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AUTOMATIC METRO TRAIN Synopsis Submitted To
Rajiv Gandhi Prodyougiki Vishwavidyalaya Bhopal
In Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering In
Electronics & Communication By Abhishek Kr. Garg Abhishek Richhariya Atul Rathore Prawal Pandey
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Department of Electronics & Communication
SCOPE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Bhopal 2009-2010
AUTOMATIC METRO TRAIN Synopsis Submitted To
Rajiv Gandhi Prodyougiki Vishwavidyalaya Bhopal
In Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering In Electronics & Communication By Abhishek Kr. Garg Abhishek Richhariya Atul Rathore Prawal Pandey
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Under the guidance Of Mr. Abhinay Gupta (Lecturer) Department of Electronics & Communication SCOPE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Bhopal 2009-2010
INDEX CONTENTS 1
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Status of technology 1.2 Justification 1.3 Objectives
2 Literature Survey 3 Technical Programme and Technical Details 4 Components used 4.1 Working Principle 4.2 Circuit Diagram 4.3 Block Diagram
5 References
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INTRODUCTION STATUS OF TECHNOLOGY
This project is designed so that students can understand the technique. Now a day’s train accidents are comman in railway system. To Protact train accidents every country are developing systems .And it is used in most of the developed countries like Germany, France & Japan etc... These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control the train.. Every signal is also equpied with CPU on the path ; The Signal dectectsb TRAIN and make signal according
RED,GREEN,YELLOW. In this project we try to
give the same prototype for this type of signal. We are using ATMEL AVR Microcontroller as CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Geard Motor, for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The proto type is designed for one signal There are indicators, which are used to show the train running.If train dects RED signal the train stops by applying the brakes . It describes a prototype that has been developed to demonstrate the concept of integrated gaming and simulation for incident management. Architecture for the purpose was developed and presented at the last conference. A hypothetical emergency incident scenario has been developed for demonstrating the applicability of integrated simulation and gaming. A number of simulation and gaming
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WHAT IS EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY Embedded technology is software or hardware that is hidden embedded in a large device or system. It typically refers to a fixed function device, as compared with a PC, which runs general purpose application. Embedded technology is nothing new. It all around us and has been for years. An early example of embedded technology is the engine control unit in a car, which measures what setting to give the engine. Your coffee maker has embedded technology in the form of a microcontroller, which is what tells it to make the coffee at 6 a.m. the vending machine has it too. Overall, billions of devices woven into everyday life use embedded technology. In the past embedded technology existed in standalone device vending machines and copiers that did their jobs with little regard for what went on around them,. But as technology has learned to connect device to the internet and to each other, embedded technology potential has grown. Suddenly it is and what actions those connections let them perform. Cell phone companies figured that out a long time ago, which is why cell phones are cheap and the service, plans are expensive. It is not the phone itself that matters, but the connectivity to a vast network of other phones, other people and the internet. Until you download software that lets you find a local restaurant or mange your finances. When it brakes the customer calls a service person, who probably comes from somewhere other than your company. But let us say that freezer knows that it is about to go on the fritz. Let say three refrigerator alerts the customer before it breaks. Better yet, let us say the freezer alerts the manufacturer and you are able to send a service person to do preventative work and save a lot of haagen- dazs from melting. Embedded technology allows all of that to happen. You, the freezer company have transformed yourself from a product company to product and services company. The possibilities go beyond that programming device to communicate with businesses can eliminate the need for costly call centers. Copy machines that can order
FUNCTION their own replacement cartridges will save businesses time and money. Remember, the fact the technology is embedded is not what important, and neither is the device.
JUSTIFICATION
This Project is useful in developing countries & this project has a bright future as it is being used in countries like Germany, France & Japan. This project helps us to control train without a driver and the stations are shown on the LCD so the passenger doesn’t has any difficulty. This project will lead to increase in technological trends & this will help the people in many ways. It also includes an emergency brake system due to which the train stops as soon as the brakes are applied and resumes journey when the emergency situation is over. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is predefined.
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LITERATURE SURVEY In fact, it should have started with , the invention of microprocessor. Intel introduced a single-chip processor, the 4004, in 1971. It was a 4-bit microprocessor, with whopping processing speed of 100 thousand operations per second, and was meant for an electronic calculator. There is a lot of 4-bit processing in calculators, especially if the software is based on BCD arithmetic. Later Intel introduced the 8-bitter 8008 and it's grown-up brother - the famous 8080 (which then was perfected by an ex-Intel employee as Zilog Z80, one of the best 8-bit microprocessors of all times). In 1976, Intel introduced its first microcontroller, 8048. It integrated the processing core with code and data memory and certain peripherals. The code memory was a 1kB mask ROM (defined by the last metallization mask during the chip processing) or EPROM (after all, Intel invented EPROM), the data memory was 64 bytes of RAM (including the 8-level stack and two pages of eight general purpose registers). Besides general-purpose I/O (see below), peripherals included a timer and an external interrupt (plus the necessary interrupt system). Although the 8048 is clearly an 8-bit architecture, it is said to be an ancestor of the 4-bit 4004 rather than the 8080. Also it is said to bear remarkable similarities to Fairchild F8 microprocessor. Today, it is hard to say whether something of this is true, but one thing is sure, the 8048 has a couple of strange features. Using four of its general purpose input/output ports, and adding one or more 8243-type chip - and the I/O expand into another four 4-bit ports. This expansion has not only support in the
FUNCTION hardware - dedicated pins on 8048 - but also in the instruction set, having dedicated instructions for I/O operations (including AND and OR(!)) via the expander.
APPLICATIONS of embaded system Telecom Mobile phone systems (handsets and base stations), modems, routers
Automotive application Braking system, Traction control, Airbag release system, Management units, and Steer-bywire systems.
Domestic application Dishwasher, television, washing machines, microwave ovens, Video recorders, Security system, Garage door controllers, Calculators, Digital watches, VCRs, Digital cameras, Remote Controls, Treadmills Robotic Fire fighting robot, Automatic floor cleaner, robotic arm .
Aerospace application Flight control system, Engine controllers, Autopilots, Passenger entertainment system
Medical equipment Anesthesia monitoring system, ECG monitors, Pacemakers, Drug delivery systems, MRI scanners
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Defense system Radar systems, Fighter aircraft flight control system, Radio system, Missile guidance systems
Office automation Laser printers, Fax machines, Pagers, Cash registers, Gas pumps, Credit /Debit card readers, Thermostats, Grain analyzers.
COMPONENTS List Of Components Sr.No.
Equipment
Quantity
1. 2.
IC Atmega 16L MC IC L298
1 1
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Voltage Regulator 7805 2 line LCD display Motor Crystal Oscillator 110592Hz Switch
1 1 4 1 1
9. 10 . 11 . 12 .
LED Resistors(220Ω,4.7kΩ,10kΩ) Capacitors(33pf,ceramic disk) Diode
6 10 2 2
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COMPONENT DESCRIPTION 1) MICRO-CONTROLLER Atmega 16L Overview The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega16 achieves throughputs approaching 1MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.\ The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The ATmega16 provides the following features: 16K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash Program memory with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes EEPROM, 1K byte SRAM, 32 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, a JTAG interface for Boundary-scan, On-chip Debugging support and programming, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, Internal and External Interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte oriented Two-wire Serial Interface, an 8-channel, 10-bit ADC with optional differential input stage with programmable gain (TQFP package only), a programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and six software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the USART, Two-wire interface, A/D Converter, SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next External Interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-save mode, the Asynchronous Timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except Asynchronous Timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low-power consumption. In Extended Standby mode, both the main Oscillator and the Asynchronous Timer continue to run. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology. The On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI serial interface, by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot program running on the AVR core. The boot program can use any interface to download the application program in the Application Flash memory. Software
FUNCTION in the Boot Flash section will continue to run while the Application Flash section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega16 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly-flexible and costeffective solution to many embedded control applications. The ATmega16 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools including: C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators, and evaluation kits.
Features Of Atmega 16L Microcontroller • High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller • Advanced RISC Architecture – 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution – 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers – Fully Static Operation – Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz – On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier • Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories – 16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles – Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation – 512 Bytes EEPROM Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles – 1K Byte Internal SRAM – Programming Lock for Software Security • JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface – Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard – Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface • Peripheral Features – Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes – One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode – Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator – Four PWM Channels – 8-channel, 10-bit ADC 8 Single-ended Channels 7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only 2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x – Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
FUNCTION – Programmable Serial USART – Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface – Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator – On-chip Analog Comparator • Special Microcontroller Features – Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection – Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator – External and Internal Interrupt Sources – Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby and Extended Standby • I/O and Packages – 32 Programmable I/O Lines – 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad MLF • Operating Voltages – 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega16L – 4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega16 • Speed Grades – 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L – 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16
Pin Descriptions VCC Digital supply voltage. GND Ground. Port A (PA7..PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.Port A also serves as an 8bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port B (PB7..PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for eachbit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16.
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Port C (PC7..PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sinkand source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will sourcecurrent if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a resetcondition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activatedeven if a reset occurs. Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of theATmega16 . Port D (PD7..PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for eachbit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16. RESET Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in Table 15 on page 35. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter. About Code Examples This documentation contains simple code examples that briefly show how to use various parts of the device. These code examples assume that the part specific header file is included before compilation. Be aware that not all C Compiler vendors include bit definitions in the header files and interrupt handling in C is compiler dependent. Please confirm with the C Compiler documentation for more details.
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TECHNICAL PROGRAMME
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ·
Phase resistance (Ohms): 75 · Current (mA): 150 · Phase Inductance (mH): 39 · Detent torque (g-cm): 80 · Holding Torque (g-cm): 600 · Mounting hole space diagonal (in.): 1.73 · Mounting hole (in.) 0.11 · Shaft diameter (in.): 0.197 · Shaft length (in.): 0.43 · Motor Diameter (in.): 1.66 · Motor height (in.): 1.35 · Weight: 0.55 lbs.
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WORKING PRINCIPLE METRO TRAIN MODEL is a microcontroller based device. It is used in driverless metro train, which is used in most of developed countries. These trains are equipped with CPU, which control the chain. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is predefined. Basically it has four parts 1. POWER SUPPLY 2. ATMEL AVR MICRO 3. DISPLAY UNIT 4. MOTOR The 230 AC supply is converted into 9 volts by the power supply section in which 4 . Elements are used. 1. TRANSFORMER 2. 7805 REGULATOR 3. DIODES 4007 (in bridge shape)
FUNCTION 4. CAPACITOR OF 100 MICRO FARADS & 470 MICRO FARAD The 230 volts is attenuated by 9 volts by transformer. Then it is rectified by the bridge rectifier made up of diodes. Then the 9 v is regulated by 7805. 1000 micro farad capacitor is used to filter the DC voltage. The LED attaches to check the correctness of power supply. In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using microcontroller 8051 as CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor, for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The train is designed for three stations, named as Mandideep, Misrod & Habibganj and time between two consecutive stations is 6 Sec.
SOFTWARE USED An QBASIC language program should be converted to machine language for execution by processor. Embded a program written in mnemonics to its equivalent machine codes.
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE A high level language like C may be used to write programs for processor software called compiler converts this high level language program down to machine code. Ease of programming and portability.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Circuit Diagram of Metro Train Model
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
Block Diagram of microcontroller
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REFRENCES 1. Collins, J.; Pymm, P, “Replacement of the station data logger at Hunterston B nuclear power station”, ‘Retrofit and Upgrading of Computer Equipment in Nuclear Power Stations, IEE Colloquium’ on 11 Mar 1991 Page(s):11 - 15. 2. Engel berg, S.; Kaminsky, T.; Horesh, M.; “Instrumentation notes - A USBEnabled, FLASH-Disk-Based DAS”, Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, IEEE, Vol. 10, Issue 2, April 2007 Page(s):63 – 66. 3. Erdem, H, “Design and implementation of data acquisition for fuzzy logic controller” ‘Industrial Technology, 2002. IEEE ICIT '02. 2002 IEEE International Conference’ on 11-14 Dec. 2002 Page(s):199 - 204 vol.1.
4. Kuchta, R.; Stefan, P.; Barton, Z.; Vrba, R.; Sveda, M, “Wireless temperature data logger”, ‘Sensors and the International Conference on new Techniques in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research, 2005 Asian Conference’ on 5-7 Sept. 2005 Page(s):208 – 212.
5. Lee Tat Man, “Recording power demand characteristics and harmonic pollution by a general-purpose data logger”, ‘Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management, 1991. APSCOM-91., 1991 International Conference’ on 5-8 Nov 1991 Page(s):737 - 743 vol.2. 6. Luharuka, E.; GAO, R.X., “A microcontroller-based data acquisition for physiological sensing”, ‘Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2002. IMTC/2002. Proceedings of the 19th IEEE’, 21-23 May 2002 Page(s):175 - 180 vol.1.
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PIN CONFIGURATION
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3) VOLAGE REGULATOR Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current (over load protection) and overheating (thermal protection). Many of fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.
DESCRIPTION These voltage regulators are monolithic circuit integrated circuit designed as fixed voltage regulators for a wide variety of applications including local, on card regulation. These regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-area compensation. With adequate heat sinking they can deliver output current in excess of 1.0 A. Although designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and current.
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FEATURES • Output current in Excess of 1.0 A • No external component required • Internal thermal overload protection • Internal short circuit current limiting • Output transistor safe-area compensation • Output voltage offered in 2% and 4% tolerance • Available I n surface mount D2PAK and standard 3-lead transistor packages • Previous commercial temperature range has been extended to a junction temperature range of -40 degree C to +125 degree C.
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LCD DISPLAY DESCRIPTION OF LCD DISPLAY This is the first interfacing example for the Parallel Port. We will start with something simple. This example doesn't use the Bidirectional feature found on newer ports, thus it should work with most, if not all Parallel Ports. It however doesn't show the use of the Status Port as an input. These LCD Modules are very common these days, and are quite simple to work with, as all the logic required to run them is on board.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors. We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting known delays into our program. The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench power supply set to 5v or use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few decoupling capacitors, especially if you have trouble with the circuit working properly. The 2 line x 16 character LCD modules are available from a wide range of manufacturers and should all be compatible with the HD44780. The diagram to the right shows the pin numbers for these devices. When viewed from the front, the left pin is pin 16 and the right pin is pin 1.
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DIODE The diode is a p-n junction device. Diode is the component used to control the flow of the current in any one direction. The diode widely works in forward bias
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When the current flows from the P to N direction. Then it is in forward bias. The Zener diode is used in reverse bias function i.e. N to P direction. Visually the identification of the diode`s terminal can be done by identifying he silver/black line. The silver/black line is the negative terminal (cathode) and the other terminal is the positive terminal (cathode).
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APPLICATION • Diodes: Rectification, free-wheeling, etc • Zener diode: Voltage control, regulator etc.
• Tunnel diode: Control the current flow, snobbier circuit, etc
RESISTORS The flow of charge through any material encounters an opposing force similar in many respects to mechanical friction .this opposing force is called resistance of the material .in some electric circuit resistance is deliberately introduced in form of resistor. Resistor used fall in three categories , only two of which are color coded which are metal film and carbon film resistor .the third category is the wire wound type ,where value are generally printed on the vitreous paint finish of the component. Resistors are in ohms and are represented in Greek letter omega, looks as an upturned horseshoe. Most electronic circuit require resistors to make them work properly and it is obliviously important to find out something about the different types of resistors available. Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega ohm. 1 ohm is quite small for electronics so resistances are often given in kohm and Mohm. Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as 0.1 ohm or as high as 10 Mohm
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