INDICE INTRODUCCIÓN................ INTRODUCCIÓN.......................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................... .......................... 3 1. CAPITULO CAPITULO I: FUNDAMENT FUNDAMENTOS OS TEORICOS.. TEORICOS...... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......4 ..4 1.1 ANTECEDENT ANTECEDENTES ES DE LA INVESTIGA INVESTIGACIÓN.. CIÓN...... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........... ...............4 ........4 1.1.1 HISTORIA HISTORIA DE LA ARCILLA. ARCILLA..... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ........5 ..5 1.2 MARCO MARCO TEÓRICO... TEÓRICO....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .........6 .....6 1.3 MARCO MARCO CONCEPTUAL. CONCEPTUAL..... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......16 ..16 1.3.1 COMPOSICIÓ COMPOSICIÓN N DE LA ARCILLA.. ARCILLA...... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........... ............... ..........16 ..16 1.3.2 1.3.3
QUÍMICA QUÍMICA Y ESTRUCTUR ESTRUCTURA.... A........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... ............ .............. ............... ............... ........16 .16 CLASIFICAC CLASIFICACIÓN. IÓN..... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ............. ...........16 ....16
CONCLUSIONES....... CONCLUSIONES.................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................ ...................... 1
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
I NTRODUCCI Ó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
2
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
3
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
1. CAPI TULO I :FUNDAMENTOSTEORI COS 1.1
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN
S,/7( >,(B) H!("R'&) 24? ,( ,& %('#-, , !#$%&&!" %(%$! <, ,& $'('$%-%,(' , &! (!#!&,=! , &! !#$%&&! ", %=' -,'# !$%! &'" !9'" 12" 8 13" $'( &! -,'#! ,( &! ,$('&'/! , &'" -%$#'"$'*%'") (,$,"!#%'" *!#! !(!&%=!# &'" !-!9'" %((%,"%-!&," , "" *!#$&!". L! ,"!(!#%=!$%0( , &! ,#-%('&'/! #!(, ,", *,#%'' , +,(! $'( ,"*,$%!& !,($%0( ! &'" ;#-%('" "%-%&!#," 8 $'("'") $'-' '! 8 *&!('. L!" !#$%&&!" "'() *#'+!+&,-,(,) &'" -!,#%!&," /,'&0/%$'" -" $'(#!%$'#%'" ,", ,& *(' , %"! , " %&%! ,( I(/,(%,#! C%%&. S'( ,(, %(!/'!+&, , *#'+&,-!" , ,"!+%&%! ,( +,( (7-,#' , '+#!") *,#' $'("%8,( *'# " -%"-!" ( -!,#%!& , !&%'"!" *#'*%,!," %(/,(%,#%&,". P!#! &! -!8'# *!#, , !$!$%'(," "'+#, ,& ,##,(') &!" *#'*%,!," <, ,,#-%(!( ,& $'-*'#!-%,(' , ( ",&' *,,( ,,#-%(!#", ! *!#%# , ,("!8'" ,"!(!#%=!'" , &!+'#!'#%' -" ' -,('" &!+'#%'"'". L! -!8'# *!#, , ,"'" ,("!8'" ", '$*!( , &! ,!&!$%0( , *!#-,#'" !&," $'-' ,& $'(,(%' , -,!) *,#-,!+%&%!) *'#'"%!) ,("%!) '#-! 8 !-!9' , &!" *!#$&!" >/#!(&'-,#!?) ,"#$#!) *&!"%$%!) $!*!$%! , %($!-%,(') ,$. S%( ,-+!#/') !8 "%!$%'(," ,( &!" <, ," %-*'#!(, $'-*#,(,# *'# <; ( ",&' ", $'-*'#! , &! -!(,#! <, &' !$, !(," , *',# !*&%$!# (! "'&$%0( /,';$(%$! !,$!! ! ( *#'+&,-!. P!#! ,&&' ," (,$,"!#%' $'('$,# ,& ",&' (' "0&' ,", ,& *(' , %"! -!$#' ,"#$#!& "%(' !-+%;( , &! -%$#',"#$#!) ,"' ,") " -%(,#!&'/!) $'-*'"%$%0( 8 &!" %(,#!$$%'(," $'( &'" @%'" , " ,('#(') *#%($%*!&-,(, !/!. E& $!"' , &!" !#$%&&!" ," *!#%$&!#-,(, %&"#!%' ,( ,", #,"*,$'.
4
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
1.1.1 HISTORIA DE LA ARCILLA >A-,8" G!&&,#%,") 26? D%$, <, &! !#$%&&! %,(, *#'*%,!," *&"%$!") &' <, "%/(%$! <, !& -,,$,#&! *,, ",# -',&!! $%&-,(,. A& ",$!#", ", '#(! #-, $!(' ", "'-,, ! !&!" ,-*,#!#!" !$!,$,( #,!$$%'(," <-%$!" <,) ,(#, '#'" $!-+%'") $!"!( <, &! !#$%&&! ", $'(%,#! ,( ( -!,#%!& *,#-!(,(,-,(, #/%') ,('-%(!' $,#-%$!. P'# ,"!" *#'*%,!," &! !#$%&&! ," %&%=!! *!#! !$,# '+,'" , !&!#,#!) , "' $'%%!(' ' ,$'#!%'. L'" %,#,(," %*'" , !#$%&&!) $!(' ", -,=$&!( $'( %,#,(," -%(,#!&," 8 ,( %,#"!" $'(%$%'(,") "'( %&%=!'" *!#! *#'$%# &'=!) /#," 8 *'#$,&!(!. D,*,(%,(' ,& $'(,(%' -%(,#!& , &! %,##!) &! !#$%&&!) *,, !*!#,$,# ,( !#%'" $'&'#,") ,", ( *&%' /#%" ! ( '"$#' #'' !(!#!(!'. U( '#(' %",9!' ,"*,$$!-,(, *!#! $'$,# !#$%&&! ," &&!-!' '#(' , !&!#,#'. L! -!(%! ,"$+#%0 &!" 7%&," *#'*%,!," , &! !#$%&&! ,( %,-*'" *#,%"0#%$'") 8 &'" #,$%*%,(," -" !(%/'" ,"$+%,#'" "'( &!" !"%!" ,&!+'#!!" $'( !#$%&&!. T!-+%;( ", %&%=0) ,", &! *#,%"'#%!) *!#! $'("#%# ,%$!$%'(," , !*%!&) !'+, *'",#%'#-,(, &!#%&&' ,&,-,(' , $'("#$$%0( $8' "' !7( *,##!. L! !#$%&&! , %&%=!! ,( &! !(%/,! !-+%;( $'-' "'*'#, , ,"$#%#!. M%&," , !9'" !(," , C#%"') *'# $,(! , &'" "-,#%'" ,( &! #,/%0( -,"'*'-%$!) &! ,"$#%#! $(,%'#-, , %("$#%! ,( !+&%&&!" , !#$%&&!. L! !#$%&&! $'$%! !& ,/') &! $,#-%$!) ," (' , &'" -,%'" -" +!#!'" , *#'$%# '+,'" , "' $'%%!(') 8 (! , &!" -!,#%!" *#%-!" %&%=!! *#'"!-,(,) !( '8 ,( !. L!#%&&'") !"%!") *&!'") '+,'" , !#,) , %($&"' "!#$0!/'" %("#-,('" -"%$!&,") !&," $'-' &! '$!#%(!) ,#'( -',&!'" $'( !#$%&&!. L! !#$%&&! !-+%;( ", %&%=! ,( -$'" *#'$,"'" %("#%!&,") !&," $'-' &! *#'$$%0( , $,-,(') ,&!+'#!$%0( , *!*,&) 8 '+,($%0( , ""!($%!" , &#!'. L'" !#<,0&'/'" %&%=!( &!" $!#!$,#"%$!" -!/(;%$!" , &! !#$%&&! $'$%! ,($'(#!! ,( +!"," , '/,#!") '#('") ,$.) *!#! ,$!# &'" ,&,-,('" !#$%&&'"'" <, !( *,#-!(,$%' $'( &! -%"-! '#%,(!$%0() 8 $'-*!#!#&'" $'( '#'" *,#%''" %"0#%$'".
5
TEMA: ARCILLAS
1.2
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
MARCO TEÓRICO
S,/7( &! >M%(,#! J'"; C'&%(') 212? ,( " %('#-, ;$(%$' !$, #,,#,($%! ! &! KENTONITA EN INGENIERIA CIVIL) <, ," %&%=!' *!#! $,-,(!# "#!" 8 /#%,!" , #'$!") !+"'#+%,(' &! -,! *!#! %-*,%# <, ,"! *#'=$! ,##-+!-%,(' , 7(,&," ' ,$!!$%'(,") *!#! %-*,#-,!+%&%=!# #%($,#!") ,"!+%&%=!$%0( , $!#$!") ,$. P!#! <, *,!( ",# %&%=!!" !( , ,"!# '!!" , ( -!#$!' $!#$,# %'#0*%$') %"$'"%!) !&! $!*!$%! , %($!-%,(' 8 +,(! %"*,#"!+%&%!. L!" +,('(%!" "0%$!" ' $&$%$!" !$%!!" "'( &!" <, *#,",(!( &!" -,'#," *#'*%,!," *!#! ,", "'. L'" "'" ,( ,", $!-*' ", *,,( #,"-%# ,(: C#,!$%0( , -,-+#!(!" %-*,#-,!+&," ,( '#(' ! +!##,#!" ,( ,& ",&') ' $'-' "'*'#, , ,$!!$%'(,". P#,,($%0( , (%-%,('". E( &!" '+#!") ", *,, ,%!# ,& ,"*&'-, , *!#,," &+#%$('&!" $'( &,$!!" , +,('(%!. P#',$$%0( , +,#!": $'-' &+#%$!(, 8 #,&&,(!(' /#%,!". E( $,-,('": !-,(! " $!*!$%! , ",# #!+!!' 8 " *&!"%$%!. E( 7(,&,": A8! ! &! ,"!+%&%=!$%0( 8 "'*'#, ,( &! $'("#$$%0( , 7(,&,". A$7! $'-' &+#%$!(, >( 35 , &'' , +,('(%! "0%$! -!(,(%! ! ,,#-%(!! *#,"%0( "'*'#! ,& #,(, ,& 7(,&?. T!-+%;( ," *'"%+&, ,& #!("*'#, , &'" -!,#%!&," ,$!!'" ,( ,& ",(' , @%'" +,('(%$'" *'# !##!"#,. E( '-!" , %,##!: P#'*'#$%'(! ",/#%! ,( ,& $!"' , #'#! , $!+&," ,(,##!'". T#!("*'#, , "0&%'" ,( ""*,("%0(.
6
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
S,/7( >R'(0() H/' A&,(,#) 211? ,& !#%$&' *#,",(! &! EVALUACIÓN DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DE ARCILLAS SOMETIDAS A DIFERENTES TIEMPOS DE EPOSICIÓ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
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
S,/7( >L!#!) R!($;" C!"%&&') 211? ,( " #!+!' "'+#, &! ADICIÓN DE ARCILLAS CALCINADAS EN LA DURAKILIDAD DE HORMIGONES %(%$! <, !$!&-,(, "'( +%,( $'('$%!" &!" ,(!!" ,$'(0-%$!" 8 -,%'!-+%,(!&," , &! ""%$%0( ,& $&(B,# , $,-,(' *'# '#'" -!,#%!&," $,-,(%$%'" "*&,-,(!#%'". L!" !#$%&&!" $!&$%(!!" ,( '#-! , -,!$!'&( !( #,$%+%' *'# ,,-*&' ,"*,$%!& !,($%0( ,( !9'" #,$%,(,". S, $'('$, <, ,"!" !%$%'(,") $!(' ", !9!,( ! -'#,#'" 8 '#-%/'(,") -,'#!( !(' " #,"%",($%! -,$(%$! $'-' " #!+%&%!. E& '+,%' , ,", #!+!' ," ,!&!# ,& $'-*'#!-%,(' , &!" *#'*%,!," "%$'-,$(%$!" 8 &! #!+%&%! ,( -%$#''#-%/'(,") ,-*&,!(' !#$%&&!" $!&$%(!!" 8 -'&%!" $'-' -!,#%!& ""%8,(, ,& 3 ,( *,"' ,& $,-,(' P0#&!( '#%(!#%' >CPO?. P!#! ,&&' ", %&%=0 (! %,##! !#$%&&'"!) $'-*,"! *#%($%*!&-,(, *'# -%(,#!& $!'&( , +!' /#!' , *#,=!) *!#! &! '+,($%0( , !#$%&&!" $!&$%(!!" $'-' -%(,#!&," $,-,(%$%'" "*&,-,(!#%'". L'" -,'#," #,"&!'" ", #,"%",($%! ! &! $'-*#,"%0( ! &'" 2 !" ", '+%,#'( *!#! &! !#$%&&! ",%-,(!! 8 $!&$%(!!) &! $!& *'",, -!8'# $'(,(%' , -%(,#!& $!'&( ,+%' ! ( *#'$,"' , *#%$!$%0( *'# ",%-,(!$%0( , &! -!,#%! *#%-! !$'-,%' "0&' *!#! ,"! !%$%0(. S%( ,-+!#/') &'" ,("!8'" , !+"'#$%0( , !/! *'# $!*%&!#%! !##'!#'( &'" -,'#," #,"&!'" *!#! ,& ",&' !#$%&&'"' $!&$%(!') ,& $!& *'",, (! ,&,!! (#! ,( $'-*!#!$%0( !& #,"' , &'" -!,#%!&," ,"%!'". L'" -,('#," !&'#," -'"#!'" *'# ,"! !%$%0() !(' , *'#'"%! $!*%&!#) %(%$!( <, ,%"%0 ( *#,'-%(%' ,& ,(0-,(' , &! $'-*!$%! , %-*,#-,!+%&%!) &'/#!! ,( &! -!#%= $,-,(%$%! !& "!# ( -!,#%!& !( (') *'# ,($%-! ,& ,,$' , &! #,!$$%0( *='&(%$!. E"%'" ,( &! -%$#',"#$#! ,& /,& , CSH) "!(' ,(,#/! %"*,#"%! *'# #!8'" >ED?) ,-'"#!#'( $'-' ,& ,-*&,' , !#$%&&!" $!&$%(!!" ,( ""%$%0( ,& CPO !'#,$, &! '#-!$%0( , *#'$'" , %#!!$%0( -" ,"!+&,") *#%($%*!&-,(, -'('"&'" ,& %*' ,-%$!#+' 8 -'('$!#+') &' $!& ," $'(,(%,(, *!#! ,& '#-%/0( !(, &! *'"%+&, !$$%0( , %,#,(," -,$!(%"-'" , ,/#!!$%0(.
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
S,/7( >C#%"' %,/,#) 211? ,( " #!+!' "'+#, ANLISIS DE MUESTRAS DE ARCILLA Y MORTERO DE ARCILLA %(%$! <, &'" -%(,#!&," !#$%&&'"'" ($%'(!( $'-' !/&%(!(,. U(! *!#%$&!#%! , &'" -%(,#!&," !#$%&&'"'" ," " /#!( "*,#$%,) ,( $'-*!#!$%0( $'( '#'" -%(,#!&,") !" $'-' " #,!$%%! %(,#$#%"!&%(!. C'( +!", ,( ,"!" *#'*%,!,") &!" ""!($%!" <, $'(,(/!( -%(,#!&," !#$%&&'"'") "'( $!*!$," , !+"'#+,# 8 "+"%%# ! '#!" ""!($%!" >*. ,. -'&;$&!" , !/!) '&'#,"?. C'( +!", ,( &! %"%($%0( , &'" -%(,#!&," !#$%&&'"'" >, '" 8 #," $!*!"?) ," *'"%+&, !$,# (! !&'#!$%0( $!&%!%! "'+#, &! !,$!$%0( , ( ,,#-%(!' %*' , !#$%&&!. L! $!*!$%! , ,,#-%(!'" -!,#%!&," , $'("#$$%0( , !+"'#+,# ,& !*'# , !/! ,& !-+%,(, *,, ,('-%(!#", $!*!$%! , !+"'#$%0( ,& !*'# , !/! ') "%-*&,-,(,) $!*!$%! , !+"'#$%0(. S, #!! , &! $!*!$%! , ,,#-%(!'" -!,#%!&," , $'("#$$%0( , !+"'#+,# !/! ,& !%#, >-,! ,& !%#,? ,( ( ,,#-%(!' *,#'' , %,-*') &! !&-!$,(!( 8 &! ,&,( ! &%+,#!#. L!" "*,#$%," !#$%&&'"!" ,*,"!" *,,( !$!# $'-' !*0( *!#! &! -,! ,& !%#, %(,#%'#. L!" *#'*%,!," !+"'#+,(," , &'" -!,#%!&," , $'("#$$%0( !#$%&&'"'" "'( ( %(%$!'# %-*'#!(, , $!&%!) !' <,) !+%!&-,(,) ,"( -$' -" ,"!##'&&!!" <, ,( '#'" -!,#%!&," , $'("#$$%0( , '#%/,( -%(,#!&.
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
S,/7( &! #,%"! >E$'H!+%!#) 214? ,( &! *+&%$!$%0( "'+#, NUEVOS MATERIALES Y SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS A PARTIR DE ARCILLAS SIN NECESIDAD DE COCCIÓ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
1
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
S,/7( >&,"$!(') J'8$, K!##!(=,&!) 214? ,( &! TESIS PROCESO PRODUCTIVO DE LOS LADRILLOS DE ARCILLA PRODUCIDOS EN LA REGIÓN PIURA %(%$! $0-' ", &&,0 ! $!+' " #!+!' ,& $!& ", +!"' ,( ( -,"#,' ,*&'#!'#%' $'( %"%!" ! &!" ='(!" , *#'$$%0( -" %-*'#!(," ,( &! R,/%0( P%#! '+",#!(' ,& *#'$,"' , !+#%$!$%0( ,", &! ,#!$$%0( , &! -!,#%! *#%-! !"! &! $'$$%0( , &!" (%!,". P!#! &'" !&'#," #,,#,(," ,& *#'$' (!& ", '-!#'( -,"#!" , &!" (%!," ,&!+'#!!" 8 ", #,!&%=!#'( &'" ,("!8'" <, ,"!+&,$, &! N'#-! P,#!(!. L'" #,"&!'" '+,(%'" %(%$!#!( <, (' !8 (! -,'#! "%/(%$!%! ,( &! $!&%! , &!" (%!," ,( #,&!$%0( ! &' #,*'#!' ,( 15 *'# G!#$! R'#/,=. A& *!#,$,#) &'" ,",#='" !%"&!'" , -,'#!# ,& *#'$,"' , *#'$$%0( "%( %(,/#!#&'" $'( &! -!,#%! *#%-! ",#! &! *#%($%*!& $!"! , ,", $'-*'#!-%,('.
11
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
>J'((8"!&!=!#) 2? E( " MANUAL DE CONSTRUCCION NATURAL CONSTRUYENDO CON COK) ,(, <; ,& C'+ ," (' , &'" !('" "%",-!" $'("#$%'" #!%$%'(!&," , %,##! $#! <, ,& '-+#, ! ,"!##'&&!' ! &' &!#/' , " ,%",($%! *!#! +#%(!#", ,& $!&'# ,& '/!#. H! ,-'"#!' ",# !( #!,#' <, !7( '8 ,( ! $!"!" ,& %,' -(' *,#-!(,$,( ,( *%, &,/' , -" , <%(%,('" !9'" , %! 7%&. Y "'( !( #,"%",(, <, ,( Y,-,( !&/(!" ,%$!$%'(," !( !&$!(=!' !"! #,$, (%,&," , !&#!. P!#, ,& ",$#,' ," ,( <, &'" -#'" ", &,!(!( $'( (! -,=$&! *#'*'#$%'(!! , !#,(!) !#$%&&! 8 +#! ,/,!&. A %,#,($%! ,& !'+,. ,& COK ," ",$!' ,( ,& "%%') &!" *!#,," ", !( &,!(!(' $'( &! -,=$&! !7( #,"$!. P%,=!" , %(-'+%&%!#%') -!#$'" , ,(!(!" 8 *,#!" ", -'&,!( ! -!(') %# ;"! <, ,"%-&! &! $#,!%%! 8 *,, $'(,#%#&, ( '<, !#"%$' ! &! ,%$!$%0(. U(! ,= ",$!! &! -,=$&!) &! *!! %(,#%'# <,! #!+!! $'-' (! #, #%%-,("%'(!& 8 &!" *!#,," ", #!("'#-!( ,( (! *%,=! -'('&%$! "%( &'" *('" , <%,+#,W <, "%/(%$!( &!" (!" ,%",(," ,(#, &'" +&'<," , !'+,. L! !#$%&&! ," ,& $'-*'(,(, -" !+(!(, ,& ",&') E& !-!9' , "" *!#$&!" ," ,& -" *,<,9' , %$'" $'-*'(,(,") ! "!+,#: A#,(!") &%-'" 8 !#$%&&!" ,( " '#,( ,"$,(,(,. P'# &' /,(,#!& &! ,($'(#!-'" +%$!! %(-,%!!-,(, *'# ,+!' , &! $!*! ,/,!& ,& ",&' 8 " $'&'# !#! ,(#, &! /!-! , !-!#%&&'" 8 #''") *%,(' ,($'(#!#", "%( ,-+!#/' !#$%&&!" , $'&'#," /#%"," $&!#'" 8 '"$#'" ,( %($&"' !=&,". S" *!#$&!" ,"( $'("%%!" *'# -%(,#!&," -%$#'"$0*%$'" -,('#," ! &!" '" -%$#!" , %-,#') &'" <, ,+%' ! "
12
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
%(-%$! -'&,$&!#) '#-!( &!-%(!" <, !#!,( 8 !#!*!( *,&$&!" , !/! ,(#, ") &!" $!&," '#-!( *,(," ,(#, ,& -%$#' *!#$&!" ,& ",&') ('&," $',"%0() $!#!$,#"%$! <, ,(, " #,"%",($%! -,$(%$!.
S,/7( >S($,=) I(/. N,"'# L%") 214? ,( " #!+!' "'+#, AISLAMIENTO TXRMICO EN CONSTRUCCIÓ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
13
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
%(,#$!&! (! $-!#! , !%#,) ,( &! <, *,, ' (' "%!#", ( -!,#%!& !%"&!(, >,"*-! , *'&%#,!(') &!(! , #'$!) ,$?.
E( &! #,%"! , >NI=B%() M!#,( T,#-,(" 8 R%BB%) 213? "'+#, &!" CASAS DE PAJA. UNA GUÍA PARA AUTOCONSTRUCTORES. L! %,##! !#$%&&'"! >"%( $'$,#? ! "%' %&%=!! *!#! $'("#%# ,( ''" &'" $'(%(,(," 8 ,( '!" &!" ,!," , &! -!(%!) ,", <, &'" '-+#," *#%-%%'" ,$%%,#'( (!#", ,( !",(!-%,('" *,#-!(,(,". L' <, <%,#, ,$%# <, %,(, ('" 1. !9'" , %"'#%! E( &! ,! -',#(!) ", ! ,"%-!' <, ,(#, ( ,#$%' 8 &! -%! , &! *'+&!$%0( ,& -(' %, ,( $!"!" ,$!" , %,##!. E( ,& Y,-,( >#%$!?) '8 ,( ! "%/, !+%,(' ,%$%'" , -" , 12 *%"'" , !&#!) ,$'" , !#$%&&! ('$'$%!. E( T!'") N, M,%$' >EEUU? !8 ,%$!$%'(," , -" , !9'" <, !7( ", ,"( %&%=!('. L! A&!-+#! , G#!(!! ," $'("#%! $'( %,##!. A<) ,( &! *,(("&!) ", ! #!+!!' $'( ,& !*%!&) ,& !'+, >(! -,=$&! , !#$%&&!) !#,(! 8 *!!?) 8 &! *!!. N' ,+,#!-'" *,#,# ,"!" ;$(%$!" (!#!&," 8 ,$!$," L! !#$%&&! >-,=$&!! $'( !#,(!) *!! '#'" %(/#,%,(,"? ", *,, "!# ,( -$'" !"*,$'" , &! $'("#$$%0(: #,'$'" ' ,(&$%'") !$,# *!#%$%'(," %(,#%'#," >$'( *!!?) ",&'" , !'+, ,#%') &!#%&&'" , !'+,) $'+W) *%";W >F#!($%!?) &!#%&&'" $'-*#%-%'" , %,##!) !*%!&[ ", *,,( !$,# ,", -#'" , $!#/! !"! #,&%,," ,"$&#!&," 8 *%(#!".
14
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
S,/7( >A#,!") %&#,' V!&&,) 21? ,( &! ,"%" "'+#, ESTAKILIACIÓN DE SUELOS ARCILLOSOS PLSTICOS CON MINERALIADORES EN AMKIENTES SULFATADOS O YESIFEROS. P!#! &! $'("#$$%0( , ,##!*&,(," 8 '('" , ,"-'(,") $'( -;''" , ,"!+%&%=!$%0( !,$!'". S, !(!&%=!#( $!#' -;''" ,*,#%-,(!&," ,"!##'&&!'" *'# &'" %(,"%/!'#," , &! (%,#"%! , A#&%(/'() T,!") ,"!+%&%=!$%0( $'( $,(%=!" '&!(," +!!" ,( $!&$%') $&!", F ,"!+%&%=!$%0( $'( $,-,(' "&!' #,"%",(,) %*' V ,"!+%&%=!$%0( $'( ,"$'#%!" /#!(&!!" , !&' '#(' ,"!+%&%=!$%0( $'( $!& -,=$&!! $'( +#!" +#%&!!" , *'&%*#'*%&,('.
15
TEMA: ARCILLAS
1.3
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
MARCO CONCEPTUAL
1.3.1 COMPOSICIÓ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
16
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
,( -$'" *#'$,"'" %("#%!&,") !&," $'-' ,( &! ,&!+'#!$%0( , *!*,&) *#'$$%0( , $,-,(' 8 *#'$,"'" <-%$'".
1.3.2 QUÍMICA Y ESTRUCTURA E"'" -%(,#!&," ", $'("%8,( , &-%(!" , ,#!,#'" $'( (! $'-*'"%$%0( <-%$! /,(,#!& , S%2O5 ,( '(, $!! ,#!,#' >S%O4? ," (%' ,( "" ,"<%(!" ! '#'" #," '#-!(' (! #, ,!/'(!&. A&-%(%' 8 %,##' *,,( *!#$%!&-,(, #,,-*&!=!# !& "%&%$%' ,( &! ,"#$#! -%,(#!".1 L'" '%/,('" +%$!'" ,( ,& *%$, , &'" ,#!,#'" , ,"!" &-%(!" *,,() !& -%"-' %,-*') !-+%;( '#-!# *!#, , '#! &-%(! *!#!&,&! $'-*,"! , '$!,#'. E"'" '$!,#'" ",&,( ,"!# $''#%(!'" *'# $!%'(," , A&) M/) F,3 8 F,2. M" %(#,$,(,-,(, '-'" , L%) V) C#) M() N%) C ' ( '$*!( %$' "%%' , $''#%(!$%0(. L!" #,&!%!-,(, /#!(," "*,#$%," , &'" -%(,#!&," , &! !#$%&&! *,,( !"'#+,# %'(," 8 -'&;$&!" 8! ,"( $!#/!!" , ,&,$#%$%! ,"!%$!.
1.3.3 CLASIFICACIÓN L!" !#$%&&!" ", *,,( $&!"%$!# , !$,#' $'( !#%'" !$'#,". A") ,*,(%,(' ,& *#'$,"' /,'&0/%$' <, &!" '#%/%(0 8 ! &! +%$!$%0( ,& 8!$%-%,(' ,( ,& <, ", ,($,(#!() ", *,,( $&!"%$!# ,(: \ A#$%&&! *#%-!#%!: ", %&%=! ,"! ,('-%(!$%0( $!(' ,& 8!$%-%,(' '(, ", ,($,(#! ," ,& -%"-' &/!# ,( '(, ", '#%/%(0. E& $!'&( ," &! 7(%$! !#$%&&! *#%-!#%! $'('$%!. \ A#$%&&!" ",$(!#%!": "'( &!" <, ", !( ,"*&!=!' ,"*;" , " '#-!$%0() *'# ,#=!" "%$!" ' <-%$!". S, ,($,(#!( ,(#, ,&&!" ,& $!'&( ",$(!#%') &! !#$%&&! #,#!$!#%!) &!!#$%&&! , +'&!) ,& +!##' , "*,#$%, 8 ,& /#,". S% !,(,-'" ! &! ,"#$#! , "" $'-*'(,(,") ", %"%(/,( &!" !#$%&&!" &%,("," 8 &!" !#$%&&!" +#'"!". T!-+%;( ", *,,( %"%(/%# &!" !#$%&&!" , !$,#' ! " *&!"%$%!. E%",( !" &!" !#$%&&!" *&"%$!" >$'-' &! $!'&%(%$!? 8 &!" *'$' *&"%$!" >$'-' &! ,"-;$%$!) <, !+"'#+, &!" /#!"!"?. P'# 7&%-') !8 !-+%;( &!" !#$%&&!" $!&$#,!") &! !#$%&&! $'( +&'<," >!#$%&&!) /#!! 8 +&'<," , *%,#! , &!" -'##,(!"?) &! !#$%&&! , ,"$!&$%$!$%0( 8 &!" !#$%&&%!" >,"<%"'" !#$%&&'"'"?. GRANULOMETRIA D,(#' , &! $&!"%$!$%0( /#!(&'-;#%$! , &!" *!#$&!" ,& ",&') &!" !#$%&&!" '$*!( ,& "%/%,(, &/!#: G#!(&'-,#!
1
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
G#!(&'-,#!
P!#$&!
T!-!9'
A#$%&&!"
] )3 --
L%-'"
)3)625 --
A#,(!"
)6252 --
G#!!"
264 --
C!('" #'!'"
64256 --
K&'<,"
^256 --
N' '+"!(, &' !(,#%'#) &! $&!"%$!$%0( SUCS <, ," %&%=!! !+%!&-,(, ,( %(/,(%,#! "! &'" &-%," , !-!9'" -%-'" , 4)5 -- *!#! &!" !#,(!" 8 , )5 -- *!#! &!" !#$%&&!" 8 &%-'".
CONCLUSI ONES
E( &! ,&!+'#!$%0( ,& *#,",(, #!+!' ", *' $'('$,# <, L! !#$%&&! >-,=$&!! $'( !#,(!) *!! '#'" %(/#,%,(,"? ", *,, "!# ,( -$'" !"*,$'" , &! $'("#$$%0( !(' ,( ,&,-,('" ,"#$#!&,") $'-' -#'" , $!#/! 8 ,&,-,('" ,$'#!%'" $'-' ,"$&#!" 8 *%(#!".
1
TEMA: ARCILLAS
GEOLOGIA APLICADA
E( &! ,&!+'#!$%0( ,& *#,",(, #!+!' ", *' $'('$,# (' , &'" "%",-!" $'("#$%'" #!%$%'(!&," <, ,& '-+#, ! ,"!##'&&!' 8 <, ! ,-'"#!' ",# !( #!,#' $'-' $'('#!+&, ,& $!& ," ,& COK. E( &! ,&!+'#!$%0( ,& *#,",(, #!+!' ", *' $'('$,# (,'" -!,#%!&," 8 "%",-!" $'("#$%'" ! *!#%# , !#$%&&!") "%,(' ,"'" , -,('# $'", ,(,#/;%$') *'# ",# -!,#%! *#%-! &'$!&) 8 , $!&%!. S, *' $'('$,# !-+%;( ,& $'-*'#!-%,(' , &! !#$%&&! "'-,%! ! %"%('" %*'" , ,*'"%$%0( $'-' !&!" ,-*,#!#! #!(, !" 8 ",-!(!" , ,*'"%$%0(.
1
