ARC226 History of Architecture 4.pdf

History of Architecture UNIT 4

Indo-Aryan style of temples (Salient features of Orissa temples)

Classification of Classification Hindu Groups Brahman Kshatria Vaisia Sudra • • • •

Classification of Age Groups Bramhacharya Grihasta Vanaprasta Sanyasa • • • •

Classification of Vedas Rig Yajur Sama Atharva • • • •

Classification of Directions North South East West • • • •

The Technical treatises in Sanskrit on the basic rules in the field of architecture and sculpture are called as the Shilpa Shastras and Vastu Shastras. For Orissan Temple, some Technical treaties for temple construction are Bhu Bhusan san Pr Pradi adip, p, Silpapothi, Silparatnakar, Silpasarini, Silpaprakash, Padmakesara, Deula Mapagunakara, Bhusan Prabesh, Soudikagama. Soudikagama. The Mayamata and Mansara are the two well known treatises of South India on architecture and icon iconogr ograph aphy y re respec spective tively ly..

Source: Michell, G. (1977). The Hindu Temple. London: B.I. Publication.

CONCEPT OF HINDU TEMPLE

Source: Stella Karmisch, The Hindu Temple, 1976, New Delhi

TYPICAL ORISSAN TEMPLE ELEVATION

BHOGAMANDAP

NATAMANDAP

JAGAMOHANA

GRABHAGRIHA

Source: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash Vikash Publishi Publishing ng House Pvt. Ltd.

THE ORISSAN HINDU TEMPLE PLAN

BHOGAMANDAP

NATAMANDAP

JAGAMOHANA

GRABHAGRIHA


The Orissan Oris san Hindu H indu Temple Temple

PIDA DEULA REKHA DEULA KANAKAPAGA

ANARDHAPAGA

JAGAMOHANA

GARBHAGRIHA

RAHAPAGA

ANARDHAPAGA

KANAKAPAGA

RAHAPAGA KANAKAPAGA RAHAPAGA

ANARDHAPAGA


Elements of Orissan Hindu temple KALASA KHAPURI MASTAKA

AMLAKA SHILA

KANAKAPAGA

ANARDHAPAGA

TRIPATI

RAHAPAGA

AMLA

GARBHAGRIHA

GANDI

BHUMI

AMLA BANDHANA

ANTARALA

UPPER JUNGHA BADA

BARANDI LOWER JUNGHA

RAHAPAGA

REKHA DEULA PLAN

PRABHAGA PITHA

REKHA DEULA ELEVA ELEVATION TION

BARANDA JANGHA PRABHAGA


JAGAMOHAN ELEVATION

JAGAMOHAN PLAN

KALASA AYUDHA

MAST AKA

ANTARALA KANAKAPAGA

ANARDHAPAGA GHANTA KALASHA

PARAGHAR

GANDI PIDHA

BANDHANA UPPER JUNGHA

BADA

BARANDI

RAHAPAGA

LOWER JUNGHA PRABHAGA

PITHA

BARANDA JANGHA PRABHAGA

Source: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash Vikash Publish Publishing ing House Pvt. Ltd.

Typical Orissan Temple Element El ement

•

• • • •

Rekha Deula

Pidha Deula

Mastaka

Mastaka

Beki Tripati Amalak Ama laka a shi shila la Khapuri kalasha

• • •

•

Bhumi Amalaka Ratha Rat ha (on plan) plan) Paga Pag a (on elevation elevation)) •

• • •

• • • •

Pabhaga (foot Pabhaga (foot), ), lower Jangha Bandhana Bandhan a (bond), Upper Jangha Baranda

•

•

• •

Pabhaga (foot Pabhaga (foot), ), Jangha Baranda

• •

•

Beki Ayadha Amalak Ama laka a shil shila a kalasha

•

Miniature Pidha Deula with out Brushava Brusha va and having having a decorated Entry Gate

Para Ghara Ghanta Ghant a kala kalasha sha Dopicha Dopi cha sim simhas has

Triratha/ pancharatha

Bada •

Piller Pil lered ed Hal Halll

Other Elements in Temple Complex • • •

Pitha

Pitha •

•

Bada

Bada •

Mastaka

Bhoga Mandap

Gandi

Gandi •

Beki Ayadha Amalak Ama laka a shil shila a kalasha

Natya Mandap

• • •


Pitha • • •


• •

Anand Baz Anand Bazar ar Koilii Vaiku Koil aikuntha ntha Ponds Niladr Nil adrii Vih Vihar ar Snana Sna na Bed Bedhi hi

Source: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

Source: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of Vikash Publishi Publishing ng House Pvt. Ltd. Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash

Mahameghavahana Kharavela (50BC)

Ashoka, The Great (262 BC)

The Royal Gangas (5th to 11th centaury AD)

The Sata Satavaha vahanas nas and the Murundas (3rd centaury )

Mukundadeva (Chalukya (Chal ukya fam family) ily) (1560 AD)

Afgan (1572) Mughal (1607) Marathas (1751) British (1757)

The Durjayas (6th centaury )

Time Line of Periods VS Phases

Mature Phase Formative Phase (6th century to the first half of the 9th century)

(From middle of the 11th century till the 13th century)

Transitional Phase (2nd half of the 9th century to the first quarter of the 11th century)

Phase of decadence (14th to 16th century) Source: Karmisch, S. (1977). The Hindu Temple. New Delhi.

Development of Temple Architecture In Orissa

Formative phase (6th century to the first half of the 9th century)

Source: Karmisch, S. (1977). The Hindu Temple. New Delhi.

Mastaka

Gandi

Mastaka Gandi

Bada pista Rekha Deula

Entrance porch

Bada pista Pidha Deula Source: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash Vikash Publishi Publishing ng House Pvt. Ltd.

Mastaka

Gandi

Mastaka Bada Gandi Pista Bada Entrance

Parshurame Par shurameswar swar at Old Town, Town, Bhubaneswar

Rekha Deula Pista Pidha Deula Source: Photograph courtesy by Author

Transitional Phase (2nd half of the 9th century to the first quarter of the 11th century)


Mastaka

Mastaka

Gandi

Gandi

Bada Bada

Pista Rekha Deula Shidheswar Temple, Bhubaneswar

Entrance porch

Pista Pidha Deula Source: Photograph courtesy by Author

Mukteswar Temple at old town, Bhubaneswar

Source: Photograph courtesy by Author

Bramheswar Bramh eswara a Temple, , Bhubaneswar


Bramheswar Bramhe swara a Temple, Bhubaneswar


Meghesw Megh eswar ar tem temple ple , Bhuba Bhubanesw neswar ar


Mature Phase (From middle middle of the 11th century till the 13th century)


Mastaka

Gandi Mastaka

Gandi

Bada

Bada

Entrance pista pista Pidha Deula

Rajarani temple at tankapani road, Bhubaneswar

Rekha Deula


Rajarani temple at tankapani road, Bhubaneswar


Mature Phase Mastaka

Gandi Mastaka

Natya Mandap Bhoga Mandap

Gandi

Bada pista

Bada pista Rekha Deula

Pidha Deula

Lingaraj Temple Complex , Bhubaneswar


Mature Phase



Mature Phase



Source: Photograph courtesy by Stella Karmisch, The Hindu Temple, 1976, New Delhi



Jagannath Jaganna th Temple, Puri






Sun Temple at Konark


Phase of decadence (14th to 16th century)



Source: Chand, D. S. (July-2005). Orissan Temple Architecture. Orissa Review , 49-51.

Source: Chand, D. S. (July-2005). Orissan Temple Architecture. Orissa Review , 49-51.

Parsurameswar Temple, Bhubaneswar

Sun Temple, Konark

36

Mukteswar Temple, Bhubaneswar

Rajarani Temple, Bhubaneswar

37

Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar

1.

2. 3.

4.

5.

HISTORY The The temp temple le is more more than than 1100 years old, dating back in its present form to the last decade of the eleventh century, though there is evidence that part of the temple was built during the sixth century CE as the temple has been emphasized in some of the seventh century Sanskrit texts. Fergusson Fergusson believes believes the temple might have been initiated initiated by Lelat Indra Kesari who reigned from 615 to 657 CE. jagamohana), sanctum and temple tower wer built during the eleventh The The Assem ssembl bly y hall all ( jagamohana century, while the Hall of offering ( bhoga-mandapa ) was built during the twelth century. The natamandira was built by the wife of Salini between 1099 and 1104 CE. By the time time the the Ling Lingar araj aj templ templee was was comp comple lete tely ly const constru ruct cted ed,, the the Jagannath (form of Vishnu) cult had been growing in the region, which historians believe is evidenced by the co-existence of Vishnu and Shiva worship at the temple. The Ganga dynasty kings were ardent followers of Vaishnavism and built the Jagannath Temple at Puri in the 12th century. The The tem temple ple is belie believe ved d to to be be bui built lt by the Somavanshi king Jajati Keshari, in 11th century CE. An inscript inscription ion from the Saka Saka year 1094 (1172 (1172 CE) indicat indicates es gifts of gold coins coins to the temple by Rajaraja II. Another Another inscription inscription of Narasimha I from the 11th century indicates offer of beetel leaves as tambula to the presiding deity. Other stone inscriptions in the temple indicate royal grants from Chodaganga to villager.

Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar INTRODUCTION 1. The Lingaraj Lingaraj temple is the largest largest temple in Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar.. 2. It is is ensh enshri rine ned d with within in a spa spaci ciou ouss comp compoun ound d wall wall of of laterite measuring 520 ft (160 m) by 465 ft (142 m). 3. The wall is 7.5 ft (2.3 m) thick and surmounted by a plain slant coping. 4. Alongs Alongside ide the the inner inner face face of the the boundar boundary y wall, wall, there there is a terra terrace ce to protec protectt the compo compound und wall against outside aggression. 5. The tower is 55 m (180 ft) high and the complex has 150 smaller shrines in its spacious courtyard. 6. Each Each inch of the 55 m (180 (180 ft) tall tall tower tower is sculpte sculpted. d. 7. The door in the gate of the entrance entrance porch is made of sandalwood. sandalwood. 8. The The Linga Lingara rajj temp temple le face facess east and is built of sandstone and laterite. 9. The main entrance is located in the east, while there are small entrances in the north and south. 10. The The temp temple le is is built built in the the Deula style that has four components namely, vimana (structure containing the sanctum), Jagamohana (assembly hall), Natyamandapa (festival hall) and Bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). 11. The The danc dancee hall hall was was asso associ ciate ated d with with the raisi raising ng prom promin inen ence ce of the devadasi system that existed during the time. 12. The various units from the Hall of offering offering to the tower of the sanctum increase in height.


1.

MAIN ELEMENTS The Bhogamandapa (Hall of offering) has four doors in each of the sides. The exterior walls of the hall has decorative sculptures of men and beast. The hall has a pyramidal roof made of up several horizontal layers arranged in sets of two with intervening platform. It bears an inverted bell and a kalasa in the top.

2.

The Natyamandapa (festival hall) has one main entrance and two side entrances. The side walls of the hall has decorative sculptures displaying women and couples. It has a flat roof sloping in stages. There are thick pylons inside the hall.

3.

The Jagamohana (assembly hall) has entrances from south and north and has a 30 metres (98 ft) tall roof. The hall has a pyramidal roof made of up several horizontal layers arranged in sets of two with intervening platform as in the Hall of offering. The facade to the entrances are decorated with perforated windows with lion sitting on hind legs. The inverted bell above second unit is adorned by kalasha and lions. The Rekha Deula has a 60 m (200 ft) tall pyramidal tower over the sanctum. It is covered with decorative design and seated lion projecting from the walls. The sanctum is square in shape from the inside. The tower walls are sculpted with female figures in different poses.

4.










Konark Temple, Orissa

1. Loca Locate ted d on the the shoreline, now a little over 3 km from the sea, the temple takes the form of the chariot of Surya (Arka), the Sun God, and is heavily heav ily decorated with stone carving. 2. The The enti entire re compl complex ex was desi design gned ed in the form form of the God's God's huge chariot chariot drawn drawn by seven spirited horses on twelve pairs of exquisitely decorated wheels at its base. 3. The huge wheels carved at the base of the temple are one of the major attractions. The spokes of the wheels serve as sundials and the shadows cast by these can give the precise time of the day. 4. The The pyrami pyramida dall roof roof soars soars over over 30 m (98 ft) in height. The temple complex also contains erotic sculptures similar to the temple in Khajuraho. 5. The entrance entrance is guarded guarded by two two giant lions, lions, which which are each shown shown crushing crushing a war elephant elephant.. Each elephant in turn lies on top of a human body. Here lion is represented as pride and elephant is represented as money. 6. The temple temple symbolizes symbolizes the the majestic majestic stride of the Sun God. God. 7. At the entrance of the temple is a Nata mandir. This is where the temple dancers used to perform dances in homage to the Sun God. 8. All around around the temple temple,, there there are various floral and geometric geometric patterns. The temple is now partly in ruins, and a collection of its sculptures is housed in the Sun Temple Museum, which is run by the Archaeological Survey of India. The poet p oet Rabindranath Tagore Tagore wrote of Konark: "Here the language of stone surpasses the language of man."

SUN TEMPL TEMPLE E AT KONA KONARK, RK, ORISSA 1250 AD

















INDO-ARYAN STYLE: KHAJURAHO

(950 -1050 -10 50 AD)

1. Some Bargujar Rajputs moved eastward to central India; they ruled over the North-eastern region of Rajasthan, called Dhundhar, and were referred to as Dhundhel or Dhundhela in ancient times, for the region they governed. 2. Later Later on they they calle called d thems themselve elvess Chandelas; those who were in the ruling class having gotra Kashyap were definitely all Bargujars; they were vassals of Gurjara - Pratihara empire of North India, which lasted from 500 C.E. to 1300 C.E. and at its peak the major monuments were built. 3. The city was the cultural cultural capital capital of Chandel Rajputs, a Hindu dynasty that ruled this part of India from the 10-12th centuries. The political capital of the Chandelas was Kalinjar. 4. The Khajuraho temples were built over a span of 200 years, from 950 to 1150. 5. The The Chan Chande dela la capit capital al was was moved moved to Maho Mahoba ba afte afterr this this time time,, but but Khaj Khajur urah aho o cont continu inued ed to flourish for some time. Khajuraho has no forts because the Chandel Kings never lived in their cultural capital. originates, each flanked by two golden 6. The whol wholee area area was enclo enclosed sed by by a wall wall with with eight originates palm trees. 7. There There were were origi original nally ly over over 80 Hindu temples, of which only 25 now stand in a reasonable state of preservation, scattered over an area of about 20 square kilometres (8 sq mi). 8. The erotic sculptures were crafted by Chandella artisans. 9. The temples, maintained by the locals, were pointed out to the English in the late 19th century when the jungles had taken a toll on the monuments. Today, the temples serve as fine examples of Indian architectural styles that have gained popularity due to their explicit depiction of sexual life during medieval times.

Left: plan of of Kandari Kandariya ya Mahad Mahadev ev te temple mple (11th centu century): ry): (1) Garb Garbhagr hagriha, iha, (2) Pradakshi Pradakshinapt napth, h, (3) Mandapa, and (4) Arthamandap Arthamandapa. a. Right: Eas East–W t–West est sectio section n of Kan Kandariy dariya a Maha Mahadev dev tem temple. ple.

front elevation

north elevation

back elevation.

(a) Top: 9-Squares mandala. Bottom: sides of a 9-squares mandala are bumped up 1 pada along the ca card rdina inall dir direc ectio tions. ns. (b) Left: plan of f Ka Kand ndar ariy iya a Ma Maha hade dev v tem emple ple.. Right up: outer corner of 1 pada and development of a element having golden proportion with a quarter of the pada. Right bottom: outer corner of figure filled by the newly born element from a pada in its three sides and overlapped with the self similar but opposite pattern to get final fractal patterned plan of the th e tem empl ple. e.

Geometric operation of mandalas and that of some symbolic geometry for the development of the plan of Kand Kandariy ariya a Maha Mahadev dev tem temple. ple.

(a) Repe Repetitions titions of tower towerss and their elements elements in the shikhara; and (b) whole form of shikhara is repeated in a part within another part (marked by red colour). Repe pettit itio ion ns of tow owe er ab abo ove th the e ma mand nda apa pass (m (mar ark ked by green col olou our) r) cr cre eate an ang gle for upward eye moveme men nt to th the e su summ mmit it of main sh shik ikh har ara a.

Peaks of all self similar towers follow the rule golden sequence.

Whole in a part in the shikhara: (a) whole body of shikh shikhar ara a above above the the sanctuary sanctuary;; (b) self simil similar ar part part of the the whole whole shikhar shikhara; a; and (c) self simil similar ar smaller smaller part of the whole shikha shikhara ra.. 80


(950 -1050 -10 50 AD)


(950 -1050 -10 50 AD)


(950 -1050 -10 50 AD)

BALCONIED PORCHES & HIGH PLINTH

DOMICAL CEILING & INTERIOR

DOMICAL CEILING & INTERIOR


(950 -1050 -10 50 AD)


(950 -1050 -10 50 AD)

Surya Temple Temple at Modhera, Gujarat

Introduction 1. The Sun Temple Temple,, Modhera, Modhera, at Modhera Modhera in Gujarat, Gujarat, is a temple dedicat dedicated ed to the Hindu SunGod, Surya. 1026 AD by King Bhimdev of the Solanki dynasty. 2. It was was buil builtt in 1026 3. In the present present times, times, prayers prayers are are not offered offered in this temple. temple. 4. Accord According ing to the Skanda Purana and Brahma Purana, the areas near Modhera were known during ancient days as Dharmaranya (literally meaning the forest of righteousness). 5. This This was the time time when when Somnath and the adjoining area was plundered by Mahmud Ghazni and reeled under the effects of his invasion. 6. The temple temple is partially partially in ruins ruins after after it was also also finally finally destroyed destroyed by the Allauddin Khilji.

Suryakunda 1.

2. 3. 4.

This Suryakunda, also known as Ramakunda, is a large rectangular stepped tank measuring 53.6 x 36.6 meters under the east face of sabhamandap used to store pure water. Devotees were required to perform ceremonial ablutions here before worshiping the Sun God. The Suryakund is a finest example of geometry. The organization of stone into composition gives shape to a dazzling pattern of art. It is proportioned with innumerable stone steps leading leading devotees down to its its base. 108 miniat miniatur uree shrines shrines are carved in between the steps inside the tank. Also number 108 considered to be auspicious by Hindus as Hindu rosary has same number of beads.

Reservoir deities 1. Ther Theree are are four terraces to descend to reach the bottom of the tank. Small pyramid-shaped steps are for each terrace. God and Goddess depicted in immortalized stone unfold the sculpture wealth: Lord Vishnu, Lord Ganesh, Lord Natraj, Sitlamata's presence a marvel created during Solanki era. 2. Two huge ornamental ornamental arches arches calle called d Toran forms a gateway to the Sabha Mandap (assembly hall).

Sabha Mandap

This hall of religious gatherings is a magnificent pillared hall. It is open from all sides and has 52 intricately carved pillars representing 52 weeks in a year . The carvings carvings depict episodes from the Hindu epics of Ramayan, Mahabharat and Krishna Lila (i.e., story of Lord Krishna).

Surya Temple Temple at Modhera, Gujarat

PILLARS

Thank Tha nk You Presented By

Partha Sarathi Mishra Asst. Prof. Lovely Professional University B Arch (ABIT-PMCA) (ABIT-PMCA) M Arch (IIT Roorkee) email:- [email protected]

ARC226 History of Architecture 4.pdf

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