BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 LATAR LATAR BELAKANG Sebagai makhluk hidup kita masih hidup sampai saat ini karena setiap saat kita selalu bernafas menghirup udara. Makhluk hidup. Didunia ini, baik itu hewan maupun manusia akan mati ( wafat ) jika sudah tidak dapat bernafas lagi. System pernafasan secara garis besarnya terdiri dari paru-paru dan susunan saluran yang menghubungkan pau-paru dengan yang lainnya, yaitu hidung, tekak, pankal tenggorokan, tenggorokan dan cabang tenggorokan. Metabolisme Metabolisme normal dalam sel-sel makhluk makhluk hidup hidup memerlukan memerlukan oksi oksige gen n dan dan karb karbon on diok dioksid sidaa seba sebaga gaii sisa sisa metab metabol olis isme me yang yang haru haruss dikeluarkan dari tubuh. ertukaran gas o ! dan co! dalam tubuh makhluk hidup disebut pernapasan atau respirasi. " ! dapat keluar masuk jaringan dengan cara difusi. ernapasan atau respirasi dapat dibedakan atas dua tahap. #ahap pemasukan oksigen kedalam dan mengeluarkan karbon dioksida keluar tubu tubuh h mela melalu luii orga organ n $org $organ an pern pernap apasa asan n diseb disebut ut respi respiras rasii ekste eksterna rnal. l. engangkutan gas-gas pernapasan dari organ pernapasan ke jaringan tubuh atau sebaliknya dilakukan oleh system respirasi. #ahap berikutnya adalah pertukaran o! dari cairan tubuh ( darah ) dengan co ! cari sel-sel dalam jaringan, disebut repirasi internal. enjelasan diatas adalah kondisi normal dari sistem pernapasan sedang sedangkan kan untuk untuk kondi kondisi si tidak tidak normal normalny nyaa atau ganggu gangguan an pada pada system system repirasi repirasi merupakan merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas morbiditas dan mortalitas. mortalitas. %nfeksi pada saluran pernapasan jauh lebih sering terjadi dibandingkan dengan infeksi pada system organ tubuh lain, dan berkisar dari selesma biasa ( common cold ) dengan gejala-gejala serta gangguan yang relati&e ringan sampai pneumonia berat. Dan untuk gangguan lainnya contohnya adalah asma, asma, 'sama sama adal adalah ah peya peyaki kitt yang yang meny menyera erang ng caba cabang ng-ca -caba bang ng halu haluss
ASMA
1
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bronkus yang sudah tdak memiliki kerangka cincin-cincin tulang rawan, sehingga terjadi penyempitan yang mendadak. 'kibatnya penderita sesak napas, sehingga untuk membantu pernapasan seluruh otot-otot pernapasan difung difungsik sikan an secara secara maksim maksimal. al. enyeba enyebab b asma asma adalah adalah alergi alergi atau peka peka terhadap berbagai bahan seperti butir-butir sari bunga, bulu kucing, spora jamur dan sebagainya. ada waktu serangan asma, sering ekspirasinya dise disert rtai ai buny bunyii ngii ngiik, k,ng ngii iik k * yang ang panj panjan ang, g, kare karena na udar udaraa yang yang dihe dihemb mbus uska kan n kelu keluar ar mela melalu luii pipa pipa yang yang sang sangat at semp sempit it.. Dan Dan untu untuk k penjelasan yang lebih jelas akan kami bahas dalam makalah ini.
1.2 RUMUSAN RUMUSAN MASALAH MASALAH +ntuk menghindari adanya kesimpang siuran dalam makalah ini, maka kami membatasi masalah-masalah yang akan dibahas diantaranya .!. .!. 'pa 'pa defin definis isii dari dari syste system m pern pernaf afasa asan n .!.! .!.! 'pa defini definisi si dari dari asma asma dan dan jeni jenis-je s-jenis nisny nyaa .!. .!. /agaim /agaimana ana epidemi epidemiolo ologi, gi, etiolog etiologi, i, manifest manifestasi asi klinik klinik dan diagnos diagnosis is dari penyakit asma .!.0 .!.0 /agaimana /agaimana patofis patofisiologi iologi dan sel-sel yang terlibat terlibat dalam dalam penyak penyakit it asma asma .!.1 .!.1 /agaim /agaimana ana algori algoritma tma dari dari penya penyakit kit asma asma .!.2 .!.2 /agaimana /agaimana terapi terapi 3on farmakologi farmakologi dan farmako farmakologi logi dari penyakit penyakit asma
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1.3 TUJUAN DAN MANFAAT Dalam Dalam penyu penyusun sunan an makalah makalah ini saya saya memili memiliki ki beberap beberapaa tujuan tujuan dan
manfaat .. .. 'gar 'gar mahasiswa5 mahasiswa5mah mahasis asiswi wi dapat dapat mengetahu mengetahuii dan memahami memahami definis definisii ..! ..!
dari system pernafasan. 'gar 'gar mahasiswa5 mahasiswa5mah mahasis asiswi wi dapat dapat mengetahu mengetahuii dan memahami memahami definis definisii
dari asma dan jenis-jenisnya. .. .. 'gar 'gar mahas ahasis iswa wa5m 5mah ahas asis isw wi
dapat apat
men mengeta getah hui
dan
mem memaham ahamii
epidemiolog epidemiologi, i, etiologi, etiologi, manifestasi manifestasi klinik klinik dan diagnosis diagnosis dari penyakit penyakit asma. ..0 ..0 'gar 'gar mahas ahasis iswa wa5m 5mah ahas asis isw wi
dapat apat
men mengeta getah hui
dan
mem memaham ahamii
patofisiologi dan sel-sel yang terlibat dalam penyakit asma. ..1 ..1 'gar mahasiswa5mah mahasiswa5mahasiswi asiswi dapat mengetahui mengetahui dan memahami memahami algoritma algoritma dari penyakit asma. ..2 ..2 'gar mahasiswa5mah mahasiswa5mahasiswi asiswi dapat mengetahui mengetahui dan memahami memahami terapi 3on farmakologi dan farmakologi dari penyakit asma. ..4 ..4 'gar mahasiswa5mah mahasiswa5mahasiswi asiswi dapat mengetahui mengetahui dan memahami memahami /agaimana penyelesaian kasus tentang penyakit asma.
BAB II PEMBAHASAN
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2.1 2. 1
SIS ISTE TEM M PE PER RNA NAP PASA SAN N
Gambar 1 sistem pernapasan
+ntuk +ntuk system system pernap pernapasan asan ini, ini, %rianto %rianto ( !6 !6 74) 74) menyatak menyatakan an sebagai berikut Setiap makhluk hidup yang memerlukan energy . setiap makanan manusia harus menghasilkan energy. 8nergy itu berasal dari sari makanan. 'gar sari-sari makanan itu dapat diubah menjadi energy, maka makanan harus harus dioksi dioksidasi dasi.. "ksida "ksidasi si ini berlan berlangsu gsung ng didalam didalam sel. sel. 9asil 9asil oksida oksidasi si adalah energy dan sisa oksidasi oksidasi berupa karbondiok karbondioksida sida ( co!) dan uap air (9!").
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ernapasan adalah proses ganda yaitu terjadinya pertukaran gas didalam jaringan ( pernapasan dalam ), yang terjadi didalam paru-paru disebut pernapasan luar. ada pernapasan melalui paru-paru atau respirasi eksternal, oksigen ( o !) dihisap melalui hidung dan mulut . pada waktu bernapas, oksigen masuk melalui batang tenggorok atau trakea dan pipa bronchial ke al&eoli, dan erat hubungannya dengan darah didalam kapiler pulmonaris. 'lat-al 'lat-alat at pernap pernapasan asan manusi manusiaa tediri tediri dari dari saluran saluran lubang lubang hidung hidung ( nare naress ante anteri rior or ), rong rongga ga hidu hidung ng ( &est &estib ibul ulum um ), fari faring ng,, pang pangka kall teng tenggo goro roka kan n ( larin laring g ), bata batang ng teng tenggo goro rok k ( trake trakeaa ), caban cabang g bata batang ng tenggorok ( bronkus bronkus ) dan paru-paru ( pulmonum ). Proses perapasa a. Per Perap apas asa a !a!a !a!a
ernapasan dada adalah pernapasan yang menggunakan gerakan otot-otot antar tulang rusuk. :ongga dada membesar karena tulang dada dan dan tula tulang ng rusu rusuk k teran terangk gkat at akib akibat at kont kontrak raksi si otot otot-o -oto tott yang yang terd terdap apat at diantara diantara tulang-tulan tulang-tulang g rusuk. rusuk. aru-paru aru-paru turut mengembang mengembang,, &olumeny &olumenyaa menjadi besar, sedangkan tekannya menjadi lebih kecil dari pada tekanan udara udara luar. luar. Dalam Dalam keadaa keadaan n demiki demikian an udara udara luar luar dapat dapat masuk masuk melalu melaluii batang tenggorok ( trakea ) ke paru-paru ( pulmonum pulmonum ). b. Per Perap apas asa a per" per"##
ernapasan ernapasan perut ialah pernapasan pernapasan yang menggunakan menggunakan otot-otot otot-otot diafragma. "tot-otot sekat rongga dada berkontraksi sehingga diafragma yang semula cembung menjadi agakk rata, dengan demikian paru-paru dapat mengembang kea rah perut ( abdomen ). ada waktu itu rongga dada bertambah besar dan udara terhirup masuk. H"b"$a s%s#em perapasa !e$a s%s#em pere!ara !ara&
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'ntara 'ntara system system pernap pernapasan asan dan system system predar predaran an darah darah terdapat terdapat keterkaitan yang sangat erat dalam menjalankan fungsinya. ;eterkaitan tersebut dapat diamati dalam beberapa ha, yaitu a. Dinding Dinding gelembun gelembung g paru-paru paru-paru penuh dengan dengan anyaman anyaman pembulu pembuluh h darah kapiler, kapiler, karena diperlukan diperlukan untuk untuk berlangsung berlangsungnya nya pertukaran pertukaran gas di paru-paru. "ksigen dalam al&eolus dilepaskan dalam al&eolus yang selanjutnya dihembuskan keluar waktu ekspirasi. b.
dari hasil pembakaran dalam jaringan. ASMA DEFINISI 'sma 'sma ( bronch bronchial ial ) merupa merupakan kan ganggu gangguan an inflama inflamasi si pada pada jalan jalan napas yang ditandai oleh obstruksi aliran udara napas dan respons jalan napas yang berlebihan terhadap berbagai bentuk rangsangan. "bstruksi jalan napas yang menyebar luas tetapi ber&ariasi ini disebabkan oleh bronkospasme, edema mukosa jalan napas dan peningkatan produksi mucus mucus ( lendir lendir ) disertai penyumbatan penyumbatan ( plugging plugging ) serta remodeling remodeling jalan napas ( . ;owalak dkk , !6! !! ). Menu Menuru rutt nati nation onal al asthm asthmaa educ educati ation on and and pre& pre&en entio tion n prog progra ram m ( 3'8 ) pada national institute of health ( 3%9 ) amerika, asma ( dalam hal ini asma bronchial ) didefinisikan sebagai penyakit inflamasi kronik
pada paru, yang dikarateristik oleh . "btruksi "btruksi saluran saluran nafs yang yang bersifat bersifat re&ersible, re&ersible, baik baik secara secara spontan spontan maupun maupun dengan pengobatan !. %nfl %nflam amas asii jala jalan n nafa nafass . eni eningkatan atan respo spon
jalan
nafa afas
terhadap
berb erbaga agai
rangsan sangan
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"bstruksi jalan napas umumnya bersifat re&ersible, namun dapat menjadi kurang re&ersible bahkan relati&e non re&ersible, tergantung berat dan lamanya penyakit.( riyanto , !667 0 ). 2.2. 2.2.2 2
KLAS KL ASIF IFIK IKAS ASII ASMA SMA
;lasifikasi asma ini ( %kawati , !667 02 ) menyatakan sebagai berikut Secara klasik, asma dibagi dalam dua kategori berdasarkan factor pemicunya, yaitu asma ekstrinsik atau alergik dan asma intrinsic atau idiosi idiosinkr nkrati atik. k. 'sma 'sma ekstri ekstrinsi nsik k mengac mengacu u pada pada asma asma yang yang diseba disebabka bkan n karena menghirup allergen, yang biasanya terjadi pada anak-anak yang memiliki keluarga dengan riwayat penyakit alergi (baik eksim, urtikaria, atau rhinitis ). 'sma intrinsic mengacu pada asma yang disebabkan karena factor-fakto factor-faktorr di luar mekanisme imunitas, imunitas, dan umumnya umumnya dijumpai pada orang dewasa. /eberapa factor yang dapat memicu terjadinya asma antara lain udara dingin, obat-obatan, stress, dan olahraga. ;husus untu asma yang dipicu oleh olah raga dikenal dengan istilah e=ercise-induced asthma 'sma ekstrinsik maupun maupun intrinsic, intrinsic, tetapi karakteristik karakteristik inflamasi inflamasi pada asma umumnya sama, yaitu terjadinya infiltrasi eosinophil dan limfosit serta terjadi pengelupasan sel-sel epithelial pada saluran nafas dan peningkatan permeabilitas mukosa. ;ejadian ini bahkan dapat dijumpai juga pada penderita asma yang ringan. ada pasien yang meninggal karena serangan asma, secara histologis terlihat adanya sumbatan (plugs) yang
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;eberbahayaa
n %ntermiten
-
simtom Simtom @! @! = 5
-
minggu 8? normal
ringan
Malam
?ungsi paru-paru
hari @!
=
-
?8A atau 8?
-
BC6 ?8A5 ?AE
-
C1 Aariasi
5bulan
diantara -
serangan 8ksaserbasi
F
8?
G!6
sing singka katt ( jam jam hari ) intensitas intensitas ersisten
-
ringan
ber&ariasi Simtom F ! =5 =5 ming minggu gu
G!=5 bulan
?8A atau 8?
-
BC6 ?8A5 ?AE
-
C6 Aariasi 8 8? !6 ! 6-
tetap tetapii
kura kurang ng dari dari -
-
=5 hari 8ksaserbasi
F
6
mungkin mempengaruhi ersisten
-
akti&itas Simtom setiap F=5
-
hari Setiap
sedang
-
?8A, 8? F
-
26-C6 ?8A5 ?AE
-
41-C6 Aariasi riasi 8?
mingggu hari
menggunakan inha inhala lasi si -
beta eta
agonis 8ksaserbasi mempengaruhi
F 6
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eksaserbasi Tabe' 1. ;lasifikasi 'sma
6
( riyanto, !667 01 ) 2.2. .2.3
EPIDE PIDEM MI(L( I(L(GI GI
Menu Menuru rutt sur& sur&ey ey keseh kesehata atan n 3asi 3asion onal al (sur (surke kesn snas as)) tahu tahun n !66 !66,, penyakit saluran nafas merupakan penyakit penyebab kematian terbanyak kedu keduaa di %ndo %ndone nesia sia setela setelah h peny penyaki akitt gang ganggu guan an pemb pembulu uluh h darah darah.. Di 'merika, 0 sampai 1 juta orang mengidap asma, dan kurang lebih 0,1 juta diantaranya adalah anak-anak. enyakit ini merupan salah satu penyakit utama yang menyebabkan pasien memerlukan perawatan, baik diru dirum mah saki sakitt maup maupun un diru diruma mah. h. Sepa Separo ro dari dari sem semua kasu kasuss asm asma berkembang sejak masa kanak-kanak, sedangkan sepertiganya pada masa dewasa sebelum umur 06 tahun. 3amun demikian, asma dapat dimulai pada segala usia, mempengaruhi pria dan wanita tanpa kecuali, dan bisa terjadi pada setiap orang pada segala etnis ( %kawati , !667 01 ). 2.2.)
ETI(L(GI
enyebab asma ini , %kawati %kawati ( !667 02 ) menyatakan . 'sma yang yang terjadi pada anak-anak anak-anak sangat erat kaitannya dengan alergi. ;urang lebih C6 pasien asma memiliki alergi. 'sma yang muncul pada saat dewasa dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, seperti adanya sinusitis, polip hidung hidung,, sensiti sensiti&it &itas as terhada terhadap p aspiri aspirin n atau obat-o obat-obat bat anti-in anti-inflam flamasi asi non steroi steroid d ( '%3S '%3S), ), atau mendap mendapatk atkan an picuan picuan ditemp ditempat at kerja. kerja. Ditemp Ditempatat-
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/any /anyak ak fakt faktor or yang ang dapa dapatt meni mening ngka katk tkan an kepa kepara raha han n asma asma.. /eberapa di antaranya adalah rhinitis yang tidak diobati atau sinusitis, gangguan refluks gastroesfoagal, sensiti&itas terhadap aspirin, pemaparan terhadap senyawa sulfit atau obat golongan beta bloker dan influenHa, faktor mekanik dan faktor psikis. enyebab 'lergen ekstrinsik meliputi • • • • • •
olen (tepung sari bunga) /ulu binatang Debu rumah atau kapang /antal kapuk atau bulu Iat aditif pangan yang mengandung sulfit Iat lain yang menimbulkan sensitisasi
'lergen instrinsik meliputi • • • • • • • • • •
%ritan Stress emosi ;elelahan erubahan endokrin erubahan suhu erubahan kelembapan ajanan asap yang berbahaya ;ecemasan /atuk dan tertawa ?aktor genetic ( . ;owalak dkk , !6! !).
2.2. 2.2.* * MANI MANIFE FEST STA ASI KL KLIN INIK IK a. Asma Kro+, 'sma klasik ditandai dengan dispnea yang disertai dengan bengek,
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inter&al antar gejala dapat mingguan, bulanan, atau tahunan.;eparahan ditentukan oleh fungsi paru-paru dan gejala sebelum terapi disamping jumlah obat yang diperlukan untuk mengontrol gejala. asien dapat menunjukkan gejala berselang ringan yang tidak memerlukan pengobatan atau hanya penggunaan sewaktu-waktu agonis beta inhalasi kerja cepat, pasien dapat juga menunjukkan gejala asma kronik walau sedang menjalani pengobatan berganda (Sukandar dkk., !667 004). b. Asma Asma Par Para& a& A," ,"## 'sma yang tidak terkontrol dapat berlanjut menjadi akut dimana infl inflam amas asii edem edemaa jala jalan n udar udara, a, akum akumul ulas asii muku mukuss berl berleb ebih ihan an,, dan dan bronkospasmus parah menyebabkan penyempitan jalan udara yang serius yang yang tida tidak k respo respons nsi& i&ee terh terhad adap ap terap terapii bron bronko kodi dilat lator or bias biasa. a. asie asien n mungkin mengalami kecemasan dan mengeluhkan dispnea parah , nafas pendek, sempit dada, atau rasa terbakar. Mereka mungkin hanya dapat meng mengat atak akan an bebe beberap rapaa kata kata dalam dalam satu satu nafas nafas.< .
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pre&alensi bergeser dan menjadi lebih sering terjadi pada perempuan (39K/%, !664). 0. ?akt ?aktor or penc pencet etus us aparan terhadap alergen merupakan faktor pencetus asma yang paling penting. 'lergen $ allergen ini dapat berupa kutu debu, kecoak, binatang, dan polen5tepung sari. ;utu debu umumnya ditemukan pada lantai rumah, karpet dan tempat tidur yang kotor. kotor. ;ecoak telah dibuktikan menye menyebab babkan kan
sensiti sensitisasi sasi alergi, alergi, terutam terutamaa pada pada rumah rumah di perkot perkotaan aan
(39K/%, !664 ). 1. Statu Statuss sosio sosioek ekon onom omik ik 2.2. 2.2.- PAT(FIS (FISI( I(L( L(GI GI ;arakteristik utama asma termasuk obsrtuksi jalan udara dalam berbagai
tingkatan
(terkait
dengan
bronkospasmus,
edema,
dan
hipersekresi) hipersekresi),, /9:, dan inflamasi inflamasi jalan udara. Serangan Serangan asma mendadak disebabkan oleh factor yang tidak diketahui maupun yang diketahui seperti paparan terhadap allergen, &irus atau polutan dalam maupun luar rumah, dan dan masi masing ng-m -masi asing ng facto factorr ini ini dapat dapat meng mengin indu duks ksii respo respon n infla inflama masi si.. 'llerg 'llergen en yang yang terhir terhirup up menyeb menyebebk ebkan an reaksi reaksi alergi alergi fase awal ditand ditandai ai deng dengan an akti akti&a &asi si sel yang yang meng mengha hasi silk lkan an anti antibo body dy %g8 %g8 yang yang spesi spesifi fik k allergen. #erdapat akti&asi yang cepat dari sel mast dan makrofag pada
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jumlahnya, yang menunjukkan suatu peningkatan produksi mukus. Mukus yang yang dikelu dikeluark arkan an oleh oleh pender penderita ita asma asma cender cenderung ung memilik memilikii &iskos &iskositas itas tinggi (Sukandar dkk., !667 002). >alan >alan udara udara dipersy dipersyaraf arafii oleh oleh saraf saraf parasim parasimpat patik, ik, simpati simpatik, k, dan saraf inhibisi dan nonadrenergik. #onus istirahat normal otot polos jalan udara udara dipelih dipelihara ara oleh oleh akti&it akti&itas as eferen eferen &agal, &agal, bronko bronkokon konstri striksi ksi dapat dapat diperantarai oleh stimulasi &agal pada bronchi berukuran kecil. Semua otot polos jalan udara mengandung reseptor beta adrenergic yang tidak dipersyarafi dipersyarafi yang menyebabk menyebabkan an bronkodilat bronkodilatasi. asi. entingny entingnyaa reseptor reseptor alfa adrene adrenerg rgik ik dalam dalam asma asma tidak tidak diketa diketahui hui.. System System syaraf syaraf nonadr nonadrener energi gik, k, nonkolinergik pada trakea dan bronkus dapat dapat memperkuat inflamasi pada asma dengan melepaskan nitrit oksida(Sukandar dkk., !667 004). Menurut riyanto ( !667 0 ), #erlepasnya mediator kimiawi yang terbentuk pada saat cedera jaringan, mast sel dan leukosit disaluran pernapasan. Mediator-mediator tersebut mengakibatkan timbulnya gejalagejala dan komplikasi asma. Mediator tersebut adalah a. 9istamine Dala Dala
salu salura ran n
pern pernap apas asan an
hist histam amin inee
dapa dapatt
meny menyeb ebab abka kan n
bronkokontriksi, meningkatkan permeabilitas &askuler yang berakibat
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peningkatan sekresi mucus dan inflamasi. rostaglandin yang terlibat dalam proses timbulnya asma adalah leukotrien '( K# '), K# /,K# D Dan K# 8. leukotrien-leukotrien itu bergabung membentuk S:S-' yang sangat potensial menyebabkan bronkokontriksi dibandingkan histamine. S:S-' S:S-' menyeb menyebabk abkan an edema edema mukosa mukosa,, sekresi sekresi mucus mucus dan infilt infiltrasi rasi leukosit.
9istamin 9istamin ( 9) melekat melekat pada tempat rese eseptor dala alam bronkus besar sehingga terjadi pembengkakan otot polos .
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Mucus mengisi paru bagian bawah ( basis pumoner ) dan menghambat &en &entila tilasi si al&e al&eol olar ar.. Darah arah akan akan dipintas ke al&eoli pada bagian paru yang yang lain lain,, tetap tetapii tetap tetap tida tidak k bisa bisa mengimbangi penurunan &entilasi.
as ma ( . ;owalak dkk, !6! !0 ) Gambar 2 atofisiologi asma
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SEL0S SEL 0SEL EL ANG TERLIB TERLIBAT AT Sel-sel inflamasi yang terlibat dalam patofisiologi asma terutama
adalah sel mast, limfosit, eosinofil. Dibagian ini akan dibicarakan satu persatu peranan dari setiap sel tersebut. 1. Se' mas mas#. Sel ini sudah lama dikaitkan dengan penyakit asma dan alergi, kerna dapat melepaskan berbagai mediator inflamasi, baik yang sudah tersimpan atau baru disintesi, bertanggung jawab terhadap beberapa tanda asma dan alergi. /erbagai mediator tersebut antara lain adalah histamine ( yang disintesis dan di simpan didalam granul sel dan dilepakaskan secara cepat cepat ketika ketika sel mast terakti&as terakti&asi), i), prostaglandin prostaglandin
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helper ! ). Sel #h! memproduksi berbagai sitokin yang berperan dalam reaksi infalamsi sehingga disebut sitokin prionflamasi, prionflamasi, seperti %K-, %K-0, %K-2, %K-2, %K-7 %K-7 dan %K-. %K-. Sitoki Sitokin-si n-sitok tokin in ini dampak dampakny nyaa berfun berfungsi gsi dalam dalam pertahanan tubuh terhadap pathogen ekstrasel. %K-0 dan %K- misalnya, dia bekerja mengakti&asi sel limfosit / untuk memproduksi %g8, yang nantinya akan menempel pada sel-sel inflamasi sehingga terjadi pelepasan berbagai mediator inflamasi ( %kawati, !667 0C ). 3. Eos+ Eos+ op& op&+'. +'.
/any /anyak akny nyaa
hasil hasil
pene penelit litia ian n
menu menunj njuk ukan an
bahw bahwaa
eosin eosinop ophi hill
berkontribusi terhadap patofisiologi penyakit alergi pada saluran nafas. Diju Dijump mpai ai adan adanya ya kait kaitan an yang erat erat anat anatar ar kepa keparah rahan an asma asma deng dengan an
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0. emeriksaan emeriksaan lain lain misalnya misalnya foto foto toraks, toraks, uji bronko bronkodilato dilatorr , dan analisis analisis gas gas darah. 1. +ji alerga alergan( n( riy riyant anto, o, !667 !667 04 04 ). 2.2.4 ALG(RITMA engobatan asma terdiri dari beberapa langkah yang tergantung pada klasifikasi keparahan serangan asma. 'lgoritma penatalaksanaan asma dapat dilihat pada gambar 2-! untuk serangan yang terjadi dirumah, dan gambar gambar 2- untuk untuk penatal penatalaksa aksanaa naan n asma asma di :S. ;ontro ;ontroll terhad terhadap ap gejala asma harus dicapai secepat mungkin. +ntuk itu pengobatan dapat dimula dimulaii pada pada tahap tahap yang yang paling paling tepat tepat terhada terhadap p kepara keparahan han gejalan gejalanya. ya. enggu enggunaa naan n kortik kortikost ostero eroid id oral oral terutama terutama dituju ditujukan kan untuk untuk pasien pasien yang yang membut membutuhk uhkan an pengob pengobata atan n cepat. cepat. Selain Selain itu, itu, serang serangan an akut akut juga juga dapat dapat diterapi dengan beta-! agonis ( %kawati, !667 1! )
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Gambar ). 'lgoritma penatalaksanaan serangan asma yang terjadi
dirumah ( Dipiro, 777 12 ) 'da pula pendekatan penatalaksanaan asma yang disebut stepwise approach yang ditujukan untuk membantu menentukan keputusan klinik, dises disesua uaik ikan an deng dengan an kond kondis isii pasi pasien en.. ada ada pand pandua uan n tahu tahun n !664 !664 ini ini pendekatan step wise mengalami perubahan dari yang terdapat pada
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Masuk ke %E+
Respon aik Respon parsial Respon uruk PE1 )r PEF 70% PE1 a#au PEF 50 % #e#a*i < 70 % PE1 )r PEF <50 % ;e!*)n "er#a+an !am*ai 60 min !e#ela+ *en)"a#an #erak+ir P$C1 42 mm i&ak a&a a&a !#re!!#ekanan !#re!!#ekanan Ui =!ik: eala "era#' lema+' le!u' "inun Ui =!ik:n)rmal
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mempertahankan kualitas hidup agar penderita asma dapat hidup normal tanpa hambatan dalam melakukan akti&itas sehari-hari. 1. Medikasi Menu Menuru rutt D% D% (!66 (!662) 2),, medi medika kasi si asma asma dapa dapatt dibe diberik rikan an melal melalui ui berbagai cara seperti inhalasi, oral dan parenteral. Dewasa ini yang laHim la Him digunakan digunakan adalah melalui melalui inhalasi agar langsung langsung sampai sampai ke jalan napas dengan dengan efek sistemik sistemik yang minimal minimal ataupun ataupun tidak ada. ada. Macam$macam Macam$macam pemberian obat inhalasi dapat melalui inhalasi dosis terukur (%D#), %D# dengan alat bantu (spacer), Dry powder inhaler (D%), breath$actuated %D#, dan nebuliHer. Medikasi asma terdiri atas a tas pengontrol (controllers) dan pelega (relie&er). 2. engobatan /erdasarkan Derajat
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Gambar -. endekatan Step Lise +ntuk enatalaksanaan 'sma Dan ada
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Gamba Gambarr /. endekatan Step Lise +ntuk enatalaksanaan 'sma
ada ;ategori +mur 1- #ahun #ahun ( %kawati, !667 11 )
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Gamb Gambar ar . endek endekatan atan step wise wise untuk untuk penatal penatalaksa aksanaa naan n asma asma
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+ntuk memastikan mecam allergen pemicu serangan pasien, maka direkomend direkomendasikan asikan untuk mengetahui mengetahui riwayat kesehatan kesehatan pasien seta uji kulit (skintest). (skintest). >ika penyebab serangan sudah diidentifik diidentifikasi, asi, pasien perlu diedukasi mengenai berbagai cara mencegah dan mengatasi diri dalam serangan asma. 8dukasi kepada pasien juga meliputi pengetahuan tentang pathogenesis asma, bagaimana mengenal pemicu asmanya dan mengenal
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pemakaiannya dapat digunakan sebagai ukuran kontrol asma.obat ini •
hanya digunakan jika di perlukan untk mengatasi gejala. ?ormoterol dan salmeterol merupakan inhalasi agonis /! kerja lama yang diindikasikan sebagai kontrol tambahan jangka panjang untuk pasien yang telah mengkonsumsi inhalasi kortikosteroid dosis rendah hing hingga gased sedan ang g sebel sebelum um diti diting ngka katk tkan an menj menjad adii dosis dosis sedan sedang g atau atau
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