History of Architecture UNIT 3
Dravidian Dravidian Style Temples (Dravidian style-Rock cut architecture of Pallavas and Pandya)
DRAVIDI DRAVIDIAN AN ARCHITE ARCHITECTUR CTURE E DRAVIDIAN STYLE
PALLAVA
PANDYA
STYLE
STYLE
MADURA STYLE
CHOLA
VIJAYNAGAR
STYLE
STYLE
Masonry temples Shore temple at Mahabalipuram Introduction 1. The The Shor Shoree Tem Temple ple is a five-storeyed structural Hindu temple rather than rock-cut as are the other monuments at the site. 2. It is the the earliest important structural temple in Southern India. 3. Its pyramidal structure is 60 ft high and sits on a 50 ft square platform. 4. Ther Theree is a small temple in front which was the original porch. 5. It is made made out out of finely finely cut local granite. 6. The shore shore temple is also one of the most most popular popular temples temples.. 7. Recent excavations excavations have revealed revealed new structures here under the sand. Shrines 1. The temple is a combination combination of three shrines. 2. The main main shri shrine ne is dedica dedicated ted to to Shiva as is the smaller second shrine. A small third shrine, between the two, is dedicated to a reclining Vishnu. 3. The two Shiva Shiva shrine shriness are orthogonal in configuration. 4. The entranc entrancee is through through a transverse barrel vault gopuram. 5. The two two shikharas have a pyramidal outline, each individual tier is distinct with overhanging eaves that cast dark shadows. 6. The outer wall of the shrine to Vishnu and the inner side of the boundary wall are extensively sculptured and topped by large sculptures of Nandi. 7. The The temp temple le's 's outer walls are divided by plasters into bays, the lower part being carved into a series of roaring lions.
Masonry temples Shore temple at Mahabalipuram
Deities 1. The tem temple has a garbhagriha in which the deity, Sivalinga, is enshrined, and a small mandapa surrounded by a heavy outer o uter wall with little space between for circumambulation. 2. At the rear are two shrines shrines facing opposite opposite directions. directions. 3. The The inner inner shrin shrinee dedica dedicate ted d to Ksatriyasimnesvara is reached through a passage while the other, other, dedicated to Vishnu, faces the outside. vahana. 4. The Durga is seated on her lion vahana. Significance 1. The Shore Shore Temples configuratio configuration n of the two Shiva Shiva shrines shrines with the small Vishnu shrine in requirements. between illustrates an attempt to balance the different, competing religious requirements Devastation 1. The temple temple was not destroye destroyed d during the 2004 Tsun Tsunami ami in the Indian Ocean, Ocean, the tsunami tsunami struck the temple at 5 am but it was not devastated badly and the water came to its normal level after a few minutes. Now, recently the inscribed patterns on the walls are getting destroyed due to the air which blows there has a little amount of salt content.
Masonry temples Shore temple at Mahabalipuram
Shore temple at Mahabalipuram
Shore temple at Mahabalipuram
Shore temple at Mahabalipuram
Shore temple at Mahabalipuram
Shore temple at Mahabalipuram
Shore temple at Mahabalipuram
Kailasanathar temple at Kanchipuram 1. Kaila Kailasa sana nath thar ar Temple Kanchipuram is one of the ancient temples of Tamil Nadu. 2. Built by Rajasimha and his son Mahendra in 7th century, this temple site is dedicated to Lord Shiva. 3. The only only temple temple that that does does not contain contain any signature signature art of Cholas or by Vijaynagar rulers. 4. This This temp temple le of Kanchipuram represents typical Dravidian style of architecture. 5. Kailasanat Kailasanathar har Temple consists consists of large number of small shrines inside the temple dedicated to Shiva, Parvati and their sons. 6. There There are total total of 58 shrines situated around the main shrine. Inner walls of temple are adorns with fresco-style of painting. 7. A unique unique example example of Dravidia Dravidian n style style of archit architectu ecture re this temple is constr construct ucted ed mostly mostly by sandstone. 8. Frag Fragme ments nts of 8th century's mural art are still visible reminder of temple's architecture. 9. The walls and the vimaanam of this temple are filled with great art works in form of paintings and sculptures. 10. Perhaps the most beautiful temple in Kanchipuram, this temple is regarded more as an architectural wonder rather than as a holy place. 11. Kanchipur Kanchipuram's am's Kailasanathar Kailasanathar Temple Temple can be described described as the successor successor of the rock temples at Mahabalipuram. 12. The bases of the pillars in Mahabalipuram temples have seated lions while the Kailasanathar temple has confident grimacing lions standing on their hind legs.
Kailasanathar temple at Kanchipuram
Kailasanathar temple at Kanchipuram
Kailasanathar temple at Kanchipuram
Kailasanathar temple at Kanchipuram
Kailasanathar temple at Kanchipuram
Kailasanathar temple at Kanchipuram
Brihadeeswara temple at Tanjore 1. Most of the people people who worked worked for the constructio constructions ns of the great great monuments monuments like Tajmaha Tajmahall and Red Fort are the prisoners in the jail only. But the Brihadeeswara temple in Tanjavur / Tanjore is an exception because; most of the people who helped for the construction of the temple are the Indians only that to the devotees who came voluntarily. 2. The raja of Chola, had made a statement and order that the names of the people those who helped in the construction of the temple are to be carved on the stones. 3. The names of those people can be seen on the carvings. People used to believe believe that the temple is been constructed hundred years back during the reign of Kariakla Chola. But one of the researchers had made a statement that the temple is constructed during the times of Raja Raja Chola. 4. The Chola Cholass used to be be the powerf powerful ul kings kings during during the tenth and the eleventh centuries . The devotional god for them is the Lord Shiva. 5. The Raja Raja Raja Raja Chola had had expande expanded d his kingdom kingdom starti starting ng from from Tanjore in 985 AD to 1012. He ruled Kerala to Madurai besides Tanjore in the south of Kerala. 6. The result result of this this is the income income is increased increased a lot. lot. Then only only he decided decided to establish establish one of the famou amouss cons constr truc ucti tion onss in the the Tanjo anjore re and and that that idea idea pave paved d the the way for for the the wond wonder erfful construction of the Bruhadeeswara temple. 1004 AD and completed completed on 1010. 1010. 7. The construction construction of the temple started in 1004
Brihadeeswara temple at Tanjore How Brihadeeswara temple constructed?
1. The length of the temple is 793 feet and the width is 393 feet and the height of the Gopuram (temple steeple) is 216 feet. 2. The whole whole constr construct uction ion of the templ templee is done by using using the bricks and no cement , sand is been used in the construction. 3. The te temple is a 13 storied building which looks very beautiful and attractive from the outside. For the shikhara (temple steeple) which is located at the top is been constructed with 80 tons of a single stone. 4. The total area of the gopuram (temple steeple) is 25.5 square feet. 5. A special bridge is been constructed constructed from 7 Km away from the temple to place the stone at the top of the temple. 6. The sikharam (temple peak) appears as two parts and sections or the divisions from the far. far. 7. There are no forests forests or anything else in in the surround surrounding ing of the the temple. temple. 8. It is also also estimate estimated d that that the temple temple is been construc constructed ted by carrying carrying the stones stones which which are far away from the temple which his around 150 km away from the temple.
Brihadeeswara temple at Tanjore 9. The historians historians say say that the secre secrett behind the construction construction of the the temple temple is to make his name and fame to be known to all the people during the reign of Chola king. 10. Another specialty of the temple is the construction which is made by the carvings on the temple made it famous and looks beautiful. 11. The beauty of the construction of the temple is not only seen in the outside carvings but is seen inside the temple too. 12. The lord Shiva inside the temple is been made with a single stone of 13 feet height. 13. There is a belief that the lingam is been brought from the Narmada river shore. 14. There are steps on both the sides of the temple to worship the th e lord. 15. The gomukha panapattam is been constructed by using a stone which is 500 tons weight. 16. The inside of the temple is divided into two parts and most of the temple inside is of the carvings that are made of the dancer’ dancer ’s carvings during the times of the Nayaka times. 17. There are also the carvings of the raja chola who along with his three queens worshipping the lord Nataraj is been carved on the temple carvings. customss and traditi traditions ons during the Chola Chola times times can be known by these 18. To know know the custom carvings and sculptures.
Brihadeeswara temple at Tanjore
Brihadeeswara temple at Tanjore
Brihadeeswara temple at Tanjore
Brihadeeswara temple at Tanjore
Brihadeeswara temple at Tanjore
Brihadeeswara temple at Tanjore
Pandyan Pandyan style Meenakshi Meenakshi Amman temple, temple, Madurai Madurai
1. The Meenakshi temple complex at Madurai is a city temple. 2. It has eminent eminent and exquisite exquisitely ly carved carved towers towers envelopi enveloping ng the temple, temple, dedicate dedicated d to Goddess Goddess Meenakashi in Madurai. 3. Consid Considere ered d as the south gateway, the Meenakshi temple consists of the twin temples of God Shiva and Goddess Meenakshi, each one as high as about nine storeys. 4. The The exact exact time time of temple's origin is not confirmed confirmed but the structures structures that are standing today date mostly from the 12th to the 18th century. The present temple standing today was built centur ury y A.D A.D. by Nayak rulers. in the 17th cent 5. The temple is superb superb example example of sculpture and magnificent architecture.
Special Features of the Temple The Temple Temple Towers Towers or The Gopurams Gopura ms 1. The The temp temple le has 12 temple towers also known as the Gopurams. 2. The outer outer towers towers of the temple work as as landmarks landmarks of Madurai. Madurai.
Gopura 1. The Gopura Gopurass or the Pyramidal gates have an enormous height of more than 50m. 2. The entrance entrance to the the temple complex complex is is indicated indicated by towering towering gatewa gateways ys at the four cardinal points, while lesser gopuras lead to the sanctums of the main deities.
Stucco Work 1. After After every 12 years, years, the figures figures of deitie deitiess on the tower tower are reconditi reconditione oned, d, repainte repainted d and ritually reconsecrated.
Ashta Shakthi Mandapam 1. To ente enterr the temple through the eastern gateway, one has to first enter the Asta Shakti Mandapam (Hall). 2. Buil Builtt by Thirumalai Nayakar's wives Rudrapathi Ammal and Tholimamai . Next to this hall is the Meenakshi Nayaka Mandapa, a spacious columned hall used for shops and stores. 3. This This hall hall has has a dedi dedica cate ted d lamp-holder with 1,008 lamps, which are lit and decorated on festive occasions. The sculptures on the pillars tell us about some of the miracles of Lord Shiva and also the story of Meenakshi's birth and her life as the princess of Madurai .
The Temple Temple Towers Towers or The Gopuram G opuramss
Gopura
Stucco painting
Stucco painting
Stucco Painting
Ashta Shakthi Mandapam
Meenakshi Nayakkar Mandapam 1. Adjace Adjacent nt to the Ashta Ashta Shakthi Shakthi Mandapa Mandapam, m, this big hall hall consist consistss of 110 pillars pillars carrying carrying the figures of a queer animal with a lion's lion 's body and an elephant's head called Yalli. Yalli.
Potramaraikulam (Golden Lotus Tank) 1. The Potramaraikulam temple tank is an ancient tank where devotees take bath in the holy water. 2. It is believed believed that that the area around around this tank was was the meeting meeting place place of the the TamilSangam - the ancient academy of poets. 3. The tank is encirc encircled led by a pillared corridor. 4. Ther Theree are are steps that lead down to the tank, enabling worshippers to take bathe in it.
Oonjal Mandapam 1. The Oonjal (swing) Mandapam and Killikoontu (parrot cage) Mandapam are situated on the western side of the tank. 2. The golden idols of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar are seated on the swing in the Oonjal Madapam every Friday and hymns are sung as the deities swing to and fro. 3. There There many many parr parrots ots in the Kilikoontu Mandapam who have been trained to repeat repeat Goddess Meenakshi's name. 4. The 28 pillars of the Mandapam are the most interesting parts, exhibiting some excellent Sculptures of figures from Hindu mythology.
Meenakshi Nayakkar Mandapam
Meenakshi Nayakkar Mandapam
Meenakshi Nayakkar Mandapam
Potramaraikulam (Golden Lotus Tank)
Oonjal Mandapam
Oonjal Mandapam
Oonjal Mandapam
Sculptures
Ceiling Ceiling of Meenakshi Meenakshi Amman temple, temple, Madurai Madurai
Thank Tha nk You Presented By
Partha Sarathi Mishra Asst. Prof. Lovely Professional University B Arch (ABIT-PMCA) (ABIT-PMCA) M Arch (IIT Roorkee) email:-
[email protected]