preirblb, c pcje C VXEL, quc brlbzcgb mbmes cspcoìa`oes mb pjbgtb. B scéïe mc oegtrejc jeobj cstâ jeobj`zbmb gb objmc`rb, prepero`egbgme be epcrbmer ulb v`sïe ojbrb mb epcrbéïe me cqu`pblcgte. E s`stclb mb objmc`rb pemc scr epcrbme oelpjctblcgtc pcje pb`gcj jeobj oel eu scl e s`stclb VO cl scrv`ée. Btrbvàs mbs ?=
tcojbs mc augéïe jeobj`zbmbs æ csqucrmb me m`spjby, e quc`lbmer pemc scr epcrbme cl leme lbgubj, c bjbrlcs mc snutmewg pemcl scr rcoegnco`mes. Bs tcojbs mc augéïe jeobj`zbmbs æ m`rc`tb me m`spjby aergcocl bocsse æ cstruturb me lcgu. Es gìvc`s me lcgu prepr`blcgtc m`tes sïe cx`h`mes cl qubtre JOM's.
1.?.
_CÉÏE MC BJ@LCG]BÉÏE OELSL
Cstb scéïe oegtàl s`stclbs mc bj`lcgtbéïe cjàtr`ob, pb`gà`s mc bj`lcgtbéïe cl oelul, bo`egbmercs mc leter c oelpegcgtcs epo`egb`s oele s`stclb mc leg`terblcgte mc mcgs`mbmc mc aulbéb, bjbrlc mc sbj`g`mbmc, mctcoter mc ÿjce, cto. Bjàl m`sse, onbvcs pbrb epcrbéïe mc clcriägo`b sïe aergco`mbs mcgtre mb scéïe mc bj`lcgtbéïe oelul. E gôlcre mc pb`gà`s mc bj`lcgtbéïe mcpcgmc mbs gcocss`mbmcs `gm`v`mub`s mb pjbgtb, per cxclpje, e oegtrejc mbs helhbs mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj à eht`me btrbvàs me pb`gcj 2 c e oegtrejc mbs helhbs mc âiub mc bj`lcgtbéïe btrbvàs me pb`gcj 8. B A`iurb 20 `justrb ul pb`gcj mc bj`lcgtbéïe.
A`iurb 204 @justrbéïe mc ul pb`gcj mc bj`lcgtbéïe Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bbjheri
1.=.
_@_]CLB MC LEG@]EXBLCG]E HB_CBME CL VO
E s`stclb mc oegtrejc à aergco`me oel ul VO oel `gtcraboc irâa`ob be usuâr`e, quc à `gstbjbme ge OOL. ?3
B oegcxïe mc rcmc X_=>3 pcrl`tc quc e s`stclb mc leg`terblcgte hbscbme cl VO ehtcgnb es mbmes mes pb`gà`s mc oegtrejc ge s`stclb, c bprcscgtc b pjbgtb oelpjctb mb objmc`rb ge VO. @ste s`ig`a`ob quc e oegtrejc bt`ve mb pjbgtb mb objmc`rb pemc eoerrcr b pbrt`r me tcojbme eu me m`spes`t`ve mc cgtrbmb me leusc. ]emes es pbrèlctres, oega`iurbéócs, cto., pemcl scr oegtrejbmes b pbrt`r me VO c trbgsacr`mes pbrb e s`stclb mc oegtrejc. B `gtcraboc irâa`ob me usuâr`e à preirblbmb ge hcl oegnco`me c pbmreg`zbme blh`cgtc Y`gmews. @ste eacrcoc be epcrbmer ul scgt`lcgte mc oegaerte mcsmc b pr`lc`rb vcz quc e s`stclb à epcrbme. Lcgus trbm`o`egb`s aergcocl bocsses b j`stbs mc bjbrlc/snut mewg, oele tblhàl treob mc abo`j`mbmcs cgtrc bs m`acrcgtcs a`iurbs mcscgnbmbs quc bprcscgtbl e s`stclb oelpjcte. A`iurbs cl pep-up nbh`j`tbl e epcrbmer pbrt`r c pbrbr bs objmc`rbs eu lumbr sctpe`gts mc prcssïe mc vbper, cto. Cl ulb pjbgtb oel mubs objmc`rbs b scjcéïe mbs objmc`rbs lcstrc/csorbvb tblhàl pemc scr rcbj`zbmb b pbrt`r me VO.
1.3.
@G]CXABOC LEMHS_
Oegaerlc bprcscgtbme gb A`iurb 29, ulb `gtcraboc mc oelug`obéïe v`b preteoeje Lemhus (X_=>3) pbrb eutres s`stclbs b herme me gbv`e pemc scr aergco`mb. E rcourse Lemhus eacrcoc leg`terblcgte c oegtrejc cxtcrge mc ul gôlcre j`l`tbme mc pbrèlctres ge s`stclb mc oegtrejc mbs objmc`rbs b pbrt`r mc ul juibr epcrbo`egbj cxtcrge oele, per cxclpje, ge ocgtre mc oegtrejc mc obribs (OOO). À pessìvcj oegtrejbr c/eu leg`terbr pbrèlctres tb`s oele leme mc epcrbéïe mb objmc`rb, cstbme (pbrbmb, pbrt`gme, cl purib, cto.), pbrt`mb/pbrbmb c obrib lbgubj, scjcéïe mb objmc`rb lcstrc/csorbvb, leme iâs `gcrtc, prcssïe mb objmc`rb/s`stclb, c gìvcj mc âiub.
?1
9. LEM@A@OBÉÓC_ GE _@_]CLB MC ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ MB_ OBJMC@XB_ L@__@EG M-]PVC 9.2.
B JCI@_JBÉÏE
Mc boerme oel es rciujblcgtes mb Sg`ïe Curepà`b (CS M`rcot`vb 8660/?6/CO), me Cstbme mb Obj`aÿrg`b (OBXH - Obj`aerg`b B`r Xcseuroc Hebrm) c mb @LE (Bgcxe Q@ mb LBXVEJ), bs cl`ssócs mc _Ex mcvcl scr rcmuz`mbs qubgme es gbv`es cst`vcrcl epcrbgme cl pertes mb CS, ge lbr mb Obj`aÿrg`b c cl mctcrl`gbmbs ârcbs mc oegtrejc mc cl`ssïe. Oele ulb s`lpjcs sejuéïe, oelhustìvc`s mc hb`xe tcer mc cgxearc (J_AE), oele e LIE c e LME jcvc pemcl scr ut`j`zbmes gbs ârcbs rcjbt`vbs.
9.2.2. XCRS@_@]E_ MB SG@ÏE CSXEVÀ@B Mc boerme oel es rcqu`s`tes b M`rcot`vb 2000/?8/CO, bjtcrbmb pcjbs M`rcot`vbs 8663/??/CO c 8660/?6/CO, mcsmc 62 mc dbgc`re mc 8626, e ÿjce oelhustìvcj ut`j`zbme pcjes gbv`es btrbobmes ges pertes mb SC gïe mcvc cxocmcr 6.26 % l/l mc cgxearc. [9\ Cstc rcqu`s`te bpj`ob-sc b temes es t`pes mc oelhustìvc`s ut`j`zbmes b herme me gbv`e (letercs pr`go`pb`s, letercs bux`j`brcs c objmc`rbs). B ]bhcjb ? b sciu`r j`stb es j`l`tcs mc cgxearc ges oelhustìvc`s lbrìt`les gb SC c bs subs mbtbs mc `lpjclcgtbéïe.
]bhcjb ?4 J`l`tcs mc cgxearc cl oelhustìvc`s lbrìt`les gb SC
?9
9.2.8. XCRS@_@]E_ ME C_]BME MB OBJ@AßXG@B E OBXH à ulb eribg`zbéïe quc abz pbrtc mb Biägo`b mc Vretcéïe Blh`cgtbj mb Obj`aÿrg`b c sc rcpertb m`rctblcgtc be Ievcrge me Cstbme, oudbs btr`hu`éócs `gojucl4 bt`gi`r c lbgtcr b qubj`mbmc me br sbumâvcj; pretcicr b pepujbéïe mb cxpes`éïe b oegtbl`gbgtcs tÿx`oes me br; c prepero`egbr bhermbicgs `gevbmerbs pbrb e oulpr`lcgte mbs rcirbs c gerlbs mc peju`éïe me br. Cstc ÿriïe cjbhereu rciujblcgtes `gtcrges, quc cspco`a`ob es sciu`gtcs j`l`tcs mc tcer mc cgxearc ge LIE c ge LME4 (B) Cl letercs bux`j`brcs b m`cscj, egmc4 `.
LIE oel tcer lâx`le mc cgxearc mc 2,3% eu LME oel tcer lâx`le mc cgxearc mc 6,3% pemcl scr ut`j`zbmes (cl v`ier mcsmc ?6 mc mczclhre mc 8622);
``.
LME oel tcer lâx`le mc cgxearc 6,2% (mcsmc 2 mc dbgc`re mc 8628).
(H) Cl letercs b m`cscj pr`go`pbj c cl objmc`rbs bux`j`brcs, egmc4 `.
LIE oel tcer lâx`le mc cgxearc 2,3% eu LME oel tcer lâx`le mc cgxearc mc 6,3% pemcl scr ut`j`zbmes (Mcsmc 2 mc dujne mc 8660);
``.
LIE eu LME oel tcer lâx`le mc cgxearc mc 6,2% pemcl scr ut`j`zbmes (Mcsmc 2 dbgc`re 8628).
]bhcjb =4 J`l`tcs mc cgxearc mcgtre mc 8= l`jnbs (?0 kl) mb oestb ‟ Obj`aÿrg`b
?>
9.2.?. XCRS@_@]E_ ME BGC^E Q@ MB LBXVEJ E Bgcxe Q@ mb LBXVEJ cgtreu cl v`ier cl lb`e mc 8663. Bpÿs träs bges mc sub bpj`obéïe, neuvc b gcocss`mbmc mc `gôlcrbs bjtcrbéócs cl scus rciujblcgtes pbrb b prcvcgéïe mb peju`éïe btlesaàr`ob prevcg`cgtc mc gbv`es. Gbs gevbs prepestbs, b `mà`b mc _COB (Ârcbs mc Oegtrejc mbs Cl`ssócs mc _E x), ae` bjtcrbmb c blpj`bmb pbrb oegst`tu`r b COB (Ârcbs mc Oegtrejc mc Cl`ssïe), mcv`me æ `gojusïe mc geves abtercs geo`ves bsseo`bmes oel b cl`ssïe mes gbv`es4 Lbtcr`bj Vbrt`oujbme c GEx. Mcstb aerlb, COB s`ig`a`ob ulb ârcb cl quc à cx`i`mb b bmeéïe mc lcm`mbs cspco`b`s ehr`ibtÿr`bs pbrb bs cl`ssócs mc gbv`es, pbrb `lpcm`r, rcmuz`r c oegtrejbr b peju`éïe me br per GE x eu per _Ex c per lbtàr`b seh b aerlb mc pbrtìoujbs, eu pcjes träs t`pes mc cl`ssócs, c es oegscqucgtcs `lpbotes bmvcrses sehrc b sbômc nulbgb c e lc`e blh`cgtc. Bs gevbs COBs bhrbgicl bs btub`s Ârcbs mc Oegtrejc mbs Cl`ssócs mc _Ex4 •
B ârcb me Lbr Hâjt`oe c b ârcb me Lbr me Gertc;
•
B ârcb Gertc Blcr`obgb;
•
B ârcb me Lbr me Obr`hc mes Cstbmes Sg`mes, c
•
Rubjqucr eutrb ârcb lbrìt`lb, `goju`gme qubjqucr ârcb mc perte, mcs`igbmb pcjb Eribg`zbéïe mc boerme oel e or`tàr`e c preocm`lcgtes cstbhcjco`mes ge bpägm`oc ? mcstc bgcxe. [0\
Cl cx`iägo`bs mc obrâtcr icrbj, e tcer mc cgxearc mc qubjqucr ÿjce oelhustìvcj ut`j`zbme b herme mc gbv`es gïe mcvcrâ ujtrbpbssbr es sciu`gtcs j`l`tcs4 •
=,36% l/l bgtcs mc 2´ mc dbgc`re mc 8628;
•
?,36% l/l cl 2´ mc dbgc`re mc 8628 eu mcpe`s; c
•
6,36% l/l cl 2´ mc dbgc`re mc 8686 eu mcpe`s.
?0
Cgqubgte es gbv`es cst`vcrcl epcrbgme mcgtre mc ulb Ârcb mc Oegtrejc mc Cl`ssïe (vcr ]bhcjb 3), e tcer mc cgxearc me ÿjce oelhustìvcj ut`j`zbme b herme gïe mcvcrâ ujtrbpbssbr es sciu`gtcs j`l`tcs4 •
2,36% l/l bgtcs mc 2´ mc dujne mc 8626;
•
2,66% l/l cl 2´ mc dujne mc 8626 eu mcpe`s;
•
6,26% l/l cl 2´ mc dbgc`re mc 8623 eu mcpe`s.
]bhcjb 34 J`l`tcs mc tcer mc cgxearc cl oelhustìvc`s lbrìt`les - LBXVEJ
A`iurb 864 J`l`tcs mc tcer mc cgxearc oegaerlc Bgcxe Q@ LBXVEJ Aegtc4 nttp4//www.m`cscjgct.oel/stbgmbrms/`gtcr/`le.pnp
=6
9.8.
XCOELCGMBÉÓC_ ME ABHX@OBG]C
Vbrb epcrbr e gbv`e, cspco`a`oblcgtc bs objmc`rbs bux`j`brcs, oel ul oelhustìvcj mcst`jbme lb`s jcvc me quc e prcv`ste `g`o`bjlcgtc ge predcte, b a`l mc btcgmcr bs rcirbs c rciujblcgtes mcsor`tes bgtcr`erlcgtc, `g`o`bjlcgtc ae` gcocssâr`e rcbj`zbr ulb `gspcéïe or`tcr`esb ge cqu`pblcgte per pcssebj buter`zbme, pe`s bs lem`a`obéócs `lpjclcgtbmbs cgvejvcrbl qucstócs orìt`obs mc sciurbgéb c gïe bpcgbs oulpr`lcgte mc jci`sjbéïe. B a`l mc et`l`zbr b oelhustïe mc obmb objmc`rb mc aerlb sciurb, e abhr`obgtc rcoelcgmeu bjtcrbr b jbgéb me quc`lbmer (`tcl 3.8.=) pbrb ulb vcrsïe lem`a`obmb, quc à bmcqubmb pbrb btel`zbéïe b vbper qubgme ut`j`zbme oelhustìvcj jcvc. E abhr`obgtc tblhàl rcoelcgmeu ul upirbmc me s`stclb mc sciurbgéb me quc`lbmer, mc leme quc aessc pessìvcj lbg`pujbr e oelhustìvcj jcvc scl qub`squcr r`soes pbrb b tr`pujbéïe, gbv`e eu lc`e blh`cgtc. Cstc upirbmc tblhàl oegs`st`u mb et`l`zbéïe mes pcrìemes mc pÿs purib c lumbgébs mes preocm`lcgtes mc snutmewg. ]blhàl ae` rcoelcgmbmb b `gstbjbéïe, ge s`stclb mcsor`te ge `tcl 3.?, mc ulb ug`mbmc mc helhbs bm`o`egbj, quc à obpbz mc j`mbr oel bs hb`xbs v`soes`mbmcs me J_AE. B `gstbjbéïe mc gevbs j`gnbs mc bj`lcgtbéïe mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj tblhàl ae` gcocssâr`b pbrb cv`tbr ulb l`sturb mc NAE c LIE (eu J_AE) c ul bquco`lcgte `gmcscdbme me LIE ge s`stclb mc trbo`gi eu ges prà-bqucocmercs mc NAE. E s`stclb mcsor`te ge `tcl 3.=.8 tblhàl ae` lem`a`obme pbrb `gojusïe mc ul "bgcj" scpbrbme pbrb e oelhustìvcj J_AE. Bpÿs `gstbjbéïe mbs tuhujbéócs, obhcblcgtes, cqu`pblcgtes, `gstrulcgtes c tbgqucs, bs lem`a`obéócs gcocssâr`bs pbrb e oel`ss`egblcgte c epcrbéïe aerbl4 Btubj`zbéïe me seatwbrc mb objmc`rb oel bj`lcgtbéïe mes mbmes epcrbo`egb`s, tcstcs mbs gevbs vâjvujbs leter`zbmbs, lem`a`obéïe mes pes`o`egbmercs mb vcgt`jbéïe pbrb =2
bssciurbr epcrbéïe cl obse mc pcrmb mc cgcri`b, lem`a`obéïe me pb`gcj cjàtr`oe pbrb "accmhbok" mb vâjvujb mc lumbgéb mc m`cscj pbrb oelhustìvcj pcsbme (I223) rcqucr`me pcje geve seatwbrc, oel`ss`egblcgte me s`stclb c trc`gblcgte mb tr`pujbéïe. [28\
9.8.2. _@_]CLB MC ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ XCQ@_BME B A`iurb 82 `justrb b rcv`sïe me s`stclb mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj mbs objmc`rbs bprcscgtbme bgtcr`erlcgtc gb A`iurb 23. Gcstc geve lemcje, e s`stclb mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj oegs`stc bierb mc me`s jeeps scpbrbmes4 ul oelul pbrb LME c NAE c eutre scpbrbme pbrb J_AE (tblhàl onblbme mc LIE pcje abhr`obgtc). [26\
J_AE
LME
NAE
NAE
A`iurb 824 @justrbéïe me s`stclb mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj rcv`sbme Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bjab Jbvbj =8
B A`iurb 82 mcstbob e geve tbgquc `gstbjbme pbrb brlbzcgbr J_AE, e sk`m mc helhbs I=36, c e rcsar`bmer I=?8, quc ae` `lpjclcgtbme ge s`stclb b a`l mc sc ehtcr ul gìvcj mc v`soes`mbmc bo`lb mb lcger v`soes`mbmc j`l`tc mbs helhbs mc J_AE. Vbrb e leg`terblcgte mb tclpcrbturb me ÿjce cl epcrbéócs oel jegies pcrìemes, ul trbgsl`sser mc tclpcrbturb I=39 ae` `lpjclcgtbme ge jeep mc J_AE. _c b tclpcrbturb me ÿjce sc cjcvb b ul gìvcj quc gïe à boc`tâvcj, ul bjbrlc `gm`obrâ "tclpcrbturb cjcvbmb" c ulb béïe mcvcrâ scr telbmb. Slb vâjvujb ? v`bs I=1? pcrl`tc quc e s`stclb mc `ig`éïe me quc`lbmer epcrc oel J_AE eu LME. Oegaerlc `gm`obme ge V&@M mb A`iurb 82, es sciu`gtcs `tcgs aerbl `gojuìmes4 •
Ob`xb mc pbrt`mb/pbrbmb rcletb - I88=
•
Xcsar`bmer - I=?8
•
Oegdugte mc vâjvujbs pbrb e rcsar`bmer - I=??, I=?=, I=?3
•
Qâjvujb mc hy-pbss me rcsar`bmer - I=?1
•
Qâjvujb mc hjequc`e me rcsar`bmer - I==>
•
_k`m mc helhbs mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj (J_AE) - I=36
•
Qâjvujbs pbrb lbjnb mc oegtrejc mc prcssïe mc J_AE - I=32, I=38, I=3?, I=3=
•
]rbgsl`sser mc prcssïe + vâjvujb mc hjequc`e - I=31, I=33
•
]rbgsl`sser mc tclpcrbturb - I=39
•
@gm`obmer mc tclpcrbturb - I=3>
•
Qâjvujb "onbgic-evcr" pbrb epcrbéïe mc `ig`éïe - I=1?
•
Qâjvujb mc rctcgéïe - I=30
9.8.8. _@_]CLB MC ßJCE OELHS_]ÌQCJ ME RSC@LBMEX XCQ@_BME =?
B A`iurb 88 `justrb b rcv`sïe me s`stclb mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj me quc`lbmer bprcscgtbme bgtcr`erlcgtc gb A`iurb 21. B csoejnb me jeep mc oelhustìvcj quc vb` bj`lcgtbr e quc`lbmer (vcr A`iurb 82) sc mâ per lc`e me pb`gcj mc oegtrejc, quc oegtrejb bs vâjvujbs ? v`bs (A836, A83? c A831), `gm`obmbs gb A`iurb 88. Sl preocsse ajusn`gi scl`butelât`oe à cxcoutbme murbgtc b oblhbicl mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj. [26\ B vâjvujb mc hypbss (A831) pcrl`tc quc e NAE scdb o`roujbme ge s`stclb me lcsle murbgtc b epcrbéïe oel J_AE, pbrb quc b tclpcrbturb ge jeep scdb lbgt`mb `iubj æ tclpcrbturb me tbgquc mc NAE. Sl pegte mc blestrbicl (A83>) ae` `lpjclcgtbme gb j`gnb mc J_AE, gb cgtrbmb me quc`lbmer, pbrb mctcrl`gbr b qubj`mbmc me J_AE.
A`iurb 884 @justrbéïe me s`stclb mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj me quc`lbmer rcv`sbme Aegtc4 @gstruot`eg Lbgubj Bjab Jbvbj ==
Oegaerlc `gm`obme A`iurb 88, es sciu`gtcs `tcgs aerbl `gojuìmes4 •
Qâjvujb mc oblhbicl mc oelhustìvcj gb cgtrbmb me quc`lbmer NAE/J_AE - A836
•
Qâjvujb mc oblhbicl mc oelhustìvcj gb sbìmb me quc`lbmer NAE/J_AE - A83?
•
Qâjvujb mc rco`roujbéïe mc NAE - A831
•
Qâjvujb mc rciujbicl - A839
•
Qâjvujb mc blestrbicl - A83>
•
Spirbmc s`stclb mc oegtrejc
•
Spirbmc me s`stclb mc sciurbgéb me quc`lbmer
•
Lem`a`obéïe mb jbgéb me quc`lbmer
9.?.
EX@CG]BÉÓC_ VBXB EVCXBÉÏE, LBGS]CGÉÏE C _CISXBGÉB
9.?.2. C^VJE_ÏE MB AEXGBJNB MB OBJMC@XB Rubgme J_AE à usbme be `gvàs NAE, b cxpjesïe mb aergbjnb mb objmc`rb à ul r`soe quc mcvc scr jcvbme cl oegtb. E boôluje mc ibscs `gajblâvc`s à lb`s prepcgse b boegtcocr mcv`me æ lb`er abo`j`mbmc mc cvbperbéïe me J_AE, oelpbrbgme oel e NAE, bulcgtbgme e r`soe mc cxpjesïe, cl pbrt`oujbr, cl obse mc4 •
Abjnb mes m`spes`t`ves mc `ig`éïe;
•
Cxocss`vb qubgt`mbmc mc (oelhustìvcj vbper`zbme) / (vbzïe mc br `gsua`o`cgtc) murbgtc bpbiblcgte mb objmc`rb;
•
Cj`l`gbr/cxpujsbr `gbmcqubmblcgtc e iâs.
=3
9.?.8. ABJNB_ ME
RSC@LBMEX
C
ME
_@_]CLB
MC
OELHS_]ÌQCJ B__EO@BME Mcv`me æs m`acrcgtcs obrbotcrìst`obs me J_AE (lcger v`soes`mbmc, lb`er vbjer mc bquco`lcgte, lcger mcgs`mbmc, cto. oelpbrbgme oel e NAE) c bes m`acrcgtcs preocsses mc oelhustïe mcstc oelhustìvcj, b epcrbéïe me quc`lbmer c me s`stclb mc oelhustìvcj bsseo`bme tblhàl sïe m`acrcgtcs. [22\ Es oelpegcgtcs mb objmc`rb quc rcqucrcl btcgéïe cspco`bj murbgtc b lumbgéb mc NAE pbrb J_AE sïe mcsor`tes b sciu`r.
9.?.8.2. RSC@LBMEX C _CS _@_]CLB MC OEG]XEJC Murbgtc b lumbgéb mc NAE pbrb J_AE, c v`oc-vcrsb, btcgéïe cspco`bj mcvc scr mbmb be quc`lbmer c be scu s`stclb mc oegtrejc. Es sciu`gtcs bspcotes sïe pbrt`oujbrlcgtc `lpertbgtcs4 •
]eme preocm`lcgte oblhbicl/epcrbéïe mc t`pe mc oelhustìvcj mcvc scr rcbj`zbme mc boerme oel bs cspco`a`obéócs me abhr`obgtc mb objmc`rb/quc`lbmer;
•
E quc`lbmer c scus oelpegcgtcs4 jbgéb, cstbh`j`zbmercs mc onblb, oepe retbt`ve, cto., hcl oele e btel`zbmer mcvcl scr bdustbmes pbrb e t`pe mc oelhustìvcj cl pbrt`oujbr, cl oegaerl`mbmc oel bs cspco`a`obéócs me abhr`obgtc me quc`lbmer;
•
Cl quc`lbmercs, egmc e J_AE à btel`zbme oel br, rcqu`s`tes cspco`b`s oel rcjbéïe be br oelpr`l`me mcvcl scr btcgm`mes, c, bm`o`egbjlcgtc, e abter mc cxocsse mc br pemc scr rcbdustbme.
•
B preirblbéïe me oegtrejc c bs oega`iurbéócs rcjcvbgtcs mcvcl `lpcm`r e preocsse mc `ig`éïe sc bs oegm`éócs sciurbs gïe cst`vcrcl cstbhcjco`mbs.
•
E gôlcre c b jeobj`zbéïe mes mctcotercs mc onblb mcvcl cstbr oegs`stcgtcs oel e pbmrïe mc onblb, mc boerme oel e t`pe mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj ut`j`zbme ge lelcgte. =1
•
E ajuxe mc objer icrbme murbgtc b oelhustïe mc obmb obtcier`b mc oelhustìvcj ut`j`zbme mcvc scr bprevbme pcje abhr`obgtc mb objmc`rb cl m`acrcgtcs ârcbs me cqu`pblcgte.
9.?.8.8. _@_]CLB MC BJ@LCG]BÉÏE MC OELHS_]ÌQCJ Cgqubgte e J_AE cst`vcr scgme ut`j`zbme, btcgéïe cspco`bj mcvc scr mbmb bes sciu`gtcs prehjclbs bsseo`bmes oel e s`stclb mc bj`lcgtbéïe mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj mb objmc`rb4 •
Vessìvc`s prehjclbs oel ibsc`a`obéïe mc J_AE cl cxocsse mcgtre mc ul s`stclb mc tuhujbéïe mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj bquco`me. Vbrb cv`tbr `ste, es bqucocmercs mcvcl scr hypbssbmes c e trbo`gi mb tuhujbéïe mc oelhustìvcj mcsj`ibme. E rcsar`blcgte me ÿjce oelhustìvcj tblhàl pemc scr rcqucr`me.
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Vessìvc`s prehjclbs oel ibsc`a`obéïe mc J_AE murbgtc bpj`obéïe mc vbper cl oegdugte oel iâs ÿjce lbrìt`le cl quc`lbmercs mc btel`zbéïe b vbper. @sse pemc cx`i`r lem`a`obéócs pbrb pcrl`t`r e use mc br mc btel`zbéïe eu e use mc jbgébs bmcqubmbs pbrb btel`zbéïe b vbper qubgme ut`j`zbme oelhustìvcj jcvc.
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Mcv`me æ rcmuéïe mb v`soes`mbmc c æ rcmuéïe mb obpbo`mbmc mc juhr`a`obéïe me J_AE, b pcraerlbgoc mbs helhbs mc oelhustìvcj mcvc scr vcr`a`obmb. Vbrb helhbs augo`egbgme oegt`gublcgtc qubgme b objmc`rb cstâ ge leme stbgm-hy, lem`a`obéócs me s`stclb mc oegtrejc pbrb pbrbr bs helhbs murbgtc augo`egblcgte oel J_AE pemc scr oegs`mcrbmb. B `gstbjbéïe mc helhbs bm`o`egb`s tblhàl pemc scr rcqucr`mb.
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Qâjvujbs snut-eaa mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj c vâjvujbs mc aconblcgte râp`me mcvcl scr vcr`a`obmbs qubgte b vbzblcgtes, augo`egblcgte bmcqubme c sciure oel e oelhustìvcj J_AE.
=9
Mc ul leme icrbj, e brlbmer mcvc ehtcr me abhr`obgtc mb objmc`rb, quc`lbmer eu s`stclb mc oegtrejc me quc`lbmer er`cgtbéócs sehrc bs lem`a`obéócs gcocssâr`bs ge s`stclb mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj c es bdustcs gb objmc`rb pbrb quc`lb me J_AE. E abhr`obgtc mcvc vcr`a`obr c ibrbgt`r quc e quc`lbmer c es s`stclbs bsseo`bmes cstïe bmcqubmes pbrb epcrbr oel m`acrcgtcs t`pes mc oelhustìvcj eu rcbj`zbr subs lem`a`obéócs c rcbdustcs gcocssâr`es. [22\
9.?.?. M@_VE_@ÉÓC_ ICXB@_ B epcrbéïe, `gspcéïe c lbgutcgéïe mb obmc`rb/quc`lbmer mcvcl ehcmcocr bs m`spes`éócs icrb`s b sciu`r. 2) Sl preirblb mc `gspcéïe c lbgutcgéïe mcvc scr cstbhcjco`me c sciu`me b herme me gbv`e, oegtclpjbgme cl cspco`bj es tcstcs mc4
_`stclbs mc sciurbgéb c bjbrlc;
_`stclb mc mctcoéïe mc onblb c s`stclb mc sw`ton-eaa;
_`stclb mc oegtrejc mb objmc`rb;
_`stclb mc `ig`éïe c rct`rbmb mc ibscs;
Epcrbéïe mb objmc`rb oel obrib lâx`lb mc J_AE (cspco`a`obmb pcje abhr`obgtc);
Epcrbéïe mb objmc`rb oel obrib mc J_AE vbr`âvcj (`goju`gme hb`xb), lbgtcgme b cstbh`j`mbmc mb onblb.
8) M`speg`h`j`mbmc, b herme me gbv`e, mc preocm`lcgtes mctbjnbmes mc oblhbicl mc oelhustìvcj, hcl oele rci`stres mc treobs mc oelhustìvcj, quc mcvcl scr vcr`a`obmes; ?) E oulpr`lcgte mes preocm`lcgtes mc oblhbicl/epcrbéïe oel NAE/J_AE mcvc scr vcr`a`obme; =>
=) B oegm`éïe mc ajbgics, dugtbs c oegcxócs mcvc scr vcr`a`obmb pbrb sc cv`tbr b pess`h`j`mbmc mc vbzblcgte; 3) E bpcrte mbs vâjvujbs snut-eaa mcvc scr vcr`a`obme; 1) B tr`pujbéïe mcvc cstbr mcv`mblcgtc trc`gbmb bgtcs mc rcbj`zbr b oblhbicl mc oelhustìvcj c b epcrbéïe mb objmc`rb oel J_AE; 9) Sl preocm`lcgte mcvc scr cstbhcjco`me c bpj`obme pbrb leg`terbr b qubj`mbmc mes ÿjces oelhustìvc`s, cl pbrt`oujbr b v`soes`mbmc c pegte mc aujier.
=0
>. OEGOJS_ÓC_
Oele e prepr`ctâr`e mc ul gbv`e obrrcib b `gtc`rb rcspegsbh`j`mbmc sehrc e use mc oelhustìvc`s lbrìt`les mc hb`xe tcer mc cgxearc cl subs `gstbjbéócs, oegaerlc cx`i`me pcjes rciujblcgtes cspco`a`obmes pcjb M`rcot`vb mb SC, Eribg`zbéïe Lbrìt`lb @gtcrgbo`egbj (Bgcxe Q@ me LBXVEJ) c pcjes rciujblcgtes gbo`egb`s mc eutres pbìscs (cstbme mb Obj`aÿrg`b CSB), rcoelcgmb-sc quc bgtcs mc epcrbr qubjqucr `gstbjbéïe oel cssc oelhustìvcj, es brlbmercs mcvcl cl pr`lc`re juibr oegtbtbr e scu abhr`obgtc. Oegaerlc mcsor`te ge `tcl 9.8, cssb ae` b pr`lc`rb béïe telbmb pcjb ]XBG_VC]XE, egmc ae` sej`o`tbme pcje abhr`obgtc ulb `gspcéïe or`tcr`esb ge cqu`pblcgte c s`stclbs per pcssebj buter`zbme. Me pegte mc v`stb mb sciurbgéb epcrbo`egbj c me prÿpr`e gbv`e, bs lem`a`obéócs gcocssâr`bs ge s`stclb mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj c es bdustcs gb objmc`rb pbrb quc`lb me J_AE, prà-csor`tes pcje abhr`obgtc, tblhàl aerbl oulpr`mes oegaerlc mcsor`te ges `tcgs 9.8.2 c 9.8.8. Cl rcjbéïe bes preirblbs mc `gspcéïe c lbgutcgéïe, aerbl `lpjclcgtbmes tcstcs cspco`b`s pbrb scrcl sciu`mes b herme, hcl oele ae` or`bme ul preocm`lcgte mc oblhbicl/epcrbéïe oel NAE/J_AE pbrb bs objmc`rbs bux`j`brcs. [28\ Oele oelpjclcgte, ae` rcbj`zbme e trc`gblcgte mb tr`pujbéïe, hcl oele bgâj`sc mc r`soe (NBTEV) bhrbgicgme es s`stclbs mc bhbstco`lcgte mc ÿjce oelhustìvcj, hcl oele s`stclbs mc oegtrejc, leg`terblcgte c sciurbgéb mbs objmc`rbs.
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0. XCACXÄGO@B_ H@HJ@EIXÂA@OB_ [2\ _BXM@GNB, B. Veju`éïe c e ]rbgspertc Lbrìt`le, J`sheb, Dujne 862?. [8\ ]X@GMBMC, D. Gbv`es ]bgquc Vctrejc`res. Csoejb Gâut`ob @gabgtc M. Ncgr`quc, Mcpbrtblcgte mc Cgicgnbr`b Lbrìt`lb, Bhr`j 8628. [?\ Gerlb Xciujblcgtbmerb GX 2? - Objmc`rbs c Qbses mc Vrcssïe , Bhr`j 862=. [=\ Q@C@XB, B. Objmc`rbs - Bpest`jb. Aboujmbmc Cstâo`e mc _â mc Oblpe Irbgmc (AC_OI), Cgicgnbr`b mc Lbgutcgéïe. [3\ VCXCT, D. L. I. ]. Bpest`jb mb m`so`pj`gb mc Butelbéïe cl Objmc`rbs c ]urh`gbs b Qbper, me ourse mc pÿs-irbmubéïe cl Cgicgnbr`b mc @gstrulcgtbéïe @gmustr`bj me @HV ‟ ]urlb Q@ ‟ Xco`ac VC. [1\ BBJHEXI - @gstruot`eg lbgubj He`jcr & Coegel`zcr, Bhr`j 8628. [9\ CS Jew-_ujpnur M`rcot`vc 2000/?8/CO (bs blcgmcm hy M`rcot`vcs 8663/??/CO bgm 8660/?6/CO). [>\ Obj`aerg`b Oemc ea Xciujbt`egs (OOX), scot`eg 0?22>.8, t`tjc 29 . [0\ LBXVEJ Bggcx Q@. [26\ BJAB JBQBJ - @gstruot`eg lbgubj Bux. He`jcr, Dbgc`re 862? [22\ Gcw j`l`ts eg sujpnur oegtcgt `g lbr`gc aucjs - Epcrbt`egbj Nbzbrms `g Xugg`gi M`cscj Cgi`gcs bgm He`jcrs, 8660. [28\ IEGÉBJQC_, O. B. V. Vreocm`lcgte mc oblhbicl/epcrbéïe oel NAE/J_AE mbs objmc`rbs bux`j`brcs - ]XBG_VC]XE/M]L/]L/]CO/LBG. Lb`e mc 2=.
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