Bab Ba b
V Senyawa Karbon Tujuan Pembelajaran •
Setelah mempelaj Setelah mempelajari ari bab ini, ini, Anda Anda mampu mampu mendeskri mendeskripsika psikan n struktur struktur,, cara penulisan, tata nama, sifat, kegunaan, dan identifikasi senyawa karbon.
Setelah Friederick Wohler dapat mensintesis urea (yang tergolong senyawa organik) di luar tubuh makhluk hidup, yaitu dengan memanaskan amonium sianat, penggolongan senyawa karbon organik dan anorganik tidak didasarkan lagi pada asalnya, tetapi lebih didasarkan pada sifat dan strukturnya. Senyawa karbon organik mempunyai ciri khas bahwa di dalam strukturnya terdapat gugus fungsi yang menentukan sifat senyawa karbon dan adanya rantai karbon yang tidak terdapat dalam senyawa karbon anorganik. Untuk mempermudah mempelajari senyawa karbon yang jenis dan jumlahnya sangat banyak, maka senyawa karbon digolongkan berdas ber dasar ar gug gugus us fun fungsi gsi yan yang g dim dimili iliki. ki. Ber Berdas dasar ar gug gugus us fun fungsi gsinya nya,, senyawa karbon organik digolongkan menjadi beberapa golongan yaitu haloalkana, alkanol, alkoksi, alkana, alkanal, alkanon, alkanoat, dan alkil alkanoat.
Kata Kunci • • • •
gugus fungsi eter keton ester
• • • •
alkohol aldehid asam karboksilat haloalkana
Senyawa Karbon 147
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Peta Konsep n a r g e m n o a s u r i e K
a p u r e b
n a r r u e t m k o u r s t i e s K
n a r e m o s i e k i m a l a g n e m
r e t s E
n a r e i s m t p o s o i e K
n a r a e k m g n o s a i e r K
a p u r e b
s i u s g g u n u g f O
R n a O k O s O u m C u C r i d R
n o b r a k a w a y n e S
i s g n u f s u g u g r a s a d r e B
t a l i m s a k s o A b r a k
n o t e K
d i h e d l A
r e t E
l o h o k l A a n
O s i u s g g u n u g f s i u s g g u n u g f
s i u s g g u n u g f s i u s g g u n u g f
s i u s g g u n u g f
H O
C
n H a k s O O u m C u r i d
n a r i e s m g n o u s f i e K
a y t n u a b w e a i s y d n e s
n i a r r t e e m m o o s e i e g K
n a r i e i s m s o s o p i e K n a g n 2 m e u O d n m i 2 s u a s H k u n i f m t C i u n r e d i i d
i s a d i s k O
m a s a t a f i S
n a k n a a g d e n e b i d d
R
O C
n C a k s u m O C u r i d R
n a k H s u O O m u C r C i d
f i t k a s i t p O
n a g n e m d u O i n s m 2 a u H k s i f u n i m C t n u e d H r i i d
g n i l h e F i s k a e r e P
l r o h e o i m k l r A p
l r o e h d o n k u l k A e s
l o r e h i o s r k l t e A
R
O
H O
n a k s u m u r i d
n a k s u m u r i d
R O R
H O
n a g n e a m O d N u 2 i + s m n a m 2 u s H k i a f u i g m n t o n u e L r C d i i d
R i s r a y g
r a a s y n a k d a r t e e b l
n l l e o a h v o o k l n A o m
l n o e h l o a v k l l i A o p
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A. Gug Gugus us Fungs Fungsii Senyawa Senyawa Karbo Karbon n Di kelas X telah kita pelajari senyawa karbon yaitu golongan hidrokarbon yang terdiri atas alkana, alkena, dan alkuna. Senyawa karbon yang akan kita pelajari pada bagian ini merupakan turunan dari alkana. Bila satu atau lebih atom H pada alkana diganti dengan atom atau gugus lain akan dihasilkan senyawa turunan alkana. Perhatikan struktur metana dan metanol berikut: H H
H
C
H
H
H
C
OH
H
metana
metanol (suatu turunan metana)
Gugus –OH pada metanol menggantikan atom H pada metana. Gugus pengganti ini disebut gugus fungsi. Suatu senyawa yang memiliki rumus molekul sama dapat memiliki rumus struktur yang berbeda. Disebut apakah peristiwa ini? Senyawa dengan rumus molekul C 2H6O dapat berupa etanol dan metoksi metana. CH3
CH2
OH
CH3
etanol
O
CH3
metoksi metana
Kedua senyawa tersebut memiliki sifat yang berbeda, mengapa? Etanol dan metoksi metana memiliki gugus fungsi yang berbeda yaitu OH dan O . Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa sifat suatu senyawa karbon ditentukan oleh gugus fungsinya. Gugus fungsi adalah atom atau gugus yang menentukan sifat suatu senyawa. Beberapa gugus fungsi yang akan kita pelajari di semester ini adalah sebagai berikut: Gugus Fungsional
Deret Homolog
Rumus Umum Senyawa
OH
alkanol (alkohol)
R
OH
O
alkoksi alkana (eter)
R
O
alkana (aldehid)
R
H
R
C H
O
alkanon (keton)
R
C
C 2H 5 O
CH3
C H O
R
CH
C
Nama
metanol (metil alkohol)
OH
CH 3
O
O C
CH 3
O
O C
Contoh
CH
metoksi etana (etil metil eter) etana (asetaldehid) propanon (dimetil keton)
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Gugus Fungsional
O C OH O C O
Deret Homolog
alkanoat (asam karboksilat) alkil alkanoat (ester)
Rumus Umum Senyawa
R
Contoh
O C OH
O
CH3 C
OH
O R
C OR
haloalkana (alkil halida)
R
X
asam etanoat (asetat/metana karboksilat)
O C2 H 5
C OCH 3
X (x = F, Cl, Br, I)
Nama
CH3
Cl
metil propanoat klorometana (metil klorida)
Peranan Gugus Fungsi Dalam Senyawa Karbon Gugus fungsi dalam senyawa karbon menentukan sifat senyawanya, karena pada reaksi organik, pereaksi akan menyerang gugus fungsinya. Terjadinya perubahan pada gugus fungsi menyebabkan perubahan sifat senyawanya. Oleh karena masing-masing gugus fungsi mempunyai sifat spesifik (hanya dapat bereaksi dengan pereaksi (tertentu) maka senyawa karbon dapat diidentifikasi berdasar gugus fungsi yang dimiliki dengan pereaksi yang sesuai. Contoh: Senyawa CH3 – CH2 – OH dan CH 3 – O – CH3 memiliki rumus molekul sama, yaitu C2H6O keduanya dapat dibedakan di laboratorium dengan cara direaksikan dengan logam natrium. – Gugus – OH pada CH3 – CH 2 – OH dapat bereaksi dengan logam Na. menghasilkan gas hidrogen. –
Reaksi : CH3 – CH2 – OH CH3 – CH2 – ONa + H2 Gugus – O – pada CH3 – O – CH3 tidak bereaksi dengan logam Na Reaksi: CH3 – O – CH3 + Na (tidak bereaksi)
Soal Kompetensi 5.1
1. Apakah Apakah yang yang Anda Anda keta ketahui hui tent tentang ang gugu guguss fungsi fungsi dan apa apa peranannya dalam senyawa? 2. Sen Senyawa yawa A dan dan B mem memili iliki ki rumu rumuss mole molekul kul sam samaa yaitu yaitu C3H8O. Bagaimana cara membedakan senyawa A dan B bila salah satunya memiliki rumus struktur CH 3 – CH – CH 3 dan yang lainnya CH3 – CH2 – O – CH 3 OH 3. Men lon awa karbo karbon n didasa didasarka rkan n pad
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4. Sebutk Sebutkan an mini minimal mal 7 gugus gugus fun fungsi gsi bai baik k nama nama maupu maupun n strukturnya! 5. Ter Termas masuk uk deret deret homol homolog og apaka apakah h senyawa senyawa-se -senya nyawa wa berik berikut: ut: a.
CH 3
C CH 2 CH 3 O
b.
CH 3 CH 2
e . CH 3
O
C
f.
CH 3
CH
O g. CH 3
C OH
d.
CH 3 CH 2
CH
CH3
F
O CH 3 CH 2
CH 3
CH 3
O H
c.
CH
C
O
CH
CH 3
CH 3
CH3
OH
B. Se Seny nyaw awa a Ka Karb rbon on Berdasarkan gugus fungsinya, senyawa karbon digolongkan menjadi beberapa bebera pa macam. Pada bab ini akan dipelaja dipelajari ri tujuh golongan senyawa karbon, yaitu haloalkana, alkohol, eter, aldehid, keton, asam karboksilat, dan ester.
1. Alk lkoh ohol ol da dan n Et Ete er Alkohol dan eter merupakan isomer, karena memiliki rumus molekul yang sama yaitu CnH2n+2O. a. Alkohol Alkohol yang dikenal dalam kehidupan sehari-hari adalah etanol yang merupakan salah satu anggota deret homolog alkohol. Alkohol merupakan golongan senyawa dengan rumus umum R – OH, di mana R adalah alkil (R = CnH2n+1). Dengan demikian alkohol dapat dianggap sebagai turunan dari alkana (R – H) di mana 1 atom H nya diganti dengan gugus – OH. 1)
Tat ata a Nam Nama a Alk Alkoh ohol ol/A /Alk lkan anol ol
Oleh karena alkohol dianggap sebagai turunan dari alkana, maka alkohol diberi nama seperti alkana, hanya akhiran ana diganti dengan
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Contoh:
Alkana
CH4 Metana C2H6 Etana C3H8 Propana
Alkanol
CH3 – OH Metanol C2H5OH Etanol C3H7 O OH H Propanol
a) Alkan Alkanol ol yang yang sudah sudah beri berisom somer, er, diberi diberi nama nama deng dengan an cara: cara: Menyebutkan nomor atom C yang mengikat OH kemudian nama alkanol (pengertian nomor dimulai dari atom C yang dekat dengan – OH) Contoh: CH2 CH2 CH3 1 propanol CH3 CH2 CH CH3 2 butanol OH CH3
OH CH
CH3 2 propanol
OH b) Alkohol yang bercabang diberi nama dengan cara: Menyebutkan nomor cabang, nama cabang, letak OH, dan nama alkanol rantai utama (atom C yang mengikat OH diberi nomor serendah mungkin) Contoh: CH3 CH
CH
CH3
2 metil 3 butanol
CH3 OH CH3 CH3 CH2
C
CH3
2 metil 2 butanol
OH 2) Je Jeni niss-Je Jeni nis s Alk Alkoh ohol ol
Berdasarkan letak gugus – OH, alkohol dibedakan menjadi 3 macam, yaitu: a) Alkohol Primer Alkohol primer adalah alkohol yang gugus-OH nya terikat pada atom C primer (atom C yang terikat pada satu atom C lain).
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b) Alkohol Sekunder Alkohol sekunder adalah alkohol yang gugus-OH nya terikat pada atom C sekunder. Contoh: CH3 CH CH CH3 CH3 CH CH3 OH C H 3
OH
c) Alkohol Ters rsiier Alkohol tersier adalah alkohol yang gugus-OH nya terikat pada atom C tersier. Contoh: OH CH3
C
CH3
CH3 Gugus fungsional alkohol (– OH) dapat diidentifikasi dengan mereaksikannya dengan logam natrium yang menghasilkan gas hidrogen. Reaksi: Reak si: 2R – OH + 2Na 2Na
2R
– ONa + H2
3) Isomer Al Alkohol
Di kelas X, Anda telah mempelajari isomer rangka pada alkana, alkena, dan alkuna serta isomer geometri pada alkena. Alkohol selain memiliki isomer rangka juga memiliki isomer posisi dan isomer fungsi. Isomer fungsi , yaitu isomer yang disebabkan karena perbedaan posisi/letak gugus fungsi. Contoh: CH3 CH2 CH2 OH dengan CH3 CH CH3 1 propanol
OH
2 propanol
Isomer fungsi adalah isomer yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan gugus fungsi. Misal: alkohol berisomer fungsi dengan eter.
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Sebagai Eter
Sebagai Alkohol
HO
CH2
CH CH3
CH3 2 metil 1 propanol
CH3 CH2
O
CH2
CH3
OH CH3
C
CH3
2 metil 2 propanol
CH3 Selain isomer-isomer di atas, alkohol sekunder yang mengandung atom C asimetris (atom C kiral) menunjukkan keisomeran optis. Atom C asimetris adalah atom C yang mengikat empat atom atau gugus yang berbeda. H Contoh: 2 butanol
CH3 C
CH2
CH3
(C = atom asimetris)
OH Keisomeran optis berkaitan dengan sifat optis. Senyawa yang memiliki isomer optis dapat memutar bidang polarisasi cahaya dan disebut senyawa optis aktif. Senyawa yang mengandung 1 atom C kiral (misalnya 2 butanol) mempunyai 2 bentuk konfigurasi di mana bentuk bentu k yang satu merup merupakan akan baya bayang ng cermin dari yang lain. Dua isomer yang merupakan bayangan cermin satu dengan yang lainnya disebut enantiomer. Apabila berkas cahaya terpolarisasi dilewatkan melalui larutan yang mengandung enantiomer 2 butanol, bidang polarisasi
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4) Sif ifat at-S -Sif ifa at Alko Alkoho holl
a) Sifat Fisika (1) Mempun Mempunyai yai titik titik didih didih lebih lebih tinggi tinggi dari eter. Hal ini disebabkan disebabkan antara molekul alkohol terjadi ikatan hidrogen. (2) Metanol, etanol, dan propanol propanol mudah mudah larut, larut, alkohol alkohol lainnya lainnya hanya hanya sedikit larut. b) Sifat Kimia (1) Dapa Dapatt bereaksi bereaksi dengan dengan logam logam (Na, (Na, K, Mg, Mg, Al) Al) melepas melepas H2. Contoh: CH3 – CH2 – OH + Na
CH3 – CH2 – ONa +
etanol
1 H 2 2
natrium etanolat
(2) Dengan Dengan asam karboksi karboksilat lat mem membentu bentuk k ester (reaksi (reaksi esterifi esterifikasi) kasi).. Secara umum: O O C + H2O R OH + R' C R' OH
OH Contoh: CH 3 CH 2
O
O OH
CH3 C
CH 3
C
+
H2O
OCH 2 CH 3
OH
(3) Dapat Dapat bere bereaks aksii deng dengan an PX PX3, PX 5, atau SOX 2 membentuk alkil hali ha lida da.. (R – X) X) Contoh: CH3–CH2 – OH + PCl3
CH3 – CH2 – Cl + H2O
etanol
etil klorida
(4) Denga Dengan n asam halid halidaa (HX) (HX) membentu membentuk k alkil alkil halida halida Contoh: CH3 – CH2 – OH + HCl et e tanol
CH3 – CH2 – Cl + H2O etil klorida
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–
Oksida Oksi dasi si alko alkoho holl sekun sekunde derr mengh menghasi asilk lkan an alka alkano non. n. Contoh: CH 3
CH
CH3
(O )
CH 3
O
OH 2 propanol
–
C CH3 + H2
propanon
Alkoho Alko holl ter tersi sier er tid tidak ak da dapa patt dio dioks ksid idas asi. i. Contoh: CH 3 CH 3 C
CH 3
O
(tidak teroksidasi)
OH 2 metil 2 propanol
Reaksi oksidasi alkohol ini dapat digunakan untuk membedakan alkohol primer, sekunder, dan tersier selain dengan reaksi Lucas (Reaksi antara alkohol dengan HCl). sangat lambat – Alkohol primer + HCl cepat – Alkohol sekunder + HCl sangat cepat – Alkohol tersier + HCl (6) Dapa Dapatt mengal mengalami ami dehi dehidras drasii dengan dengan H2SO4 pekat. – Pa Pada da su suhu hu 14 140° 0° C men mengh ghas asil ilka kan n ete eterr H SO
2 4 2CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 O 140°C
1 propanol
–
CH 2 CH 2 CH 3+ H2O
dipropil eter
Pada Pa da su suhu hu 18 180° 0°C C me meng ngha hasi silk lkan an al alke kena na CH 3 CH2 CH 2 1 propanol
Polialkohol
OH
H SO 180 C
2 4
CH 3
CH propena
CH 2 + H 2 O
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5) Pe Pemb mbua uata tan n Al Alko koho holl
a) Metanol (CH3OH) Metanol dibuat dengan cara hidrogenasi gas CO pada suhu 400°C dan tekanan 200 atm dengan katalisator Cr 2O3 atau ZnO. CO + 2H2
Cr O
3 2
CH 3OH
b) Etanol (C 2H5OH) Dalam bidang industri, etanol dibuat dengan fermentasi tetes tebu yaitu cairan gula yang tidak mengkristal/menghablur menjadi gula. C12 H22 O11 + H2O
invertase
C6H12 O6
sukrosa
C 6H 12 O 6
+
glukosa zimase
C 6 H 12 O 6 fruktosa
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Untuk memperoleh etanol pekat dilakukan destilasi/penyulingan. c ) Glikol (CH2OH CH2OH) Glikol dibuat dengan cara mengoksidasi etana dengan oksigen kemudian dilanjutkan hidrolisis. Reaksi dilakukan pada suhu 250°C dengan katalisator serbuk perak. 1 CH 2 CH2 CH 2 + O 2 CH2 2 O etena
etilen oksida
CH 2 + H 2 O
CH2 O
CH2
CH 2
OH
OH
glikol
d) Gliserol (CH2OH – CH2 OH CH2OH) Gliserol diperoleh dari hasil samping pada pembuatan sabun. O
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6)
Keguna Keg unaan an Alk Alkoho oholl dan dan Dam Dampak pak Alk Alkoho oholl
a ) Metanol (1) Metano Metanoll digunakan digunakan untuk untuk membuat membuat metanol metanol sebagai bahan bahan plastik. (2) Meta Metanol nol digunak digunakan an untuk pelaru pelarutt dan bahan pembua pembuatt ester, serta serta bahan bakar altern alternatif. atif. Di samping kegunaan metanol, terdapat dampak dari penggunaan metanol, yaitu sangat beracun. Keracunan metanol dapat melalui pernapasan (menghirup uapnya) dan dapat melalui kulit. b) Etanol Etanol digunakan sebagai pelarut, desinfektan, bahan pembuatan ester dan sebagai bahan bakar (di Brasil telah banyak kendaraan dengan bahan bah an ba bakar kar eta etanol nol). ). Min Minuma uman n be bera ralko lkohol hol men menimb imbulk ulkan an da dampa mpak k negatif antara lain metanol menyebabkan mabuk dan mengantuk karena menekan aktivitas otak. Selain itu etanol bersifat adiktif yaitu menyebabkan kecanduan atau ketagihan, sehingga bila minum minuman beralkohol sulit untuk meninggalkan, padahal minum minuman beralkohol dilarang oleh agama dan pemerintah. c ) Glikol Pada negara atau daerah bermusim dingin, glikol digunakan untuk zat anti beku pada radiator mobil. Glikol juga digunakan sebagai bahan baku dalam industri serat sintesis dan pelarut. d) Gliserol Gliserol digunakan untuk pelarut obat-obatan, dan bahan pembuatan
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Setelah Setel ah log logam am Na hab habis is ber bereak eaksi si,, tam tambah bahka kan n 15 mL aqu aquade adest st ke dalam gelas kimia tersebut kemudian ujilah kembali dengan kertas lakmus dan catat hasilnya. Buat laporan hasil percobaan dengan format yang pernah Anda buat di kelas X dan XI.
Tugas Proyek -
-
Lakukan Laku kan ku kunju njung ngan an ke pab pabrik rik at atau au hom homee ind indust ustri ri ya yang ng membuat alkohol atau industri lain yang berbahan alkohol untuk mendapatkan data dengan melakukan wawancara dan pengamatan. Buatla Bua tlah h lap lapora oran n has hasil il kun kunjun jungan gan unt untuk uk dip dipres resent entasi asikan kan di depan kelas.
Soal Kompetensi 5.2
1. Apaka Apakah h nama nama IUPAC IUPAC dari dari alkoh alkohol ol denga dengan n rumus rumus struk struktur tur berikut: CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
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CH2 e.
CH3
CH 2
CH
C
CH 3 CH 3
CH2OH CH 2 CH 3 f. 2. 3. 4.
5.
CH3
CH
CH
C2H5
OH C2H5 Buat Bu atla lah h iso isome merr-is isom omer er C5H12O sebagai alkohol dan berilah nama masing-masing sesuai aturan IUPAC! Bagaim Bag aimanak anakah ah cara cara membe membedak dakan an 1 but butanol anol den dengan gan 2 butano butanoll di laboratorium? Suatu Su atu sen senyaw yawaa memi memili liki ki rum rumus us mo molek lekul ul C 4H10O, bila senyawa tersebut direaksikan dengan logam natrium dihasilkan gas hidrogen dan bila dioksidasi menghasilkan senyawa yang bersifat asam. Tentukan rumus struktur dan nama senyawa tersebut. Tulisk Tul iskan an pers persama amaan an reak reaksi si yan yang g terj terjadi adi bil bila: a: a . CH3 CH 2 C H C H3 + Na OH b. C2H5OH + PCl3 c . C2H5OH + PCl5
d. 2 pro rop pan ano ol + HCl
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b. Eter Sebagaimana telah disebutkan di depan, eter merupakan isomer fungsi dari alkohol. Eter memiliki rumus umum R – O – R, dengan R adalah alkil. Alkil-alkil pada eter dapat disamakan dan dapat pula dibedakan. 1)
Tata Nam Nama a Eter Eter ata atau u Alko Alkoksi ksi Alk Alkana ana
a) Sebagai Eter Dengan menyebutkan nama alkil-alkilnya (sesuai urutan abjad) dan diakhiri dengan kata eter. C on t o h : CH3 O CH3 dimetil eter CH3 O C2H5 etil metil eter CH3 O CH CH3 metil isopropil eter CH 3 b) Sebagai Alkoksi Alkana Dengan menyebutkan nama alkoksinya (dari R/alkil yang lebih kecil) yang diawali nomor letak gugus alkoksi kemudian nama alkananya (dari R/alkil yang lebih besar). Contoh: CH O CH metoksi metana 3
CH3 CH3
3
O O
C2H5 CH CH 3
metoksi etana C2H5
2 metoksi propana
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3) Sif ifa att-S Sif ifa at Et Eter er
a) Sifat Fi Fisis (1) Berupa zat zat cair (kecual (kecualii metil metil eter) berbau harum harum dan mudah menguap. (2) Dengan jumlah atom C yang sama, sama, titik titik didih didih eter eter lebih rendah dari titik didih alkohol. (3) Su Suka karr larut larut da dala lam m air. air. b) Sifat Kimia (1) Tid Tidak ak bereaks bereaksii dengan dengan logam logam Na dan dan PCl PCl3, dengan demikian dapat untuk membedakan alkohol dengan eter. (2) Be Berea reaks ksii den denga gan n PCl PCl5, tetapi tidak membebaskan HCl (reaksi ini dapat digunakan untuk membedakan alkohol dengan eter). R – O – R' + PCl5
R
– Cl + R'Cl + POCl 3
(3) Berea Bereaksi ksi denga dengan n HX (X = F, F, Cl, Cl, Br, I). R – O – R + HX
R
– OH + RX
(4) Deng Dengan an HI berlebih berlebih dan dan pemanasa pemanasan n menghasi menghasilkan lkan R – I dan H2O. R – O – R' + Hl
T berlebih
R
– l + R'– l +H 2O
(5) Eter muda mudah h terbak terbakar ar membe membentuk ntuk gas CO2 dan uap air. CH3 – O – CH3 + O2 4)
2CO2 + 3H2O
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MTBE (met MTBE (metil il ters tersier ier but butil il eter eter)) ditam ditambah bahkan kan ke dala dalam m bensi bensin n untuk untuk meningkatkan bilangan oktan. CH 3 CH3
O
C
CH 3
CH 3 metil tersier butil eter. Soal Kompetensi 5.3
1.
Apakah perbe Apakah perbedaan daan alk alkoho oholl dengan dengan eter eter diti ditinjau njau dari sif sifat at fisik fisikaa dan sifat kimia masing-masing? 2. Bu Buat atla lah h se semu muaa is iso ome merr C5H12O dan berilah nama masing-masing sesuai aturan tata nama! 3. Ba Baga gaim iman anak akah ah ca cara ra me memb mbed edak akan an C3H7O dengan CH3 O C2H5
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1)
Tat ata a Nama Nama Ald Aldeh ehid id ata atau u Alka Alkana nall
Aldehid dapat diberi nama dengan dua cara, yaitu: a) Na Nama ma seb sebaga agaii alk alkana anall (nam (namaa IUPA IUPAC). C). b) Nama alkanal seperti alkana dengan mengganti akhiran ana dengan O anal serta nomor 1 dimulai dari gugus C . H O C on t o h:
CH3
CH
CH 2
3 metil butanol
C
CH 3
H O
CH3
CH
CH
C2H5 CH 3
2,3 dimetil butanal
C H
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(2) Da Dapat pat meng mengad adis isii HCN HCN OH O R C CN R C + HCN H
H
(3) Bil Bilaa dioks dioksidas idasii menghasil menghasilkan kan asam karbo karboksil ksilat. at. O O (O) R R C C H OH (4) Dapat mereduksi mereduksi larutan fehlin fehling g membentuk membentuk endapan merah d dan an mereduksi pereaksi tollens membentuk endapan perak (Ag). R
O C + 2CuO H Fehling
R
O C + Cu2O (s) OH Merah bata
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Soal Kompetensi 5.4
1.
Apakah Apa kah nam namaa senya senyawa wa d deng engan an ru rumus mus str strukt uktur ur beri berikut kut:: O O a . CH3 CH2 CH2 C c . CH3 CH2 CH C H H CH CH3 CH3 O
O b. CH3
CH CH3
CH2
d. CH3
C H
CH CH2
CH2
C H
CH3 2.
Buatlah Buat lah isom isomer-i er-isom somer er dari dari 2 meti metill butana butanall dan dan berila berilah h nama nama
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1)
Tata Nam ama a Alk Alkan anon on
a) Sistem Sistem IUPA IUPAC, C, seperti seperti pada alka alkana, na, hanya hanya akhi akhiran ran ana ana diganti diganti deng dengan an anon. O Contoh:
CH3
C
CH3
propanon
b) Sistem trivial (sebagai keton) Dengan menyebutkan alkil-alkil yang mengapit gugus sesuai urutan abjad dan diakhiri dengan keton. O Contoh:
CH3
C dimetil keton
2)
O CH3
CH3
C
C2H3
etil metil keton
Isomer Alkanon
Isomer alkanon disebabkan oleh cabang, letak gugus fungsional, dan
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(2) Dap Dapat at men mengad gadisi isi HCN : O CH3
C
OH H+
CH CH3 + CN- 3
C
CN
CH3 (3) Tidak dapat mereduksi larutan fehling dan tollens tollens (sehingga dapat digunakan untuk membedakan aldehid dengan alkanon).
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Kegiatan Ilmiah 5.2 Tujuan: Membedakan aldehid dan keton Alat dan bahan: - Tab Tabung ung rea reaksi ksi,, penan penangas gas air air,, bensi bensin, n, kaki kaki ti tiga, ga, dan kas kasaa gelas gelas pia piala. la. - La Laru ruta tan n Feh Fehli ling ng A da dan n feh fehli ling ng B.
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O c.
CH3
CH
C
CH2 CH3
CH3 d.
CH3
CH2
O CH
CH2
CH CH3
C CH3
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C on t oh :
CH3
CH2
O C OH
asam propanoat O
CH3
CH CH3
CH2 C
asam 3 metil butanoat OH
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(4) Asam form formiat iat dapat dapat diok dioksida sidasi si menjad menjadii CO2 dan H2O. O O H
C
[O]
OH
HO
C
CO2 + H2O
OH
(5) Dengan hal halogen ogen terjadi terjadi subsit subsitusi usi atom H pada C alfa oleh atom halogen. O O
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