Rrdah. Mshurh Khriåh Ehjndghnd.
_CHI^MQDY
_CHI^MQDY
8
_CHI^D_
?
MGC_^CY
MGC_^CY R_DNSI^DY
_CHI^MQDY
_CHI^MQDY
8
_CHI^D_
?
MGC_^CY
MGC_^CY R_DNSI^DY
YHJC 5 CG^_H - _CHII _CHIIMDGH MDGH + R_DNSIC
_chiimùg quåemih0
EgD? + >FIj
EgIj? + Ij? + ?F?D
Jds idcamimcgtcs cstcqumdeítrmids nc jds rchitmvds y nc jds prdnuitds rcprcscgthg cj gðecrd nc edjcs quc rchiimdghg y quc sc prdnuicg cg jh rchiimùg< pdr jd quc sc tmcgc0 8 edj nc EgD? rchiimdghg idg > edjcs nc FIj phrh prdnuimr 8 edj nc EgIj? , 8 edj nc Ij? y ? edj nc F?D. Cstd mgnmih quc0
58
58
≢
Ym jh rchiimùg hgtcrmdr sc jjcvh h ihod cg ug rchitdr rchitdr,, cj gðecrd nc edjcs quc cgtrhg hj rchitdr, gd gcicshrmhecgtc cs mkuhj hj gðecrd nc edjcs quc shjc s hjc ncj rchitdr.
EgD? + >FIj
EgIj? + Ij? + ?F?D 8 edj nc EgIj?
8 edj nc EgD?
8
_CHI^D_
?
> edj nc FIj
8 edj nc Ij? ? edj nc F?D.
G8 5 3 edj G? 5 > edj Aju`d edjhr nc cgtrhnh
Aju`d edjhr nc shjmnh
Jhs ehshs cstcqumdeítrmihs nc jds rchitmvds y prdnuitds sc dotmcgcg eujtmpjmihgnd cj pcsd edjciujhr ncj rchitmvd d ncj prdnuitd pdr su rcspcitmvd idcamimcgtc cstcqumdeítrmid.
EgD? + >FIj Rcsds Edjciujhrcs 61.=96
91.>39
Ehshs 8(61.=96) cstcqumdeítrmihs
>(91.>39)
61.=96
EgIj? + Ij? + ?F?D 8?3.6>>
;2.=21
8(8?3.6>>) 8(;2.=21)
8>3.68?
8?3.6>>
?9?.;3
?9?.;3
;2.=21
86 ?(86) 91
Ym jh rchiimùg hgtcrmdr sc jjcvh h ihod cg ug rchitdr, cj aju`d eèsmid h jh cgtrhnh ncj rchitdr cs mkuhj hj aju`d eèsmid quc shjc ncj rchitdr.
EgD? + >FIj
EgIj? + Ij? + ?F?D
61.=96
8?3.6>>
8>3.68?
;2.=21
61.=96 lk nc EgD?
8
_CHI^D_
?
8>3.68? lk nc FIj
91 8?3.6>> lk nc EgIj? ;2.=21 lk nc Ij? 91 lk nc F?D.
E8 5 ?9?.;3 lk 5 E? 5 ?9?.;3 lk Aju`d eèsmid nc cgtrhnh 5 Aju`d eèsmid nc shjmnh
Cj ohjhgic nc ugh rchiimùg quåemih idgsmstc cg tcgcr jh emseh ihgtmnhn nc ètdeds ided rchitmvds y ided prdnuitds.
I6F8?Y? +
D?
Ètdeds prcscgtcs cg jh rchiimùg0
ID? + F?D Ihrodgd0 I Fmnrùkcgd0 F Hzuarc0 Y Dxåkcgd0 D
I6F8?Y? +
D?
ID? + F?D + YD?
_CHI^MQDY0
R_DNSI^DY0
6 ètdeds nc I
8 ètded nc I
8? ètdeds nc F
? ètdeds nc F
? ètdeds nc Y
8 ètded nc Y
? ètdeds nc D
3 ètdeds nc D
Jh rchiimùg gd cstè ohjhgichnh cg gmgkugd nc jds ètdeds quc phrtmimphg cg jh emseh.
Rhrh ohjhgichr ugh rchiimùg sc hjtcrhg sùjd jds idcamimcgtcs cstcqumdeítrmids nc rchitmvds y/d prdnuitds.
+ 89D? _CHI^MQDY0
6ID? + 1F?D + ?YD? R_DNSI^DY0
6 ètdeds nc I
6 ètdeds nc I
8? ètdeds nc F
8? ètdeds nc F
? ètdeds nc Y
? ètdeds nc Y
?1 ètdeds nc D
?1 ètdeds nc D
Rdr jd kcgcrhj, cg jds prdicsds quåemids, jds rchitmvds gd sc hjmecgthg cg prdpdrimùg cstcqumdeítrmih, yh quc ideðgecgtc hjkugd nc cjjds sc hjmecgth cg ehydr ihgtmnhn h jh ihgtmnhn gcicshrmh, idg cj amg nc hsckurhr quc sc idgsueh cj rchitmvd nc mgtcrís d cj eès idstdsd (rchitmvd jmemthgtc). Cj rchitmvd jmemthgtc cs cj quc sc hjmecgth cg ecgdr prdpdrimùg h jh rcqucrmnh cstcqumdeítrmihecgtc. Cj rchitmvd cg cxicsd cs cxicsd cs hqucj quc sc cgiucgtrh prcscgtc cg ehydr ihgtmnhn h jh gcicshrmh phrh quc sc idgsueh tdnd cj rchitmvd jmemthgtc.
Rhrh ugh rchiimùg ndgnc phrtmimphg jds rchitmvds H y O, cj rchitmvd jmemthgtc sc pucnc nctcremghr nc jh smkumcgtc ehgcrh0
5 í 5 í è
è
Ym _eèsmihH _eèsmihO cj _chitmvd jmemthgtc cs H Ym _eèsmihH _eèsmihO cj _chitmvd jmemthgtc cs O GD^H0 Cstd theomíg hpjmih sm sc trhoh`h idg aju`ds edjhrcs. Cg jhs rcjhimdgcs edjhrcs sc utmjmzhråhg jhs edjcs hjmecgthnhs y jhs cstcqumdeítrmihs nc jds rchitmvds
Cj pdrimcgtd ncj rchitmvd cg cxicsd sc ihjiujh nc jh smkumcgtc ehgcrh0
∟ ù 5 ù
%
%
∟ ù 5 ù
Ndgnc jh ihgtmnhn tcùrmih cs jh ihgtmnhn rcqucrmnh phrh quc tdnd cj rchitmvd jmemthgtc hjmecgthnd rchiimdgc d sc idgsueh.
Ym phrh jh smkumcgtc rchiimùg0
D9 + GD
D? + GD?
Yc fhicg rchiimdghr 8;3 Lk nc D9 idg 8;2 Lk nc GD nctcremgc0 h) Iuèj cs cj rchitmvd jmemthgtc o) Iuèj cs cj rchitmvd cg cxicsd i) % nc _chitmvd cg cxicsd
Ym h ug fdrgd sc hjmecgthg 8? edjcs nc D? y ug edj nc I ;F81 cacituègndsc jh smkumcgtc rchiimùg0
I;F81 + 88 D?
;ID? + 6F?D
Nctcremgc0 h) ´Iuèj cs cj rchitmvd jmemthgtc4 o) ´Iuèj cs cj rchitmvd cg cxicsd4 i) % nc _chitmvd cg cxicsd
Cj krhnd nc idgvcrsmùg iuhgtmamih jh arhiimùg d cj pdricgth`c nc jh ihgtmnhn hjmecgthnh nc hjkðg rchitmvd, quc rchiimdgh phrh trhgsadrehrsc cg prdnuitds. Yc pucnc cxprcshr ug krhnd nc idgvcrsmùg phrh ihnh ugd nc jds rchitmvds quc mgtcrvmcgcg cg ugh rchiimùg rchi imùg y ided ístc cstè rcacrmnd h jh ihgtmnhn hjmecgthnh nc ihnh rchitmvd, cj vhjdr ncj krhnd nc idgvcrsmùg gd cs cj emsed phrh tdnds jds rchitmvds phrtmimphgtcs. phrtmimphgtcs.
Cs mepdrthgtc cgahtmzhr quc phrh rchjmzhr jds ohjhgics nc ehtcrmh idg rchiimùg quåemih, cj krhnd nc idgvcrsmùg ncoc csthr rcacrmnd hj rchitmvd jmemthgtc.
Rhrh cj rchitmvd m0
5 Rhrh cj rchitmvd jmemthgtc0
5
Cj ajudrurd nc fmnrùkcgd sc prcphrh ecnmhgtc jh rchiimùg0
+ ↟ + Ym cg jh rchiimùg sc trhthg 82 Lk nc IhA ? idg 83 Lk nc F?YD> cj iuhj sc cgiucgtrh cg cxicsd y sc prdnuicg >.;1; lk nc FA, ihjiujc jhs idgvcrsmdgcs nc IhA? y ncj F?YD> . RE IhA? 5 ;6 lk/ledj RE F?YD> 5 =6 lk/ledj RE IhYD> 5 891 lk/ledj RE FA 5 ?2 lk/ledj
+ ↟ + 82 Lk nc IhA? 8
83 Lk nc F?YD>
_CHI^D_ Mgiùkgmths0 IhA? 5 4 F?YD> 5
4
?
>.;1; lk nc FA IhYD> IhA? 5 4 F?YD> 5 4
Yc pucncg prcphrhr pcqucøhs ihgtmnhncs nc D? ecnmhgtc jh ncsidepdsmimùg nc LIjD9 pdr ihjcgthemcgtd, h trhvís nc jh smkumcgtc rchiimùg0
↟ + Ym cg ugh prucoh nc jhodrhtdrmd sc ihjmcgthg 3 k nc LIjD 9 y cg cj hgèjmsms nc jds prdnuitds sc cgiucgtrhg 8.6 k nc D ?, ihjiujc cj krhnd nc idgvcrsmùg. RE LIjD9 5 8??.3 k/edj RE D? 5 9? k/edj RE LIj 5 ;>.3 k/edj
↟ + LIj 3 k LIjD9
8
_CHI^D_
?
8.6 k D? Mgiùkgmth0 LIjD95 4
Jh rchiimùg cgtrc cj ctmjcgd y cj ordeurd nc fmnrùkcgd sc cacitðh cg ug rchitdr idgtmgud. Cj aju`d nc prdnuitds sc hghjmzh y sc cgiucgtrh quc idgtmcgc 32% edj nc I?F3Or, 99% edj nc FOr. Jh hjmecgthimùg hj rchitdr idgtmcgc sùjd ctmjcgd y ordeurd nc fmnrùkcgd. Ihjiujhr0 h) Cj krhnd nc idgvcrsmùg ncj rchitmvd jmemthgtc. o) Cj pdricgth`c nc cxicsd ncj rchitmvd cg cxicsd.
+ ↟
8
_CHI^D_
?
4
4 MGIÙKGM^HY0 h)
_J
54
o) %C_C 5 4
Cg cj prdicsd Nchidg phrh jh ahormihimùg nc ijdrd, rchiimdghg FIj y D? phrh adrehr Ij? y F?D. Cj rchitdr sc hjmecgth idg suamimcgtc hmrc phrh prdpdrimdghr ?3% nc dxåkcgd cg cxicsd. Ym jh idgvcrsmùg ncj FIj cs nc ;2%, ihjiujhr jhs arhiimdgcs edjhrcs nc jds idepdgcgtcs ncj aju`d h jh shjmnh. _cspucsths0 FIj 5 2.89, Ij? 5 2.83, F?D 5 2.83, D?5 2.21, G? 5 2.38
+ ↟ _J
+
5 ;2%
FIj
%C_C 5 ?3% FIj
_CHI^D_
8
?
MGIÙKGM^H0 Idepdsmimùg edjhr aju`d 9 Hmrc
?8% g D? ;=% g G?
D? 9
Ij? F?D
Cj sujahtd nc hjuemgmd (utmjmzhnd cg cj trhthemcgtd nc hkuh y cg euifds prdicsds quåemids) sc pucnc prcphrhr fhimcgnd rchiimdghr ohuxmth trmturhnh idg èimnd sujaðrmid hj ;; % cg pcsd. Cj emgcrhj nc ohuxmth idgtmcgc 33.>% cg pcsd nc ùxmnd nc hjuemgmd, smcgnd cj rcstd mepurczhs. Rhrh prdnuimr ?222 jo nc sujahtd nc hjuemgmd sc cepjchg 8262 jo nc ohuxmth y ?382 jo nc sdjuimùg. s djuimùg. h) Nctcremghr cj rchitmvd cg cxicsd. o) Ihjiujhr cj % cg cxicsd. i) Ihjiujhr cj krhnd nc idgvcrsmùg nc jh rchiimùg _chiimùg0
+ ↟ +
+ ↟ + eHj?(YD>)9, 9 5 ?222 jo
Hj?(YD>)9 33.>%w Hj?D9
F?D
E8 5 8262 jo
>>.1% w Mep.
MGIÙKGM^HY0 h) _chitmvd cg cxicsd o) %C_C i) _J
8
_CHI^D_
9
F?YD> Hj?D9
? E? 5 ?382 jo
;;% w F?YD> 99% w F?D
Mep.
Oh`d imcrths idgnmimdgcs cj G? c F? rchiimdghg nc hiucrnd h jh smkumcgtc rchiimùg0
+
↟
Yupdgmcgnd quc ?62 jo nc G? y 1>.3 jo nc F ? rchiimdghg h 383 ²I y 9 htedsacrhs nc prcsmùg y quc ncspuís nc dotcgcr cj cqumjmormd cxmstcg 96 jo nc khs, nctcremghr0 h) _chitmvd jmemthgtc y rchitmvd cg cxicsd. o) % cg cxicsd. i) joedj nc G?, F? y GF9 cg cj cqumjmormd. n) Krhnd nc idgvcrsmùg nc jh rchiimùg. rchii mùg.
eG?,8 5 ?62 jo
+
↟ ^ 5 383 ²I R 5 9 hte.
G? 5 96 joedj
G?
?
F?
_CHI^D_
8
eF?,8 5 1>.3 jo
GF9 MGIÙKGM^HY0 h) _J y _C o) %C_C. i) gG?, ?, gF?, ? y gGF9, ? n)
_J.
Cg jh ehydråh nc jds prdicsds quåemids jds rchitmvds mgtcrhitðhg cgtrc så nc euy nmvcrshs adrehs, prdedvmcgnd jh prcscgimh nc eès nc ugh rchiimùg quåemih (rchiimdgcs eðjtmpjcs) phrh su trhgsadrehimùg. Jh rchiimdgcs eðjtmpjcs sc ijhsmamihg cg nds tmpds0 8. _chiimdgcs suicsmvhs d rchiimdgcs cg scrmc. sc rmc. ?. _chiimdgcs smeujtègchs d rchiimdgcs cg phrhjcjd.
Cg cstc tmpd nc rchiimdgcs ug nctcremghnd prdnuitd kcgcrhnd cg ugh rchiimùg, hitðh ided rchitmvd phrh idgsuemrsc cg dtrh. C`cepjds0
+ ↟ + + ↟
Cj
prdnuitd I dotcgmnd cg jh prmecrh rchiimùg, hitðh ided rchitmvd cg jh sckugnh rchiimùg.
+ ↟ + ↟ +
Cstc tmpd nc rchiimdgcs sc prcscgthg iuhgnd hnceès nc kcgcrhrsc cj prdnuitd nc mgtcrís ecnmhgtc hjkugh rchiimùg, pucnc kcgcrhrsc hjkðg hjkðg dtrd prdnuitd cg dtrh rchiimùg rchiimùg idg idg jds emseds rchitmvds. C`cepjds0
+ ↟ + ↟ + ↟ + + ↟ +
^hgtd cg jhs rchiimdgcs suicsmvhs (cg scrmc) ided cg jhs
smeujtègchs (cg phrhjcjd), sc dotmcgc hjkðg
prdnuitd nc mgtcrís ecnmhgtc ugh rchiimùg quc sc idgdic ided rchiimùg prmgimphj y theomíg sc dotmcgc ug prdnuitd mgncschojc ecnmhgtc ugh rchiimùg quc sc idgdic ided rchiimùg sciugnhrmh.
Iuhgnd sc rchjmzhg ohjhgics nc ehtcrmh idg rchiimdgcs quåemihs eðjtmpjcs, ncoc nc tcgcrsc cg iucgth jd smkumcgtc0 •
Ihnh rchiimùg quåemih tcgnrè su prdpmd rchitmvd jmemthgtc.
•
Ihnh rchiimùg quåemih tcgnrè su prdpmd krhnd nc idgvcrsmùg.
•
•
Ym cj rchitmvd cg cxicsd phrtmimph cg vhrmhs rchiimdgcs, cj ièjiujd nc jh ihgtmnhn tcùrmih tdthj scrè jh sueh nc jhs ihgtmnhncs tcùrmihs cg ihnh rchiimùg. Ided cg jhs rchiimdgcs eðjtmpjcs sc dotmcgcg prdnuitds ncschnds c mgncschnds surkc ug gucvd idgicptd idgdimnd ided scjcitmvmnhn (gd smceprc sc utmjmzh cg jds ohjhgics) , cj iuhj sc cxprcsh ided0 5
Cs pdsmojc dotcgcr hicthjncfånd (IF9IFD) pdr jh ncsfmnrdkcghimùg ihthjåtmih nc cthgdj (I?F3DF) ecnmhgtc jh rchiimùg0
↟ + Ymg ceohrkd theomíg diurrc ugh rchiimùg phrhjcjh quc prdnuic hicthtd nc ctmjd (IF9IDDI?F3) 0 ?
↟ +
Yupùgkhsc quc jhs idgnmimdgcs nc dpcrhimùg ncj rchitdr sc h`usthg nc ednd quc rchiimdgh cj =3% ncj cthgdj hjmecgthnd y quc jh rcjhimùg edjhr nc IF9IFD prdnuimnd idg rcspcitd hj I ?F3DF hjmecgthnd cs nc 2.6, Ihjiujc jh idepdsmimùg ncj prdnuitd ncj rchitdr, supdgmcgnd quc jh hjmecgthimùg cs cthgdj purd.
↟ + ?
↟ + Idepdsmimùg 5 4 I?F3DF 5 =3%.
I?F3DF
8
_CHI^D_
5 . ,
,
IF9IFD ?
IF9IDDI?F3 F? I?F3DF
Cj cthgdj sc prdnuic idecrimhjecgtc pdr ecnmd nc jh fmnrhthimùg nc ctmjcgd0
+ ↟ Sgh phrtc ncj prdnuitd sc idgvmcrtc cg nmctmj ítcr cg jh rchiimùg sciugnhrmh 0 ↟ ( ) +
Jh hjmecgthimùg h ug rchitdr idgtmcgc ctmjcgd y vhpdr nc hkuh cg ugh rcjhimùg edjhr 90? y 82 % cg edj nc susthgimhs mgcrtcs. Jh idgvcrsmùg ncj ctmjcgd cs nc 3% y jh scjcitmvmnhn nc jh prdnuiimùg nc ítcr cs nc 86.2 edj/edj. edj/edj. Ihjiujc Ihjiujc jh idepdsmimùg edjhr ncj ncj aju`d nc shjmnh ncj rchitdr.
+ ↟ ↟ ( ) +
I?F> ,8
9 5 ? F?D,8
I?F> 5
I?F> F?D
3%.
_CHI^D_
8
Mg 82% g 5
,, ,
I?F3DF 9
(I?F3)?D F? D I?F>
5
Cj omùxmnd nc ihrodgd sc pucnc dotcgcr trhthgnd ugh pmcnrh ihjmzh idg F?YD> nmjumnd (8?%w nc èimnd). Jh ihjmzh ushnh cg cj prdicsd idgtmcgc IhID9 y EkID9, hnceès nc ehtcrmhj mgsdjuojc. Cj rcsmnud ncj prdicsd tmcgc jh smkumcgtc idepdsmimùg0 6.31%w nc IhYD >, 3.?9%w nc EkYD >, 8.23%w nc F?YD>, 2.39%w nc mgcrtcs, 2.8?3%w nc ID ? y 6>.38%w nc F ?D. Nurhgtc cj prdicsd sc ihjmcgth jh ehsh rchiimdghgtc ncsprcgnmígndsc phrtc ncj ID? y ncj F?D. Yupdgmcgnd ugh idgvcrsmùg ncj 822%, ihjiujhr0 h) Cj hgèjmsms nc jh ihjmzh. o) Cj pdricgth`c cg cxicsd ncj rchitmvd ushnd. i) Jh ehsh y cj hgèjmsms nc jds khscs quc sc ncsprcgnmcrdg nc jh ehsh rchiimdghgtc pdr ihnh 8222 lk nc ihjmzh ushnh. Jhs rchiimdgcs quc sc jjcvhg h ihod sdg0
+ ↟ + + + ↟ + +
+ ↟ + + + ↟ + + ID? >
IhID9 EkID9
8
F?D
_CHI^D_
Mgcrtcs
MGIÙKGM^HY0 h) Idepdsmimùg aju`d 8 Ydjuimùg nc o) %CF?YD> F?YD> i) _J
?
8?% w F?YD> 66% w F?D
9
6.31 %w IhYD> 3.?9 %w EkYD> 8.23 %w F?YD> 2.39 %w Mgcrtcs 2.8?3 %w ID? 6>.38 %w F?D
