Arqueologia Peruana Hoy. ¿Para que? ¿A costa de que?. Gonzales 2010

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)-  ^I@W@ ! 3<242* räcw) 4<3 ‗ 4>5

D|t~najacàD Fa}/ ±RD|D t~í1 a ±D gawxD hn t~í1  Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd// \NW^@NI Hnwhn fdgn 42 ÷ 4> dôaw jd d|t~najacàd ni nj Rn|ÿ wn umnin hnwniuajumniha ni ä`lmxaw e~n|d hn jaw x|dhmgmaidjnw* jjä`niwn miunwxmcdgm÷i* hagnigmd a cnwxm÷i hn `~wnaw) Ni jd dgx~djmhdh jd r|ägxmgd d|t~naj÷cmgd wn hnwd||ajjd hnix|a hn jd jjd`dhd ‚d|t~najacàd hn gaix|dxa‐* t~n xmnin t~n un| läwm gd`nixn gai r|a}ngxaw hn nudj~dgm÷i } |nwgdxn) Ra| ja cnin|dj nwxaw r|a}ngxaw* jnoaw hn jjnud| d jd d|t~najacàd d ~i `a`nixa `a`nixa hn ‚d~cn‐ &jídwn laa`-* nwxäi x|d}niha gaiwng~nigmdw inedwxdw rd|d jd gmnigmd d|t~naj÷cmgd) Ni nwxn wnixmha* ni nj r|nwnixn x|dldoa* wn r|nxnihn `awx|d| jd |ndjmhdh hn jd r|ägxmgd d|t~naj÷cmgd dgx~dj* gaiwmhn|diha jd ea|`dgm÷i hn jaw d|t~n÷jacaw* nj gd`ra jdla|dj } jd r|ah~ggm÷i d|t~naj÷cmgd* hmwg~xmniha dj emidj rd|d t~n } d gawxd hn t~n wn fdgn d|t~najacàd ni nj Rn|ÿ dgx~dj`nixn) Rdjdl|dw gjdun? D|t~najacàd* D|t~najacàd Fa}* D|t~najacàd hn Gaix|dxa* Ea|`dgm÷i hn D|t~n÷ jacaw) n`mxmha? <7!V!<22= ‗ DgnrxDha? <>!Vm!<22= \ n`mxmha

DLWX\DGX Wmign 42 a| 4> }nd|w dca* d|gfdnajac} mi Rn|~ mw hnunjarmic mi iax wa x|dhmxmaidj x|dhmxm aidj d|ndw* w~gf dw miunw xmcdxmai* dgdhn`} a| `didcn`nix ae `~wn~`w) G~||nixj} xfn d|gfdnajacmgdj r|dgxmgn mw hnunjarmic miwmhn xfn wa gdjjnh ‚Gaixdgx D|gfdnajac}‐* sfmgf ldwmgdjj} hndjw smxf r|ac|d`w ae wmxn nudj~dxmai w~|un}w a| |ng~n d|gfdnajac}) Cnin|djj} xfnwn r|aongxw* ed| e|a` rjdgn xa xfn d|gfdnajac} mi d gai xnvx ae r|awrn|mx} dih nvrdiwmai &‚laa`‐-* d|n gd~wmic xn||mljn gaiwnt~nignw xa xfn d|gfdnajacmgdj wgmnign) Smxfmi xfn dlaun `nixmainh gaixnvx* xfmw rdrn| mixnixw xa wfas xfn |ndjmx} ae xfn g~||nix d|gfdnajacmgdj r|dgxmgn* gaiwmhn|mic xfn d|gfdnajacmgdj x|dmimic mi ~imun|wmxmnw* xfn agg~rdxmaidj emnjh* dih xfn d|gfdnajacmgdj r|ah~gxmai) Mi xfn gaigj~wmai xfn d~xfa| smjj hmwg~ww dla~x sfdx ea| dih ldwnh mi sfdx xfn d|gfdnajac} mw r|dgxmgnh xahd})  Kn}sa|hw? D|gfdnajac}* D|gfdnajac} Xahd}* Gaix|dgx D|gfdnajac}* D|gfdnajacmgdj X|dmimic)

/ ^id un|wm÷i r|njm`mid| r|njm`mid| e~n r|nwnixdhd ga`a ga`a rainigmd ni nj Ea|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw Jdxmiad`n|mgdiaw Jdxmiad`n|mgdiaw hn D|t~najacàd } Dix|arajacàd jjnudha d gdla ni jd gm~hdh hn G~zga nj <226) Djc~idw mhndw nwxäi r|nwnixnw xd`lmíi ni jd r|ar~nwxd hn |nea|`d g~||mg~jd| njdla|dhd ni gajdla|dgm÷i gai D~c~wxa Ldzäi* jd g~dj e~n r|nwnixdhd d jd Hm|nggm÷i hn jd Nwg~njd hn D|t~najacàd } dj Ga`mxí Dwnwa| ga`a r|ar~nwxd nwx~hmdixmj rd|d jd |nea|`d g~||mg~jd|) // Nwx~hmdixn hn D|t~najacàd hn jd ^imun|wmhdh Idgmaidj @d}a| hn Wdi @d|gaw) djnvcaizdjBc`dmj)ga`

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)‚Rn|wna wn niuajuàd ni ~i `dixa hn imnljd rd|d rn| wnc~m| d jaw `aiwx|~aw) Iawax|aw iaw xdrd`aw gai i~nwx|a nwlaza hn imnljd jaw aàhaw } jaw aoaw rd|d ia un| im aà| jdw `aiwx|~awmhdhnw } rahn| r ahn| incd|jdw‐

Kd|j @d|v* Nj Gdrmxdj * * Xa`a M)

MIX\AH^GGM×I

Dj `a`nixa hn mimgmd| nwxn x|dldoa m`d cmií rahn| r|nwnixd| hdxaw gai jaw g~djnw wnôdjd| hn `din|d ‚alonxmud‐ `~gfaw hn jaw r|aljn`dw t~n rd|d `m wai numhnixnw } dhn`w* x|dwgnihnixnw ni jd d|t~naja cd idgmaidj) Jd mhnd n|d w~rn|d| jdw arm imainw w~lonxmudw dgn|gd hn t~í xmra hn d|t~najacd nw l~nid a `djd } r|nwnixd| r|aljn`dw gaig|nxaw gai gaiwng~nigmdw gaig|nxdw ni i~nwx|d umhd* ia waja ga`a gmnixàgaw* wmia xd`lmíi* ga`a wn|nw wa gmdjnw* nw nwxd jd r|m`n|d mixnigmi t~n `axmud nwxn niwd}a* hmwg~xm| rd|d t~n fd gn`aw d|t~najacd ni jd |ndjmhdh) Ni hmgfd xd|nd `n x|dgí ga`a `nxd r|nwnixd| &ga`a e~x~|a d|t~njaca- jdw numhnigmdw hn jd nvmwxnigmd hn nwxaw r|a  ljn`dw) Ni nj gd`mia w~|cmn|ai `~gfdw x|dldw t~n e~n|ai m`rawmlmjmxdiha nwxn alonxmua* dw nj xnvxa wn e~n gaium|xmniha ni ~id w~n|xn hn gdwaw |nr|nwnixdxmuaw* ni haihn wm lmni nvmwxni `~gfdw r|~nldw t~n jdw wawxmnini* ia wai w~gmnixnw rd|d

r|nwnixd| jd wmx~dgmi ni w~ xaxdjmhdh* gai ja g~dj ia nwxdld `~} d c~wxa* ja t~n fmza t~n nj x|dldoa wn e~n|d |nx|dwdi ha } gai nj |mnwca hn t~nhd| migaigj~wa) Wmi n`ld|ca* d jd rawx|n nixnih t~n ia r|nwnixd| nwxdw mhndw wn|d ja `mw`a t~n rn|`dingn| incdiha nwxd wmx~dgmi* dw t~n xn|`mií dgnrxdiha nj fngfa hn t~n `w t~n ~i xnvxa xaxdj`nixn ‚alonxmua‐ nwxn wn gaium|xmn|d ni ~i niwd}a hn r|n wnixdgmi hn r|aljn`dw* t~n g|na nvmwxni ni jd d|t~najacd* } djc~idw armimainw } w~cn|nigmdw gai jd mixnigmi hn rahn| 4<6

wdjxd|jdw* rn|a ia rd|d numxd|jdw* wmia rd|d |nwajun|jdw } w~rn|d|jdw) Jd mhnd hn nwxn x|dldoa idgn d |dz hn ~i nunixa |ndjmzdha ni Jm`d* ra| nj @~wna hn D|t~najacd } Dix|arajacd hn jd ^I@W@) Nwxn nunixa e~n xmx~jdha ‚  D|t~najacàd Fa}? ~waw } e~igmainw ni jd wagmnhdh gaixn`ra|äind‐* } x|dx hn `awx|d| ga`a nw t~n jd r|gxmgd d|t~na jcmgd wn umnin hnwniuajumniha dgx~dj `nixn ni nj rdw* jaw rd|xmgmrdixnw n|di   lwmgd`nixn d|t~njacaw t~n |ndjmzdi a |ndjmzd|ai x|dldoaw hn nudj~dgmi } |nwgdxn &ra| non`rja* ni nj `d|ga hn jaw r|a}ngxaw `min|aw Gd`mwnd* ]didgagfd* Rmn|mid* nxg)-) Nj ga`ÿi hnia`midha| hn jdw rainigmdw cm| ni xa|ia d jd r|nwni xdgm÷i!o~wxmgdgm÷i hn jd nvmwxnigmd hn

nwxaw r|a}ngxaw) Djc~iaw hn jaw raini xnw rjdixnd|ai jd xnwmw hn t~n jd dgx~dj r|gxmgd d|t~najcmgd dx|dumnwd ra| ~i ‚laa`‐ r|aenwmaidj* w~wxnixdha ni ldwn d jd gdixmhdh hn nwxn xmra hn r|a}ngxaw } jd cdidigmd ni xí|`miaw ngai`mgaw t~n nwxaw wmcimgdi* nwxa gaix|dwxdld gai jd

mhnd xdi gdxmgd t~n }a xnid } xnica hn jd d|t~najacd) @m mixnigmi e~n hnwd||a jjd| ~i x|dldoa ni nj t~n wn nudjÿn xdj d| `dgmi; wmi n`ld|ca* d hmen|nigmd hn jaw dixn|ma|nw* jd mhnd nw rahn| dld|gd| ax|aw `lmxaw } ia waja nj ngai`mga* rd|d dw xnin| ~id umwmi `w d`rjmd } gaiwmwxni xn hn jd wmx~dgmi dgx~dj hn jd d|t~najacd rn|~did) Ga`a r|m`n| rdwa rd|d |ndjmzd| hm gfd xd|nd fn gaiwmhn|dha t~n nw m`rn |dxmua |ngaiagn| } wnôdjd| jd wmx~dgmi r|aljn`äxmgd hn jdw gmnigmdw } nwrngàgd `nixn hn jd d|t~najacd) Nw ra| njja t~n ni jd r|m`n|d rd|xn hnj xnvxa wn r|nwnixdi djc~idw gaiwmhn|dgmainw dgn|gd hn nwxa } wnôdja ni jindw cnin|djnw nj alonxmua hn jd d|t~najacd)

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1

J~nca* ~i dwrngxa m`ra|xdixn dj fd  ljd| hnj hnwniuajum`mnixa hn jd d|t~na jacd ni nj Rn|ÿ* nw wnôdjd| jd wmx~dgmi cnin|dj hnj rdw; rd|d nwxa fn g|nha ingn wd|ma r|nwnixd| ~i |ng~nixa wmixíxmga hnj gaixnvxa wagmdj* ngai`mga } rajxmga hnj rdw ni jaw ÿjxm`aw <2 dôaw* rd|d miwg|mlm| d jd d|t~najacd hnix|a hn nwxn gaixnvxa) Rd|d ‚nudj~d|‐ ‚nudj~d|‐ jd j d d|t~najacd fn gai wmhn|dha x|nw g|mxn|maw d xnin| ni g~nixd } wal|n jaw g~djnw rah|n`aw dhun|xm| jd |ndj wmx~dgmi hn nwx* jaw g|mxn|maw wai? 4) Jd ea|`dgm÷i hn jaw d|t~n÷jacaw) Hnlmha d jd m`rawmlmjmhdh hn rahn| |nr|nwnixd| jd xaxdjmhdh hn r|ac|d `dw t~n wn jjnudi d gdla ni xahdw jdw ~imun|wmhdhnw t~n r|nwnixdi nwg~njd hn D|t~najacd* fn gaiwmhn|dha waja nj dgx~dj r|ac|d`d hn nwx~hmaw hn jd ^I@W@) <) Nj gd`ra jdla|dj) Wn gaiwmhn|di jaw r|a}ngxaw hn miunwxmcdgmi* cnwxmi* nudj~dgmi } |nwgdxn* niedxmzdiha ni nwxaw ÿjxm`aw &hnia`midhaw dgx~dj `nixn ra| `~gfaw d|t~njacaw ga`a ‚d|t~najacàd hn gaix|dxa‐- hnlmha d jd c|di |nc~jd|mhdh gai t~n wn hdi; gaiwmhn|ihajaw ia waja hnwhn nj rjd ia ngai`mga* wmia xd`lmíi ni |njd gmi dj alonxa hn nwx~hma hn d|t~naja cd) Wn xa`d ni g~nixd djc~iaw gdwaw wmcimgdxmuaw* ni haihn wn alwn|udi

nj hnwniuajum`mnixa } jd `nxahajacd t~n |ndjmzdi ni nj gd`ra } jaw miea| `nw r|nwnixdhaw dj MIG) 7) Jd r|ah~ggm÷i d|t~naj÷cmgd) Rd|d nwxn dwrngxa wn xa`d ni g~nixd jd gdixmhdh hn r~ljmgdgmainw |ndjmzdhdw ni jaw ÿjxm`aw dôaw4 * gaiwmhn|diha jd idgma idjmhdh hn t~mninw r~ljmgdi* rd|d al 4 Wn gaiwmhn|di jdw |numwxdw nwrngmdjmzdhdw ni ni  D|t~najacàd } Wagmnhdh * Lajnxài hn D| d|t~najacd & D|t~najacàd t~najacàd R^GR- } nj Lajnxài hnj MEND )

wn|ud| g~dixa hn r|ah~ggmi idgmaidj nvmwxn } ni nj gdwa hn jaw d|t~njacaw rn|~diaw* jd cnin|dgmi d jd t~n rn| xningni; nwxa ÿjxm`a ni nj wnixmha hn mhnixmgd| nj gd`lma cnin|dgmaidj t~n hnln|àd wmcimgd| jd c|di gdixmhdh hn

 ouninw d|t~njacaw) JDW GMNIGMDW NI CNIN\DJ ] JDW GMNIGMDW WAGMDJNW NI RD\XMG^JD\

Ni nj Rn|ÿ jd d|t~najacd* dj mc~dj t~n gdwm xahdw jdw Gmnigmdw Wagmdjnw }* wmniha nvx|n `mwxdw* xahdw jdw gmnigmdw* dx|dumnwdi ra| ~id g|mwmw t~n xmnin t~n un| gai w~ nvmwxni gmd ni jd wagmnhdh* ni |dzi hn w~ r|nwni gmd ni jaw r|aljn`dw wagmdjnw dgx~djnw) Ni nwxaw ÿjxm`aw dôaw* ni ~iaw j~cd |nw `w t~n ni ax|aw* jdw gmnigmdw fdi wmha hnwrjdzdhdw ra| jdw jjd`dhdw ‚xngiag|d gmdw‐* jdw g~djnw dw~`ni nj rdrnj hn jd ea|`~jdgmi } waj~gmi hn jaw hmen|nixnw r|aljn`dw ni xahaw jaw ä`lmxaw gmnixà gaw* |njncdiha d jdw gmnigmdw d ~i j~cd| wa`l|a hn jd |ndjmhdh* rn|a ~wdhd ga`a ~i rdinxa ni nj hmwg~|wa* wal|n xaha ni

jaw hmwg~|waw nwxdxdjnw) Ni ~i `~iha haihn jd a|cdimzdgmi nwxdxdj nw jd ea|`d `w dw~`mhd ga`a a|cdimzdgmi wagmdj* ga`a `noa| |ícm`ni hn caln|idlmjmhdh* jd gnix|djmzdgmi hn rahn|nw ni njjd hmgxd`mid jdw ea|`dw hn ga`a jd wagmnhdh &nj calmn|ia- |nw~njun w~w r|aljn`dw ni nj r|nwnixn } r|nuí w~ e~x~|a* nwxdw nwxi nwxdljngmhdw ni jdw ra jxmgdw nwxdxdjnw* haihn jd rd|xmgmrdgmi hn gmnixàgaw nw `~} ral|n &`~gfdw un  gnw rdinxn|d- a ni nj `d}a| hn jaw gdwaw

minvmwxnixn) Ni nwxdw rajxmgdw c~ln|id`nixdjnw wn hd g~nixd hn jaw r|aljn`dw t~n xmnin ~id wagmnhdh &jídwn? rdw- } jdw waj~gmainw 4<=

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)-

t~n wn hnlni |ndjmzd| rd|d w~rn|d|jdw) Jd `d}a|d hn nwxaw r|aljn`dw ni jd dgx~d jmhdh wn |nw~njuni a r|nxnihni |nwajun| hnwhn ~id g~nwxmi ngai`mgd* hmgxd`m idhd ~imhm|nggmaidj`nixn ra| nj nwxdha; wncÿi nwxaw* xahaw jaw r|aljn`dw } gai x|dhmggmainw xmnini t~n un| gai jd ragd a i~jd miwn|gmi ni nj wmwxn`d ngai`mga `~ihmdj* nj g~dj nw a`imr|nwnixn* dw nj wmwxn`d hnln ea|xdjngn|wn rd|d t~n d rd| xm| hn nwxn wn hni* ga`a ra| d|xn hn `dcmd* jdw waj~gmainw d jaw r|aljn`dw ga`a jd ral|nzd<  * jd hngmnigmd ni jd nh~gdgm÷i* wdj~h n mie|dnwx|~gx~|d mie|dnwx|~gx~|d)) Gai nwxd ea|`d hn a|mnixdgmi* jaw nw xdhaw a|cdimzdi w~w rajxmgdw ni |dzi hn ea|xdjngn| jaw mic|nwaw hn gdrmxdjnw* nvx|di  on|aw ni jd `d}a|d hn jaw gdwaw; hn nwxn `aha* rdwnw ga`a nj Rn|ÿ waja arxdi ra| wn| j~cd|nw dx|dgxmuaw rd|d jd miun|wmi) Dfa|d lmni* nvmwxni gmnixàgaw ea|`d

haw } gdrdgmxdhaw rd|d x|dldod| ni jd wa j~gmi hn jaw r|aljn`dw r|nwnixnw ni jaw hmen|nixnw wngxa|nw wagmdjnw) Fn dt~ jd |n jnudigmd t~n xmnini rd|d jd wagmnhdh* jd gd rdgmhdh rd|d jd ea|`~jdgmi } waj~gmi hn r|aljn`dw) Ni jd dgx~djmhdh jaw r|aljn`dw ia wai ea|`~jdhaw ra| jaw gmnixàgaw* wmia

ra| jaw rajxmgaw hn x~|ia t~n a|mnixdi a wnôdjdi nj mimgma hn jaw r|aljn`dw wncÿi w~ gaiunimnigmd* dw ra| non`rja jd uma jnigmd ni jaw gaimgxaw wagmdjnw* `d|gfdw

} rd|aw wai nvrjmgdhaw ga`a gd~wd hn hnwdhdrxdhaw t~n ia ~xmjmzdi jaw `nhmaw ‚hn`ag|xmgaw‐ hn |ngjd`a) Hn nwxd `din|d* ni ja t~n wn xn|`mid* nw ni ~i hnwdunim`mnixa rd|d gai jaw gmni gm ni xàgaw* wal|n xaha jaw gmnixàgaw wagmdjnw*

jaw g~djnw ia xmnini rd|xmgmrdgmi djc~id ni jaw calmn|iaw* } g~diha nwxaw wai xa < Jd rajxmgd hnj ‚gfa||na‐ r|a`agmaidhd ra| Djnodih|a Xajnha e~n ~i non`rja hn njja) 472

`dhaw ni g~nixd* nw gai gmn|xa gaihmgma id`mnixa d jd fa|d hn |nwajun| gaimgxaw*

g~dj wm e~n|di e~n|di drdcdha|n drdcdha|nww hn mignihmaw mignihmaw } i~igd wai jjd`dhaw rd|d d}~hd| d ea|`~ jd| nj r|aljn`d d |nwajun|7) Xaha ja t~n unica wnôdjdiha nwx ni e~igmi d jd ragd rd|xmgmrdgmi hn jaw gmnixàgaw ni jd a|cdimzdgm÷i nwxdxdj* ni

g~dixa d jd ea|`~jdgmi } waj~gmi hn r|aljn`dw* nwxn rdrnj ja g~`rjni jaw ra jxmgaw hn x~|ia* t~mninw jncmxm`dhaw ni ~id hn`ag|dgmd rd|xmgmrdxmud hn ~i hd gdhd gmiga dôaw* g|nni xnin| nj rahn| gdwm hmumia hn a|hnid| wal|n `mjjainw hn rn| waidw } xn|`midi cnin|diha a djm`ni xdiha |nwnixm`mnixaw wagmdjnw* jaw g~djnw hnwn`lagdi ni gaimgxaw wagmdjnw) Jd rajàxmgd nwxdxdj* mixnc|d d gmnixà gaw* w~w gmnixàgaw* rd|d hd|jn w~wxnixa gmnixàga d w~w r|aljn`dw w~r~nwxd`nixn gmnixàgaw) Nw dwà t~n ~id hmwg~wm÷i `~ gfa `äw d`rjmd d jd agmdj nw `~} hmeàgmj hn hnwd||ajjd|) Dj Dj idj* jaw r|aljn`dw wai

ea|`~jdhaw hnwhn jd rajxmgd } |nw~njxaw hn dg~n|ha d ~i gaixna xígimga) D nwxa wn jn w~`d t~n jaw r|aljn`dw rjdixndhaw } |nw~njxaw hnwhn nj nwxdha gdwm i~igd wai hn gaiagm`mnixa rÿljmga* d `niaw t~n jd wmx~dgmi wnd ni hn`dwd numhnixn* ra| nj gaix|d|ma* nvmwxni jaw r|a  ljn`dw ‚idgmaidjnw‐ rjdixndhaw gdwm wmn` r|n hnwhn jaw `nhmaw hn ga`~imgdgmi &jd  Jaw gaimgxaw wagmdjnw cnin|dhaw* cnin|dhaw* wal|n xaha ra| jd `min|àd* fdi wmcimgdha `~gfdw

gaix|dxdgmainw hn dix|arjacaw rd|d hd| waj~

gm÷i d gaimgxaw gai jdw ga`~imhdhnw jagdjnw ni

haihn wn dwmnixdi a wn dwnixd|di gd`rd`nixaw `min|aw)  Jd hn`ag|dgmd wn ldwd ni nj nj calmn|ia calmn|ia hn jd `d}a|d* nwx ‚w~wxnixdhd‐ ni jd mc~djhdh hn uaxa ni jd t~n xahaw rd|xmgmrdi* wmi n`ld|ca* nwxd nw ~id edjdgmd }d t~n jd mc~djhdh } nj hn |ngfa dj uaxa* ia nw ja `mw`a ni |njdgmi d jd gdrdgmhdh hn ea|`~jdgmi hnj uaxa)

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1

xnjnumwmi wal|n xaha-* ni nj t~n xd`lmíi rd|xmgmrd nj nwxdha hihajn jd ‚|njnudigmd t~n wn `n|ngn‐) Und`aw nwxa rd|d nj gdwa rn|~dia hn ea|`d `w hnxdjjdhd) Jaw r|aljn`dw rjdixndhaw hnwhn jd xnjnumwmi |nwraihni d gd|dgxn|nw ~im hm|nggmaidjnw t~n xmnini t~n un| gai jdw cdidigmdw ngai`mgdw ni xahaw jaw gdwaw* ni r|m`n| j~cd|* jaw `nhmaw hn ga`~imgd gmi wal|numuni ra| jaw di~igmdixnw t~n ni njjaw hnrawmxdi w~ gaidizd rd|d r|a `agmaid| w~w r|ah~gxaw* ni nwxn wnixmha jaw `nhmaw l~wgdi xnin| `d}a| d~hmni gmd* ja g~dj* ga`a nw jcmga* fdgn t~n ja `w ‚unihmljn‐ wnd ja `w egmj ‚hmcn|m  ljn‐* dw jdw iaxmgmdw t~n wn unihni ga`a r|aljn`dw wagmdjnw wai dt~njjdw wdihngnw t~n gaj`di jdw nvrngxdxmudw hn ~i r~ljm ga t~n ia t~mn|n a ingnwmxd nj `d}a| nw e~n|za ni hnxnin|wn ~i raga d alwn|ud| ja t~n wn jn unihn* x|dwgnihmniha iaxmgmdw ga`a? ‚t~n e~xlajmwxd nwx~ua gai g~dj unhnn‐* ‚t~n i~nua nwxmja hn hmwnôa hn

`ahd nvmwxn‐* ‚t~n rn|waidon hn jd ed|i h~jd jagdj nwxd ni jd g|gnj‐* nxg) Nwxaw wn gaiumn|xni ni r|aljn`dw idgmaidjnw ni haihn nj `mw`a r|nwmhnixn hn jd \nrÿ  ljmgd hnrawmxd w~ mixn|íw)  ] hnodi ni hnw híi r|aljn`dw xdi m`ra|xdixnw ga`a jd hnwmc~djhdh wagmdj t~n nvmwxn ni nj Rn|ÿ* jd ragd mie|dnwx|~gx~|d ngai`mgd n miwxm x~gmaidj* jaw r|aljn`dw hn ga||~rgmi* jd hnjmig~nigmd ~|ldid* jdw edjnigmdw ni jaw wmwxn`dw nh~gdxmuaw } hn wdj~h* nxg) Ax|a r|aljn`d nw t~n w~`n|cn ni jd jnodid d r|aljn`dw t~n hmd|md`nixn ag~||ni ni i~nwx|a dj|nhnha| } hnj t~n rd|dhomgd `nixn g|nn`aw nwxd| d wdjua hnix|a hn i~nwx|dw gdwdw)  ]d nw `~} ga`ÿi nwg~gfd| } un| hngjd|d gmainw hnj r|nwmhnixn Djdi Cd|gd armidiha hn xn`dw hn jd ed|ih~jd jagdj* gaium|xmíihajaw ni xn`dw idgmaidjnw* ra| non`rja? w~w ga`nixd|maw wal|n jd nigd|gnjdgmi hn @dcdj} @nhmid)

Dfa|d lmni* d imunj rd|xmg~jd|* nvmwxn ~i c|di r|aljn`d ni jdw Gmnigmdw Wagmd jnw* nj r|aljn`d |dhmgd ni jd ragd x|dw gnihnigmd t~n xmnini ni jd wagmnhdh) Jdw gmnigmdw wagmdjnw fdi wmha |njncdhdw hn nwxd* dj ia g~`rjm| gdwm i~igd ~i rdrnj r|nraihn|dixn ni jaw r|aljn`dw jjd`d haw d |nwajun|* ra| non`rja jaw c|dihnw gaimgxaw wagmdjnw t~n nvmwxni ni xaha nj

`~iha* jdw |njdgmainw hn rahn| d imunj jagdj; nwxd wmx~dgmi nw jncmxm`dhd `~gfdw ungnw ra| jaw `mw`aw gmnixàgaw } gmni xàgdw wagmdjnw* rd|d njja udwxd nudj~d| ~

alwn|ud| djca `~} iaxa|ma? jaw r|aljn`dw wagmdjnw wai lwmgd`nixn ea|`~jdhaw } |nw~njxaw hnwhn jaw `nhmaw hn ga`~imgd gmi } jd rajxmgd) NJ RN\ß NI JAW ßJXM@AW <2 DÔAW

Ni nwxaw ÿjxm`aw <2 dôaw nj Rn|ÿ fd nwxdha `d|gdha ra| ~i r|agnwa ni nj t~n wn fdi r|nwnixdha mii~`n|dljnw gaimgxaw wagmd jnw* rajxmgaw } `mjmxd|nw &mixn|iaw } nvxn| iaw-* r|agnwaw hn |na|cdimzdgmi* gd`lmaw ni jaw wmwxn`dw ngai`mgaw } nunixaw hn c|di ga||~rgmi) D gaixmi~dgmi |nwnôd|í hn `din|d `~} w~gmixd nwxd x|d}ngxa|md } w~w dwrngxaw `äw wmcimgdixnw)

D mimgmaw hn jd hígdhd hnj =2* j~nca j~ nca hnj hnldgjn hnj r|m`n| calmn|ia hn Djdi Cd| gd* nj rdw wn nigaix|dld nigaix|dld ni ~id ~id g|mwmw nga i÷`mgd `~} c|dun* gai ~i gaimgxa mixn| ia t~n }d jjnudld `w hn 4222 umgxm`dw) Jd mie|dnwx|~gx~|d wagmdj nwxdld gajdrwdhd* jdw miwxmx~gmainw ia e~igmaidldi e~igmaidldi dhng~d dhng~d hd`nixn* Fn|idiha hn Waxa wnôdjdld rd|d nwxdw íragdw t~n nj rdw n|d ~i ‚hnwdwx|n‐  * ni nwxn gaixnvxa wn hnwd||ajjdldi jdw njng gmainw r|nwmhnigmdjnw* t~n r|nwnixdld d  Nj Rn|ÿ Rn|ÿ wn nigaix|dld ni ldigd |axd* gai ~id midgm÷i hn <222222.* nwxa w~`dha d ~i wmi

iÿ`n|a hn r|aljn`dw wagmdjnw) Kjd|íi* <22)

474

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)-

@d|ma Ud|cdw Jjawd* ~i mixnjngx~dj rn|~d `a|m) Gai nwxn dgaixngm`mnixa jdw raj ia* jmhn|diha ~id gadjmgmi hn hn|ngfd* nj xmgdw nwxdxdjnw d~xa|mxd|mdw dgx~d|ai gai E\NHN@A* jd g~dj wn rn|jdld ga`a cd c|di m`r~imhdh* ~i dôa hnwr~íw wn r|n idha|d* jaw rd|xmhaw rajxmgaw x|dhmgmaid wnixd nj rjdi ngai`mga* gai nwxí* nj nwxdha jnw fdlàdi rn|hmha jd gaidizd hn jd ra   l~wgdld r|mudxmzd| jdw n`r|nwdw nwxdxdjnw  ljdgmi* jaw dr|mwxdw xn||nia } jd mzt~mn|hd } gaiwnc~m| mic|nwaw* ja g~dj rawmlmjmxd|d nwxdld w~`n|cmhd ni r|aljn`dw mixn|iaw) hmid`mzd| jd ngaia`d } |nmixnc|d|iaw Ni nwxn nwgnid|ma nw t~n w~|cn jd c~|d dj wmwxn`d idigmn|angai÷`mga `~i hn Djln|xa E~om`a|m* t~mni dj r|nwnixd|wn hmdj* nwxa jnoaw hn rn|`mxm| ~i g|ngm`mnixa ga`a nj gdihmhdxa dmwjdha hn xahd jd gd|cd ngai÷`mga mixnc|dj* wmcimg÷ i~nuaw `n incdxmud hn jaw rd|xmhaw x|dhmgmaidjnw* ja hmaw gai jaw g~djnw nj rahn| nwxdxdj r~nhd c|d cdid| ni wnc~ihd u~njxd |ax~ihd`ni dgjmnixnjd| d hn`w rajxmgaw arawmxa|nw* xn jdw njnggmainw &Mlmh-) `nhmaw hn ga`~imgdgmi } `w dhnjdixn d jd raljdgmi ra| ra| `nhma hn r|ac|d`dw Dj dw~`m| nj rahn|* E~om`a|m wn ni dwmwxnigmdjmwxdw) g~nix|d gai ud|maw r|aljn`dw* haw hn jaw `äw wmcimgdixnw e~n|ai &4- nj r|aljn`d Ni 4== E~om`a|m nw |nnjncmha* j~n hn jd umajnigmd `mjmxd| mixn|id* nj g~dj }d ca hn ~i l|nun gaimgxa gai nj Ng~dha| fdld gal|dha ud|maw `~n|xaw wal|n xaha ja g~dj gajdla|÷ hn `din|d wmcimgdxm  ni jd wmn||d w~| hnj rdw } &<- nj hnldgjn ud rd|d w~ |nnjnggmi) Ni hmgmn`l|n hn ngai`mga t~n hno nj calmn|ia hn Djdi 4== ~i c|~ra hn `mjmxdixnw hnj @\XD Cd|gàd* g~}a r|aljn`d `äw wmcimgdixn xa`di ra| dwdjxa jd n`ldodhd hn Odri e~n jd w~rn|fmrn|midgm÷i) Rd|d hd| waj~ ni nj Rn|ÿ* wng~nwx|di d rn|waidw hn ca gmi d nwxa* wncÿi wn wnôdjd ni nj miea|`n  lmn|ia* hmrja`xmgaw idgmaidjnw } nvx|di hn jd Ga`mwmi hn jd Un|hdh } \ngaigm  on|aw* nj wng~nwx|a h~|a g~dx|a `nwnw) Nj jmdgmi &GU\)-* ‚‥ [WnP nigd|c÷ jaw dw~ixaw fngfa jjnca d w~ i gai jd nong~gm÷i hnj ngai÷`mgaw d c|~raw hn xngi÷g|dxdw* } dw~`m÷ arn|dxmua ‚Gfdui hn F~dixd|‐* nj g~dj ga`a w~}d jd nwx|dxncmd dixmw~lun|wmud hn jdw hno ga`a wdjha haw `mjmxd|nw* ~i gmumj E~n|zdw D|`dhdw rn|jdhd d idjnw hn jd hí  } d xahaw jaw mixnc|dixnw hnj c|~ra d| gdhd hn jaw 62) Mc~dj`nixn gaiuag÷ d arn|d `dha `~n|xaw* nix|n njjaw Iíwxa| Gn|rd ha|nw hn mixnjmcnigmd `mjmxd|; nj `äw gaiagmha? Gd|xajmim* jhn| hn hmgfd dc|~rdgmi) Nwxd Ujdhm`m|a @aixnwmiaw) Gai w~ dra}a* nj i~n arn|dgm÷i wm|um÷ rd|d d|`d| nj w~r~nwxa ua |ícm`ni ga`niz÷ d ea|xdjngn| nj Wn|umgma hn jmhn|dzca hnj r|nwmhnixn* gai nwxa wn wm Mixnjmcnigmd Idgmaidj } wn dwnc~|÷ jd jndjxdh c~m wajdrdiha jdw dgxmumhdhnw ga||~rxdw hn jdw gÿr~jdw `mjmxd|nw rd|d gaiun|xm|jdw ni t~n wn hnwd||ajjdldi hnix|a hnj calmn|ia  rmjd|nw hn w~ cnwxm÷i‐ &GU\ <227? <=-) } dj `mw`a xmn`ra wn r|nwnixdld rahn|a wa } ngmnixn* ja g~dj cnin|dld ~id w~n| Ni dl|mj hn 4==< wn |ndjmzd nj d~xacaj xn hn xnji t~n g~l|d jd |ndjmhdh) Nwxa rn t~n wmcimg÷ nj |nc|nwa d ~id hmgxdh~|d* gaixmiÿa ra| ud|maw dôaw `w; nw gjd|a i~nud`nixnn gmumj* t~n l~wgdld jncmxm`mzd| i~nud`nix t~n nvmwxmn|ai arawmxa|nw dj calmn|ia; wmi ~id rajxmgd d~xa|mxd|md t~n r|nxnihm } gaiwmc~m ‚jncdjmzd|‐ `~gfdw hn w~w r|g  Dôaw `w xd|hn wn hn`awx|d|d t~n jd gdr xmgdw c~ln|id`nixdjnw) Nwxn `mw`a dôa wn hn Dlmw`dj C~z`i* e~n gaiwng~nigmd hn gdrx~|d d Dlm`dnj C~z`i gai ja t~n wn x~|d ~i x|dldoa hn mixnjmcnigmd t~n wn unimd |ndjmzdi d|c~`nix } w~wxnix jd rajxmgd hn E~om ha xmn`ra dixnw hn t~n E~om`a|m dw~`mn|d jd r|nwmhnigmd)

47<

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1

n`ld|ca* nj rahn| t~n jjnc d awxnixd| nj nwxdha jm`mxdld } `nhmdxmzdld jdw g|xmgdw `mnix|dw drjmgdld w~w `nhmaw hn gan|gmi rd|d rahn| dgdjjd| d jdw `mw`dw) Dgn|gi hawn nj idj hn w~ calmn|ia } d r~n|xd

hn jdw njnggmainw* jdw g|xmgdw e~n|ai `w e~n|xnw* jdw numhnigmdw hn ga||~rgmi e~n |ai gdhd unz `d}a|nw } nj hnwd||ajja hn jd arawmgmi cnin| ~i gjm`d g|xmga) Dw wn jjnud|ai d gdla jdw njnggmainw r|nwmhnigmdjnw nj `nw hn `d}a hnj <222* t~nhdiha ga`a gdihmhdxaw d wnc~ihd u~njxd Djln|xa E~om`a|m } Djnodih|a Xa jnha; Xajnha wn |nxm|d ra| gaiwmhn|d|jd ‚mio~wxd‐* d rnwd| hn njja jdw njnggmainw wn |ndjmzd|ai } ga`a n|d hn nwrn|d|wn hmn |ai ga`a cdidha| d E~om`a|m* ja g~dj cn in| ~id |ndggmi gdwm mi`nhmdxd hn rd| xn hn `~gfaw dgxa|nw wagmdjnw &rajxmgaw arawmxa|nw* nwx~hmdixnw ~imun|wmxd|maw* wmihmgdxaw hn x|dldodha|nw* gmnixàgaw }

rn|waidw ni cnin|dj-) Nwxn |ngfdza d jd njnggmi x~ua w~ r~ixa `w gaiu~jwa gai jd `d|gfd hn jaw G~dx|a W~}aw ni nj `nw hn o~jma* haihn xahaw jaw dgxa|nw wnôdjd haw dixn|ma|`nixn rd|xmgmrd|ai)

Jd |ni~igmd hn E~om`a|m ia nw dgnrxd hd } wn hngjd|d w~ udgdigmd ra| ‚migdrdgm hdh `a|dj‐) Jd r|nwmhnigmd e~n dw~`mhd ra| Udjnixi Rdimdc~d) Nwxn calmn|ia hn  lm÷ wmcimgd| ~id x|diwmgm÷i fdgmd nj gd`  lma hn rajxmgdw; wmi n`ld|ca* jdw rajxmgdw ngai`mgdw } wagmdjnw wmc~mn|ai mig|n `nixihawn ni jd `mw`d hm|nggmi* jd ga ||~rgmi ia e~n dxdgdhd e|aixdj`nixn* e|aixdj`nixn* jaw gaimgxaw wagmdjnw } ngai÷`mgaw x~umn|ai

waja ~id rd~wd* nwxd ‚x|diwmgmi‐ e~n `w ~id gaixmi~dgmi hnj calmn|ia hn E~om `a|m* waja t~n gai `w xmixnw hn`ag|xm gaw* g~}d ÿimgd e~igmi e~n jd hn dwnc~|d| i~nudw njnggmainw) Jd rn|waid ni t~mni |ngd} jd r|nwmhnigmd ia xnimd ~id ldigd hd e~n|xn t~n jd |nwrdjhn* im ~id gdixmhdh njngxa|dj t~n jd jncmxm`n* Djln|xa Un|cd |d wnôdjd dj |nwrngxa t~n ‚  Dt~njjd o~ixd hn iaxdljnw t~n e~n nj calmn|ia hn x|diwmgm÷i wn dwnix÷ ni ~id wmx~dgm÷i `~} rd|xmg~jd|*  } w~ c|di hawmw hn jncmxm`mhdh r|auniàd `äw hn ~id m`rjawm÷i ga||~rxd hnj e~om`a|dxa } jd ingnwmhdh hn jjnid| nj udgàa gai nj ar~nwxa `äw gaiwrmg~a* t~n hn ~id i~nud a hmwxmixd  ea|`d hn jncmxm`mhdh)‐ &Un|cd|d <22? 4-)

Xajnha cdid jdw i~nudw njnggmainw* Nj 4 hn wnxmn`l|n* j~nca hn jd j d drd|m calmn|ia `w t~n ~i gd`lma hn jdw gmi hn ~i umhna um hna `awx|diha d ~i gaic|n nwxn calmn|ia rajxmgdw hn E~om`a|m e~n wnc~m| gai ~id wmwxd hn arawmgmi |ngmlmniha ~i wala|ia jcmgd wm`mjd|* dw ra| non`rja* Xdidkd hn 4*222 hjd|nw ra| rd|xn hnj dwnwa| wnôdjd t~n nw n||dha fdljd| hn x|diwmgmi r|nwmhnigmdj* Ujdhm`m|a @aixnwmiaw* hn`ag|xmgd a hn ~i gd`lma hn |ícm`ni rd|d rdwd|wn d jdw jdw hnj agmdjmw`a* agmdjmw `a* nw xdjjd ~id g|mwmw rajxmgd ni nj mixn|ma| hnj &Xdidkd <22* ni Un|cd|d <22? 4-) calmn|ia ja g~dj fmza t~n E~om`a|m jjd`d Wn r~nhn wnôdjd| t~n ni w~ calmn| |d d njnggmainw cnin|djnw* ni jdw t~n íj ia ia* Xajnha x~ua t~n nie|nixd| ajdw hn rd|xmgmrd|d* wn gaihni `nhmxmgd`nixn gaimgxaw* dwà ga`a ~id xnihnigmd d jd d Ujdhm`m|a @aixnwmiaw ga`a nj |nwrai   ldod hn w~ dgnrxdgm÷i? gaimgxaw hn|m wdljn hn xahd jd ga||~rgmi hnix|a hnj udhaw hn jd incdxmud d jd r|mudxmzdgmi Nwxdha* wn fmgmn|ai ‚rnjmg~jmidw‐ hn w~ hn n`r|nwdw rÿljmgdw d gd`lma hn al|dw rn|wng~gmi d `aha hn jdw jjd`dhdw ‚ga| rd|d nj hnwd||ajja* gaimgxaw wngxa|mdjnw xmidw hn f~`a‐) Nwn `mw`a dôa E~om`a|m hnlmhaw d jaw gaihmgmaid`mnixaw ni nj dwmwxn d jd g~`l|n hn jd DRNG* hnwhn djj |ícm`ni hn x|dldoa &`dnwx|aw } `íhmgaw|ni~igmd d jd r|nwmhnigmd hnj Rn|ÿ } wn a ni hn`dihd hn rajxmgdw rÿljmgdw &ga hnwg~l|n w~ haljn idgmaidjmhdh) gdjn|aw* ~imun|wmxd|maw } dc|mg~jxa|nw- } 477

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)gaimgxaw wagmad`lmnixdjnw t~n nie|ni

xnigm÷i hn jd |`d hnj X|dxdha hn Jml|n

xd|ai wagmnhdhnw |~|djnw* ni hneniwd hn jd dc|mg~jx~|d dc|mg~jx~|d a jaw |ng~|waw idx~|djnw idx~|djnw** gaix|d n`r|nwdw `min|dw)

Ga`n|gma gai jaw Nwxdhaw ^imhaw* fngfa t~n wn jjnca d gaig|nxd| d jaw ragaw `nwnw hn dw~`mha nj gd|ca)

Nj r|m`n|a } `w |dhmgdj hn jaw gai

Fdgmd nj wnc~iha dôa hn calmn|ia hn Cd|gd* d~it~n ia wnd numhnixn* nvmwxn ~i gaixnvxa ni nj t~n nj g|ngm`mnixa hnj RLM hn jdw nvra|xdgmainw } hn jdw miun|wmainw nw djxa } wn gaix|dhmgni gai jaw imunjnw  ldoaw hn wdjd|ma) \n`} wnôdjd t~n? ‚ Nwxn hnwnt~mjml|ma nix|n g|ngm`mnixa ngai÷`mga } hmwx|ml~gm÷i hnj mic|nwa* t~n }d n|d numhni xn h~|dixn nj calmn|ia hn Xajnha* wn fd dc~ hmzdha ia waja ra| jdw g|ngmnixnw r|nwmainw

mgxaw wagmad`lmnixdjnw nw nj hnj r|a}ngxa

`min|a Xd`lac|dihn ni Rm~|d* hnj g~dj iaw nigd|cd|n`aw `w dhnjdixn) Ax|aw non`rjaw hn gaimgxaw wagmdjnw wai &4- Nj

t~n nwxdjj ni Gdod`d|gd ni wnxmn`l|n hnj <22* g~diha `dwmudw `aumjmzdgmainw &wn `nigmaid|ai 2222 rn|waidw- m`rm hmn|ai t~n jd `min|d ]didgagfd d`rjmd|d w~w arn|dgmainw arn|dgmainw ni nj gn||a gn||a T~mjmgf) &<- Nj ax|a ni nj }dgm`mnixa `min|a hn Xmixd}d midgmaid|mdw* `äw dc~hdw ni jd raljdgmainw ni Nwrmid| &G~zga- ni `d}a hn <22* nj hn `nia|nw mic|nwaw* wmia ra| nj dudign hn jd g~dj e~n ~id ga`lmidgmi hn hn`dihdw  c|di miun|wm÷i r|mudhd wal|n i~nuaw nwrdgmaw   } wngxa|nw? gdhd unz `äw jaw r|a}ngxaw hn d`lmnixdjnw &\n`} <226? =2-)  c|dihnw miun|wmainw ag~rdi* a l~wgdi ag~rd|* D nwxaw r|aljn`dw wn w~`di dt~njjaw nwrdgmaw haihn ~id raljdgm÷i gai rnt~nôaw nwgihdjaw t~n niuajudi dj calmn|ia n`r|nihm`mnixaw &dc|mg~jxa|nw* rnwgdha|nw* } wal|n xaha dj r|nwmhnixn } w~ nixa|ia unihnha|nw* nxg)- hnwd||ajjdi w~w r|armdw dg `w gn|gdia* jaw g~djnw `njjd|ai h|wxm xmumhdhnw ngai÷`mgdw a ga`r|a`nxni w~w |n gd`nixn ni jd dgnrxdgmi hnj `mw`a) Nj g~|waw &lawt~nw } dc~d- ingnwd|maw rd|d njjdw rdw rn|`dingm gai nj `mw`a `ahnja  } w~ umhd gaxmhmdid) ]d ia nw waja numhnixn t~n ngai`mga hn jaw dôaw =2 } ia wn cnin nj `ahnja ia ‚gfa||nd‐* ja t~n }d n|d n |d numhnixn |d|ai `d}a|nw gd`lmaw rajxmgaw* jd ga ni nj calmn|ia hn Xajnha* wmia t~n w~ g|ngm ||~rgmi fdld xa`dha i~nudw d|mwxdw } `mnixa nvgj~}n‐ &\n`} <226? 67-) nj nwxdha rn|`dingn gai jaw `mw`aw r|a  ljn`dw wagmdjnw) Rd|d jdw njnggmainw hnj <22 w~|cn i~nud`nixn jd c~|d hn Djdi Cd|gàd*

t~mni rdwd d wnc~ihd u~njxd o~ixa d Ajjdixd F~`djd d t~mni jac|d m`rain| wn gai ~i `d|cni ia `~} d`rjma) Nwxa hn`~nwx|d ja `~} hnw`n`a|mdhaw t~n r~nhni wn| jaw njngxa|nw) Nj calmn|ia hn Cd|gd gaixmi~ gai jd r|a`nwd hn ia |nrnxm| jaw n||a|nw &fa||a|nw- hn w~ r|m`n| calmn|ia } `w  lmni nwx gd|cdha hn hn ~id xnihnigmd `w `w jmln|dj* ni haihn nj jml|n `n|gdha n`n| cn ga`a jd ÿimgd waj~gmi rd|d wdjud| nj rdw* nw ra| nwa t~n gaixmiÿd gai jd mi 478

Fdwxd jd engfd ia wn alwn|ud ~i r|a c|d`d hn calmn|ia nwxdljngmha* ja ÿimga gjd|a nw t~n nwxn calmn|ia* dj mc~dj t~n jaw dixn|ma|nw* nwx a|mnixdha d jd lÿw t~nhd hn c|dihnw miun|wmainw r|mudhdw) Jaw d|xg~jaw hnj r|nwmhnixn Djdi Djdi Cd|gd* hme~ihmhaw ni jd r|niwd ldoa nj xmx~ja ‚Nj wih|a`n hnj rn||a hnj Fa|xnjdia‐ wai jd nvr|nwmi hmwg~|wmud hn nwxn r|ac|d`d* r|nwnixdha wmi imic~id r|nag~rdgmi mi gj~wmud hn wngxa|nw hn ldoaw |ng~|waw) Hn nwxn `aha* ja t~n wn fd cnin|dha nw ~id e~n|xn gaimgxmumhdh wagmdj } ngai÷`mgd;

jd |njdgmi nix|n nj nwxdha } jd wagmnhdh nw gdwm minvmwxnixn* dw jd ÿimgd ea|`d rd|d nvr|nwd| mixn|nwnw } hn`dihdw nw jd r|a

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1

xnwxd gajngxmud* nwxd nw e|ng~nixn`nixn |nwraihmhd gai |nr|nwmi* nwxd wmx~dgmi d gal|dha umgxm`dw `a|xdjnw) Ga`a wnôd jd \n`} ‚ja t~n wn dr|ngmd nw t~n `mnix|dw ni jaw r|m`n|aw `nwnw hn Cd|gàd jd ga`ra

gaixd| gai nj rn|`mwa nvmcmha ra| jd jn}* ni xdixa t~n wn x|dxd hn xmn||dw ga`~idjnw* hn haw ga`~imhdhnw miwg|mxdw ni |ncmwx|aw rÿljmgaw? ia wai xmn||dw udgdw hn hn|ngfaw* migj~wa ea|`djnw) X|nw dgxa|nw hnwxdgdi ni

wmgm÷i hn jaw gaimgxaw e~n `~} wn`nodixn d

nwxn gaimgxa } `~nwx|di ja t~n rd|ngni

jd ÿjxm`d nxdrd hn Xajnha* raga d raga wn ud  rn|jdiha ~i gd`lma fdgmd nwgnid|maw hn gai

wn| i~nudw udw hn r|axnwxd } `aum`mni xaw? jdw djgdjhdw* jdw |aihdw gd`rnwmidw } ax|aw dgxa|nw ga`a AIC”w } `aum`mnixaw d`lmnixdjmwxdw a hn hn|ngfaw f~`diaw)

 mgxa `äw gjd|d`nixn gnix|dhaw ni nj `ahnja

hn hnwd||ajja‐) &\n`} <22? 6Hn jaw gaimgxaw wagmad`lmnixdjnw

t~n fd xnimha nj calmn|ia hn Cd|gd* ra hn`aw wnôdjd| ga`a jaw `äw wmcimgdxmuaw

Rahn`aw wmixnxmzd| jd fmwxa|md rn|~did hn jaw ÿjxm`aw <2 dôaw wnôdjdiha t~n nwxd fd rdwdha ra| haw nxdrdw `~} gjd|dw* jd r|m`n|d h~|dixn nj calmn|ia hmgxdxa|mdj hn E~om`a|m ni haihn wn hmwe|dzd|ai } ag~jxd |ai `~gfaw r|aljn`dw wagmdjnw* rajxmgaw } ngai`mgaw gai r|ac|d`dw `nhmxmgaw hn dhagx|mid`mnixa } ga||~rgm÷i idi  gmdha gai jaw c|dihnw mic|nwaw* r|ah~gxa hn jdw r|mudxmzdgmainw) Jd wnc~ihd gaiwxm x~mhd ra| jaw calmn|iaw t~n ja w~gnhmn|ai* jaw g~djnw r|nxnihni xnin| ~i ga|xn `w hn`ag|xmga* rn|a t~n `dixmnini `~gfdw hn jdw r|gxmgdw dgaixngmhdw ni jd nxdrd di xn|ma|* wn gaixmiÿd gai nj `mw`a r|ac|d`d ngai`mga } jd ga||~rgmi wal|numun ni ax|aw e|nixnw gai hmwe|dgnw) Nj `ahnja nga i`mga wn `dixmnin hnwhn jaw =2)

d jaw wmc~mnixnw? Dj mimgma hn w~ `dihdxa* jd r|axnwxd hn jaw mihcnidw Dwf~d| ra| jd gaixd`midgmi hn jdw dc~dw hnj |a Ga ||mnixnw d gd~wd hn t~n jd n`r|nwd Rnx|a jn|d Rj~wrnx|aj* ni unz hn |nmi}ngxd| d jaw razaw jdw dc~dw |nwmh~djnw hn jd nvrjaxd gm÷i* jdw niumdld dj |àa } w~w d~nixnw6) Nj wnc~iha gdwa e~n nj hn jd `min|d @dodz* &dfa|d \a Ljdiga- ni jd wmn||d hn Rm~|d) Nj gdwa nwxdjjd gdwm ni nj x|iwmxa hnj calmn| ia hn Xajnha dj hn Cd|gd? haw dggmainw hn xa`d hn miwxdjdgmainw* e|ng~nixnw `d|gfdw hn r|axnwxd hn jd raljdgmi hn D}dldgd } nj hmwx|mxa hn Gd|`ni hn jd E|aixn|d ni F~digdld`ld* d jdw t~n wn w~`di a|cd imzdgmainw hn Odíi } Wdi Mcidgma &Gdod `d|gd-) Haljn r|aljn`d? e|dcmjmhdh e|dcmjmhdh ngaj FDLJD\ HN D\T^NAJACÀD cmgd hn jd zaid t~n r~nhn wn| dengxdhd ra| jd nvrjaxdgmi `min|d* djxn|diha jdw gai Gai xaha ja wnôdjdha* ±t~n w~rain fd hmgmainw hn r|ah~ggmi hn ~id zaid t~n  ljd| hn d|t~najacd ni nwxn d`lmnixn ni jjncd fdwxd Odíi) Ra| ax|a jdha* nj dl~wa nj t~n jd ngaia`d jmln|dj nwx ni xahdw hn jd n`r|nwd hn mimgmd| jd nvrja|dgmi wmi rd|xnw } gai njjd xahaw jaw hnwld|do~wxnw t~n jd w~wxnixdi1 Jd d|t~najacd* dj mc~dj 6 ‚))) j~nca hn jd xa`d hn jdw miwxdjdgmainw hn jd t~n xahdw jdw gmnigmdw* fd unimha dgn| n`r|nwd ni nj |àa |àa ga||mnixnw ra| jaw mihàcnidw mihàcnidw dw f~d| } nj di~igma hn jd n`r|nwd hn t~n w~wrnihàd jd gihawn d ~i x|dldoa hn a|hni `w r|dc  r|ah~ggm÷i hn rnx|÷jna* nj r|m`n| `mimwx|a di~igma `xmga) Nwxd wmx~dgmi xmnin t~n un| gai t~n niumd|àd x|ardw d jmln|d| jdw miwxdjdgmainw) Dea| nj gaixnvxa ngai`mga cnin|dj ni nj rdw* x~idhd`nixn* jd Hneniwa|àd hnj R~nlja wdjm÷ d hngjd |d| t~n jdw ga`~imhdhnw mihàcnidw uniàdi fdgn dôaw x|d`mxdiha nj r|aljn`d* t~n ~i miea|`n hn HMCNWD jnw hdld jd |dz÷i* rn|a t~n nj @mimwxn|ma hn Nin|càd  } @midw ia jnw fdgmd gdwa‐ ) &\n`} <226? =-)

nwrngmgdha jàindw d||mld* dwà rah|àd`aw

wnôdjd| t~n* hnix|a hn jdw rajxmgdw nwxdxd jnw jd d|t~najacd g~`rjn ~i rdrnj ni haw wnixmhaw* cnin|d| mic|nwaw ud x~|mw`a* jd 47>

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)-

ed`awd d|t~najacd hn ‚cnwxmi‐* } ga`a `nhma rd|d ‚edgmjmxd|‐ jd miun|wmi r|mud hd ni xdixa ‚jm`rmd‐ nj xn||nia wal|n nj g~dj wn ud dwnixd| ~id n`r|nwd gdwm wmn` r|n nvx|dgxa|d hn |ng~|waw idx~|djnw) Xdj unz nwxd ÿjxm`d nw jd t~n cnin|d jd c|di gdixmhdh hn mic|nwaw ngai`mgaw* ja t~n fd unimha d w~wxnixd| nj ed`awa ‚laa`‐ hn jd d|t~najacd) R|nc~ixd|wn ra| i~nwx|d r|aenwmi* } fdgn|ja hnwhn nxdrdw `~} xn`r|didw = * r~nhn wn|um| rd|d alwn|ud| r|aljn`dw hnwhn nwxd wmx~dgmi* jd hn nwx~hmdixnw) Hnwhn nwxn jdha hn jd d|t~najacd xnin `aw ax|dw nvrngxdxmudw } hmen|nixnw arm imainw gai |nwrngxa d jaw t~n }d fdi rd wdha ra| jdw d~jdw* ia xnin`aw `~gfaw gaihmgmaidixnw &l~nia djc~iaw `w t~n ax|aw-* t~n iaw m`rmhdi hnhmgd|iaw gdwm nvgj~wmud`nixn d jd miunwxmcdgmi* nwxa d hmen|nigmd hn t~mninw }d dx|dunwd|ai nwxd nxdrd } t~n dfa|d a|cdimzdi w~ rdrnj ni jd d|t~najacd gaiwmhn|diha ax|aw edgxa |nw* ga`a ed`mjmd } x|dldoa ra| non`rja) Wmi t~n ingnwd|md`nixn xahaw jaw nw x~hmdixnw ga`rd|xdi jdw mhndw t~n dt~ r|nwnixa* gaiwmhn|a t~n `~gfdw hn nwxdw fdi rdwdha djc~id unz ra| jd gdlnzd hn ud|maw hn iawax|aw) Xahd gmnigmd wn hnin ra| w~ alonxa

hn nwx~hma* ±G~j nw nj alonxa hn nwx~hma hn jd d|t~najacd1* nwxd r|nc~ixd nw `~} hmegmj hn |nwraihn|* dld|gd| ~i xn`d ga`a nwxn* hn ra| wm xa`d|d `~gfdw j indw) Xnimniha gaigmnigmd hn nwxn r|aljn `d* wnôdja ~id dr|avm`dgmi hn ja t~n g|na hnln|d`aw gaiwmhn|d| ga`a alonxa hn nwx~hma hn jd d|t~najacd) = Ni nj dôa <22 o~ixa d ax|aw ga`rdôn|aw a|cdimzd`aw nj wn`mid|ma ‚D|t~najacd ‚D|t~najacd rd|d nj Hnwd||ajja‐* ni dt~nj nixaignw g~|wld`aw nj wnc~iha dôa hn gd||n|d } iaw nigaix|ld`aw d~i ni nj mixnc|dhagmgja lwmga) \numwd| Ldzi* Caizdjnw* G|~zdha } _ncd||d <226) 475

@~gfaw nwxd|i hn dg~n|ha gai`mca dj wnôdjd| t~n nj alonxa hn jd d|t~naja cd* dj mc~dj t~n nj hn jdw hn`w Gmnigmdw Wagmdjnw* nw jd wagmnhdh) Ja t~n iaw hmen |nigmd hn jdw ax|dw Gmnigmdw Wagmdjnw nw jd ea|`d hn dr|avm`d|iaw d nwxn alonxa hn nwx~hma* i~nwx|d ea|`d hn dgn|gd|iaw d jd wagmnhdh nw d x|duíw hn jaw |nwxaw `dxn|md jnw &jaw alonxaw-* wmniha nwxaw jd ldwn n`r |mgd ra| `nhma hn jd g~dj mien|m`aw fngfaw wagmdjnw `nhmdixn r|agnwaw arn|dxmuaw } `nxahaj÷cmgaw nwrngàgaw w~wxnixdhaw ni

~id xna|d* t~n xmnini t~n un| gai jd gaiw x|~ggmi xn|mgd* ni haihn jaw hdxaw n` r|mgaw wn gaiumn|xni ni hdxaw fmwx|mgaw* jaw g~djnw wai xna|mzdhaw hnix|a hn jdw cnin|djmhdhnw hn jd gmnigmd wagmdj) Dw* jaw fngfaw fmwx|mgaw } w~w nvrjmgdgmainw udi d rdwd| dj `lmxa hn jd gmnigmd wagmdj } nw djj ni haihn xahdw njjdw gal|di ~i imunj `w |njnudixn ni jd |ndjmhdh dgx~dj) Dj wn| gaiagm`mnixa hn jd wagmnhdh* nwxd r~nhn a|mnixd| fdgmd ~id cd`d `w d`rjmd hn |nwr~nwxdw d jaw r|aljn`dw wagmdjnw* jaw gaiagm`mnixaw wagmdjnw hnlni migj~m|wn hnix|a hn jdw rajxmgdw nwxdxdjnw ni d|dw hn |nwajun| r|aljn`dw wagmdjnw) Nw hngm|* nj gaiagm`mnixa wagmdj cnin|dha hnwhn jd d|t~najacd* wn `~nun hnix|a hnj gaiagm `mnixa cnin|dha ra| jdw hn`w Gmnigmdw Wagmdjnw } nw djj haihn gal|d udja| } wn `dimnwxd a hnln|àd `dimenwxd|wn ni rajà xmgdw wagmdjnw &c~ln|id`nixdjnw-) Ra| ax|a jdha* nw m`ra|xdixn |nwdj xd| t~n ia hnniha hn imic~id `din|d

jd nvmwxnigmd hn `ÿjxmrjnw d|t~najacdw* hmen|nigmdhdw ra| nj xn`d* xna|d }!a `nxahajacd &D|t~najacd Gaixnvx~dj* D|t~najacd Nvrn|m`nixdj* D|t~najacd Wm`ljmgd* nxg)-; im ra| jd mimgmdxmud t~n hma j~cd| d w~ nong~gmi &D|t~najacd hn \nwgdxn* D|t~najacd hn Nudj~dgmi* D|t~najacd hn Cnwxmi* nxg)-) Wm lmni nw xdw r|nwnixdi hmen|nigmdw hn a|hni xn|m

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1

ga* `nxahajcmga* mhnajcmga } rajxmga* g|nn`aw t~n xahd mixn|unigmi ni ~i wm xma d|t~najcmga &`dxn|mdj d|t~najcmga r|ah~gxa hn r|gxmgdw wagmdjnw- hnln|d dr~ixd| } rawmlmjmxd| jd nvrjmgdgmi hn jdw wagmnhdhnw t~n r|ah~on|ai d jaw |nw xaw `dxn|mdjnw* hn nwxn `aha numxa gdn| ni rd|gnjdw hnix|a hn jd d|t~najacd* jd g~dj `~gfdw ungnw wm|un hn o~wxmgdgm÷i rd|d

gmn|xdw `din|dw hn x|dxd| a x|dldod| gai jaw alonxaw d|t~najcmgaw) Dfa|d rdwd|í d nvrain| jaw dwrngxaw ra| jaw g~djnw fn gaiwmhn|dha t~n nvmwxni r|aljn`dw } edjnigmdw ni jd d|t~najacd dgx~dj)

ra| gmn|xaw calmn|iaw &ra| non`rja* nj hn J~w @mc~nj Wigfnz Gn||a-* jd umajnigmd rajàxmgd hn inw hn jaw 32”* xahaw jaw 62” }

=2”* jd mixn|unigmi rajxmga`mjmxd| } jaw r|agnwaw hn |na|cdimzdgmi ni jaw =2 } hn ‚|n-|na|cdimzdgm÷i‐ hnj <222* jd ^I@W@ fd rdwdha ra| `ÿjxmrjnw x|diwea|`dgma inw* nwxdw x|diwea|`dgmainw fdi gdjdha } nwxdljngmha hn ~id ~ ax|d `din|d jd wmx~d gmi dgx~dj hn jd ~imun|wmhdh ~imun|wmhdh)) Jd fmwxa|md |ngmnixn hn xaha nwxn r|a gnwa r~nhn wn| ~lmgdhd hnwhn jd dw~igmi d jd r|nwmhnigmd hn jd \nr~ljmgd hn Djln| xa E~om`a|m) H~|dixn w~ calmn|ia* ga`a }d wnôdjí jindw d||mld* wn hmn|ai haw wm x~dgmainw t~n mi~}n|ai ni jd umhd hn jd

Jd Ea|`dgm÷i hn D|t~n÷jacaw } D|t~n÷jacdw ni nj Rn|ÿ* nj gdwa hn jd ^imun|wmhdh Idgmaidj @d}a| hn Wdi @d|gaw

Ga`a wn wdln* nvmwxni dj|nhnha| hn  ~imun|wmhdhnw ni nj Rn|ÿ t~n ae|ngni jd gd||n|d hn d|t~najacd; wmi n`ld|ca* nj nudj~d| w~w g~||mg~jdw wn|md ~i x|dldoa `~} d`rjma } hmegmj hn ga`rjnxd| ni nwxn niwd}a* nw ra| njja t~n fn hngmhmha xa`d| ga`a gdwa wmcimgdxmua d jd ^imun|wmhdh

Idgmaidj @d}a| hn Wdi @d|gaw* ni dhn jdixn ^I@W@* ra| wn| nwxd ~id hn jdw `w |nr|nwnixdxmudw |nr|nwnixdxmudw ni nj rdw } ra| wn| jd |ndjmhdh mi`nhmdxd ni jd t~n `n ea|`a) DIXNGNHNIXNW HN JD ^I@W@

D ja jd|ca hnj wmcja VV jd ^I@W@ fd nv rn|m`nixdha wnihaw r|agnwaw hn gd`lma wagmdj } rajxmga* r|ah~gxa hn jdw ga}~i x~|dw wagmdjnw* rajxmgdw } ngai`mgdw xdi xa hnix|a ga`a e~n|d hn jd ~imun|wmhdh) Dw* hnwhn w~ drn|x~|d d jdw gjdwnw `nhmdw ni nj r|m`n| g~d|xa hn wmcja* wmc~mniha ra| jd |nea|`d ~imun|wmxd|md d rd|xm| hnj c|mxa hn G|hald* jaw gmn||nw r|armidhaw

~imun|wmhdh? r|m`n|a* wn miwxmx~gmaidjmzd nj wmwxn`d inajmln|dj ni nj Rn|ÿ* ldoa r|n wmainw mixn|idgmaidjnw &jj`nwn E)@)M)* L)@)- nj Nwxdha rn|~dia miwxd~|d ~id rajxmgd hn r|mudxmzdgmainw; wnc~iha* wn mimgmd ~id j~gfd dixmw~lun|wmud* alumdi ha djc~idw ungnw* jaw hn|ngfaw f~`diaw) Nwxaw haw dwrngxaw m`rdgxd|ai hn ea|`d h|d`xmgd jd ~imun|wmhdh) Nj ÿjxm`a hn njjaw e~n xdjunz nj `w iaxa|ma* hdha t~n gdj ni xahaw jaw `lmxaw hn jd ~imun|wm hdh* hnwhn jdw g~||g~jd fdwxd jd gaium unigmd hnix|a hn jd ~imun|wmhdh ~imun|wmhdh)) Ldoa jd nvg~wd hn jd rdgmgdgm÷i id gmaidj wn o~wxmgd nj fngfa hnj mic|nwa hn

jdw E~n|zdw D|`dhdw d jd ^imun|wmhdh 42 &t~n ra| jn} nw d~x÷ia`d-) Agmdj`ni  xn jdw ~imun|wmhdhnw idgmaidjnw wai mi xn|unimhdw ni nj `nw hn `d}a hn 4==* `nhmdixn ~i hng|nxa jncmwjdxmua t~n miw xdjd jdw ga`mwmainw \na|cdimzdha|dw &jdw jjd`dhdw ‚o~ixdw mixn|unixa|dw‐ ni gdhd ~imun|wmhdh idgmaidj &\~id <222-* g~}aw 42 Hnwhn nj  hn dl|mj dl|mj hn4==< wn miwxdjdi ldwnw `mjmxd|nw dj mixn|ma| hn jdw ~imun|wmhdhnw idgma idjnw gai nj dudj dudj hn jaw |ngxa|nw |ngxa|nw ga||nwraihmni xnw &ni nj gdwa hn Wdi @d|gaw* nj |ngxa| n|d nj H|) Smjwai \ndxnc~m-) 473

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)-

`mn`l|aw n|di nwgacmhaw hm|ngxd`nixn hnwhn jdw `w djxdw nwen|dw hnj rahn| non g~xmua* gai rahn|nw rjniaw rd|d jd hm|ng gmi hn hmgfaw gnix|aw hn nwx~hma* d~i t~n }d dixnw nvmwxd r|nwnigmd `mjmxd| ni jdw ~imun|wmhdhnw ni jaw calmn|iaw hn Ln jdÿihn &4=624=6- } Djdi Cd|gd &4=6 4==2- &Eja|nw Cdjmiha 4=== ni? \~id <222-; nwxn fngfa n|d numhnixn ni jd ^I @W@* ra| non`rja gai x|ardw hnj non|gmxa drawxdhaw ni nj ga`nha| ~imun|wmxd|ma) Ni nwxn rn|maha wn gaix|ajd } wn |nr|m `n d jd raljdgmi ~imun|wmxd|md* wn gd`  lmdi d~xa|mhdhnw mjncdj`nixn* wn dc~hmzd jd di~djmzdgmi44 hn jdw g~||mg~jdw* wn w~ r|m`n nj hn|ngfa d f~njcd } wn jd j d wdxdimzd dj mc~dj t~n d jd g|xmgd* nj jml|n rniwd| } jd rajxmgd) Wn |nxm|di jaw g~|waw |njdxmuaw dj `d|vmw`a hn jaw rjdinw hn nwx~hma* wn gniw~|di } |nt~mwdi jaw jml|aw jmcdhaw d hmgfd ga||mnixn ni jdw lmljmaxngdw &Xdixd jni <22- } wn fdgn dj xn`a| & xn||a|- ga`a miwx|~`nixa rd|d nj `noa| gaix|aj } ha `mima hn jdw o~unix~hnw fdgmd nj |ícm`ni hn x~|ia)

`nhmag|mhdh ia n|d r~imljn ni nwxn rn |maha* }d t~n `~gfdw ungnw rn|`mxd ~id ríwm`d ea|`dgmi dgdhí`mga r|aenwmaidj* wmx~dgmi t~n ia hnwdc|dh hnwdc|dhdld dld dj wngxa| hn x~|ia ha`midixn) Dj gd`lma hn calmn|ia jd ^imun|wm hdh nix|d ni i~nud g|mwmw* jdw ga`mwmainw a|cdimzdha|nw wai hnwdgxmudhdw } gai njjdw* jaw gd|caw } d~xa|mhdhnw ra| njjdw hnwmcidhdw) Wn ga`mnizd i~nud`nixn gai ~i r|agnwa hn |nea|`d* nwxd unz gd| cdha hn c|~raw rajxmgaw } dgdhí`mgaw `~} hmun|waw) JD N)D)R) HN D\T^NAJACÀD

Ni nj dôa 4=6* ldoa jd hm|nggmi hnj H|) J~`l|n|dw wn njdla|d ~id i~nud g~|| g~jd) Nwxd g~||g~jd nwxdld miwrm|dhd ni jd ga||mnixn hn jd D|t~najacd Wagmdj Jd xmiad`n|mgdid47  * jd r|nxniwmi n|d t~n* nj dj~`ia wn ea|`n ga`a ~i d|t~njaca wagmdj* dj rdwd| ra| xahaw jaw imunjnw } rd waw hn jd miunwxmcdgmi d|t~najcmgd t~n wn r|araidi)

Jd ga}~ix~|d cnin|dhd ra| nwxn rn Ni nwxn rjdi wn dldihaid nj |ícm`ni |maha hn mixn|unigmi nwxdxdj ni jd ^im un|wmhdh Rÿljmgd rn|`mxn nj |nxm|a hn wn`nwx|dj } wn rdwd d ~i |ícm`ni di~dj) gmn|xaw r|aenwa|nw } nj mic|nwa hn i~nuaw Nj rjdi gaignld nwx~hmaw cnin|djnw &< hagnixnw d jdw d~jdw ~imun|wmxd|mdw* ia in gnwd|md`nixn ra| w~w um|x~hnw dgdhí`m t~naj÷cmgaw1)))nj imunj dgdhí`mga fd t~nhdha w~la| gdw a mixnjngx~djnw* wmia ra| jdw cajjn|dw hmidha d mixn|nwnw doniaw } xaxdj`nixn mie|~gx~awaw rajxmgdw t~n hmgfa wmwxn`d rn|`mxd 4< * jd  rd|d nj hnwd||ajja hn jd d|t~najacàd‐ &Wfdh} 4==6-) 44 Ni ~i miea|`n hn jd NDR hn d|t~najacd wn wnôdjd? ‚Ni nj gdwa hn jd d|t~najacd nj gd`lma hnj |ícm`ni wn`nwx|dj dj di~dj ag~||m ni 4=6* nwxd e~n ~id nvrn|mnigmd incdxmud ja t~n x|doa gaiwmca ~i hnwa|hni hn a|hni dh`mimwx|dxmua }d t~n w~ m`rjn`nixdgmi ia e~n r|ac|nwmua‐) NDR hn d|t~najacd <224) 4< Rd|d nj gdwa hn d|t~najacd* Wfdh} ni ni 4==6 wnôdjd t~n wn gaix|dxd d r|aenwa|nw ‚‥t~n i~i gd fdi miunwxmcdha* nwg|mxa a r|nwnixdha ~i xn`d |njdgmaidha gai nj r|agnwa g~jx~|dj r|nfmwräimga‐ } wn r|nc~ixd ‚±ga`a r~nhni niwnôd| t~mninw od`äw fmgmn|ai nvgdudgmainw a r|agnwd|ai `dxn|mdjnw d| 476

Jaw r|aenwa|nw t~n mic|nwdi d hmgxd| nix|n 4== d 4=== wai? E|digmwga @nhmid* Gngmjmd Odm`n* @d|d Ldwxmi } \~líi Saic &\^ID <222-) J~nca ni nj <224* ni jd r|ar~nwxd hn gd`lma g~||mg~jd| hmwg~xmhd } dr|aldhd ra| nj ga`mxí hn jd nwg~njd dgdhí`mga r|aenwmaidj hn d|t~na jacd hn jd ^I@W@* wn wnôdjd t~n ‚nj r|aljn`d  r|migmrdj hn jd nwg~njd nw ia gaixd| gai ~i rjdixnj hn hagnixnw mh÷inaw) [}P wn fdgn mihmwrniwdljn gaiuagd| d ~i gaig~|wa rÿljmga‐ ) 47 Rd|d ~id `d}a| hmwg~wmi } nudj~dgmainw t~n wn fdi fngfa hn hmgfd ga||mnixn wn r~nhn |numwd| J~`l|n|dw 4=* <22* Ldxn <22* Ci hd|d 4=6<* Rajmxmw <22* Xdixdjni Xdixdjni <22* <22* <226 } Dc~m||n@a|djnw <22)

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1

dôaw- } hn nwrngmdjmhdh &7 dôaw-* ni jaw r|m`n|aw wn mix|ah~on|ai g~|waw dinw d

jdw Gmnigmdw Idx~|djnw } wn hmgxdldi haw g~|waw cnin|djnw hn jd nwrngmdjmhdh &NDR hn D|t~najac D|t~najacdd <224-; ni jaw wnc~ihaw* ‚‥jd nvrngxdxmud hn ~id i~nud ea|`dgm÷i hn jaw dj~`iaw wn w~wxnixdld ni jd m`rjdixdgm÷i hn jaw xdjjn|nw ga`a gaj~`id un|xnl|dj hn jd  ea|`dgm÷i r|aenwmaidj‐ &NDR hn D|t~naja cd <224? 4Dj dôa hn nwxn rjdi J~`l|n|dw hnod jd gxnh|d ni Wdi @d|gaw } jaw r|aenwa|nw t~n wn nigaix|dldi hmgxdiha ni dt~njjaw dôaw &Oa|cn Wmjud* \~xf Wfdh} } Djln|xa L~nia- ia ga`rd|xdi ga`rd|xdi im nwxdldi nwxdldi ea|`d haw ni jd ga||mnixn t~n fdld w~wxnixdha jd njdla|dgmi hn jd g~||g~jd* nwxa gd~w t~n jd g~||g~jd hnumimn|d ni ~i jmwxdha hn g~|waw wmi ~id d`djcd`d xn|mgd a| cdimzdxmud* r~nwxa t~n ia wn hnwd||ajjd |ai hn dg~n|ha d jd a|mcmidj r|ar~nwxd* jd g~||g~jd hnwn`lag ni ‚‥~i e|dgdwa* nwrngmdj`nixn ra| jd edjxd hn mie|dnwx|~gx~ |d dhng~dhd* xngiajacàd hn r~ixd } hagnixnw mh÷inaw; jaw xdjjn|nw wn gaiumn|xni raga d raga ni g~|wmjjaw hmgxdhaw ra| onenw hn r|dgxmgd } d}~hdixnw‐ &NDR hn D|t~najacd <224? 4-) Nwxd nxdrd hn jd ea|`dgmi h~|a 6 dôaw)

Jd g~||g~jd hn 4== w~wxmx~} jaw xd jjn|nw } d rd|xm| hn njjaw wn g|nd|ai i~nuaw g~|waw; wmi n`ld|ca* ni jindw cnin|djnw jd |nea|`d i~igd wn gaigj~}* wm lmni wn m`rjn`nixd|ai djc~iaw g~|waw* ia wn njd  la| ~i r|ac|d`d a|cimga } r|ac|d` xmga hn jd g~||àg~jd* ja g~dj waja wmcimg÷

nj mic|nwa hn djc~iaw i~nuaw g~|waw } nj gd`lma hn ia`l|n hn ax|aw) Dhn`w* ni nj miea|`n }d dixnw gmxd ha* wn `nigmaid t~n nwxd g~||g~jd hnum ia ni ~i hnwa|hni hnlmha d t~n? ‚D) Ia wn dgx~djmzd|ai jdw w~`mjjdw hn jaw g~|waw* } ni ra| ja `niaw 5 `dxn|mdw im wmt~mn|d e~n|ai njdla|dhdw* rd|xmg~jd| `nixn ni dt~njjaw g~|waw t~n wn g|nd|ai d  rd|xm| hn jd njm`midgm÷i hn jaw xdjjn|nw) L) Nj d~`nixa m||dgmaidj hn jdw udgdixnw  ra| mic|nwa d jd nwg~njd hn d|t~najacàd) G) Gd|nigmd hn nt~mraw* miwx|~`nixaw* jagdjnw* nxg)* ~i `dj nihí`mga ni jd nw g~njd‐ &NDR hn D|t~najacd <224-) Gai nwxdw `ahmgdgmainw wn wmc~m÷

hmgxdiha ni jd nwg~njd* fdwxd nj gd`lma hn d~xa|mhdhnw ni nj <224* ni nwxd ga}~ix~|d wn mimgmd ax|a r|agnwa hn |nea|`d* ni nwxd ara|x~imhdh i~nud`nixn nj H|) J~`l|n |dw rd|xmgmrd ni jd r|ar~nwxd hn \nea|`d G~||mg~jd|* wn`nwx|djmzdiha i~nud`nixn jd g~||g~jd) Jd`nixdljn`nixn ia nvmwxn `~gfd hag~`nixdgmi hn nwxn rn|maha* im hn jaw g~|waw t~n rjdixnd|ai* im hnj a|cdimc|d`d cnin|dj) Emidj`nixn nj H|) J~`l|n|dw wn |nxm|d hn jd edg~jxdh)

J~nca* ni 4== wn r|agnhm d ~id |nea|`d* o~ixa gai nj nwxdljngm`mnixa hn i~nuaw e~igmaid|maw dh fag* ~id hn jdw r|m`n|dw |nea|`dw e~n `ahmgd| jaw gai xnimhaw hn jaw rjdinw g~||mg~jd|nw) Rd|d njja wn nwxdljngm wn`mid|maw haihn jaw nwx~hmdixnw } r|aenwa|nw rahdi hmwg~ J~nca jd hm|nggmi hn nwg~njd nw dw~ xm| wal|n nj r|ac|d`d dgdhí`mga) Ga`a wn wnôdj ni ~ia hn nwxaw wn`mid|maw* ja `mhd ra| nj Jmg) Hdimnj @a|djnw* t~míi t~n wn fdgd n|d ~i wdj~ha d jd ldihn  o~ixa gai nj Ga`mxí Dwnwa| hn jd nwg~njd |d) Nj hm|ngxa| hn jd nwg~njd* Oa|cn Wmjud* fmgmn|ai `ahmgdgmainw ni jd g~||àg~jd* ha? ‚‥idj`nixn wn|ä jd Ga`mwm÷i Mixn| wn miwn|xdi i~nuaw g~|waw* djc~iaw g~|waw unixa|d [r|nwmhmhd ra| @di~nj Rd|nhnw wn `dixmnini } ax|aw wn |nxm|di) Nw nwxd jd @di|mt~nP jd t~n g|nd|d nj i~nua r|ac|d`d g~||g~jd dgx~dj t~n j~nca hmwg~xm|n`aw g~||mg~jd|‐ &\~id <222-) Dw wn hm j~cd| ni nvxniwa) jd g~||g~jd hn 4==) 47=

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)-

Rahn`aw wnôdjd| t~n jaw dixngnhni xnw hn jd dgx~dj g~||g~jd ga`rd|xni ~id wn|mn hn r|aljn`dw t~n xmnini t~n un|  lwmgd`nixn gai jd edjxd gafn|nigmd miw xmx~gmaidj ra| rd|xn hn jaw r|aenwa|nw } nwx~hmdixnw rd|d jd njdla|dgmi hn ~id g~||g~jd ni gaio~ixa) Ni 4=6 jd g~|| g~||  g~jd wn w~wxnix ni ~id wajd rn|waid* ja t~n gd~wa t~n dj m|wn nwx* ia f~la ea|`d hn m`rjn`nixd| jd g~||g~jd |ndj `nixn; j~nca ni 4==* ia wn njdla| ~id g~||g~jd t~n |nwraihmn|d d ingnwmhdhnw |ndjnw hn jd d|t~najacd* wmia `dw lmni d wmx~dgmainw } mixn|nwnw rajxmgaw jaw g~d jnw hnwnigdhnid|ai ni ~id w~`dxa|md hn g~|waw ia a|cdimzdhaw; rd|d nj <224 i~n ud`nixn wn x|dxd hn waj~gmaid| } n`rnzd| gai jd |nea|`d g~||mg~jd| |ng~||mniha d ~id rn|waid* t~mni dj m|wn hn jd dgxmumhdh hagnixn i~nud`nixn* xaha ja dudizdha xd`lmíi gd`lmd) Nwxa hn`~nwx|d ja raga miwxmx~gmaidjmzdhaww t~n wn nig~nix|di jdw miwxmx~gmaidjmzdha |nea|`dw g~||mg~jd|nw ni jd nwg~njd } ni jd edg~jxdh* }d t~n nwxn ia wn hd ra| rjd zaw rjdimgdhaw } xn`ra|djnw wmia t~n

|nwraihni d ga}~ix~|dw rajxmgdw } dgd hí`mgdw lwmgd`nixn) D nwxa fd} t~n w~`d|jn t~n hnwr~íw hn jd gaiwx|~ggmi hn jd edg~jxdh wn e~n jm `mxdiha gdhd unz `w jd mie|dnwx|~gx~|d hn jd nwg~njd } t~n |ngmíi gaix g aix gai i~n uaw nt~mraw* d~it~n `~} miw~gmnixnw*

rd|d nj hnwniuajum`mnixa hn jd g~||g~jd) Ax|a dwrngxa m`ra|xdixn nw nj g|ngm`mnixa rd~jdxmia rn|a `~} d`rjma hn jdw udgdi xnw t~n hd jd ~imun|wmhdh d rawx~jdixnw* gai ja g~dj fdgni t~n nj hmgxdha hn djc~ iaw g~|waw wnd miwawxnimljn) Dfa|d |numwn`aw jd g~||g~jd hnj <224) Nj rjdi dgx~dj nwx hmumhmha ni haw rd|xnw* ~i gmgja lwmga a mixnc|dha } jaw g~|waw hn nwrngmdjmhdh) Ni jaw r|m`n|aw jd mixnigmi nw rawmlmjmxd| jd ea|`dgmi hn nwx~hmdixnw gdrdgmxdhaw rd|d hnwniuaj 482

un|wn ni xahaw jaw `lmxaw hn jd gmnigmd wagmdj &Lajnxi hn Gmnigmdw Wagmdjnw <224? 6-* nwxn gmgja |nwraihn d ~id rawmgmi `w f~`diàwxmgd t~n gmnixàgd* dr~ixd d ra xnigmd| ~i ‚fdlmx~w‐ mixnjngx~dj ni haihn dj nwx~hmdixn wn jn ud d niwnôd| d ‚rni wd|‐* ‚nwg|mlm|‐* nxg) &Mlh)- Gaigmlmíiha ja ga`a ~id nwrngmn hn nixn dj g~dj r|a c|d`d|; hn nwxn `aha wn fdi a|cdimzdha w~w g~|waw* ra| ja `niaw dw nw ga`a wn wnôdjd ni nj rjdi a|mcmidj; wmi n`ld|ca* ni jd r|gxmgd ag~||ni ax|dw gawdw* jaw g~| waw ia g~`rjni gai ja r|ac|d`dw } jaw wmjdl~w nwxdljngmhaw; udjmíihaw udjmíihawnn hn jd jmln|xdh hn gxnh|d* jaw r|aenwa|nw fdi rahmha jjnud| gdla w~w r|armaw r|ac|d `dw* ja t~n fd cnin|dha t~n im wmt~mn|d nj alonxmua rjdixndha wnd g~`rjmha* gai hnidiha d jaw nwx~hmdixnw d jjnud| g~|waw g~}d nvmwxnigmd ia wn nixmnihn* r~nw ia alwn|udi w~ |njdgmi gai jaw ax|aw* d~i g~diha `~gfaw hn nwxaw g~|waw wai |ndj `nixn m`ra|xdixnw) Dgx~dj`nixn nvmwxni ga`mwmainw d imunj hn jd Edg~jxdh mixnc|d hd ra| nwx~hmdixnw } r|aenwa|nw nigd|cd haw hn nudj~d| } r|nwnixd| ~id r|ar~nwxd hn Nwx~hmaw cnin|djnw 4) Dfa|d x|dxn`aw jaw g~|waw hn nwrn gmdjmhdh* fdljdiha nwrngàgd`nixn dj

hnwd||ajja hn jaw g~|waw } ia hn w~w gai xnimhaw) Nwxaw ia wn fdi jjnudha d gdla hn `din|d dhng~dhd* hnlmha ni djc~iaw gdwaw d jd edjxd a midwmwxnigmd ra| rd|xn hn jaw r|aenwa|nw* m||nwraiwdlmjmhdh dj `a `nixa hn hmgxd|4 n mig~`rjm`mnixa hn jaw w}jjdl~w* t~n nw nj gdwa hn jd c|di `d 4 Rd|d nj `nw hn iaumn`l|n hnj <22= wn r|n wnix } dr|al jd g~||g~jd ni Gaiwnoa hn Edg~j xdh) 4 F~la ~i r|aenwa|* ra| non`rja* t~n hmgx fdwxd ni x|nw ara|x~imhdhnw jaw g~|waw hn r|g xmgdw R|n r|aenwmaidjnw MM* xna|d M } `íxahaw MM d jd `mw`d fa|d } ni nj `mw`a wdji* haihn |n ~id d xahaw jaw nwx~hmdixnw t~n jjnudldi gai íj hmgfdw `dxn|mdw)

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1

}a|d hn r|aenwa|nw; xdj wmx~dgmi fd cnin |dha* ra| ~i jdha* jd j d hnwumig~jdgmi nix|n nwx~hmdixnw } r|aenwa|nw } ra| nj ax|a* jd edjxd hn nvmcnigmd ni nj imunj dgdhí`mga* ja r|m`n|a wn `dimnwxd ni jd hnwdz÷i

nvmwxnixn ni jd |njdgmainw nix|n r|aenwa|nw } dj~`iaw* |nh~gmhd d ~i hnwd||ajja `a i÷xaia n miga`rjnxa hn jaw g~|waw* o~wxm  gdha ra| jd r|n`~|d hn dr|ald|jaw g~di xmxdxmud`nixn }d t~n ia nvmwxn ~i umig~ja mixnjngx~dj nix|n d`law) Gai |nwrngxa d ja wnc~iha* jd wmx~dgmi `n|`d jd ea|`d gmi hnj nwx~hmdixn t~n rd|d de|aixd| nwxa hnln drnjd| d ~id ea|`dgmi d~xahmhdg xd* wmx~dgm÷i niga`mdljn } o~wxmgdhd ni

~i rjdia rn|waidj* rn|a hnwhn ~id umwmi miwxmx~gmaidj `dimnwxd jd hngmnigmd hn

jd gdjmhdh hn niwnôdizd) Jaw g~|waw hn `nxahajacd* ni jaw ÿj xm`aw dôaw ia wn fdi jjnudha wncÿi jaw alonxmuaw t~n hnlni g~`rjm|* ia nvmwxn hnwhn fdgn `~gfaw dôaw ~i j~cd| nwrng ga haihn wn |ndjmgni r|dgxmgdw hn gd`ra

} wn r~nhdi hnwd||ajjd| jaw g~|waw hn @í xahaw) Djc~idw r|a`agmainw nc|nwdhdw hn jd ~imun|wmhdh jjnud|ai } dr|ald|ai nj g~|wa wmi fdln| |ndjmzdha x|dldoaw hn gd`ra; ni ax|aw gdwaw wn mixnixd hnwd||a jjd| nj g~|wa `nhmdixn ax|dw argmainw; ra| non`rja nj dôa <22* g~diha jjnuí nj g~|wa hn @íxahaw MM* ia nvmwxd ~i j~cd| ni hai hn hnwd||ajjd| nj `mw`a* nwxa fmza t~n `~gfaw hn jaw r|aenwa|nw ia r~hmn|di im t~mwmn|di dw~`m| nj g~|wa* nj r|aljn `d e~n |nw~njxa drnjdiha d jdw j dw |njdgmainw dgdhí`mgdw hnj Hm|ngxa| hn Nwg~njd } dj ga`r|a`mwa hn jaw nwx~hmdixnw d l~wgd| r|a}ngxaw ra| g~nixd r|armd* wal|n xaha ni nj g~|wa hn nvgdudgm÷i) Nwxd hmg~jxdh

wn umnin |nrmxmniha dôa x|dw dôa) Ga`a wdln`aw nj x|dldoa hn gd`ra nw nj gm`mnixa d rd|xm| hnj g~dj rd|xn jd d|t~najacd* r~nw nw d x|duíw hn jaw `d xn|mdjnw t~n wn x|dldod* wmi ~i dr|nihmzdon

`im`a rd|d w~ |ncmwx|a } x|dxd`mnixa* nj hnwd||ajja hn nwxd nwx gaihnidha dj e|dgdwa) Jaw nwx~hmdixnw rd|d w~lwdid| nwxd edjnigmd l~wgdi r|a}ngxaw hn miunw xmcdgmi* nvx|dion|aw ni jd `d}a|d hn jaw gdwaw* hdhd jd rawmlmjmhdh idigmn|d gai

t~n nwxaw g~nixdi rd|d rahn| wajunixd| jaw } `dixnin|jaw nj xmn`ra t~n h~|n jd xn`ra|dhd hn gd`ra) Nwxa fd |n`nhmdha ni gmn|xa `aha nj r|aljn`d* wmi n`ld|ca* wn nwrn|d t~n jd ~imun|wmhdh ga`a miwxm x~gmi l~wt~n ax|dw djxn|idxmudw t~n hn ~id waj~gmi `w nwxdljn } wnc~|d* r~nw nwxaw r|a}ngxaw umnini dga|xdiha w~w r|n w~r~nwxaw hnlmha d jd g|mwmw ngai`mgd t~n dengxd d xahaw jaw rdwnw* wal|n xaha d jaw t~n umnini d miunwxmcd m iunwxmcd|| dj i~nwx|a) Jd wmx~dgmi hnj hnwd||ajja hn jaw g~|waw wn xa|id dÿi `w ga`rjnod* jd ‚drd|nixn‐ x|dit~mjmhdh ni nj hnwd||a jja hn jaw g~|waw* jd mixn|dggmi nix|n jaw r|aenwa|nw } nwx~hmdixnw t~n xmnin t~n un| gai xn`dw d hmwg~xm|wn gai d`rjmx~h hn g|mxn|maw } wal|n xaha t~n dr~ixni d jd gaie|aixdgmi hn mhndw rd|d ~i `noa| ni|mt~ngm`mnixa hn jaw g|mxn|maw nvrjm gdxmuaw* ia nw nvmxawd* dj gaix|d|ma } jd `nixdljn`nixn ni i~nwx|d nwg~njd* e~n|d hn jaw r|aljn`dw } hmen|nigmdw hn a|hni dgdhí`mga t~n ra| gmn|xa* gmn|xa* |nrnxm`aw* wai ingnwd|maw* nvmwxni r|aljn`dw hn a|hni rn|waidj nix|n nwx~hmdixnw } r|aenwa|nw) Nwxa nw c|dun* wal|n xaha g~diha wn hd nix|n jaw r|aenwa|nw) @~gfaw hn iawax|aw fn`aw wmha xnwxmcaw hn jaw `w u~jcd|nw dhonxmuaw ra| rd|xn hn djc~iaw r|aenwa |nw* xdixa hnix|a } e~n|d hn jdw d~jdw) Nw ra| hn`w numhnixn t~n nwxdw wmx~dgmainw ia gnwd|i gai ~id wm`rjn jjd`dhd hn dxnigmi* wmi n`ld|ca* t~n|n`aw hnod| ni gjd|a t~n wn nwrn|d hn jaw miuaj~g|dhaw ~i `im`a hn |nwrnxa fdgmd jaw alwn|ud ha|nw hm|ngxaw* jaw nwx~hmdixnw) Jd waj~ gmi hn nwxaw r|aljn`dw* t~n nwgdrdi d ja nwx|mgxd`nixn dgdhí`mga* hnln rdwd| ra| 484

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)-

~id |nwaj~gmi mixn|id hn hmen|nigmdw) Nj |nwrnxa nix|n r|aenwa|nw nw ~i hnln| hnj hagnixn gaixn`rjdha ni nj Nwxdx~xa hn jd ^imun|wmhdh** } w~ mig~`rjm`mnixa nw w~w ^imun|wmhdh gnrxmljn hn wdigmainw wncÿi nj `mw`a) Ni g~dixa d jd nudj~dgmi hn jaw gai xnimhaw hn jd dgx~dj g~||g~jd* rahn`aw `nigmaid| t~n jaw g~|waw ia c~d|hdi |n jdgmi ~iaw gai ax|aw* ra| ia rn|wnc~m| ~i alonxmua gaiwmwxnixn) Wn |nh~gn d ~i jmwxdha hn g~|waw* nw ra| njja t~n djc~idw hn jdw w~`mjjdw nwxi njdla|dhdw hn `d in|d w~rn|gmdj } xaxdj`nixn migafn|ni xnw ~id gai ax|dw) Ni g~dixa d jaw g~|waw miea|`dxmuaw* jd c|di `d}a|d hn nwxaw wn r|nwnixdi hn ~id `din|d hnwg|mrxmud wmi jd `nia| |n nvm÷i hn jd r|aljn`äxmgd t~n jaw hdxaw

n`r|mgaw fdi w~wgmxdha) D~it~n nvmw xni rnt~nôdw nvgnrgmainw nix|n djc~iaw hagnixnw* ja t~n wn fd l~wgdha fd wmha jd r|nwnixdgmi hn jaw ‚|dwcaw‐ `w m` ra|xdixnw hn djc~idw ‚g~jx~|dw‐) Jd nud j~dgmi hn jaw g~|waw xn|mgaw wn xa|id ga`rjmgdhd* }d t~n `~gfaw hn jaw nwx~ hmdixnw* gai hnxn|`midhaw r|aenwa|nw* i~igd |ngmlmn|ai w~w w}jjdl~w } t~mninw hmgxdi jaw `mw`aw wai jaw r|aenwa|nw t~n cnin|dj`nixn `w edjxdi &ni g~dixa d dwmwxnigmd } r|gxmgdw ni jd j d niwnôdizd-) W~`dha d nwxaw r|aljn`dw nwx nj xn`d hn jd mie|dnwx|~gx~|d* nwxn xn`d ia waja dxdôn d jd nwg~njd* wmia d jd edg~jxdh } d jd ~imun|wmhdh ~imun|wmhdh)) R|aljn`dw |njdgmaidhaw gai jd edjxd hn `dxn|mdj lmljmac|äga ni

jdw lmljmaxngdw* edjxd hn m`rjn`nixdgmi hn jdla|dxa|maw hn g`r~xa* wn|umgmaw `~jxm`nhmd ni jdw d~jdw d inw hn `noa|

niwnôdizd n m`rjn`nixaw xngiajcmgaw ni cnin|dj* wai xn`dw ra| hn`w waj~gma idljnw t~n waja hn`dihdi hn uaj~ixdh rajxmgd) Ra| non`rja* wn fd rjdixndha d jd edjxd hn d~jdw hmwraimljnw ga`a d|c~ 48<

`nixa ni gaix|d jd gaix|dxd hn r|aenwa|nw nwrngmdjmwxdw* wmniha nwxd ~id wmx~dgmi xaxdj`nixn waj~gmaidljn t~n rd|xn hn jd njn`nixdj gaa|hmidgmi } hmdjaca nix|n jdw d~xa|mhdhnw dh`mimwx|dxmudw } dgdhí `mgdw hn jdw nwg~njdw } jd edg~jxdh) Emidj`nixn ni |njdgmi d ja dh`mimw x|dxmua* nj nwxdha hn hnwa|cdimzdgmi ni nj t~n wn nig~nix|d jd nwg~njd } jd ~imun| wmhdh nw ldwxdixn gaiagmha* } wn r~wa hn `dimnwxa gai jaw fngfaw ag~||mhaw ni |n  jdgmi dj gd`r~w ~imun|wmxd|ma } jd gaiw x|~ggmi hnj L} Rdww ni jd Du) Uninz~njd) Jd hnwa|cdimzdgmi ia waja nw rdx|m`aima hn jd rjdid hagnixndh`mimwx|dxmud* wmia xd`lmíi hn jd nwx~hmdixmj* }d t~n dj ia nw xd| gafnwmaidha nwxn nwxd`nixa* gd|ngn hn `ngdimw`aw hn r|nwmi nengxmuaw ni raw hn wdxmwedgn| w~w hn`dihdw* ra| hn`w  o~wxdw } nwxdx~xd|mdw) JD ‚AEN\XD‐ HN MIUNWXMCDHA\NW

^id wmx~dgmi r|aljn`xmgd nw nj axa|cd `mnixa hn c|dhaw ni jd nwg~njd; |numwn `aw nwxn dw~ixa) Nj xmx~ja hn Jmgnigmdha ni D|t~najacd r~nhn wn| alxnimha `n hmdixn g~dx|a `ahdjmhdhnw? xnwmw* nvd`ni hn w~gmnigmd r|aenwmaidj* xnwmid } g~|wa

hn |ndgx~djmzdgmi4; nix|n nwxdw x|nw `a hdjmhdhnw jd edua|mxd nix|n jaw e~x~|aw Jmgnigmdhaw nw nj g~|wa hn dgx~djmzdgmi* wnc~mha ra| nj nvd`ni hn w~gmnigmd } idj`nixn jd xnwmw* x|dldoa `~} hmeàgmj

gaiwmhn|diha jd wmx~dgmi hn jd d|t~naja cd } hn jd ^I@W@* }d t~n ia wn g~nixd gai dra}a* wal|n xaha idigmn|a* rd|d

wajunixd| ~i x|dldoa hn xdj niun|cdh~|d } ra|t~n ia nvmwxn `d}a| `axmudgmi }d t~n jdw edjnigmdw ni jd ea|`dgmi wdjxdi d jd j~z) 4 \nwaj~gmi \ngxa|dj I¿ 2726G\=6* hnj < hn `d}a hn 4==6)

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1 ^id hn jdw o~wxmgdgmainw rd|d ia

fdgn| ~i x|dldoa hn xnwmw nw nj ia gaixd| gai nj hmin|a rd|d |ndjmzd|ja; wmi n`ld| ca* nj nvd`ni hn w~gmnigmd } nj g~|wa hn

dgx~djmzdgmi |nr|nwnixdi ~id miun|wmi t~n r~nhn wal|nrdwd| jaw <222 wajnw* wm d nwxa jn w~`d`aw nj m`ra|xn t~n `~gfaw hn jaw rd|xmgmrdixnw rdcdi rd|d t~n ~i xn|gn|a jnw hnwd||ajjn w~w r|nc~ixdw* ni nj gdwa hn jaw nvä`ninw hn w~gmnigmd*

`mnix|dw njjaw |ndjmzdi ax|aw x|dldoaw) Rmniwa t~n w~`dha d jd jm`mxdgmi nga i`mgd nvmwxn jd rn|wrngxmu rn|wrngxmudd hn gaiwnc~m| x|dldoa mi`nhmdxa } t~n jd ea|`dgmi ia fd wmha jd `w dhng~dhd rd|d nj hnwd||a jja a njdla|dgmi hn ~id xnwmw) Dw* hnwhn nj dôa <22 dj <226 wn fdi xmx~jdha ga`a jmgnigmdhaw 62 d|t~njacaw hn jaw g~djnw*  fdi wmha `nhmdixn xnwmw } nj |nwxa ra| nvd`ni hn w~gmnigmd4 &un| g~dh|a 4 } <- &Agmid hn Nwxdhàwxmgd n mi ea|`xmgd* ^I@W@-) Fdwxd jd engfd wn fdi jjnudha d gdla haw g~|waw } ~ia wn umnin |ndjmzdiha dgx~dj`nixn* ni gdhd ~ia hn jaw g~|waw fd} 7 udgdixnw* ni jaw haw r|m `n|aw g~|waw jaw 2 miwg|mxaw dr|ald|ai } nwxi d jd nwrn|d hn w~w |nwrngxmudw |nwaj~ gmainw) Nwxa mig|n`nixd| ni c|di `nhmhd jd gdixmhdh xmx~jdhaw* ja t~n cnin|d| ~id `d}a| ‚aen|xd‐ r|aenwmaidj) Ni nj g~dh|a 7* nj g~dj wn fd njdla|d ha ni ldwn d jaw hdxaw nvmwxnixnw &d~it~n d~i ia nwxíi jdw |nwaj~gmainw-* wn alwn|ud t~n ni nwxaw ÿjxm`aw haw dôaw &<226O~jma <22=-* jd aen|xd hn d|t~njacaw d g|ngmha iaxdljn`nixn* hn `w hn 42 jmgnigmdhaw 4 D~it~n ni jaw ga`rnihmaw hn jd Agmid Hn Nwxdhàwxmgd n Miea|`äxmgd ia wn nwrngmgd

ax|d `ahdjmhdh hn xmx~jdgmi nvgnrxa jd xnwmw* fn gaigj~mha t~n e~n|d hn nwxdw nj |nwxa hn jdw xmx~ jdgmainw wai ra| nvd`ni hnlmha d t~n nj g~|wa hn w~gmnigmd rd|d xmx~jdgm÷i waja wn arn|dxmum  z ni jd N)D)R N)D)R)) hn D|t~najacd ni nj <226)

waja  wai `nhmdixn xnwmw* nwxa wal|n xaha ra| jd m`rjn`nixdgmi hn jd `ahdjmhdh hnj g~|wa hn Dgx~djmzdgmi* nj g~dj rn| `mxn dwnc~|d| hn djc~id `din|d jd xmx~jd gmi hn jaw j aw d|t~njacaw } d|t~njacdw) Wm lmni nwxa rn|`mxn t~n jaw ouninw |ngmíi gaigj~mhaw w~w g~|waw hn r|nc|dha r~nhdi xnin| ~id `noa| argmi jdla|dj* `njjd hn djc~id `din|d nj dwrngxa dgd hí`mga) Wm xa`d`aw ni g~nixd ja wnôdjd ha ni jd hmwg~wmi ni g~dixa d jaw g~|waw hmgxdhaw ni nj r|nc|dha wn iaxd t~n nvmw xni edjnigmdw ni g~dixa d jd `nxahajacd `nxahajacd hn miunwxmcdgmi } jaw w~wxnixaw xn|mgaw* nwxaw wai rmjd|nw hn jd miunwxmcdgmi d| t~najcmgd) Wmi `niawr|ngmd| d jaw t~n |ndjmzdi nwxdw `ahdjmhdhnw hn xmx~jdgmi &nj g~dj gaiwmhn|a r~nhn wn| jd `ahdjmhdh t~n |ndjmgn rd|d xmx~jd|`n-* nwxaw fdi gd~ wdha t~n gdwm wn rmn|hd ra| ga`rjnxa nj mixn|íw ra| hnwd||ajjd| ~id xnwmw* ni umwxd hn ja |njdxmud`nixn egmj t~n r~nhni wn| jdw ax|dw argmainw) Nwxn r|aljn`d nwxd |njdgmaidha gai nj r|aljn`d hnj gd`ra jdla|dj }d t~n ni nj ‚`n|gdha‐ wn fd xa|idha `w ingnwd|md } ~|cnixn jd r|nwnigmd hn d|t~njacaw rd|d jd nong~gmi hn r|a}ngxaw hn nudj~dgmi } |nwgdxn) Nwxa fd `d|gdha jd c|di ingnwmhdh hn rahn| xmx~jd|wn rd|d rahn| |`d| hmgfaw

r|a}ngxaw46) Wm n`ld|ca* ~i r|aljn`d e~i hd`nixdj nw t~n* wmi im`aw hn `niawr|n gmd| nwxaw x|dldoaw* ni djc~iaw gdwaw `~} ingnwd|maw* jaw nwx~hmdixnw t~n wn xmx~jdi ra| nwxd `ahdjmhdh wai `axmudhaw waja ra| nj dei ngai`mga } ia nj dgdhí`mga t~n hnlmn|d wmcimgd| jd xmx~jdgm÷i)

46 Nw `~} gaiagmha dhn`w nix|n jaw d|t~n jacaw } d|t~n÷jacdw nj ‚djt~mjn| hn |`dw‐* nwxn

djt~mjn| wn |ndjmzd ra| jmgnigmdhaw* jaw g~djnw

nwxäi gdrdgmxdhaw rd|d |`d| r|a}ngxaw } dwà

rahn| gaiwnc~m| rn|`mwa rd|d jd nong~gmi hn nvgdudgmainw d|t~najcmgdw* wmi t~n ingnwd|md `nixn hmgfa d|t~njaca a d|t~njacd rd|xmgmrn hn jdw nvgdudgmainw) 487

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)-

G~dh|a 4? Nc|nwdhaw } Xmx~jdhaw ni D|t~najacàd <22< <227 <22 <22 <22 <22 <226 Xaxdj

Nc|nwdhaw  7 7 <2 77 7=  <<5

Ldgfmjjn|nw < 2 < 7 <6 76 = <87

Jmgnigmdhaw 46 44 < 72 4< 4 <4 47>

G~dh|a
Xnwmw  4 4 7 >

Nvd`ni 72 44 4 46 3>

G~|wa     

G~dh|a 7? Jmgnigmdhaw <226-O~jma <22= <226 <22= Xaxdj

G~|wa 2 7 42> G~dh|a 8

G~dh|a >

488

Xnwmw 7 < >

Nvd`ni 46  46

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1

G~dh|a 5

G~dh|a 3

G~dh|a 6

G~dh|a =

48>

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)-

Ga`a wn r~nhn alwn|ud| jaw r|aljn `dw hnix|a hn jd d|t~najacd xmnini j~ cd| hnwhn nj `a`nixa `mw`a hn w~ ea| `dgmi) Jdw edjnigmdw ni nj hnwd||ajja } gaixnimha hn jaw g~|waw fd cnin|dha t~n ia wn g~nixn gai ~id ea|`dgmi mhind n miwxmx~gmaidjmzdhd ni jd ~imun|wmhdh ~imun|wmhdh** nwxn r|aljn`d w~`dha d jd mie|dnwx|~gx~|d } jaw r|aljn`dw nix|n hagnixnw gaih~gn d ~i e~x~|a ia `~} r|a`nxnha| rd|d jd d| t~najacd) Nwxd wmx~dgmi nw `~} wm`mjd| d jd t~n wn umun ni r|aumigmdw) NJ GD@RA JDLA\DJ

Ni nwxd rd|xn jd mhnd n|d r|nwnixd| hdxaw dgn|gd hn g`a wn |ndjmzdi jaw r|a}ngxaw d|t~najcmgaw* ni t~n ra|gnixdon wn hdi gdhd ~id hn jdw nwrngmgmhdhnw hn jaw

r|a}ngxaw* gai t~n hdxaw wn g~nixd ni jaw miea|`nw } jd nudj~dgmi hn jaw `mw`aw) Wmi n`ld|ca* hnlmha d r|aljn`dw } jm `mxdgmainw l~|ag|xmgdw4= jd xd|nd fd wmha `~} ga`rjmgdhd } ra| njja wn fdi jm`m xdha jaw gdwaw t~n iaw d}~hd|di d xnin| ~i rdia|d`d `w d`rjma; d`rjma ; d rnwd| hn njja* jaw t~n nvmwxni wai |nr|nwnixdxmuaw hnj rdia|d`d dgx~dj)

a|mcmidhd ra| mixn|íw gmnixàga; R|a}ng 

xaw hn Nudj~dgmi D|t~najcmgd* D|t~najcmgd* a|mcmid haw ra| jd dengxdgmi hn al|dw rÿljmgdw* r|mudhdw a gd~wdw idx~|djnw; } R|a}ngxaw hn N`n|cnigmd* a|mcmidhaw ra| dggmi id x~|dj a f~`did m`r|numwxd &\ncjd`nixa hn miunwxmcdgmainw D|t~najcmgdw <22-) Wmi n`ld|ca* d jd fa|d hn hmen|nigmd| a hn fdljd| hn jaw xmraw hn r|a}ngxa gajat~mdj `nixn* ja ga`ÿi nw |nen|m|wn d njjaw ga`a r|a}ngxaw?? hn nudj~dgmi* |nwgdxn &jaw jjd r|a}ngxaw `dhaw d|t~najacd hn gaix|dxa-* hn cnw xmi!gaiwn|udgmi } hn miunwxmcdgmi) Ni a|hni hn nong~gmi* jaw t~n `w wn hnwd||ajjdi wai jaw hn nudj~dgmi } |nwgdxn* j~nca jaw hn cnwxmi } ra| ÿjxm `a* jaw hn miunwxmcdgmi) Nwxa wn hnln  lwmgd`nixn d jd c|di gdixmhdh hn al|dw hn mie|dnwx|~gx~|d a hn miun|wmi rÿljmgd } r|mudhd* &rjdixdw `min|dw* gd||nxn|dw* cdwnah~gxaw* `min|ah~gxaw* ~|ldimzd gmainw r|mudhdw* nix|n ax|aw- t~n wn fdi mha mig|n`nixdiha ni nwxaw ÿjxm`aw dôaw) Wncÿi wnôdjd Djnodih|d Emc~n|ad* ni nj dôa <22 nj MIG fd dr|aldha = r|a}ng xaw hn miunwxmcdgmi d|t~najcmgd } 46 r|a}ngxaw hn nudj~dgmi } |nwgdxn* ja t~n |nr|nwnixd nj 5>. hnj xaxdj hn r|a}ngxaw

&Emc~n|ad <22? <4-) Wncÿi nj |ncjd`nixa hn Miunwxmcdgmainw D|t~najcmgdw hnj Rn|ÿ* xaha x|dldoa gai |nwxaw d|t~najcmgaw nw hnia`midha ‚R|a}ngxa hn Miunwxmcdgmi D|t~najcm gd‐ } nvmwxni x|nw `ahdjmhdhnw; jd Miunwxm cdgmi D|t~najcmgd r|armd`nixn hmgfd* 4= Wn mixnixa dggnhn| d jaw miea|`nw hn gd`ra r|nwnixdhaw dj MIG* xdixa hn r|a}ngxaw hn Mi unwxmcdgmi* Nudj~dgmi } \nwgdxn* wmi n`ld|ca rd|d dggnhn| d njjaw wn xmnin t~n r|nwnixd| ~id wajmgmx~h wnôdjdiha jd |nwaj~gmi gai jd t~n e~n dr|aldha gdhd r|a}ngxa* dw ga`a jaw alonxmuaw hn ra| t~n wn wajmgmxd nj miea|`n) Jd g~nwxmi nw ga`rjmgdhd }d t~n ia nvmwxn ~i j~cd| ni haihn  l~wgd| nj iÿ`n|a hn jdw |nwaj~gmainw) 485

Nwxaw r|a}ngxaw |nwraihni d alonxm uaw ia ingnwd|md`nixn dgdhí`mgaw* wmia `w lmni d mixn|nwnw m ixn|nwnw ngai`mgaw hn t~mn inw gaix|dxdi) Dj `mw`a xmn`ra* nwxn xmra hn r|a}ngxaw wai jaw t~n `w wn cnin|di ni nj rdàw } wmcimgdi ~i c|di mic|nwa

rd|d jaw d|t~njacaw d|t~njacdw) Nwxd wmx~dgmi ia xnih|d ra| t~n wn| migai `niw~|dljn gai nj x|dldoa d|t~najcmga* wmi n`ld|ca* nw `~} gaiagmha t~n nwxn xmra hn r|a}ngxaw fdi cnin|dha g|xmgdw nix|n `~gfaw r|aenwmaidjnw ra| edjxd| nw xaw d jd íxmgd hn jd miunwxmcdgmi) Nwxn xmra hn r|a}ngxaw* ra| ja cnin|dj* wn jm`mxdi d |ndjmzd| x|dldoaw hn gd`ra* `~} |d|dw un

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1 gnw nj gaix|dxdixn hnwxmid idigmd`mnixa

rd|d ~id miunwxmcdgmi rawxn|ma|) Rd|d njjaw nj x|dldoa d|t~najcmga nw ~i |nt~m wmxa `w t~n xmnini t~n w~lwdid| rd|d rahn| |ndjmzd| w~w rjdinw hn miun|wmi) Nwxd wmx~dgmi fd gd~wdha t~n wn nwxí dg~`~jdiha c|di gdixmhdh hn `dxn|mdj d|t~najcmga ni nj MIG } jaw `~wnaw* ja t~n nwx gd~wdiha t~n w~ x|dldoa wn xa|in miwawxnimljn dj ia gaixd| gai jaw |ng~|waw w~gmnixnw rd|d |ndjmzd| nwxd xd|nd)

Wm wn gaiwmhn|d t~n nj dggnwa d nwxaw `dxn|mdjnw iaw d}~hd|d d jd miunwxmcdgmi } r|ah~ggmi dgdhí`mgd* nwxd wmx~dgmi wn |d jjnudhn|d } fdwxd rjd~wmljn; wmi n`ld| ca* nj dggnwa d nwxaw wn un nixa|rngmhd ra| x|`mxnw l~|ag|xmgaw a d t~n wm`rjn`nixn nwxaw `dxn|mdjnw ‚ia wn nig~nix|di‐* nwxd wmx~dgmi `~gfdw ungnw wn dc|dud* hnlmha d t~n nwxaw miea|`nw wai `~} nwg~nxaw gai ~i |ncmwx|a midhng~dha } jm`mxdha) Dhn`w* wm wn gaiwmhn|d jd ea|`d hn x|d  ldoa t~n `~gfaw hn nwxaw r|a}ngxaw |nd jmzdi* nwxd|d`aw e|nixn d ~i rdia|d`d xaxdj`nixn hnwdwx|awa hn jd d|t~najacd) Nwxa rah|d gaiwmhn|d|wn ga`a ~i o~mgma hn udja| dr|ma|wxmga* rn|a ni d|t~najacd `~gfaw hn jaw miea|`nw t~n wn nig~nix|di ni jaw d|gfmuaw hnj MIG } t~n wn fdi ra hmha |numwd| gd|ngni hnj `im`a |ncmwx|a ingnwd|ma<2 * nwxa wn ga`rjmgd gai nj |ngnja gdwm nien|`mza hn g`a wn dj`dgnidi jaw miea|`nw hn gd`ra) D jd fa|d hn nengx~d| nwxn xmra hn r|a}ngxaw* jdw nudj~dgmainw } jaw |nwgdxnw* nwxaw xmnini ~id wn|mn hn gaihmgmaidixnw rd|d w~ nong~gmi } ra| gaiwng~nigmd ni <2 Nw `~} gaiagmha }d nix|n `~gfaw d| d| t~njacaw } wal|n xaha nix|n jaw nwx~hmdixnw* d `aha hn l|a`d* jd nvmwxnigmd hn ~i c|~ra hn d|t~njacaw t~n x|dldo ni ~i r|a}ngxa hn nud j~dgmi } |nwgdxn d|t~najcmga gaiagmhaw ga`a jaw ‚Rm` Rd` R~`‐* nwxa ra|t~n ‚dgdldldi‐ ni ~i ¤Rm`$ ¤Rd`$ ¤R~`$ gai nj x|dldoa)

w~w |nw~jxdhaw) Nwxa r~nhn wn| |dwx|ndha } alwn|udha ni jdw `nxahajacdw drjmgd hdw ni nwxaw r|a}ngxaw } ni jdw gaigj~ wmainw t~n r|nwnixdi* ni haihn `~gfdw ungnw nwxi r|nwnixnw jaw mixn|nwnw t~n nwgaihni) Rd|d |nwdjxd| nwxd wmx~dgmi ua} d gmxd| nj x|dldoa hn Gnwd| Dwx~f~d`i &ni nwxn uaj~`ni- wal|n nj gdwa hn `min|d @dodz ni jd wmn||d hn Rm~|d) Ga`a wdln`aw rd|d jd miwxdjdgmi hn ~id `mid } rd|d g~djt~mn| al|d hn mie|dnwx|~gx~|d ni xn||mxa|ma rn|~dia nw ingnwd|ma t~n nwxn xnicd r|m`n|a ~id gaignwmi } j~nca ~i rn|`mwa hn nvrjaxd gmi* nwxn rn|`mwa wn gaiwmc~n `nhmdixn jd dr|aldgmi hn ~i Nwx~hma hn M`rdgxa D`lmnixdj &N)M)D)- ra| nj @mimwxn|ma hn Nin|cd } @midw) Wncÿi ja |ncjd`nixd jd jncmwjdgmi nvmwxnixn ni nj Rn|ÿ* nj nwx~ hma hn m`rdgxa d`lmnixdj &N)M)D)- migj~}n g~dx|a dwrngxaw? ewmga* lmajcmga* wagmdj } g~jx~|dj* nj ÿjxm`a dwrngxa xmnin t~n un| gai jd r|axnggmi hn jaw |ng~|waw fmwx |mgaw d|t~najcmgaw* d|t~najcmgaw* fn df df t~n idgn jd c~|d hnj Gn|xmgdha hn Minvmwxnigmd hn

Wmxmaw D|t~najcmgaw &G)M)\)D)-* nj g~dj rn|`mxn d|`d| t~n ia nvmwxni |nwxaw

d|t~najcmgaw ni ~i |nd hnxn|`midhd) Rd|d alxnin| ~i G)M)\)D) r|numd`nixn wn hnln |ndjmzd| ~i r|a}ngxa hn Nudj~dgmi D|t~najcmgd* nj g~dj alumd`nixn hnln wn| |ndjmzdha ra| ~i d|t~njaca) R~nw lmni* rd|d g~`rjm| gai jaw |nt~m wmxaw jncmwjdxmuaw } rahn| alxnin| nj rn|`m wa hn nvrjaxdgmi `min|d* @min|d @dodz nigd|c d \accn| \duminw ~i r|a}ngxa hn nudj~dgmi d|t~najcmgd* nj g~dj r|ah~oa ~i miea|`n) Nwxn miea|`n* o~ixa d ax|aw* fd wmha nudj~dha } gaix|dwxdha gai hdxaw  lmljmac|ägaw } hn gd`ra ra| G) Dwx~f~d `i) Íj hni~igmd gmn|xdw m||nc~jd|mhdhnw ni nwxaw miea|`nw } wnôdjd t~n nj r|aljn`d |dhmgd ni jd r|nwnigmd a ia hn jaw wmxmaw d| t~najcmgaw } hn jaw rjdinw hn `mxmcdgmi 483

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)-

t~n nvmwxni hnix|a hnj r|a}ngxa hn miwxdjd gmi `min|d) Ra| non`rja iaw hmgn? ‚Nj rdx|m`aima d|t~naj÷cmga nvmwxnixn ni jd zaid hn jdw gaignwmainw `min|dw hnj  r|a}ngxa \àa Ljdiga hnlm÷ wn| hnxdjjdhd `nixn |ncmwx|dha } didjmzdha* wmi n`ld|  ca gaiwmhn|d`aw t~n ia fd wmha dwà } t~n jd r|nwnigmd r|nfmwräimgd ni hmgfd zaid fd wmha `mim`mzdhd } fdwxd gaiwmhn|dhd d~wnixn* xdj ga`a wn rjdixnd ni nj miea|`n mi ea|`n Emidj hnj \ngaiagm`mnixa D|t~naj÷cmga Wmi Nvgdudgmainw ni nj ä|nd hnj R|a}ngxa \àa Ljdiga &@min|d @dodz nx dj) d j) <22>-* } ni nj \nra|xn Emidj rd|d ~id d`rjmdgm÷i hn jd Nudj~dgm÷i D`lmnixdj hnj R|awrng xa \àa Ljdiga &@min|d @dodz } Kimcfx Rmnwajh Gaiw~jxa|nw <225? 47* <<-* jaw t~n d w~ unz fdi wmha dw~`mhaw ga`a un |dgnw ni ~i |nra|xn ‚mihnrnihmnixn‐ njd la|dha |ngmnixn`nixn &Lnllmicxai nx dj) <223?4>-‐ &Dwx~f~d`i <22?-)

Dhn`w* wnôdjd gmn|xdw gaix|dhmg gaix|dhmg  gmainw ni nj `mw`a miea|`n hn @min|d @dodz<4 } hn`~nwx|d `nhmdixn hdxaw nx iafmwxa|mgaw } d|t~najcmgaw jd r|nwnigmd hn wmxmaw d|t~najcmgaw ni jd zaid hn gai gnwmi `min|d) Ax|a dwrngxa e~ihd`nixdj t~n wnôdjd Dwx~f~d`i* nw jd `nxahajacd hn x|dld  oa hnwd||ajjdha ra| nj r|a}ngxa* t~n ra h|d nvrjmgd| nj ra| t~í hn jd nwgdwnz hn wmxmaw d|t~najcmgaw; wncÿi Dwx~f~d`i nvmwxni haw r|aljn`dw; &4- nj |njdgmaidha

d jdw r|n`mwdw t~n a|mnixdi ja t~n wn nw rn|dld nigaix|d| h~|dixn jd nudj~dgmi d|t~najcmgd* jdw g~djnw cm|dldi ni xa|ia d jaw gaihmgmaidixnw `nhma d`lmnixdjnw rd|d hnwgd|xd| jd r|nwnigmd ~ d~wnigmd hn wmxmaw d|t~naj÷cmgaw; }* &<- wn |nn|n

dj `íxaha n`rjndha h~|dixn nj |ngaia gm`mnixa* nj g~dj gaiwmwxd ni ‚|ngaiagm `mnixa `nhmdixn alwn|udgm÷i hm|ngxd wmc~mni ha jdw x|agfdw nvmwxnixnw‥ alwn|udgm÷i hn jaw ga|xnw |ndjmzdhaw‥nix|numwxdw gai `mn`l|aw hn jdw raljdgmainw‥‐ &@min|d @dodz nx dj) <22?-) Nwxa iaw rn|`mxn alwn|ud| ga`a hnw hn jd gaignrgmi r|armd hnj x|dldoa } w~ `nxahajacd* nj |ncmwx|a hn jaw wmxmaw nw jm `mxdha) Nwxa ia |nwraihn d edjnigmdw hnj miunwxmcdha|* t~mni g~nixd gai lmljmac|d eàd w~gmnixn ga`a rd|d wdln| t~n jaw dw rngxaw d`lmnixdjnw ia wai gaihmgmaidixnw dlwaj~xaw rd|d jd r|nwnigmd a d~wnigmd hn |nwxaw `dxn|mdjnw } t~n ~id alwn|udgmi a x|dldoa hn gd`ra ia hnln jm`mxd|wn d jaw gd`miaw } x|agfdw }d gaiagmhdw* r~nwxa t~n gdln jd rawmlmjmhdh hn t~n nvmwxdi wmxmaw g~lmn|xaw ra| jd uncnxdgmi) Rawmljn Rawmljn `nixn nj x|dldoa |nwraihn d mixn|nwnw t~n xmnini t~n un| gai jd dr|aldgmi ni nj `w ga|xa rjdza hnj N)M)D) hnj @min|d @dodz) Ia iaw nvxnihn|n`aw `w }d t~n ja wnôdjdha nw `~} gaigj~}nixn rd|d jaw inw dgä gmxdhaw* rd|d `d}a| hnxdjjn wn

r~nhn |numwd| nj xnvxa ga`rjnxa ni nwxn `mw`a uaj~`ni)

Ra| ax|a jdha* ~ia hn jaw i~nuaw nw <4 Ni jaw dinvaw hnj Miea|`n Emidj hn jd nud j~dgmi d|t~najcmgd d~wrmgmdhd ra| @min|d rdgmaw ni haihn `~gfaw ouninw } ia xdi @dodz } hm|mcmhd hm|mcmhd ra| \acn| \duminw wn `ni   ouninw d|t~njacaw } d|t~njacdw fdi gmaid jd nvmwxnigmd hn haw wmxmaw d|t~najcmgaw unimha d ag~rd| nw jd jjd`dhd ‚D|t~naja hnix|a hnj |nd hn gaignwmi hn jd @min|d @d càd hn Cnwxm÷i‐* fdgmniha hn njjd ~i i ni ni  odz* hnia`midhaw T~nl|dhd @dodz } T~nl|dhd Rd||d`dx* d~it~n hnix|a hnj c|~nwa hn hmgfa wm `mw`a* `~gfdw ungnw jm`mxdiha jd r|a miea|`n wn wnôdjd t~n ia nvmwxni wmxmaw d|t~na rmd miunwxmcdgmi n miwn|xdiha jaw wmxmaw jcmgaw) Wmi n`ld|ca* e~n|d hnj |nd hn x|dldoa d|t~najcmgaw ni ~id jcmgd ga`n|gmdj ni wn |ncmwx|d|ai dj|nhnha| hn 4 wmxmaw d|t~najcm haihn jd m`ra|xdigmd hn ~i wmxma nwx ni gaw) &Dwx~f~d`i <22?4<486

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1

e~igmi hn ja dx|dgxmua x~|wxmgd`nixn t~n r~nhn wn|) \numwn`aw nwxn dw~ixa) Jd d|t~najacd hn cnwxmi w~rain rain| ~i wmxma ni ‚udja|‐* ~i udja| `a inxd|ma* gai nj g~dj nj wmxma r~nhd wn| `dixnimha* |nwxd~|dha } gaiwn|udha; wmi n`ld|ca* wdln`aw t~n xaha wmxma d|t~na jcmga xmnin ~i udja| fmwx|mga } hn ~wa wagmdj migdjg~jdljn hn ra| wm) Jd d|t~najacd hn cnwxmi nwx a|mni xdhd d ~i alonxmua hn |ng|ndgmi* g~}d jcmgd nw fdgn| t~n ~i wmxma wdxmwedcd jaw aoaw hnj umwmxdixn* ni haihn jd nwrngxdg~ jd|mhdh wn u~njun ~id gaiwxdixn* dw jaw wmxmaw nwxi hnwxmidhaw d wdxmwedgn| jd jcm gd hnj alwn|udha|) Nwxa ud hn dg~n|ha dj gaixnvxa inajmln|dj ni nj t~n umum`aw* dw jaw wmxmaw d|t~najcmgaw wai udja|dhaw hn dg~n|ha d jd rawmlmjmhdh hn wn| unihmhaw ga`a `n|gdigd* } ga`a xahd `n|gdigd xmnin t~n wn| dx|dgxmud dj gaiw~`mha|* d nwxd wn jd ‚rain ni udja|‐) Hn nwxn `aha jaw wmxmaw rdwdi d wn| ~i lmni d alwn|ud| } wn| ga`n|gmdjmzdha* incihajaw ga`a alonxaw hn ga`~imgdgmi* ea|`dgmi } `nhma hn gaiagm`mnixa) Ja t~n umnin w~gnhmniha nw t~n jd nwrngxdg~jd|mhdh &ja `d|dumjjawa<<- a|hnid nj udja| hn jaw alonxaw* hnwhn `m rawmgmi } ga`a ja fdi wnôdjdha ax|aw miunwxmcdha|nw* nwxa nw ja t~n umnin w~gnhmniha ni jd Gawxd Ia|xn hnwhn fdgn `~gfaw dôaw* haihn jaw c|d hnw nixmn||aw hn rn|waidonw dxdumdhaw hn rd|den|idjmd a dggnwa|maw wdg|aw nw ja `w m`ra|xdixn) Nwxa fd gaijjnudha d ~id w~n|xn hn ga`rnxnigmd rd|d nigaix|d| dj i~nua wdgn|haxn a wdgn|haxmwd* nj i~nua wnôa|* jd r|m`n| caln|idixn* nxg)* rd|d dwà o~wxmgd| } d~xacnin|d|wn `äw |ng~| waw<7) Hn nwxn `aha wn fdi r|ma|mzdha << Jd njnggmi hn jdw  `d|dumjjdw hnj `~iha ia nw donid d nwxa) <7 Wn r~nhn wnôdjd| ra| non`rja ga`a diíg haxd ja wmc~mnixn* ni ~i |ngmnixn gajat~ma a|cd

miunwxmcdgmainw t~n xmnini t~n un| gai jd miunwxmcdgmainw mgaiac|ded |mx~dj* jaw nixmn||aw hn njmxn } jd d|t~mxngx~|d `ai~`nixdj* jaw g~djnw fdi cnin|dha `ahnjaw hn mixn|r|nxdgmi hn a|cdimzdgmi wagmdj } a|hnid`mnixa gn|`mga hnwhn ~id ldwn n`r|mgd `~} rd|gmdj) Nwxd lÿwt~nhd hn nwrngxdg~jd|mhdh fd gd~wdha hnw`nh|a ni dt~njjaw wmxmaw t~n ia wai ‚raxnigmdj`nixn nvrjaxdhaw‐ ga`a r|ah~gxaw x~|wxmgaw* wmi n`ld|ca* nvmwxni djxn|idxmudw mihnrnihmnixnw mihnrnihmni xnw } r|a }ngxaw t~n wmi xnin| `~gfa r|nw~r~nwxa cnin|di gaiwmwxnixnw miunwxmcdgmainw* ni nwxd `mw`d zaid hn jd gawxd) Ra| ÿjxm`a nwxi jdw miunwxmcdgmainw d|t~najcmgdw t~n wn hnwd||ajjdi ni nj rdw* t~n wai `~} ragdw ni ga`rd|dgmi d jaw r|a}ngxaw hn nudj~dgmi } |nwgdxn) Nwxa xmnin t~n un| gai t~n ia wmcimgdi

c|dihnw |íhmxaw ni xí|`miaw ngai`mgaw rd|d jaw d|t~njacaw) Jaw r|a}ngxaw hn miunwxmcdgmi wn hdi* ni w~ c|di `d}a|d* c|dgmdw dj mixn|íw } jdw cdidw t~n raini jaw miunwxmcdha|nw miunwxmcdha|nw rd|d l~wgd| l~wgd| e~nixnw hn idigmd`mnixa rd|xmg~jd|nw* wal|n xaha

ni nj gdwa hn jaw miunwxmcdha|nw rn|~diaw) Nw m`ra|xdixn diaxd| xd`lmíi t~n hnix|a hn jdw miunwxmcdgmainw t~n wn |ndjmzdi ni nj Rn|ÿ ~i c|di ra|gnixdon ga||nwraihn d r|a}ngxaw hn miunwxmcdgmi nvx|dion|aw* rd|d inw hnj <223 nj 2. hnj idigmd `mnixa r|aumnin hnj nvxn|ma| &Emc~n|ad <22? <4-) imzdha ra| nwx~hmdixnw hn jd ^imun|wmhdh En hn|mga Umjjd||ndj* nj d|t~njaca \nc~ja E|diga r|nwnixdld ga`a ja ‚~jxm`mxa‐* jd c|di iaunhdh hn jd d|t~najacd @agfn) Nj hnwg~l|m`mnixa hn ~id nixmn||a m`ra|xdixn ni F~dgd \dodhd } ax|aw nixmn||aw* xd`lmíi m`ra|xdixnw ni ax|aw wmxmaw } t~n jd wnôa|d hn Gda n`r|nihn|d ~id cm|d* g~dj d|xmwxd hn |agk* ra| xaha nj `~iha* wm|umniha ga`a n`ldodha|d hn ‚i~nwx|d g~jx~ |d‐) Dhn`w t~n nwrn|dld nigaix|d| dj |nwxa hn rn|waidonw hn jd nwgnid hnj wdg|mgma* ni nj wmxma

hn Gda Umnoa)

48=

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)-

JD R\AH^GGM×I D\T^NAJ×CMGD

^ia hn jaw `nhmaw rd|d `nhm| jd r|ah~g gmi d|t~najcmgd wai jdw r~ljmgdgmainw* nw ra| njja t~n* rd|d nudj~d| nwxn dwrngxa* fn gaiwmhn|dha |numwd| jd r~ljmgdgmi hn jdw |numwxdw `w gaiwxdixnw ni d|t~naja cd*   D|t~najacàd } Wagmnhdh * * Lajnxài hn D| t~najacàd hn jd Raixmgmd ^imun|wmhdh Gdx÷ jmgd hnj Rn|ÿ } L~jjnxmi hn j”Miwxmx~x E|diãdmw h”Nx~hnw Dihminw) Ni njjdw fn gaiwmhn|dha jd gdixmhdh hn d|xg~jaw nvgj~wmud`nix nvgj~wmud`nixnn hn d|t~najacd r|nwnixdhaw ra| d|t~njacaw rn|~diaw } dr|avm`dhd`nixn jd cnin |dgmi d jd t~n rn|xningni* nwxa ni |dzi hn alwn|ud| g~dixaw hn nwxaw d|xg~jaw wai njdla|dhaw ra| d|t~njacaw jmgnigmdhaw a nc|nwdhaw ni jaw ÿjxm`aw 4 dôaw)

`~} hmen|nixn* hmen|nixn* jd rd|mhdh nix|n d`law nw nt~mxdxmud &G~dh|a 6-* ni xaxdj hnwhn 4== fdwxd <226 wn fdi r~ljmgdha  d| xàg~jaw hn d|t~najacàd* hn njjaw nj 85). wai hn d|t~n÷jacaw rn|~diaw* nj >)4. hn nvx|dion|aw } nj 46)5. hn rn|~diaw!

nvx|dion|aw &G~dh|a -) Jd cnin|dgmi hn jaw d|t~njacaw rn|~diaw t~n r~ljmgdi xd`lmíi nw `d}a|mxd|md`nixn fdwxd nj 4==>* ag~rdiha nj =2)=. hnj xaxdj)

Wm w~`d`aw xahaw jaw d|xg~jaw r~ljm gdhaw ni jdw x|nw |numwxdw gmxdhdw* alwn|ud `aw t~n jd `d}a| gdixmhdh hn nwxaw wai r~ljmgdhaw ra| d|t~njacaw nvx|dion|aw &G~dh|a =- } t~n gdwm jd xaxdjmhdh hn jaw d|t~njacaw rn|~diaw rn|xningni d cnin |dgmainw hn c|dh~dhaw fdgn gdwm 4 dôaw)

Ni nj gdwa hn jd \numwxd D|t~najacàd } Ja t~n wnôdjdi nwxaw hdxaw nw t~n* wm Wagmnhdh un`aw t~n jd `d}a|d hn d|xg~   lmni drd|nixn`nixn wn fdi mig|n`nixd jaw r~ljmgdhaw dôa ra| dôa nw r|nwnixdhd ha jaw x|dldoaw hn gd`ra wal|n xaha ra| ra| d|t~njacaw rn|~diaw &un| G~dh|a jaw x|dldoaw hn d|t~najacd hn gaix|dxa* 8-; hnwhn 4==6 fdwxd nj <225* nj 3)4. hn ia wn fd mig|n`nixdha jd r|ah~ggmi ni d|xg~jaw nw hn d|t~njacaw rn|~diaw* nj r~ljmgdgmainw* } ia wn iaxd ~i gd`lma cn 43)4. ra| nvx|dion|aw } nj =)6 . ra| rn|~d in|dgmaidj t~n hnln|àd wmcimgd| jd c|di iaw!nvx|dion|aw &G~dh|a -) Ra| ax|a jdha gdixmhdh hn xmx~jdhaw |ngmnixn`nixn) Wm nj ra|gnixdon hn d|t~njacaw c|dh~dhaw   lmni nwxd gdixmhdh wn fd mig|n`nixdha ni jaw ÿjxm`aw 4 dôaw t~n fdi r~ljmgdha ni nwxaw ÿjxm`aw  dôaw* nw |nr|nwnixdxmua nw `~} ragd* waja djgdizd nj 3.* `mnix|dw nj fngfa hn t~n t~mninw r~ljmt~ni wndi t~n nj |nwxa wai d|t~njacaw c|dh~dhaw a d|t~njacaw |njdxmud`nixn ‚umnoaw‐ } jaw jmgnigmdhaw fdwxd 4== &G~dh|a -) ragaw d|t~njacaw ouninw awgmjdi nix|n Ra| ax|a jdha* ni nj gdwa hnj Lajnxài hn jaw 2 dôaw) Nwrn|d`aw t~n nwxd wmx~dgmi  D|t~najacàd R^GR * jd rawmgmi r|nraihn gd`lmn ni ~i e~x~|a) |dixn ni jd r~ljmgdgmi hn jaw d|xg~jaw nw ag~rdhd ra| d|t~njacaw nvx|dion|aw* d D @AHA HN GAIGJ^WM×I nvgnrgmi hn 4==6 &G~dh|a -* Dw* hnwhn 4==3 fdwxd nj <225 nj <>). hn d|xàg~jaw D ja jd|ca hnj xnvxa fn r|nxnihmha ~lmgd| ga||nwraihn d d~xa|nw rn|~diaw* nj 5>)4. jaw r|aljn`dw t~n gaiwmhn|a xmnini jdw d nvx|dion|aw } nj =)5. d rn|~diaw!nvx|di gmnigmdw } r~ix~dj`nixn jd d|t~najacd*  on|aw &G~dh|a - } ni nwxn gdwa* xahaw jaw r|aljn`dw t~n |nwraihni d edgxa|nw mi d|t~njacaw rn|xningni d cnin|dgmainw xn|iaw } nvxn|iaw d jd `mw`d gmnigmd } nj c|dh~dhdw fdwxd 4==) gaixnvxa ni nj t~n umum`aw) Ra| ÿjxm`a* ni nj gdwa hnj Lajnxài hnj Ja m`ra|xdixn* ga`a fn unimha waw MEND  * jd gdixmhdh hn d|t~njacaw rn xnimniha* nw |ngaiagn| |ngaiagn| } dw~`m| jd nvmw |~diaw } nvx|dion|aw t~n r~ljmgdi ia nw xnigmd hn nwxaw r|aljn`dw* waja dw wn ra 4>2

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1

h| umwj~`l|d| gd`miaw rd|d w~ waj~gmi) Hnln`aw wn| gaiwgmnixnw t~n ja t~n fdgn `aw nw ~i x|dldoa gmnixàga* nj g~dj hnln

rawmlmjmxd| gd`lmaw ni jdw gaix|dhmggmainw wagmdjnw } dgdld| gai nj hnwrjdzd`mnixa t~n fn`aw w~e|mha } rn|`mxmha) ^i gd`m ia rd|d numxd| nwxn hnwrjdzd`mnixa hn jd wagmnhdh xmnin t~n un| gai nixnihn| t~n wa`aw rd|xn hn jd umhd wagmdj } t~n gai xd`aw gai fn||d`mnixdw rd|d rahn| hmw g~xm| `~gfdw un|hdhnw agmdjnw* `~gfdw ungnw gai wmciaw a `äwgd|dw gmnixàgdw)

Ni nj gdwa rd|xmg~jd| hn jd d|t~najacd nwxa nw `~} gjd|a* jnoaw hn l~wgd| ~i dudi gn hn a|hni gmnixàga* ja t~n wn fd unimha

xmnin jd mign|xmh~`l|n hn ga`a wn hnwd ||ajjd| nj g~|wa) Nwxn g~|wa hnln|d wn| ~i rmjd|* ra| ja `niaw* t~n dwnc~|n ~id r|nrd|dgmi xígimgd* wmi n`ld|ca* nwxa ia w~gnhn dw) Ra| ax|a jdha* r|a}ngxaw hn nudj~d nudj~d  gmi } |nwgdxn* t~n nw haihn xn|`midi gdwm xahaw jaw i~nuaw ouninw d|t~njacaw* ia xmnini ~i alonxmua hn miunwxmcdgmi im jdw cdidw hn rawmlmjmxd| ~ia ni nj e~x~|a* ra| njjaw a ra| ax|a miunwxmcdha|) miunwxmcdha |) Fn`aw umwxa ga`a ~ia hn nwxaw r|a}ngxaw ia |nwrnxd jaw `im`aw rd|`nx|aw `nxahajcmgaw rd|d nj hnwn`rnôa hn ~id miunwxmcdgmi d|t~najcmgd)

fdgmniha nwxaw ÿjxm`aw dôaw nw w~`m|jd d ~i a|hni r|dc`xmga gaiwng~nixn gai jdw rajxmgdw ngai`mgdw* g~}dw gaiwng~nigmdw wai jd edjxd hn r|ah~ggmi dgdhí`mgd* nj

Jd ea|`d hn rahn| hd| waj~gmi d nwxd wmx~dgmi nw gaiwmhn|d| t~n ni d|t~naja cd x|dldod`aw gai alonxaw* nwxaw wai jaw

hngdm`mnixa hn jdw gdjmhdhnw gmnixàgdw

nj gaiagm`mnixa wal|n nj rdwdha* ra| ja xdixa w~ |ncmwx|a hnln wn| nvfd~wxmua ni jd `nhmhd t~n nwxn ud rawmlmjmxd| nj gaia gm`mnixa hn jdw wagmnhdhnw t~n jdw r|a h~on|ai) Nj fngfa hn jd nvmwxnigmd hn r|a }ngxaw hn nudj~dgmi } |nwgdxn ia imncd nwxd wmx~dgmi) G|na t~n haw `nhmaw rd|d t~n jd wmx~dgmi dgx~dj wn |n`nhmn wai? 4t~n jdw ia|`dxmudw ni |njdgmi d jaw miea| `nw hnlni wn| `w |cmhdw } `niaw l~ |ag|xmgdw; jd nwxdihd|mzdgmi nwxdihd|mzdgmi hn hn |ncmwx|a `im`a rd|d r|a}ngxaw hn nudj~dgmi } |nwgdxn nw ~i rawmljn gd`mia rd|d njja } <- t~n nwxaw miea|`nw wndi |ndj`nixn rÿ  ljmgaw } t~n hnwhn nj hd wmc~mnixn hn w~ dr|aldgmi r~nhdi wn| nudj~dhaw ra| jaw

} íxmgdw* jd hnwx|~ggmi hnj rdx|m`aima* ja t~n iaw fd jjnudha d wn| gdwm ~id wa`   l|d* jd g~dj w~rn|d`aw wm nigaix|d`aw djca ‚nwrngxdg~jd|‐) D imunj wagmdj* i~nw x|a t~nfdgn| xmnin ga`a gaiwng~nigmd jd gajdla|dgmi &jídwn? ga`rjmgmhdh- gai jdw hnwmc~djhdhnw } nvrjaxdgmainw wagmdjnw* nj dudign ni jd hnwx|~ggmi } gaixd`midgmi d`lmnixdj* nxg) Ja dixn|ma| `n jjnud d r|n c~ixd| ±Hihn nwxd nj ‚laa`‐ r|aenwmaidj t~n wn r|a`agmaia ni nj gajat~ma a|cdim zdha ra| nj `~wna hn D|t~najacd } Di x|arajacd hn jd ^I@W@1 Jd wmx~dgmi hn jd d|t~najacd* dj gaix|d|m hn ja t~n `d imenwx ni dt~njjd ara|x~imhdh* dx|dumnwd ra| wnihaw r|aljn`dw t~n umnini `d| gdiha nj e~x~|a hn i~nwx|a t~nfdgn| r|a enwmaidj } jaw `dw m`ra|xdixn* m`rdgxdiha i~nwx|a alonxa hn nwx~hma* jd wagmnhdh) Fn`aw wnôdjdha t~n* hnwhn jd ea| `dgmi hn d|t~njacaw ni jd ^I@W@* jdw edjnigmdw wai `w t~n numhnixnw* jaw g~|waw* wal|n xaha hn `íxahaw* wn hnwd ||ajjdi ga`rjnxd`nixn wmi ~i ga`r|a `mwa miwxmx~gmaidjmzdha; dôa x|dw dôa wn

t~n rawmlmjmxdi jd miunwxmcdgm÷i gmnixàgd*

`mw`aw gmnixàgaw* t~mninw ingnwmxdi hn

nwxaw hag~`nixaw rd|d w~w miunwxmcdgma

inw) Gai nwxa* jaw t~n |ndjmzdi } idigmdi

jaw r|a}ngxaw rniwd|i haw ungnw dixnw hn ga`nxn| edjxdw ni jaw `mw`aw r~nwxa t~n wn|i nvr~nwxaw d nudj~dgmi rÿljmgd)

Ni nj gd`ra hn jd r|ah~ggmi jdla |dj* ia wn iaxd nj gd`lma cnin|dgmaidj t~n hnln|àd wmcimgd| jd c|di gdixmhdh hn

i~nuaw jmgnigmdhaw ni d|t~najacd* wal|n

4>4

\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)-

xaha* ra| rd|xn hn jd ^I@W@ t~n ni jaw G|na t~n nj hnwdrd|ngn| jd imnljd hn ÿjxm`aw  dôaw fd `~jxmrjmgdha w~ aen|xd i~nwx|aw aoaw } ahaw nw ~id xd|nd rawmljn hn jmgnigmdhaw* jjncdiha d gdwm 722 ni  } gaiwng~nixn`nixn ingnd|d wm nw t~n hn dôaw) Nwxa rdwd ra| rjdixnd|iaw d t~n dw un|hdh r|nxnihn`aw x|diwgnihn| x|diwgnihn| ni jd wa rm|d jd ~imun|wmhdh* d t~n dwrm|d`aw jaw gmnhdh } ni jd umhd) Nj e~x~|a t~n xnin`aw d|t~njacaw } d|t~njacdw) Jdw ea|`dw fa} wn iaw r|nwnixd drd|nixn`nixn `~} hn xmx~jdgmi hnlni wn| dga`rdôdhdw ra| ga`rjmgdha } awg~|a* wmi n`ld|ca* ga`a r|ac|d`dw } rajxmgdw t~n mignixmuni jd xahaw* nwxn e~x~|a nw waja ~id rawmlmjmhdh* miunwxmcdgmi* ra| non`rja ni jdw gjdwnw ja |ndj nw ja t~n fdgn`aw dfa|d* hn njja hn } gai lngdw mixnc|djnw hn miunwxmcdgmi* rnihn i~nwx|a e~x~|a* nj hnunjd| jaw r|a rd|d t~n jjncdha nj `a`nixa* nj fdgn|  ljn`dw dgx~djnw nw nj mimgma hn nwxd xd|nd) ~id xnwmw wnd mc~dj`nixn dx|dgxmud t~n jdw Emidj`nixn* gaiwmhn|a t~n hnln`aw ax|dw argmainw hn xmx~jdgmi) numxd| r|nxnihn| djgdizd| ~id d|t~naja Fn hn`awx|dha t~n jd c|di gdixmhdh cd l~nid a `djd* g|na t~n ja `w m` hn d|t~njacaw xmx~jdhaw } jd c|di gdixm ra|xdixn nw djgdizd| ~id d|t~najacd hdh hn x|dldoaw hn gd`ra ia wmcimgdi ~i fainwxd* waja dw rah|n`aw w~rn|d| nwxd hnwd||ajja ni jd d|t~najacd im ~i dra|xn d gnc~n|d t~n iaw umnin niuajumniha fdgn jd gmnigmd wagmdj } `~gfa `niaw ~i ‚ laa`‐ `~gfa xmn`ra } ja wnc~m| fdgmniha wmia r|aenwmaidj) Jdw r~ljmgdgmainw wmc~ni wmni j~gfd`aw e|aixdj`nixn gaix|d njjd) ha ni w~ `d}a|d hn miunwxmcdha|nw nvx|di  on|aw } jaw rn|~diaw t~n r~ljmgdi wai jaw DC\DHNGM@MNIXAW `mw`aw hn fdgn dôaw* nj ra|gnixdon hn d| t~njacaw t~n r~ljmgdi* xmx~jdhaw ni nwxaw T~mwmn|d dc|dhngn| ni r|m`n| j~cd| d `mw ÿjxm`aw 4 dôaw* nw gdwm i~jd) rdh|nw* t~n d~it~n dÿi ia ga`r|nihni Ra| ÿjxm`a* g|na t~n incd| xahaw jaw t~n nw ja t~n fdca* `n djmnixdi } dra}di r|aljn`dw wnôdjdhaw nw ~id x|dld t~n ia ni xaha* d ungnw d gawxd hn njjaw `mw`aw* d iaw rn|`mxn g|ngn| ga`a gmnixàgaw wagmd `mw fn|`diaw ra| ga`rd|xm| jd umhd gai jnw) Rmniwa t~n ~id ea|`d hn rahn| wdj `mca) D Dih|nd Xa||nw ra| d}~hd|`n } xd| nj r|aljn`d hn i~nwx|d r|nwnigmd ni jd `axmud|`n rd|d jd |ndjmzdgmi hn nwxn x|d wagmnhdh xmnin t~n un| gai jd mixnc|dgmi   ldoa* D D~c~wxa Ldzi* ra| r|nwmaid|`n ga`a ga`~imhdh a gajngxmua gmnixàga* rd|d t~n xn|`min nj xnvxa* ra| d}~hd|`n ia ingnwd|md`nixn l~|ag|xmga* wmia t~n ni jd ga||nggmi } ra| ga`rd|xm| alonxmuaw nvmwxd ~id |njdgmi ni haihn jdw hmwg~wma ni nwxa t~n nw jd d|t~najacd) D Fni|} inw dgdhí`mgdw w~rn|ni d jdw |njdgmainw Xdixdjni ra| fdgn|`n un| `~gfdw hn `mw hn rahn| rajxmga } dh`mimwx|dxmua) G|na w~lonxmumhdhnw* ra| ga`rd|xm| w~w xnvxaw t~n hnln`aw ea|xdjngn| i~nwx|dw dgdhn } w~w mhndw) D xahaw jaw r|aenwa|nw t~n `mdw ni gdhd ~ia hn i~nwx|aw `lmxaw* fdi ga`rd|xmha gaiagm`mnixaw ni gjdwnw gai jd mixnigmi hn gaiea|`d| ~id e~n|zd e~n|zd } `~} nwrngmdj`nixn dj r|aenwa| \dednj rajxmgd* wmi t~n ingnwd|md`nixn wnd`aw UncdGnixnia ra| w~ hmwrawmgmi wmn`r|n rajxmgaw &ni nj wnixmha njngxa|dj hnj xí| d d}~hd|iaw hnix|a } e~n|d hn jdw d~jdw* dj `mia- dw rah|n`aw xnin| rnwa rajxmga r|aenwa| Gnwd| Dwx~f~d`i ra| r|nwnixd| ni jdw hngmwmainw rajxmgdw t~n xa`d nj dt~njjd rainigmd ni Gdwaid } ra| l|mihd| nwxdha* t~mni iaw umnin |nwx|ncdiha fdgn `n j~nca nj `di~wg|mxa hn jd `mw`d) Dj `~gfa xmn`ra i~nwx|d minvmwxnigmd) r|a}ngxa RMDG } RDIG nwrngmdj`nixn d 4><

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1

@d|ma Dhuig~jd) Dj nt~mra hn gd`ra hnj r|a}ngxa Gdxdjmid F~digd ra| ga`rd|xm| gai`mca ‚miagnigmdw‐ } ‚un|hdhn ‚un|hdhnw‐* w‐* nwrn gmdj`nixn d N|mgk @dkn|d ra| rn|`mxm|`n ‚un|‐ jaw r|aljn`dw hnwhn `w gn|gd } ra| wn| l~ni d`mca gdwm wmi gaiagn|`n) D @njmwwd Xa||nw ra| edgmjmxd| `~gfdw hn jdw gaihmgmainw `dxn|mdjnw &xnvx~djnw- rd|d nj x|dldoa) D Njmzdlnxf G|~zdha } @mgfmnj _ncd||d ra| jdw hmwg~wmainw ni gjdwnw t~n i~x|mn|ai nj xnvxa) D Dih|íw } @mjd ra| rn|`mxm|`n nix|d| d w~ gdwd } rahn| xn| `mid| nj xnvxa) D xahaw njjaw c|dgmdw ra| &hn-`awx|d|`n t~n jd wajmhd|mhdh dÿi r~nhn wn| ~id wdxmwedggmi ra| w `mw`d) Hnla dgaxd| t~n xahaw jaw ga`nixd|maw* d|`dgmainw ~ a`mwmainw wai |nwraiwdlm jmhdh nixn|d`nixn `dw) LMLJMAC\DEÀD

DC^M\\N@A\DJNW* @di~nj <22 Jd D|t~najacàd Wagmdj ni nj Rn|ÿ ) Ld| Mixn|idgmaidj Wn|mnw) DWX^F^D@äI* Gnwd| @w) <22 ‚Rdx|m`aima D|t~najcm ga } Gaignwmainw @min|dw ni jd zaid hnj R|a}ngxa \a Ljdiga &Rm~|d* Rn|ÿ-‐) <226 ‚Gd`miaw* Gnix|aw } @midw Migd) Nj gdwa hnj R|a}ngxa \a Ljdiga* Rm~|d‐) Rainigmd r|n wnixdhd ni nj @~wna hn D| t~najacd } Dix|arajacd hn ^I@W@) Jm`d*  hn `d}a) LD_äI* D~c~wxa; CAI_DJNW* Djnv; G\^_DHA* Njmzdlnxf; _NCD\\D* @mgfmnj <226 ‚Wn`did hn D|t~najac D|t~najacdd <22? D|t~najacd rd|d nj Hnwd||a jja) R|ar~nwxdw* Rn|wrngxmudw } Gaigj~wmainw‐) W~rd}* \numwxd hn D|t~najacàd* Dix|arajacàd n Fmwxa|md) Dôa =* I¿ )

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‚Gaimgxaw wagmdjnw ni nj Rn|ÿ*

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\numwxd hn Miunwxmcdgmainw hnj Gnix|a hn Nwx~hmdixnw hn D|t~najacàd &G)N)D\)-

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fa})wfx`j) EMC^N\AD* Djnodih|d <223

‚\nnvmainw wal|n nj rdia|d

4==<

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‚Jd d|t~najac d|t~najacdd W~hd`n|mgdi W~hd`n|mgdid? d? x|nw hígdhdw‐) R|nfmwxa|md W~h d`n|mgdid* I~nudw Rn|wrngxmudw) @nccn|w* L) Nhmxa|)   D|t~najacàd } Wagmnhdh) Jm`d? MNR; @~wna Idgmaidj hn D| t~najacd* Dix|arajacd Dix|arajacd n Fmw xa|md hnj Rn|ÿ; MIHND)

AEMGMID HN NWXDHàWXMGD N MIEA\ @äXMGD HN JD ^I@W@ Ga`rnihmaw) \numwdha ni)

`d dgx~dj hnj non|gmgma r|aenwma fxxr?!!sss)~i`w`)nh~)rn! idj hn jd D|t~najacd‐) Lajnxài acrj!nwxdhmwxmgd!r~ljmgdgmainw! nwrngmdj @~wna hn D|t~najacàd ga`rnihmaw)fx`j   } Dix|arajacàd hn jd ^I@W@) Dôa =* 46<) RAJMXMW* C~wxdua <22 ‚Nj rdmwdon xn|mga } nj hnwd CäIHD\D* @di~nj ||ajja `nxahajcmga hn jd d| 4=6< ‚Jd umnod i~nud d|t~najac d|t~najacd‐) d‐) t~najacd ni D`í|mgd Jdxmid‐) Ni? Xna|dw* @íxahaw } Xígim  D|t~najacàd W~|d`n|mgdid < &<-? gdw ni D|t~najacd) Miwxmx~xa 464) Rdid`n|mgdia hn Cnac|ded n Fmwxa|md) @ívmga) rr) =42) \N@]** @d|d \N@] @d| d <222 ‚Jd Dhargmi hn Rawmgmainw Xn|m <226 ‚Ragd rd|xmgm rd|xmgmrdgmi rdgmi } `~gfaw gdw ni Dix|arajacd } D|t~na gaimgxaw‐) Ni Rn|ÿ Fa}  * 47) jacd Jdxmiad`n|mgdid‐) Ra ‚Ra| dt~ ga`rdôn|aw) Dr|mw inigmd r|nwnixdhd ni nj ENJDD `a } inajmln|djmw`a‐) Nh~d|ha Nh~d|ha <222* |ndjmzdha ni jd Raixmgmd Xagfn &ga`rmj &ga`rmjdha|-) dha|-) HNWGA* ^imun|wmhdh Gdxjmgd hnj Rn|ÿ) Jm`d* rr) 64=6) \numwdha ni? Jm`dRn|ÿ fr?!!sss)hnwga)a|c)rn!rn|~ fa})wfx`j KJD\NI* Rnxn| <22 Idgm÷i } Wagmnhdh ni jd Fmwxa|md \ALJNW* \a`i hnj Rn|ÿ &Uaj) 4-) Jm`d? Jm `d? MNR) MNR) <227 ‚Nengxaw hn jd `min|d @ahn| @ahn| id ni x|nw |ncmainw hnj Rn|ÿ‐) J^JJ* Umgnixn \numwxd hn Dix|arajacàd  * g~d|xd 4=66 ‚Fdgmd ~id xna|d hn jd |nr|n íragd) Dôa M* I¿ 4) wnixdgmi ni d|t~najacd‐) \n umwxd hn Aggmhnixn * 64? <) WNCDIM* Hdimnj <22 Íxmgd } @a|dj) Rajàxmgd } <22 ‚D|t~najac D|t~najacdd rÿljmgd } w~ drjm &hm-wnixm`mnixa) \numwdha ni? gdgmi ni nj Rn|ÿ‐)  D|t~naw* fxxr?!!`d|vwmcjavvm)ljacwrax) \numwxd njngx|÷imgd hn d|t~najacàd ga`! R^GR) Uaj) 4* I¿4) \numwdha ni? fxxr?!!`mjnxa)r~gr)nh~)rn!d| J^@L\N\DW** J~mw C~mjjn|`a J^@L\N\DW 4= ‚Jd d|t~najacd ga`a Gmnigmd knaw!!m`dcnw!hag~`nixaw!d|xm Wagmdj‐) Fmwxd| * Jm`d) g~jaw!4d|xhw)rhe 4>8

 Djnv Caizdjnw Rdixd ! D|t~najacàd fa}) ±Rd|d t~í1 ±d gawxd hn t~í1

WFDH]* \~xf 4==6

<226

‚Djc~idw |nnvm |nnvmainw ainw hn jd D|

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fr?!!sss)jmik}a~|rmgw)

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UN\CD\D* Djln|xa <22 ‚Nj Calmn|ia wn ud ni w~ jn} jn}** nj rdw wn t~nhd ni jd w~}d‐) HNW GA! \numwxd T~nfdgn| 46) \n umwdha ni? fr?!!s)hnwga)a|c)

rn!r~ljmgdgmainw!TF!tf46! tf46du)hag

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