2
INGLÊS
GRAMÁTICA
POSSESIVOS
Pronomes
Pessoais
• Adjetivo: Sally has lost her book.
Possessivos Reflexivos
Sujeito
Objeto
Adjetivo
Pronomes
I
Me
My
Mine
Myself
you
You
Your
Yours
Yourself
he
Him
His
His
Himself
she
Her
Hers
Hers
Herself
it
It
Its
Its
Itself
we
Us
Our
Ours
ouselves
you
You
your
Yours
yourselves
they
Them
their
theyrs
themselves
One
One
One’s
___
Oneself
usados
Usados
Precedem
Substituem
Usados
substantivos
substantivos
como:
como
como:
sujeito de
•objeto de
um verbo
um verbo • objeto de
•Pronome:Those book are hers. (her books)
Nota: Concordância com indefinidos Everybody must bring his own material. Nobody will wrute his composition in ink. A concordância do indefinido é sempre feita através de um adjetivo ou pronome masculino e singular.
• reflexivos •enfaticos Concordam com o possuidor
Nota:
•idiomaticos
Of + pronome possesivo
preposição
They have seen a friend of theirs (one of their friends).
One:
A estrutura of + pronome possesivo significa um dos...
• Pronome indefinido (partícula se) one must speak in a low voice in hospitals. (Deve – se falar em voz baixa nos hospitais.) • o possesivo de one é one’s.
Observe:
Se um verbo tem dois objetos (direto e indireto): a) utiliza-se usualmente a estrutura verbo + objeto indireto + objeto direto; b) quando o objeto indireto for usado após o objeto direto, ele é precedido de to ou for.
One must not forget to do one’s homework. (não se deve esquecer de fazer a tarefa.)
I have lost a watch of mine (one of watches).
PRONOMES PESSOAIS • Sujeito: He likes coffee. • Objeto: Albert loves her. Fred is talking about us.
REFLEXIVOS • Reflexivos: Paul cut himself yesterday. • Enfatico: a) Paul cut the cake himself.
Nota:
Paul himself cut the cake. Posição dos objetos:
I gave him a present. Ou I gave a present to him. Objeto Objeto Objeto Objeto direto direto indireto direto They bought me some books. ou Objeto Objeto indireto direto They bought some books for me. Objeto Objeto indireto indireto
b) Paul cut the cake itself. • Idiomático: Billy made the cake by himself.
Uso:
my
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• Reflexivo – indica que o sujeito pratica e recebe os efeitos
c) The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet radition and protects you
da ação. Neste caso o pronome vem logo após o verbo e
and I and all the people. blocks ultraviolet radition and protects
concorda com o sujeito.
.
I hurt myself in the footbal game. d) Don’t I leave the door open. Obs: Quando o sujeito for um pronome indefinido, a
open.
Don’t leave
concordância é sempre feita com he, 3º pessoa do singular, masculino.
e) Technology brings comfort but we have to pay a certain price. Nobody hurt himself. brings comfort but we to pay a certain price.
• Relfexivo enfatico – Enfatiza o sujeito ou o objeto da oração. Neste caso o pronome não é parte essencial da oração e sua posição pode variar.
f) He and you were at the zoo yesterday, weren’t you?
She herself talked to the king. (ênfase no sujeito) were at the zoo yesterday, weren’t you?
She talked to the king herself. (ênfase no sujeito) She talked to the king himsef. (ênfase no objeto)
g) Mary sits between Shirley and me.
She talked to the king. (oração sem ênfase) sits between • Reflexivo idiomatico – O pronome vem precedido de by formando uma expressão que significa “sozinho”, “sem
h) Shirley sits between Bob and Mary.
ajuda”.
sits between He lives by himself.
i)
Sit in front of Suzy.
EXERCÍCIOS I sit in from of
01) Chosse the correct alternative. A) We live near (she/her).
J)
B) The ozone layer protects (we/us).
These aerosols damage the environment.
C) Barbara likes to walk (I/me)
Damage
D) I seldom speak to (he/him). E) They often see (we/us) at the bus stop. F) We always bring (them/they) to school. 03) check the correct alternative.
G) There are some letters for (him/he) on the table. H) Look at (she/her) when she speaks to you. I)
The director is talking to (they/them) now.
J)
What do you think about (us/we)?
A) Why don’t you both beheave a) itself
c) himself
B) Two women spoke to the actor
02) Supply the correct personal pronoun. a) I see Mary and Jill in the park every mornig. I see
b) yourselves
?
a) themself
b) Herself
c) himself
in the park every mornig.
b) Betty is talking to Bob now. Is talking to
C) We _________________ made the cake. now. a) itself
b)ourselves
c) myself
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D) The students
talked to the fireman.
h) We are thinking about (our/ours) next test. Are you thinking about (your/yours)?
a) themselves
b) himself
c) itself i)
E)We did execise by _________________________ . a) ourselves
b) itself
c) themselves
There are three magazines here. The first in (my/mine), the second is (her/hers), and the is (their/theirs).
j)
Give him (your/yours) address.
04) Supply the correct reflexive pronoum. a)
Susan drinks too much. She is destroying ________ .
06) Supply the correct possesive.
b) Karen and Tom walked in the park by ____________ . c)
a)
leaving in 3 minutes.
in the shower.
The old man is singing to
.
d) I painted the room by
Mary’s train is leaving at 3 o’clock, but John’s
is leaving
Train is leaving at’3 o’clock, but 3 minutes.
e)
You must protect ______________ from the rain . b) My brother’s favorite fruit is apple.________favorite fruit
f)
is apple.
I have to solve this question by
g) We always wash
before breakfast.
h) He has to make that decision by in the mirror.
i)
They love to look at
j)
The boy ____________________ treated the horse .
05) Choose the correct alternative.
c)
The cats are sleeping in the dog’s house. house.
The cats are sleeping in
d) The teacher corrects the students’ compositions. The teacher corrects e)
compositions.
Mr. Allen’s computer puts him in connection with the Internet._____________computer puts him in connection
a)
In the future housewives are going to do all (their/theirs)
with the Internet.
shoping through the computer. f) b) Tom always types (his/hers) letters, but we never type
Francisco’s daughter reads English very well.
_
Daughters reads English very well.
(our/ours). g) Bob and Jane’s favorute song is “New York”. c)
Karen and Susan are waiting for (their/theirs) parents.
d) I know (my/mine) family very well. Do you know
favorite songs is “New York, New York”. h) I see Mrs. Allison’s car in front of the bus terminal every
(yours/your)? e)
f)
morning.
(your/yours) is an excellent car. How much did you pay
I see
for it?
every morning.
She always shouts at (her/hers) children.
i)
g) Children ask (theirs/their) parents difficult questions.
car in front of the bus terminal
The nurse’s room is on the second floor. Room is on the second floor.
5 j)
Inglês
We are waiting for the children’s letter. VERBO TO BE – PRESENTE
letter.
We are waiting for 07) Suply the correct possesive. things you do
a) I do
homework alone. He can’t do
b) She can do
hands before
c) We must wash lunch.
rooms today.
d) The boys aren’t going to clean e) Dr. Smith Washes
Afirmativa
Negativa
Interrogativa
I am (I’a)
I am not (I’mnot)
Am I?
You are (you’re)
You are not (you
Are you?
He is (he’s)
aren’t)
Is she?
She is (she’s) It is
He is not (he isn’t)
Is she?
(it’s)
She ins not (she
Is it?
We are (we’re)
ins’t)
Are we?
You are (you’re)
It is not (it isn’t)
Are you?
They are (they’re)
We are not (we
Are they?
aren’t) You are not (you
car every morning.
aren’t) 08) Check the correct alternative.
They are not (they aren’t)
a) Does
bring
books to the class?
a) he-him
b) she-her VERBO TO BE – PASSADO
c) her-she
d) she-hers
b) Do you preferer listening to
records or
? a) your – yours b) my – him c) your – our
d) your – mine
c) Everybody must talk to
Afirmativa
Negativa
I was
I was not (Iwasn’t) a
You were
You were not
Was I?
He was
(you weren’t)
Were you?
She was
He was not (he
Was he?
It was
wasn’t)
Was she?
We were
She was not (she
Was it?
You were
wasn’t)
Were we?
They were
It was not (it
Were you?
wasn’t)
Were they?
coordinator.
Interrogativ
We were not (we
a) ours b) mine
weren’t) c) his
You were not (you
d) him
aren’t) children
d) Mrs. Cohen and waiting for
answer.
a) his – our
b) their – yours
c) her – our
d) her – ours
are
They were not (they weren’t)
EXERCÍCIOS 01)
Complete the dialogues. Follow the example. Peter is English. (Susan) Is Susan English, too? No, she isn’t.
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a) He is at school. (they)
in the garden na hour
c) The dog
, too?
No,
ago.
.
b) Philip and Sheila are late. (I)
, too?
Yes,
.
d)
we at john’s house last weekend? not a good student last month.
e) you
c) that man is French. (you and your sister) ________too?
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
No,
.
Presente Do verbo
. too?
d) This cat black. (dog) .
Yes,
TO BE
Verbo terminado em
+
-ING
, too?
e) The doctor is yung. (pilot) .
Yes,
, too?
f) The airport is far. (theater) .
No,
I am working You are working He is working
There is (há, existe) – usado com substantivos singular. There are (há, existem) – usado com substantivos no
She is working
plural.
It is working
There was (havia) – usado com substantivo no singular. There were (havia) – usado com substantivos no plural.
We are working You are working
EXERCÍCIOS
Ortografia Regra geral
01) Supply there is or there are.
Os verbos não sofrem modificações ao receber a
a)
children playng ball.
b)
a bus on the street.
terminação – ing.
c)
there boats on the lake.
Work – working
agree – agrecing
d)
a boy reading under a tree.
Try – tryng
ski – skiing
e)
policemen at the gate of the Particularidades
park.
1) Se o verbo termina em um único e, ele perde o e, ao receber – ing.
02) Suplly there was or there were. a)
many
children
in
the
park Love – loving
yesterday. b)
butter
in
the
refrugerator
have – having
Exceção: be – being 2) se o verbo termina em consoante
yesterday. c)
a cat in my room last night.
+vogal+consoante, dobra-se a ultima consoante acrescenta-se
d)
two famous artist at the hotel.
- ing. Com verbos de duas ou mais silabas isso ocorre apenas
e)
there apples on the table.
quando a silaba tônica é a ultima.
03)Supply the verb to be in the past. a) This
my first italian book.
b)
you in Rio last February?
Run – running
begin - beginning
Swim – swimming
prefer – prefering
Obs.: die – dying
tie – tying
lie - lying
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I work
Uso: 1) Expressa ações que estão acontecendo na atualidade.
You work
Our Kids are growing fast.
I work in na office. He works in an office They work in an offce.
He works 2) Expresa ações que estão acontecendo no exato momento em que se fala. Neste caso, são geralmente usados
She works
com: now, at this moment, at present. It works
She is cleaning house now. 3) Pode expressar ações futuras. Geralmente usado com: next week, tomorrow,etc.
We work
I am buying a new car nest week.
You work
EXERCÍCIOS
They work
01) Choose the correct alternative. a)
The children (is/are) sleeping now. Don’t make any noise.
b) (Is/Are) it raining outside? c)
Ortografia
What (is/are) Marion doing in the laboratiry right now?
d) My computer (is/are) working perfectly with the new
Regra geral
software. e)
Quase todos os verbos, com exceção do to be e da
Can you help me? (is/am/are) cleannig the garage.
maioria dos anômalos, formam a 3ª pessoa do singular com o 02)
Supply the present continuous of the verbs in parentheses.
acréscimo de – s. Work – works
live – lives
play - plays
(begin) now.
a) Our classes are
(die).
b) Look at these plants! They are
Particularidades (have) a
c) Don’t worry about Mary. She is
1) Se o verbo terminar em ss, sh, ch, x, z ou o, acrescenta-se –
good time on the farm, (leave) in the morning?
d) Is your bus Yes, it is.
es. Kiss – Kisses
e) What are your brothers
teach – teaches
buzz - buzzes
(do)? They are
(swim).
Wash – washes
fix – fixes
do – does
03) Answer the questions. Follow the example.
2) se o vrbo terminar em y precedido de consoante, troca-se o
What’s the secretary doing? (type a letter)
y por – ies.
She’s typing a letter. a)
What’s the girl doing? (cry)
Try – tries
study – studies
hurry – hurries
b) What’s the boy doing? (run in the park) c)What are the men doing? (read) c)
What is the woman doing? (buy na ice cream)
Uso.:
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Infinitivo sem TO 3ª pessoa do singular recebe - S
1) Expressa ações habitais ou que se repetem no presente. Geralmente usado com: always, often, usualy,
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Inglês
frequently, sometimes, never; seldom, every day, on
b) She seldom
(call) us when she
(need) help.
Monday, etc. c) I always walk to school.
(teach) Math to young
My mister
children. (play)
d) Peter and his friend Bob
She seldom gets up early. 2) Pode expressar verdades universai e ações futuras
tennison Wednesday. e)
planejadas.
(walk) on the side
Some people never
of the street.
Dogs bark.
f)
Your bus comes at 4:15
(wash)
I usually
my
clothes
on
Saturday morning. Auxiliar DO/DOES 03) Write sentences. Follow the example. Melvin – mechanic – fix – trucks – cars
Afirmativa:
You work
He works.
Interrogativa:
Do you work?
Does he work?
Negativa:
You do not work.
He does not work
Melvin is a mechanic. He fixes trucks and cars. a)
Helen – teacher – teach – portuguese – literature
b) Frank – author – write – newspaper articles – books c)
Formas abreviadas: don´t (do not)
d) Carolyn – driver drive – buses – trucks
Doesn’t (does not)
04) Check the correct alternative.
Notas: • Nas formas interrogativa e negativa em que se usa o
a) provide
sem to. • Do e does não tem tradução quando funcionam como auxiliares.
eletric
b) Does she
you
a) know – live
in Chicago? b) knows – live to increase very quichly in
the next 5 years. a) tends
01) Chosse the correct alternative. Jack is a very lazy boy. He never (get/ges) up early. He always (miss/misses) the bus to school. Sometimes he (meet /meets)his friend Fred. Fred is also a very lazy boy. When they (meet/meets), they (walk/walks) to school. But they (stop/stops) at the newstand first. Jack always (buy/buys) a sport magazines and Fred. (buy/buys) a music magazine. Fred (like/likes) heavy metal. They (read/reads) on the way to school and often (arrive/arrives) late. When the arrive the gate is closed and they (go/goes) back home.
b) tend huge investiments
d) Urban developeds in housing and transportation. a) demand
b) demands 7º C
e) Temperature in recife never a) reach
b) reaches
05) Rewrite the sentences into the negative and the interrogativeforms. a)
His brothers leave for school at 7:00.
Negative Interrofative
02) Supply the simple present of the verbs in parentheses. Birds from the north always
necessary
b) provides
c) The worlds population EXERCÍCIOS
farm in summer.
the
a) The battery current to start engine.
verbo auxiliar do/does, o verbo principal fica no infinitivo,
a)
Roger – engineer – build – houses – bridges
(appear)
in
our
b) Dennis brings his book to school every day. Negative: Interrogative:
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you go to the party or not?
D) c) She brushes her before breakfast.
a) Don’t they let b) Are they going to let
Negative:
c) Are they let
Interrogative:
E) The teacher says he
our tests this afternoon.
a) is go to correcting
b) isn’t correct
d)Susan empties the trash every morning.
c) doesn’t correcting
d) is going to correct
Negative:
F) We
Interrogative:
a)
d) Do they are going to let.
the film now, We
it tomorrow.
don’t watch - are watching
b) aren’t watching – watch FUTURE WITH GOING TO
c)
aren’t watching - are going to watch
d) are going to watch – are going to watch
presente do verbo TOBE +
the day after tomorrow?
G) What
GOING + VERBO
a) are you going
b) you are doing
c) are you going to do
c) do you do
I am going to work You are going to work
02) Complete the sentences. Follow the example.
He is going to work
She’s studyng now, then she’s going to walk in the park. (walk
She is going to work
in the park)
He is going to work we are going to work you are going to work they are going to work
Afirmativa: He is going to work. Interrogativa: Is he going to work? Negativa: He is not going to work.
a) He’s reading now, then
(swim in the club) (cat)
b)We are dancing mow, then (sleep)
c) I am working now, then
(read)
d)They are writing now, then e)
We are selecting the material now, then_______ (type)
Uso.: 1) Expressa ação futura ou intenção.
03) Suply the going to form of the verbs in parentheses. (begin) at o’clock sharp.
I am going to swim.
a) The show
We are going to get married.
b) Mr. Shaw ______________ (leave) the office after 5:00
2) Geralmente vem acompanhado de: tomorrow, next..., in...
today.
She’s going to travel in March. They are going to study tomorrow.
THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Will + VERBO
EXERCÍCIOS 01) Check the correct alternative. A) Jane always a) are going to walk c) walks
to school morning. b) is going to walk d) walk
I will work You will work
Afirmativa: He will work.
He will work
Interrogativa: Will he work?
B) They are
us the story tomorrow.
She will work
Negativa: He will not work.
a) are tell
b) don’t tell
It will work
Formas abreviadas: ‘l (will)
c) are to telling
d) are going to tell
C) She doesn’t play tennis on Fridays,but she next Friday. a) is going to play c) doesn’t play
b) isn’t playing d) ins’t going to playing
He will wor They will work
won’t (will not)
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Uso: 1) Para expressar ação ou previsão quanto ao futuro. É usado
C) They_______ to Japan tomorrow at this time.
com advérbios ou expressões que indiquem tempo futuro:
a)
tomorrow, next..., in July, on Moday, etc.
b) won’t flying
We will study hard next year.
c)
will flying
will be flying D) We _______to Sarah in the afternoon.
2) Para dar idéia de pedido.
a)
Will you open the door, please.
b) will be talking c)
will being speaking E) Susan_______when we get there.
THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Verbo terminado em
will meet
a)
Will be studing
b) Is studing
WILL BE + -ING
c)
Won’t studing F) ________Ted______next weekend?
a)
will-work
Afirmativa: He will be working.
b)
going to-work
Interrogativa: Will he be working?
c)
will-to work
Negativa: He won’t be working.
G) She_______before 2 0’clock.
Uso: Para expressar ação que estará ocorrendo num
a)
will not to be arriving
b)
won’t arrive
c)
will not to arrive
determinado tempo no futuro. Tomorrow at 4 o’clock I’ll be talking to him. Nota:
02) Supply the simple future of the verbs in parentheses. a)
We___________(meet) you by the lake.
b)
The Browns_____(move) to the contry in November.
ou acontecimentos futuros. Reveja-as.
c)
John________(arrive) tomorrow morning.
•
Simple future: I will leave next week.
d)
I__________(catch) the midnight train to Amsterdam
•
Going to: I am going to leave next week.
e)
Cars______(be) lighter in the future.
•
Simple present: The train leave in 5 minutes.
f)
Mrs. Jenkins_______(not come) for the show.
•
Present continuous: He is leaving tomorrow.
g)
I________(represent) my company in the conference
h)
The new project_____(begin) in March.
i)
What_______you______(do) after class.
j)
I am on a diet, so I ________ (not eat)any ice cream.
Várias formas verbais podem expressar ações
EXERCÍCIOS
01) Chek the correct alternative. A) ________ you ________ by the end of next week? a)
will – be traveling
b)
will – traveling
c)
will – be
B) Tomorrow at 7 o’clock l _________ tennis. a)
will be play
b)
will be playing
c)
won’t be play
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c)It’s raining. We _________ put on our raicoats. d)I can’t see you next week. I_______ go to my aunt’s.
VERBOS ANÔMALOS Verbo
CAN
Expressa
É usado no
a)capacidade
Presente futuro
Contração com
Can’t
b)possibilidade
a)capacidade
Passado
b)possibilidade
condicional
b)Helen ________ help us with the work. (possibilidade) Couldn’t
c)permissão MAY
MIGHT
02) Supply can, must, need our might. a)The radio said it_________ rain. (possibilidade remota)
c)permissão
COULD
e)Mother was out last night. Father _______ cook our dinner.
not
c)He has just received his salary. He ________ have some money. ( dedução)
a)possibilidade
Presente
b)permissão
futuro
d)You _________ arrive late to the lecture. (proibição)
a)possibilidade mais
Passado
e)I ____________ count the money again. There is some
remota
Presente
b)permissão mais
Condicional
Mightn’t
missing. (necessidade)
formal
03) Supply could, shold or used to.
Presente futuro
Na afirmativa:
a) You _________ go to the dentist every year. (conselho)
a) dedução MUST
Mustn’t
b) obrigação Na negativa:
b) I __________ speak English well 5 years ago. (capacidade) c) We _________ do all the exercises in na hour.
c) proibição SHOULD OUGHT TO NEED
Presente futuro
a)conselho b)lembrança de um
(possibilidade) Shouldn’t
dever
e) We _________ help mother now. She is tired. (dever)
Necessidade
Presente futuro
Desafio
Needn’t
Passado
DARE
04) Supply may, dare or ought to.
Presente
a) It’s raining. You ________ take a raincoat. (conselho)
futuro USED TO
d) I __________ smoke a lot some years ago. (hábito passado)
oughtn’t to
Hábito passado
passado
Usedn’t to ou
b) __________ we leave the clasrrom now? (permissão)
didn’t use to
c) My sister __________ arrive from Italy today. (possibilidade)
Notas:
d) __________ you swim across the river again? (desafio)
1) Can/could – podem ser substituídos por to be able to. Presente: She can swim
Passado: She could swim → She was able to swim. Futuro:
e) I __________ answer Mary’s letter. (dever)
→ She is able to swim. → She will be able to swim.
2) Must – pode ser substituido por to have to. Presente: I must study
→ I have to study.
Passado:
→ I had to study.
Futuro: I must study tomorrow → I will have to study
05) Check all correct alternatives. A) You _______ smoke here. a) might to
b) have permission
c) can to
d) may
B) The teacher told pupils that they _______ leave the school. a) might to
b) musted
c) mayed
d) might
tomorrow. C) You _______ to know it better. EXERCÍCIOS
a) could b) shold c) ought d) may
01) Suply to have to.
D) He _______ speak Italian when he was years old.
a)He _________ run very fast to cath the bus yesterday.
a) may
b)Lucy is sick. She_________ go to the doctor.
b) might
c) ought
d) could
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E) She ________ come in May.
07) Check the correct alternative.
a) mays b) have to
A) Our class _______ to study a litle bit more about our
c) musts d) may
history. F) She felt ill. She ________ to go to bed immediately. a) could
b) must
c) can
a) should
b) ought
d) had B) They ______ ask the teacher if they want to leave the room.
G) “You mustn’t take that medicine” expressa: a) uma ordem
a) should
b) ought
b) uma advertência
c) uma obrigação d) uma proibição.
C) You _______give her a present. It’s her birthday. a) should
b) ought
H) I’m sure she isn’t here. She _________ be at home. a) dare
b) must c) ought d) have to
D) We ________ to arrive at school early tomorrow. There’s a special class.
I) She ______study hardy now, because she hás no chance to
a) should
b) ought
pass. a) mustn’t
b)can’t
c) shouldn’t
d) needn’t
E) I _______ to write to my friends in Italy. a) should
b) ought
J) I’m awfully sorry, but I had no choice. I simply ________
08) Check the correct alternative.
what I did.
A) Tecnology ______ provide a higher quality of life to every
a) ought to
b) must do
citizen.
c) have had todo d) had to do
a) should
06) Check the corret alternative.
B) He thinks he ______ anybody’s help to finish his project.
A) she’s crying because her mother says that she _________
a) doesn’t need b) needs not
b) ought
go to the club with her friends. a) must b) is allowed to
C) The teacher ______ to give us na easier test next time.
c) may
a) should
d)may not
b) ought
B) Your eyes are reddish. You _______ have a fever.
D) I _______ to finish cleaning the garage before going to the
a) may not
game.
b) mustn’t
c) mustn’t
d) mightn’t
a) need
b) needs
C) My team ______ win this championship, but I don’t belive it will.
E) _______ they eat all those sandwiches at once?
a) might b) mustn’t
c) may not
d) will be allowed
a) Need b) Do need
to 09) Check the correct meaning. D) _______ I used your pen for a minute? a) Must b) Mustn’t
c)May
A) Look at Fred! He must be drunk. d) Mightn’t
a) dedution
b) obligation
c) prohibition
E) The teacher said that the children_____ arrive a little late
B) We must study because there is an exam tomorrow.
today. There’s no problem.
a) dedution
a) will may
b) will might
c) may
b) obligation
c) prohibition
d) must C) You mustn’t smoke in this room. Look at the sing.
13
Inglês
a) dedution
b) obligation
c) prohibition
Columbus discovered América in 1492. She arrived late last nigh.
D) Lucy is running to school. She must be late. a) dedution
b) obligation
c) prohibition
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE – REGULAR VERBS
EXERCÍCIOS
01) Rewrite the sentences into the interrogative torm. a) The police stopped us on our way to the stadium.
Verbo + -D/-ED Auxiliar DID
Did the police stop us on our way to the stadium.? b) Albert Eintein formulated the theory of relativity. c) A big explosion destroyed several houses in the village.
I worked
d) Last year’s proficts permited investimentes in the new
You worked
factory.
He worked
Afirmativa: He worked yesterday.
She worked
Interrogativa: Did he work yesterday?
It worked
Negativa: He did not work yesterday.
We worked You worked
e) Our competitor opened a new industry in Chicago.
02) Suplí the simple present or the simple past of the verbs in parentheses.
Forma abreviada:didn’t (did not)
a) Alfred _______ (work) at a big department store now.
They worked
b) what _______ she _______ (study) last night?
Notas:
c) Timothy ________ (carry) the heavy tables to the garage
•
No passado os verbos têm a mesma forma para todas
yesterday.
as pessoas.
d) The president always ________(speak) to the press in the
•
Golden Room?
Nas formas interrogativa e negativa em que se usa o
auxiliar (did), o verbo principal fica no infinitivo sem to.
e) Why ________ the child________ (cry) every time it is in
Regra geral
the dark room? f) Water ________ (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius.
Acrescenta-se -d/ -ed ao verbo. Work-worked
play-played
Love-loved
agree-agreed
03) Check the correct alternative. A) A Bus _______ against the house and _______ na old lady.
Particularidades
a) crash – kill 1) Verbos terminados em y precedido de consoante trocam o y
c) crashed – kills
b) crashes – killed c) crashed – killed
por –ied. Study-studied
carry-carried
cry-cried
B) I ________ them. They________ five minutes later.
2) Verbos terminados em consoante + vogal+ consoante, cuja
a) called – arrived
b) call – arrives
silaba forte é aultima, dobram a consoante antes do acréscimo
c) crashed – arrive
d) call – arrived
de –ed. permit-permited ocur-occurred stop-stopped
C) She never ________ with us. She ________ she’s always right.
uso:
a) agreed – think
1) Expressa hábitos passados.
c) agrees- think
b) agree – think d) agrees – thinks
I walked to school when I was a child. D) They ________ when I _________ the door. 2) Expressa ações terminadas ou ocorridas em um momento
a) complains – closed
b) complained – closes
definido. Geralmente usado com yesterday, last..., ago, etc.
c) complained - closed
d)complains – close
14
Inglês
h) They _________ (do) their homework at 8:30 last night. E) His company ________a new system of recording sound.
i) Helen _________(dance) at the club.
a) develop
b) developed
J) I _________ (work) with your brother last night.
c) developps
d) developped 02) Check the correct alternative. A) Alice ________ up when the telephone rang.
THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
a) gets
Passado do verbo verbo terminado em TO BE + -ING
b) is geting
c) was getting
d) get
B) My friend didn’t go to the club because it ________. a) was raining
b) is raining c) rain
d) rains
I was sleeping You were sleeping
C) Noboly Knew Mary ________ in the Unided States.
He was sleeping
Afirmativas: He was sleping.
She was sleeping
Interrogativa: Was he sleeping?
It was sleeping
a) is live
Negativa: He was not sleeping.
b)live
c)living
d) was living
D) Several Children __________ in the park when the accident
We were sleeping
happened.
You were sleeping Formas abreviadas: wasn’t (was not)
a) plays
b) is playing
They were sleeping
c) was plaing
d) were playing
weren’t (were not)
E) I could tell she was sad because she _________.
Nota: O verbo terminado em - ing não se altera na interrogativa e na negativa. ORTOGRAFIA
a) cries
b) is crying
c) cry
d) was crying. THE PAST CONTINUOUS AND THE SIMPLE PAST TENSES
Todos os tempos continuous seguem as mesmas normas ortográficas.
When (quando) e while (enquanto) podem ser usados para ligar orações indicando que :
Uso; Expressa ações que estavam acontecendo em um
•
determinado momento no passado. They were sleeping 5 minutes ago.
uma ação estava acontecendo quendo outra ocorreu. I was studying when she arrived
•
duas ações estavam ocorrendo ao mesmo tempo. I was studing while they were swimming
EXERCÍCIOS EXERCÍCIOS 01) Supply the past continuous of the verbas in parenses. a) Susan ________ (help) her mother in the kitchen.
01) Suply while or when.
b) We _________ (run) to school at 8:00 this morning. c) The children ________ (look) for the cat in the garage.
a) Nobody was working _________ I arrived there.
d) Father ________ (drive) Home at 6:00 yesterday.
b) She said she was sleeping ________ you were studying.
e) Dennis and Tom _________ (solve) the problem in the
c) What were you doing _________ the accident took place?
classroom.
d) Are you sure you were not sleeping _______ the boys
f) The telephone ________ (ring) at 5 o’clok this mornig.
entered the room?
g) I __________ (walk) down the street at 5:00 in the
e) We wen´t having fun ________ their parents were working.
afternoon.
15
Inglês
f) The children were having fun ________ their parents were working.
He hás lived in London. (Ele morou em Londres./ Eletem morado em Londres.)
g) Some people were still tryng to buy tickets ________ the game was going on in the stadium.
Obs.: Se o tempo exato em que a ação ocorreu for
h) _________ they finished the exercise we were already
mencionado ou sugerido, usa-se o passado simples:
playing outside.
I worked with her 10 years ago.
i) Some workers were protesting _________ the President was
They studient English last year.
vising the factory.
He lived in London when he was a child.
j) Some workers were marching in front of the factory______ b) ações que aconteceram várias vezes no passado. the President arrived.
She hás talked to me many times.
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Since (desde) We have lived here since April
HAVE/HAS + verbo no PARTICIPIO PASSADO
For (durante, há) I have lived here for 2 years. Just (acabar de) The Kids have just arrived
I have worked
Afirmativa: He has worked hard.
You have worked
Interrogativa: Has he worked hard?
He/she/it has worked Negativa: he hasn’t worked hard.
Ever (alguma vez, já) Have you ever traveled abroad? Alrealy (já)
We have worked You have worked
I have already seen that film. Formas abreviadas:
They have worked
‘s (has)
Have you alread seen it? Yet (já, ainda)
‘ve (have)
Have they arrived yet?
hasn’t (has not)
They haven’t arrived yet.
haven’t (have not)
Leately (ultimamente) She hasn’t talked to me lately.
Forma: 1) O particípio passado dos verbos regulares é igual ao
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
passado simples. 2) O verbo principal (no passado não se altera nas frases interrogativas e negativas: Have you worked You haven’t worked.
HAVE/HAS BEEN + verbo Terminado em -ING
Uso: O presente perfeito é usado para expressar: a)
ações que ocorreram num tempo indefinido. Essas ações
podem ou não estar ocorrendo ainda.
I have worked with her. ( Eu trabalhei com ela. / Eu tenho trabalhado com ela.) They have studied English. (Eles estudaram Inglês./Eles têm estudado Inglês.)
Afirmativa: She has been working hard. Interrogativa: Has she been working hard? Negativa: She hasn’t been working hard.
Uso: O presente continuo enfatiza a continuidade da ação que começou no passado e que se prolonga até o presente.
16
Inglês
Linda hás been working for 2 hours. She must be tired.
06) Write senteces using since or for. She – read - book – 3 weeks She hás been reading this book for 3 weeks.
EXERCÍCIOS a) we-speak – with Paul – 2 hours 01) Supply the simple past or the present perfect of the verbs
b) they – write – letters - yesterday
in parênteses.
c) He - sing – this – song – 5 o’clock
a) I ___________ (Kiss) my girlfriend.
d) I – waint – for – half an hour
b) the boy _________ (find) a little dog last night. c) they __________ (be) in the library 5 minutes ago.
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
d) She __________ (work) in that room.
HAD + verbo no PARTICIPIO PASSADO
e) We ___________(break) the crystal vase.
02) Supply alread or yet. a) I have _________ done my exercises but Sally hasn’t done
I had worked
hers___________
Afirmativa: He had worked.
You had worked
b) We haven’t run into the new director___________ He/she/it had worked
Interrogativa: Had he worked?
c) Have they done their homewoWe rk____________ had worked __?
Negativa: He had not worked.
d) She has _________ sent the postvards.
You had worked
They had worked
Formas abreviativas: ‘d (had)
03) Suply just or lately.
Hadn’t (had not)
a) Mother has ___________ baked a chocolate cake. b) I haven’t seen Jane ___________ c) Have you worked hard __________________? d) She has ____________ told us the good news.
Uso: O passado perfeito indica que uma ação ocorreu antes de outra ação no passado. Geralmente é usado com after, before, when, etc.
04) Suply since or for.
I had cleaned the room when she arrived.
a) she hás spoken _________ last year.
They had left before I called them.
b) He has worked as a teacher________ last year. c) They have lived in Miami __________1988.
THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
d) We haven’t said a word __________2 hours.
05) Rewrite the sentences. Put the adverbs in the correct position. Follow the example.
HAD BEEN + verbo terminado em - ING
You have ssen a lion. (ever)
I had been working
Have you ever seen a lion?
You had been working He/she/it had been working
a) They have traveled abroad. (never)
We had been working
b) She hás arrived. (just)
You had been working
c) I haven’t gone to the movies. (lately)
They had been working
d) We have lived here. (since 1990) Afirmativa: He had been working Interrogativa: Had he been working
17
Inglês
Negativa: He had not been working.
04) Supply past perfect or past continuous.
Formas abreviadas: ‘d (had)
a) They dressed after they _________ (wash)
hadn't (had not)
b) I came in While he ___________(write). c) It ____________ (rain) this morning when I got up. d) She told me her name after I __________ (ask) bread.
Uso: O passado perfeito continuo enfatiza a duração da ação que ocorreu antes de outra ação no passado. When I arrived, she had been crying for na hour.
e) After you ___________ (go), I went to sleep. f) When I arrived at his house he ________ still________ (sleep) g) She cut her finger while she ____________(cut) bread. h) Why didn´t you go to the doctor after I __________ (tell)
EXERCÍCIOS 01) Check the correct alternative.
you?
A) I ________ a letter when the guests arrived.
i) The ligth went out while we __________(have) dinner.
a) had been writeing
b) had been
c) had writing INFINITIVO E GERÚNDIO
B) She told me her name after I ________ her twice. a) asked
b) had askey
c) had asking
VERBOS Forma verbal
forma
Usa-se o infinitivo sem to:
C) When she interrupted him, he ________ about his life for
a) após os verbos anômalos;
an hour. a) had been talk
b) após os verbos make e let;
b) had been talking
c) talked
c) após os verbos auxiliares: do, does, did,
D) He ________ for a newspaper but she brought some Infinitivo
magazines. a) did ask
Uso
b) have asked
c) had asked
O infinitivo é a
will, would;
forma original do
d) após as preposições but e except.
verbo. O
Usa-se o infinitivo com to:
infinitivo pode
a) após os verbos: tell, invite, teach, remind,
aparecer com ou
wish, desire, want;
sem to
b) após: the first, the second, the last, the only;
02) Suply the past perfect of the verbs in parenteses.
c) após adjetivos no superlativo:
a) We__________ (finish) the exercise when teacher called us.
d) após: tôo, enough;
b) I washed the dishes after they _________ (eat)
e) após alguns verbos.
c) Jane lost the book Paul________(give) to her. Usa-se o gerúndio:
d) They read the message she _______ (write).
Verbo com a
a) como substantivo funcionando como:
d) They read the message she _______ (White).
terminação ing.
- sujeito
e) He __________ (leave) the party before I arrived.
Observação: Os
- objeto direto
verbos com ing
- objeto indireto (após preposições);
dos tempos
b) após os verbos go e come indicando
contínuos não
atividade física;
parenses.
estão no
c)após os verbos: admit, avoid, appreclate,
a) Roy told me he __________ (fall) from a tree.
gerúndio, mas
consider, delay, detest, deny, dislike, enjoy,
b) The teacher ___________ (give) us the test after we had
no particípio
escape, excuse, finish, keep, mention, miss,
presente.
practice, quit;
03) Supply the past perfect or the simple past of the verbs in
read the book. c) They had drunk a lot before they _________ (start) dinner. d) I ____________ (sleep) for 2 hours when Jack called me. e) She answered the door after I _________ (ring) the bell many times.
Gerúndio
d) após algus verbos (ver lista abaixo)
18 •
Inglês
Verbos que podem ser seguidos de gerúndio ou
Approve
Can’t stand
Confuse
Affirm
Avoid
Cancel
Consider
Enjoy
Delay
Excuse
infinitivo com TO
advise continue love remember agree forget mean stop allow hate negrect study attempt leave prefer try begin like permit
Emphasi-
Admit
Anticipate
Can’t help
Apreciate
Can’t resist
Confirm
Deny
Fancy
Favour
Mind
Prescribe
Risk
Suggest
Finish
Miss
Prohibit
Save
Tolerate
Necessitate
Recall
Signift
Treat
Recognise
Simulate
Value
Imagine Include It’s not
Observação:
worth
He stopped to talk. ( Ele parou para conversar.)
Oppose
Condemn
se
Postpone
Report
Skip
View
Predict
Resist
Stress
visualise
Justify
He stopped talking. ( Ele parou de conversar.) • Verbos que podem ser seguidos de gerúndio ou infinitivo
d) As crianças foram nadar no clube.
sem to )verbos de percepção.
The chilbren went ___________ in the club. e) Eles detestaram andar descalços na areia.
feel
observe hear
see
notice
watch
EXERCÍCIOS
They disliked _________ barefoot on the sand.
03) Underline the correct form of the verbs in parenteses. a) They attempted (make, making) the exercises by
01) Supply the infinitive with or without to.
themselves.
a) You should _________ (travel) at night because it’s fresher.
b) I heard the baby (to cry, crying).
b) Jenny made us ________ (clean) the room before we left. c) Will you __________ (lend) me your book, plase? d) She did nothing but _____________ (cry) e) I was the first ____________ (arrive) last night.
Verbos seguidos de gerúndio
Verbos seguidos de
Verbos seguidos de
gerúndio e infinitivo
gerúndio e infinitivo
sem to
com to
Admit
Verbos de percepção
Advise
f) For me, Japanese is the hardest language__________
Avoid
Feel
Altempt
(speak).
Appreciate
Hear
Begin
g) You are too young __________ (watch) that film.
Consider
Notice
Start
Delay
Observe
Continue
h) Do you have enough money __________(buy) our tickets?
Detest
See
Forget
i) They told us ____________ (leave) the room.
Deny
watch
Have
j) Tom invited me ___________ (have) dinner with him.
Dislike
Leave
Enjoy
Like
Escape
Love
Excuse
Mean
a) A primeira é um bom passatempo
Finish
Neglect
___________ is a good pastime.
Set
Prefer
b) Ela gosta de trabalhar de manhã
Mention
Permit
Miss
Remember
Practice
Stop
c) Nós falamos em ir ao parque, mas Judy continuou
Resist
Study
chorando.
Suggest
Try
We talked about ___________ to the park, but Judy kept
understand
02) Turn into English. Use gerund.
She likes __________ in the morning.
___________
Nota: He stopped to talk. (Ele parou para conversar.) He stopped talking. (Ele parou de conversar.)
19
Inglês
THE NON-FINITES
VERBS TAKING A GERUND
(As formas nominais)
Examples: I’II never approve talking in the classrom.
As formas nominais ( no-finits, em inglês) são as
She can’t help loving him.
formas verbais não conjugadas e, portanto, sempre invariáveis
It’s not worth going there today.
e equivalentes a substantivos ou adjetivos: infinitivo,
He confirmed not being a Protestant.
gerundio, particípio presente e particípio passado. Ex: to go,
The proibited smoking in the museum.
going (present participle and gerund), gone.
Susan doesn’t tolerate living alone.
Em inglês, o particípio presente e o gerúndio são obtidos acrescentando-se -ing ao infinitivo. O particípio
VERBS TAKING AN INFINITIVE WITH “TO”
presente é um adjetivo verbal e sempre é usado nos tempos
afford
decide
contínuos ( present continuous, past continuous, present
appear
determine
perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, future
arrange
expect
continuous). O gerundio é um substantivo verbal. Veja os
attempt
fail
exemplos:
be(obligation) guarantee
She’s dancing now (present participle)
care
She likes dancing. (gerund)
choose claim
O gerundio e o infinitivo podem funcionar como
help
long
prove
manage
refuse
mean(intend)
resolve
ofter
seem
prepare
swear
pretend
try
hope
proceed
want
learn
promise
wish
Examples:
sujeito, objetivo ou coplemento predicativo. Veja os
I can’t afford to travel to England this year.
exemplos:
You are to come here at nine. Don’t forget.
Helping poor children is a joy. (subject)
He decided not to go there.
We really enjoy doing it. (object)
We hope to graduale in two years’ time.
All she enjoys is helping children. (complement)
They refused to help us.
To walk is a pleasure. (subject)
Paul means to became an artist.
He wants to walk. (object) To walk too fast is to walk in vain. (complement)
2) Veja agora os seguintes exemplos: The teacher doesn’t permit smoking in the classroom.
Observe que: •
The teacher didn’t permit me to leave the classroom.
usamos o gerúndio para nos referirmos a um sentido
geral, e o infinitivo a um sentido particular (freqüentemente
Observe que o verbo permit exige o gerúndio se não for
com should ou would.
seguido de pronome ou substantivo; caso contrario, exige o
1) No texto, encontramos:
infinitivo (to-infinitive). Os verbos abaixo comportam-se da
“[...] Ed Murphy was attempting to develop a project [...]”
mesma maneira:
“Murphy resisted admitting it was his fault [...]”
Acknowledge
allow
encourage
Advise
authorize
recommend
Observe que o verbo attempt é seguido por um infinitivo com to (to-infinitive), enquanto resist é seguido por •
depois de uma preposição ou conjunção, usamos o gerundio,
um gerúndio. Em português usamos o infinitivo nos dois
enquanto em portugues usamos o infinitivo:
casos, mas certos verbos ingleses exigem o infinitivo, e outros
We began by sponsoring a desperately poor girl.
p gerúndio. Veja abaixo as listas dos mais comuns desses
[...] you’ll feel the personal reward of knowing your love and
verbos:
support can do. Before leaving, turn off the lights. 3) Observe os seguintes exemplos:
20
Inglês
I saw the man crossing the roal.
attempt
dislike
omit
I saw the man cross the road.
begin
detest
prefer
bother
like
propose
observação do desenvolvimento da ação, e a oração pode se
cease
love
start
traduzida por Eu vi o homem atravessando a rua.
hate
need
study
intend
neglect
No primeiro exemplo, o uso do gerúndio implica a
No segundo exemplo, o emprego do infinitivo sem to indica apenas que a ação de atravessar foi executada , e•
com os verbos dos seguintes exemplos, o emprego do gerúndio
podemos traduzir a oração por Eu vi o homem atravessar a
ou infinitivo implica significados diferentes:
rua.
I stopped smoking. (Eu parei de fumar) Essa diferenciação ocorre com os verbos que indicam
I stopped to smoke. (Eu parei para fumar)
percepção, tais como see, hear, feel, notice, etc. Veja mais
He regretted telling her the story. (Ele se arrependeu de contar
alguns exemplos:
a historia a ela.)
She heard the car stopping. She heard the car stop.
John noticed her coming.
I regret to inform you your son hás failed the test. (Lamento
John noticed her come.
informar-lhes que seu filho não passou no teste.) He tried to play tennis but he failed. ( Ele tentou jogar Tênis,
4) Observe as duas seguintes formas:
mas não conseguiu.)
She doesn’t like me smoking.
She remembered buying sugar when she got home,
She doesn’t like my smoking.
although she couldn’t find it. (Ela se lembrou de que comprara
Ambas podem ser traduzidas por Ela não gosta que
açúcar quando chegou em casa, embora não conseguisse
eu fume, mas a primeira, embora muito empregada na língua
encontra-lo. – Aqui, remember refere-se ao ato de recordar
coloquial, não é gramaticalmente correta. Observe que, neste
uma ação realizada.)
caso, o emprego do gerúndio precedido de um possessivo
She remembered to buy sugar. (Ela se lembrou de
corresponde ao modo subjuntivo em português. Veja outros
comprar açúcar. Nesse caso, remember refere-se a lembrança
exemplos:
de realizar uma ação.)
I can’t satand your behaving like this.
He forget meeting me last month. (Ele se esqueceu de
(Não suporto que você se comporte assim).
que me conheceu no mês passado.)
She approved the girl’s apologizing.
We arranged to meet at five but he forget to meed me.
(Ela aprovou que a menina se desculpasse)
(Combinamos nos encontrar às cinco, mas ele se esqueceu de
they don’t like jou’s complaining.
me encontrar)
(Eles não gostam que Joe se queixe.)
Holidays abroad mean spending a lot of money.
Ex.:
(passar as férias no exterior implica gastar muito dinheiro.)
I like dancing. (Eu sempre gosto de dançar; este é um hábito geral.)
He means to spead his holiday abroad. ( Ele tenciona passar as férias no exterior: )
I would like to dance tonight. (gostaria de dançar esta noite, embora este não seja um hábito meu.) He prefers walking to driving. (general)
INFINITIVE •
He prefers to talk this evening. (particular) She usually begin working at seven. (general)
O infinitivo é a forma original do verbo e pode aparecer com ou sem a partícula to.
•
Today she began to work at nine. (particular) Em português usamos apenas o infinitivo em todos
Usa –se o infinitivo sem to. a)após os verbos anômalos, os verbos auxiliares do e will e os verbos make e let
esses exemplos. Os principais verbos que ocorre neste caso
Ex. I can swim.
são os seguintes:
Do you like coffee? Let me go
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b) após as conjunções but e except.
advise
forget
permit
Ex. I will do nothing but cry.
allow
hate
prefer
• usa-se o infinitivo com to:
attempt
intend
remember
a) após os verbos tell, invite, teach, remind, wish, desire, want.
begin
like
star
Ex. I want to go home.
continue love
He told me to stop.
dislike
b) após as palabras too, enougt, the first, the second, the last,
Ex.: I hate getting up early.
the only.
I hate to get up carly.
Ex. We are tôo youg to die.
•
stop neglect
try
os verbos advise, permit e allow, acompanhados de objeto
I was the first one to arrive.
direto, são seguidos do infinitivo com to. Não havendo objeto
c) após adjetivos.
direto, esses verbos são seguidos apenas de gerúndio.
Ex. This exercice is difficult to do.
Ex.: He allowed us to smoke.
• Atenção!
He allowed us smoking.
O verbo help aceita infinitivo com ou sem to.
•
Observe o verbo stop:
Ex. They helped us do our homework.
They stopped to talk. (Eles pararam para conversar.)
They helped us to do our homework.
They stoped talking. (Eles pararam de conversar.)
GERUND
EXERCICIOS
• O gerúndio é uma forma verbal caracterizada pela
01) Supply the infinitive with our without to.
terminação ing e funciona como substantivo.
a) It is wrong _________ (treat) animals cruelly.
• O gerúndio também é usado:
b) Plase, let me __________(study) here.
a) após preposições.
c) I cannot ___________(agree) to do that.
Ex. She is tired of working.
d) We could do nothing but _________ (be) quiet.
b) após os verbos come e go (quando indicarem atividade
e) They told me ____________(sit) down.
física)
f) This ice is too thin _________(skate) on.
Ex. Let’s go shopping.
g) I made him _____________(answer) the letter.
c) após os verbos: admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, continue,
h) It is bad luck ____________(spell) salt.
delay detest, deny, anjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind,
i) I told them i would ____________ (be) home late.
miss, practice, resist, suggest, stop, try e understand.
j) He was the only one ____________ (buy) her a present.
Ex. He admitted being wrong.
k) They invited us ______________ (join) them.
• Assim como o gerúndio, o particípio presente também é
l) Would you like somenthing ___________ (drink)?
caracterizado pela terminação –ing. O particípio presente é
m) You should ____________ (listen) to what she says.
usado para formar tempos contínuos.
n) You are old enough ___________ (be) responsible for your
Ex. He is playing the guitar now.
acts. o) We wished them _____________ (go) but they insisted on staying.
INFINITIVE AND GERUND
p) It is fun ______________ (drive) a car.
• Os verbos feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch podem ser
q) What can I _______________(do) for you?
seguidos de gerundio ou de infinitivo sem to.
r) It is easy _____________ (sing).
Ex. They watched the birds flying.
s) She desires __________(meet) him at the dance ball.
They watched the birds fly.
02) Use gerund or infinitive:
• Verbos que podem ser seguidos de gerundio ou de
a) We usualy begin (work) at nine but today we’ll start (sell) at
infinitivo com to:
ten.
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Inglês
b) They never bother (read) any books but they’ll have (read)
j) She loves ____________ (be) lazy.
a lot of them for this test.
k) We tried ___________ (follow) her.
c) She detests (wash up) but tonight she’ll have (do) it. d) We love (ride) in the contry.
INTERROGATIVES
e) I know you prefer (stay) home, but I’d love (visit) our
what (o que, qual)
which (que,qual)
friends tonight.
what do you need?
Which is your favorite
f) Daniel hales (play) fottball. Why don’t we try (play)
what is your favorite color?
Color: red or blue?
basketball for a change? g) I don’t like (walk). Les’t take a taxi .
Where (onde)
why (per que)
h) Do you dislike (smoke)? Yes, very much. If you like
Where are you going?
Why is she crying?
03) Use gerund or infinitive:
When (quando)
whose (se quem)
a) A new room means (spend) more money.
When did he arrive?
Whose car is this?
c) Don’t worry. I won’t forget (buy) your things.
Who (quem)
how (como)
d) On my way to school l stopped (watch) the parede.
Who helped you
how are you?
e) Has Edward stoped (take) French lessons?
Obs.: Quando a pergunta for sobre o sujeito do verbo, não se
f) I tried (do) the exercice but it was tôo difficult for me.
usa verbo auxiliar:
g) I’m fed up of swimming. Why don’t we try (sail) This
Who saw you? → Tom saw me.
afternoon?
What caused the accident? → A ball caused the accident.
04) Complete the following senteces with gerund or infinitive
How...
(with “to”).
Hom much/ many (quanto/quantos)
a) They thief didn’t admit (participate) in the robbery.
How much is this book? It’s 5 dollars.
I always avoid (talk) to that nasty girl.
How many boys are there in the room? There are 10.
c) I’m sorry, but l can’t help (smoke) while l’m working.
How old (quantos anos).
d) We’ve always condemnent (misbehave) in such conditions.
How old are you? I am 16 years old.
e) James refused (send) the money back.
How long (quanto tempo, qual o tamanho)
f) I’m sorry, but you’re (tell) the truth.
How long is the concert? It’s 2 houurs long.
g) She’ll consider (leave) the contry for good.
How far (qual a distância)
h) They mean (enter) the university this year.
How far is the club? It’s 2 km from here.
i) My father’s just decided (live) by the sea.
How tall (qual a altura)
05) Suplí the Gerund or the Infinitive of the verbs in
How tall are you? I’m 1,8 meter tall.
parenteses.
How high (qual a altura, a altitude)
a) I heard you _____________ (sing).
How high can trat plane fly? It can fly about 1,000 feet high.
b) We observed the bird____________ (make) its next.
How deep (qual a profundiade)
c) He advised us ______________ (study).
How deep is the take? It’s about 10 meters deep.
d) She advised __________________ (study).
How often (qual a freqüência )
e) The students attempted ____________ (cheat) during the
How often do you go to the club? I go twice a week.
examination.
How wide (qual a largura)
f) They started _______________ (look) for the criminal.
How wide is the street? It’s 15 meters wide.
g) I dislike _____________ (be) late.
How big ( qual o tamanho)
h) I saw you ____________ (write) on the wall.
How big is your room? It’s bigger than the kitchen.
(smoke) you’ll have (smoke) outside.
b) She didn’t mean (offend) him.
c)
i) We began ____________ (study) French.
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INTERROGATIVOS (PRONOMES/ADVERBIOS)
(sujeito) what caused the accident? Bad weather caused the accident.
What, who, where, when, etc. What
o que
(objeto) what did the accident cause?
Where
onde
problems.
When
quando
*pode-se usar também which e how many:
Why
por que
Whith came first, the chicken or the egg? (qual veio primeiro,
como
a galinha ou o ovo?)
a que horas
How many people died in that war? (quantas pessoas
How
Do
What time How
you Hours
quantas
Study
many
morreram naquela guerra?) ** Whom também pode ser usado nas perguntas sobre o
(horas)
?
It caused a lot of
How often
quantas vezes
Who
quem
Whose
Life
(a vida) de
Which
Of these
quem
books
Qual (destes)
objetivo, mas não é comum, por ser muito formal.
EXERCICIOS 01) Write questions for the following answers. Follow the example. Who did you see? I saw Karen.
•
A estrutura das perguntas acima, comum à maioria dos
interrogativos. É própria das perguntas a respeito do objeto do
a) _______________________________________________ Karen saw me. b)_____________________________________________
verbo:
There were 10 apples in the basket. interrogativ
Verbo auxiliar
Verbo principal
sujeito
c)_____________________________________________ There boys are in the garage. d)_____________________________________________
“what
do
you
study?” –“study history”
The is Stephen’s gilfriend. e) _____________________________________________ That is Going to play the piano.
objeto
• Quando a pergunta é sobre o sujeito do verbo, não se usa verbo auxiliar, sendo o interrogativo seguido da mesma ordem
f) _____________________________________________ They arrived from China last week. g) _____________________________________________ I study English twice a week.
de palavras de uma frase afirmativa.
h)_____________________________________________ She
Afirmação: Paul lives in Rio. Pergunta: Who lives in Rio? Paul lives in Rio.
is Going to play the piano. i)
_____________________________________________
They will study on Friday. sujeito
j) _____________________________________________ Mr.
• who e what* são os interrogativos mais comuns nas
Douglas is terribly sad.
perguntas sobre o sujeito. Veja mais exemplos dos dois tipos RELATIVE PRONOUNS
de perguntas: (sujeito) who invited you? (objeto) who** did Mary invite?
Mary invited me. Mary invited me
Os
pronomes
relativos
introduzem
orações
subordinadas (relative clauses). Who, whom e that (que, quem) são usados quando o antecedente do pronome relativo for pessoa.
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Orações entre vírgulas
The girl who l saw was beautuful. Oração Subordina
Quando a oração subordinada não for essencial
1) Usa-se who ou that quando o pronome relativo tem a finção
para o significado da oração:
de sujeito do verbo. We saw a man
who was asking for money.
a)
ela vem entre vírgulas;
that
b)
o pronome relativo não pode ser omitido;
2) Usa-se Who, whom, that ou omite-se o pronome quando oc) la.
pronome relativo tem a função de objeto do verbo. The girl
who
we
saw
não se pode usar o pronome that para introduzi-
was very beautiful.
whom
The Titanic, which was a big ship, collided with na
that
iceberg. Kennedy, who was an American president, died in
X Which e that ( que, quem) sao usados quando o
Dallas.
antecedente do pronome relativo for coisa ou animal. 1) Usa-se which ou that quando o pronome relativo tem a EXERCÍCIOS
função de sujeito do verbo. The horse
which is sick
belongs to my incle. 01)Supply all possible relative pronouns.
that 2) Usa-se which, that ou omite-se o pronome quando ele tem a
a) Ellen looked at the boy_________ she loves and
função de objeto do verbo. The horse
which I sold
smiled.
belongs to my uncle.
That
b) We met a basketball player_________ is a member of
X
the Bulls.
3) Quando o pronome relativo é precedido de preposição, usa-
c)
se whom (para pessoa) e which (para coisa e animal). Neste
_________they found along the road.
caso não se pode omitir o pronome.
d)
The man about whom we were talking hás arrived.
are going to have extra homework.
The dog to which he gave food is still sick.
e)
1) Usa-se whose (cujo, cuja, cujos cujas) com qualquer
The volunteers helped the people
Those students____________ are late for class
The scientists___________ discovered the HIV virus are going to talk on TV tonight.
antecedente, não podendo ser omitido nem substituído porf)
The mechanic ____________ we saw on the street is from North Chicago.
that. 2) Usa-se somente that.
g)
The mechanic _____________helped us on the street is from North Chicago.
a) quando houver antecedentes diferentes I know the writers and the books that he mentioned. h)
operated on my father.
b) após the first, the last e superlativos. c) após all, some every, any, any, no e seus compstos.
i)
There were many kids __________ had never seen a CD-ROM.
He received everything that you sent him. Nothing that he says is true.
I will never forget the surgeon ___________
j)
Don’t talk to people __________you don’t know.
Nota: That pode ser omitido quando tiver função de objeto do verbo. This is the first time (that) she arrives late.
02) Choose all correct possibilities to complete the sentences. a) who/whom/that/X
b) who/that
c) none of the others
a) That’s the biker___________ was almost run over by the car.
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b) She didn’t find the book _____________ she was looking
h)Children (that, who, X, whom) don’t brush their teeth
for.
may have many cavities.
c) What do you think about the painter __________sold one of his paintings for 9 milion dollars?
i)The book (that, X, who, which, whom) he’s reading
d) Don’t tell anybody ___________ I know that l’m going to
belongs to me.
get married. e) Is there any person in this room ____________ you don’t
j)People (who, that, whom, X) exercise regularly have a
know?
healthier life.
f) I don’t think she’s the person __________ killed the old lady.
04)Check the correct alternative.
g) I don’t think she’s the person ___________ you were talking about.
A) Einstein, _________theory is very famous, was not American.
h) Those are the trees _________ they cut down last
a) whom
b) which
c) whose
d) who
night. B)The research _________ you proposed is a very i)The one _________ committed this crime must be
important one.
punished.
a) that
j)I’m the one ___________ you saw lcaving the room
C) Dr. Braun, ________ we saw in the laboratory, has
last night.
received a Nobel Prize.
b) whose
a) whose
b) X
c) who
c)whom
d) whom
d) who
03) Underline all correct possibilities. a)David fixed the table (who, that) was broken.
D)Professor Hill, _________ is 69 years old, is studying solar energy now.
b)The horses (which, who, that, X) were in the stable
a) whose
b) X
c) whom
d) who
belonged to the fariner. E)Technology, ___________ brings us comfort, is the c)She’s showing the tiger about (who, that, whom,
result of scientific investigation.
which) she wrote a book.
a) that
d)The circus (that, which, X, whom) was in town went to
F) The woman, ___________ baby is sleeping, is an
the west
excellent mother. a) that
b) who
c) which
b) whose
c) who
d) X
d) whom
e)She bought a violin (whom, X, which, who) cost 1,500 dollars.
G) The salesman, __________ showed us the products, is sick.
f)The violin (whom, X, which, who) she bought cost
a) whose
b) X
c) who
d) which
1,500 dollars. H) Alice, _________ is Canadian, is my neighbor. g)That’s the man to (whom, which, that, who, X) you gave the keys.
a) that b) who
c) whom d) X
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I) The pilot, __________ saved the airplane from a crast, was
kind-kindly
on TV las night.
honest-honestly
a) whose b) X
c) which d) who •
J) Helen, _________ husband is in England, is taking an
Palavras como hard, fast, late, early, far e much podem se adjetivos e advérbios.
Euglish course now. a) who b) which
c) that d)whose
I’ve bought a fast car. You run fast.
05) Choose all correct possibilities to complete the sentences. •
Há advérbios com duas formas e significados
A) who/whom/that/X
diferentes.
B) who/that
hard, hardly ( duro, dificilmente)
C) which/that
late, lately ( tarde, ultimamente)
D) which/that/X
near, nearly ( perto, quase)
E) whom
He arrived late I haven’t seen her lately
a)This is the evidence _______ his lawyer needed. b)The girl ________ we know will help her.
Posição dos advérbios
c)There is the housewife _______ we asked a question to. d)Where is the car ________ you liked?
•
Advérbios de tempo ( now, yesterday, etc.) ou
e)She is the dentist _________ talked about tooth decay.
de lugar ( here, there, etc) – geralmente no final da frase.
f)She is the dentist with ________ we talked about tooth
They arrived yesterday.
decay.
She lives there.
g)The girl to _______ we are writing lives in Germany. h)The car ________ Paul bought is made in Italy.
•
Advérbios de freqüência ( often, never, etc.) ou
i)Einstein formulated a law _______ changed the course of
de modo ( kindly, fast, etc.) - no final da frase, antes do verbo
science.
principal ou após verbo auxiliar.
j)My brother is studying in the room ________ is near the
He drives fast.
kitchen.
I always get up early She has never worked here ADVERBS •
Os advérbios modificam verbos, adjetivos ou outros
da frase, nessa ordem.
advérbios.
They speak slowly
•
Advérbios de modo + lugar + tempo – no final
He wrote the letter carefully at home yesterday. •
Advérbios de lugar + modo + tempo (com verbos
She is very gentle
que indicam movimento) – no final da frase, nessa ordem.
He lives too far.
They went to school by car yesterday.
Muitos advérbios são formados acrescentando- • se a partícula –ly ao substantivo ou adjetivo.
Advérbios do mesmo tipo ( tempo/lugar) - a unidade menor vem primeiro. I have breakfast at 7 o’clock in the morning.
day-daily
They went to a small village in Tucson, Arizona.
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D) EXERCÍCIOS
a) We never have been to Chicago before. b) The smiths are finally coming to Boston for a
concert. 01) Underline the correct form.
c) I saw yesterday a very old school friend of mine at the library.
a) My nephew learns everything very (quick/ quickly).
d) If you have any questions, I gladly will help you.
b) Jeniffer is a (quick/ quickly) learner. c) We should be more (attentive/attentively) during classes. d) I don’t understand why the teacher speaks so (slow/slowly).
03) Choose the correct alternative.
e) I’m going to pass because I study very ( hard/hardly). f) He lost control of the car and (near/nearly) crashed against
A) Although he doesn’t have a _____ car, he drives
the wall.
very______
g) There have been many accidents on that corner (late/lately).
a) fastly – fast
b) fast – fastly
h) Jack received a reward for acting very (honest/honestly).
c) fast – fast
d) fastly – fastly
i) How (frequent/frequently) do you visit your grandmother? j) Be (frank/frankly) and tell us the truth.
B) I can’t believe how ______ my sister can play the piano. She is really a ______ player.
02) Choose the correct alternative.
A)
a) well – good
b) good – well
c) well – well
d) good – good
a) They buy groceries never at the supermarket on
Sunday. b) They never buy groceries on Sunday at the supermarket.
C) Her injury was not very ______ but it bled _______ a) seriously – profuse
b) seriously-profusely
c) serious – profuse
d) serious – profusely
c) They never buy groceries at the supermarket on Sunday. d) They buy groceries at the supermarket never on Sunday.
B)
a) Our team played against the Foxes superbly last
D) He smiled ______ when he saw his daughter was walking ______ a) happily – freely
b) happy freely
c) happy – free
d) happily – free
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
night. b) Our team played superbly against the Foxes last night.
Em inglês os adjetivos e advérbios podem aparecer nos graus normal, comparativo e superlativo.
c) Our team played against the Foxes last night Comparative
superbly. d) Our tem played last night superbly against the Foxes. C)
a) The General Meeting is going to be held May 29 at 9 •
of equality
o’clock in the morning next Friday. b) The General Meeting is going to be held at 9 o’clock in the morning next May 29, Friday.
as ... as (tão...quanto) I am as strong as you are
c) The General Meeting is going to be held next Friday at 9 o’clock in the morning, May 29. d)
The General Meeting is going to be held at 9 o’clock in the morning next Friday, May 29.
not as ... as ( não tão... quanto) She is not as intellignet as Peter.
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not so... as
far – farther – the farthest
She is not so fast as Jane
little – less – the least much – more – the most
•
many- more – the most
of inferiority
Ortografia
less... than (menos...que) This book is less interesting than that
Regra geral
You are less strong than Peter. Acrescentam-se –er/-est •
of superiority – two or more syllable words more... than (mas...que)
Strong – stronger – strongest
She is more intelligent than Peter.
Small – smaller – smallest
Particularidades
Superlative •
1) Palavras terminadas em –e recebem apenas –r e –st.
Of inferiority
Large – larger – largest the least... (o/a menos...)
Wide – wider – widest
He is the least strong of the boys.
2) Palavras terminadas em consoante + vogal + consoante
She is the least intelligent girl in the class.
dobram a consoante antes de receber –er e –est. Hot – hotter – hottest
•
big – bigger – biggest
Of superiority – two or more syllable words the most... (o/a mais...)
3) Palavras terminadas em consoante + y trocam o Y por i ao
This is the most expensive car in town.
receber –er e –est. Happy – happier – happiest Heavy – heavier – heaviest
Comparative and superlative of superiority – one or two syllable works
Obs:
-er than... (mais...que) Jack is stronger than Paul. the ...-est (o/a mais...) Jack is the strongest boy I know
Usam-se more/most com palavras terminadas em – ful, -ous, -re, -ing, -ed.
Construções especiais
1) It is getting colder and colder.(cada ver mais frio).
more/most hopeful
Life is getting more and more expensive. (cada vez mais
more/most obscure
cara)
more/most surprised
2) The older the better. (Quanto mais velho, melhor.)
more/most curious
The more difficult, the more fascinating. (Quanto mais difícil
more most charming
mais fascinante.) • Formas irregulares
Usam-se –er/-est com palavras terminadas em – le, -ow, -er. Simple – simpler – simplest
good – better – the best
Narrow – narrower – narrowst
bad – worse – the worst
Clever – cleverer – cleverest
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d)
My car runs 120 kilometers per hour. Your car runs 120 kilometers per hour too. My car is____________ (fast)
EXERCÍCIOS 01) supply the comparative of superiority.
yours.
a) Bob’s motoreyele is ___________ (old) my car.
My car runs 10 kilometers on one liter of gasoline. Your car
b)The Eiffel Tower is ___________ (high) the Statue of
runs15 kilometers on
Liberty.
e)
c) The cake is ______________ (sweet) the ice-cream.
one liter of gasoline. My car is ___________ ( ccomical) yours.
d) A car is ____________(safe) a motorcycle.
f)
A car is _____________ (heavy) a truck.
e) My uncle is ____________ (tall) my father.
g)
Our house has 6 rooms. Mary’s house has 8 rooms.
02) Supply the superlative of superiority. a) Linda is the __________ (short) girl among my friends. a)
Our house is ____________ (big) Mary’s. h)
This is the ___________ (simple) exercise in this
A house costs 50,000 dollars. Na apartment costs 45,000 dollars. Na apartment is ____________ (expensive) a house.
book b)
São Paulo is the ___________ (large) city in Brazil. i)
Johnny weighs 130 kilos. Tommy weighs 120 kilos.
c)
Corsa is the ____________ (light) car produced in
Johnny is _________ (fat) Tommy.
Jonathan is the __________ (tall) boy in our class
05) Supply the comparative of equality
Brazil. d)
03) Supply the comparative or superlative of superiority. a) My method is __________ (practical) yours. a)
Their car is _______ (new) ours.
b) alice’s class isn’t _________ (interesting) Nancy’s.
b)
A sports car is ________ (fast) a truck.
c) The president’s room is _________ (comfortable) The
c)
Mr. Clark drove _________ (fast) car in the world
ministers.
d)
Oceans are __________ ( deep) rivers.
e)
Jane looks __________ (young) her sister Ann.
f)
I bought _________ (cheap) hat in the store.
g)
The lion is ________ (smart) of all animais.
a) Jennifer is ________ (popular) Mary.
h)
The Nile is _________ (long) river in the world.
b) My sister is _________ (curious) my Brother.
i)
Margareth was ________ (clever) of the girls.
c) A bicycle is _________ (expensive) a car.
j)
Helen was __________ (clever) judith
01)
Supply the correct form of the adjectives in
06) Supply the comparative of inferiority.
07) Supply The superlative of inferiority.
parentheses. a) The new dictionary is _____________ (complete) of our
a)
a) Francis bought his car in 1996. I bought mine in 1995. His
library.
car is not ___________ (old) mine.
b) Harold is ___________ (intelligent) boy in my class.
My answer was exact. Yours was exact too. My answer was________ (exact) yours.
b)
The Ericson Building has 95 floors. The Empire
c) This is __________ (durable) metal there is. d) You are talking about ________ (important) aspect of the problem.
State Building has 102 floors. c)
The temperature in Paris is 15°C. The temperature in
CONDITIONAL
Moscow is 6°C. The temperature in Moscow is __________ Conditional tenses
(cold) in Paris.
Simple conditional
WOULD + verbo
ct
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She would go. ( Ela iria.)
were I rich, I would buy a big house.
WOULD HAVE + particípio passado
05) Unless ( se não, a menos que) pode ser usado no lugar de
She would have gone. ( Ela teria ido.)
if not.
Formas abreviadas:
‘D(WOULD)
He won’t come if you don't call him.
She’d go.
He won’t come unless you call him.
WOULDNT (WOULD + NOT) She wouldn’t go.
Conditional sentences
EXERCÍCIOS
01) Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. a) She__________ (tell) you the story if you ask her.
As orações condicionais expressam uma condição e são
b) I’II explain the lesson again if she __________ (
geralmente usadas com outros tempos verbais.
understand-negative) it.
a) simple present + simple future – expressa uma condição
c) If they __________ (call) me, I will tell them the truth.
provável.
d) The refugees ___________ (abandon) the camp if the
If she invites me, I’ll visit her.
enemies come back again. e) If he ____________ (study) for the test, he will pass.
b) simple past + simple conditional – expressa uma condição improvável.
02) Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
If she invited me, I would visit her.
a) If I knew you were coming, I __________ (make) a cake. b) Helen _________ (come) to the party if we invited her.
c) past perfect + conditional perfect – expressa uma condição
c) If he __________ (compare) the fact, he would conclude
impossível
that I was right.
If she had invited me, I would have visited her.
d) I would study today if I ____________ (have a test tomorrow.
Particularidades
e) The President __________ (approve) the project if he accepted the idea.
1) Pode-se usar o simple present com o imperative. If you have any problem, call me.
03) Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. a) Those men wouldn’t have cut the trees if we __________ (
2) Pode-se usar o simple present com outro simple present
protest).
para expressar leis naturais ou verdades iniversais.
b) If they had paid attention, they _________ (learn) the
If you put wood on a fire, it burns.
lesson.
If you heat iron, it melts.
c) We ___________ (go) to the movies, if we had had money. d) If we had stored the information, we ___________ (save)
03) O verbo to be no simple past tem a forma were para todas
time.
as pessoas.
e) You would have found your book, if you ___________
I would visit her if I were you.
(look for) it in the teacher’s room.
04) O if pode ser omitido, fazendo-se a inversão do sujeito
04) Write sentences using the given words. Follow the
com o verbo.
example.
If I were rich, I would buy a big house.
he – ask – I – tell the story ( probable condition)
31
Inglês
If he asks, I will tell the story.
Which of those two dresses do you want?
a) They – play well – they – win the game ( probable
- Neither.
condition) b) we-buy a car – we – have money (improbable condition) c) he – save the house – he – call the fire departament
INDEFINIDOS
(impossible condition) d) it rain – we not go to the beach (improbable condition)
INDEFINIDOS
Some
(afirmativa)
There are some articles about planets in our library.
(interrogativa)
Are there any articles about planets in our library?
(negativa)
-There aren’t any articles about planets in our library.
Any
No, none
*Frases
no ( adjetivo)
*Frases
interrogativas
none (
afirmativas
e negativas
pronome)
*Frases
*Frases
Frases
interrogativas afirmativas
Observe os exemplos:
negativas com
(significando
o verbo na
qualquer)
forma positiva
-There are no articles about planets in our library.
Some: alguns, algumas. – É usado em frases afirmativas. Any: alguns, algumas. – É usado em frases interrogativas e negativas.
No: nenhum, nenhuma. usado em frases negativas
–
É
*Frases com if INDEFINIDOS – SOME/ANY
e palavras como: seldom,
Observe os exemplos:
never, without,
Would you like some coffee? oferecimento
rarely etc. someone
anyone
no one
somebody
anybody
nobody
something
anything
nothing
somewhere
anywhere
nowhere
sometime
Can you give me some money? pedido Some é usado em frases interrogativas quando se trata de: a) oferecimento b) pedido
Notas:
Observe os exemplos:
- Pode indicar uma escolha entre vários.
If you have any difficulty, ask me for help.
Which of those three records do you prefer?
Any book about cells will explain mitosis.
- Any.
We seldom see any flower in their garden.
- Pode indicar uma escolha entre dois. Which of those two records do you prefer? - Either.
FUNÇÕES DO INDEFINIDOS
- Pode indicar uma escolha entre vários. Which of those dresses do you want?
Observe os exemplos:
- None. - Pode indicar uma escolha entre dois.
I want some apples.
Some e any podem ser adjetivos ou pronomes. No funciona apenas como
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Inglês
I want some
I don’t want any apples. I don’t want any
They live somewhere near the North Pole. (Eles vivem em algum lugar perto do Pólo Norte)
I want no apples
Would you like something to drink? (Você gostaria de algo
I want none
para beber?)
INDEFINIDOS COMPOSTOS
São usados em frases afirmativas ou em perguntas em que se
Some
any
no
deseja resposta afirmativa, como quando se oferece algo para
Someone
anyone
no one
beber; etc.
Somebody
anybody
nobody
Something
anything
nothing
Anybody (ou anyone)
Somewhere
anywhere
nowhere
(alguém) algum lugar)
anuthing
anywhere
(alguma coisa)
(em/a
Os indefinidos compostos de some, any e no seguem as mesmas regras de uso destes. Did anybody call while I was out? (Alguém ligou na minha
Any é usado em frases afirmativas quando: a) a frase começa com if; b) significa qualquer; c) há uma palavra de sentido negativo na frase. Nota:
ausência?) Did you say anything? (Você disse alguma coisa?) São usados em perguntas gerais.
(not) anybody (ou) (not) anything (not) anywhere (not) anyone (ninguém) (nada) (em/a nenhum lugar
Algumas palavras de sentido negativo: Did anybody call while I was out? (Alguém ligou na minha Never
rarely
barely
ausência?)
Seldom
hardly
scarcely
Did you say anything? (Você disse alguma coisa?) São usados em perguntas gerais.
INDEFINIDOS (PRONOMES/ADVÉRBIOS)
(not) anybody (ou) (not) anything (not) anywhere (not) anyone (ninguém) (nada) (em/a nenhum lugar
COMPOSTOS: something, somewhere, ect.
Os pronomes e também advérbios de sentido indefinido seguem, quando compostos, os usos das suas formas simples. Assim, empregamos:
We didn’t go anywhere. (Nós não fomos a nenhum lugar.) There isn’t anyone at home.(Não há ninguém em casa.) São usados em frases negativas, com o verbo na forma negativa.
para pessoas
para coisas
Somebody (ou something someone) (alguém) lugar
(alguma coisa)
para lugares somewhere (em/a algum
Nobody (ou nothing no one*) (ninguém (nada) nenhum lugar.)
nowhere (em/a
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Inglês
01) Check the correct alternative. A) __________ of my brothers speaks English. a) None b) Any
c) No
Nobody knows the secret of those centenarians. (Ninguém sabe o segredo daqueles centenários.)
B) We must save _________ money to buy a new house. a) Some b) no
c) any
I want nothing from those dishonest peaple. ( Eu não quero nada daquelas pessoas desonestas.)
C) They didn’t give us ________ invitation to the concert. a) no
b) some c) any
São usados em frases negativas, sem que o verbo esteja na forma negativa.
D) I didn’t go to the party because my car had ____________ fuel.
Anybody (ou anything anywhere anyone) (qualquer pessoa) (qualquer coisa) (em/a qualquer lugar.)
a) some b) none c) no
E) Are there _________ doctors in the audience? a) none b) any
c) some
F) _________ students were playind the guitar yesterday. Anybody can do that. It’s very easy. (Qualquer pessoa pode
a) None b) Some c) Any
fazer isso. É muito fácil.) - “Where can I leave this?” (Onde é que eu posso deixar isto?)
G) Did they save________ money last year?
- “Leave it anywhere.” (Deixe-o em qualquer lugar.)
a) some b) any
São usados em frases afirmativas, com o sentido de qualquer
H) I drank ________ alcohol at the party last night.
um, não importa qual.
a) any
Eveybody (ou everything everywhere everyone) (todos) (tudo) (em/a todo lugar)
c) none
b) none c) no
I) Does he have ________ French books? No, he has ________ a) any-none
b) any-no
c)some-any
J) I’m sorry you can’t sit down. There are ___________ empty seats a) no
b) none c) some
Everybody knows the value of education. (Todos sabem o valor da educação.) They are looking for you everywhere. (Eles estão te procurando em
todo lugar.)
02) Underline the correct word. a) She didn’t say (nothing/anything/something) when she heard the news. She just cried. b) ( Some/Any) economists say that it’s hard to stop inflation.
São usados em, afirmações e perguntas.
c) Nancy was crying because she couldn’t find her wallet (somewhere/anywhere).
EXERCÍCIOS
d) Mrs. Taylor was worried because her little son wasn’t (anywhere/nowhere) in the neighborhood. e) Do you see (nothing/anything) strange in Martha?
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Inglês
l) There’s ________ written on that wall, but I can’t read it. 03) Check the correct alternative.
m) There isn’t________ to eat in the refrigerator.
A) Scientists have found ________ signs of water on the
n) Are you going to take _______ for your headche?
surface of Mars.
o) Don’t put _________ books on the table.
a) any
b) nobody
c)some
d)nothing 05) Check the correct alternative.
B) This faxi can take you _________ near the museum.
A) The teacher said we could ask him about________
a)some b) anything
a) anything
c)somewhere d) someone
b) any
c) somewhere
d) no
C) Has this detective solved________mysterious case?
B) My friend Fred sent me ______ very funny postcards from
a)something
London.
b)anyone c) nothing d)
any
a) some
D) Are you waiting for ________ ? No, I’m waiting for
C) If I had a million dollars, I could travel _________
________
a)somewhere
a)anybody – somebody b)nobody-ayone
D) Would you like to have _______ to eat now?
c)anyone-anybody
a) anything
d)anybody-nobody
b) anything
c) somewhere d) someone
b)anywhere c) nothing d) anything
b) something
c) nothing d) anywhere
E) We seldom see _______ in thar restaurant. E)They never greet________ when they enter the office.
a) anybody
a) someone
F) Ask me if you have ______ problem.
b)nobody c)anyone d) something
b) somebody
c) no d) nobody
F) Is there ________ I can do for you? No, _________
a) some
a) nothing-nothing
G) I know she will have _______ problem.
b) anything-nothing
b)no
c) any
d)something
c) anything-something d) something- anything
a) nothing b)no
G)My sister doesn’t go ______ on Monday nights.
H) Hardly ________ believes in ghosts nowadays.
a) somewhere
a) somebody
b) anyone c)nowhere d) anywhere
c) any
d)anything
b) anybody c) nobody d) someone
H) I think ______ is knocking at the door.
I) Can we bring _______ to the party?
a) somewhere
b) somebody
a) somebody
c)anybody
d) anything
J) Yes, you can bring _______ you want.
b) anyone c) nobody d) anywhere
a)somewhere b)somebody
c) anybody d) anything
04) Supply some, any, no, and compounds. a) Is there _________ you want to ask me?
06) Supply some, any, no, and compounds.
b) I asked him for _________ money, but he didn’t
a) She won’t finish her work if she doesn’t have __________
have__________
help.
c) I cannot tell you _________ about him.
b) This game is so easy that _______ can play it.
d) Don’t make __________ noise. There is __________
c) Don’t talk unless you need________ help.
sleeping.
d) She was very angry and left the room without saying
e) ____________ has takem my umbrella. I can’t find it.
__________
f) Did you see my pen? I can find it ________
e) ___________ is calling you. I can hear it.
g) Did you go ________ last night?
f) If there’s _________ I can do for you, just let me know.
h) There are_________ students here. Thet must be_________
g) Would you like to have _______ hot tea now? It’s a little
else.
cold.
i) Have you read _________ good books lately?
h)Yes, please. I’d like _________ tea without sugar.
j) Has __________ here lost o book? I’ve found a red one on
i) I went to your house yesterday, but there was ________ in.
the table.
j) They never bring ________ food for the picnic.
k) _________ has broken my radio.
k) I saw you keys _________ near the door.
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Inglês
l) Do you have _________ books about Mozart? No, I have_________
Passado perfeito
m) The box is empty. There’s _________ in it.
The Smilths had called, hadn’t they? The Smilths hadn’t called, had they?
n) Do you have _________ to tell me? o) There is __________ in the garden. It must be the mailman.
Anômalos
You can help me, can’t you? You can’t help me, can you?
07) Underline the correct word. a) Do you have (some/any) doubt? b) I offered him (some/any) moncy but he wanted (no/none). c) Julie was sad yesterday but she told me she had (no/some) problems. d) May I offer you (some/any/no) coffee? e) If you hear (some/any/no) noise, call thje police. f) These are all my books. You can take (some/any) one you want.
Características do tag question: 1) É sempre formado por um verbo auxiliar e um pronome. 2) Quando a frase é negativa, o tag question é afirmativo. 3) Quando a frase é afirmativa, o tag question é negativo. 4) No tag question negativo o verbo auxiliar aparece sempre contraído com a forma not
g) I’m not thirsty. Bring me (some/no/none) water. h) The doctor didn’t have (some/any/no) good new for us.
Notas:
i) She helped us without (none/any/no) interest. j) They seldom buy (any/some/none) fruit at the street market.
I am late today, aren’t l? She may come late, may she not?
TAG QUESTION
Let’s dance, shall we?
Presente simples
Passado simples
Paul likes coffee, doesn’t he?
Open the door, will you?
Paul doesn’t like coffee, does he?
There are four students in classroom, aren’t there?
You wrote the letter, didn’t you? You didn’t write the letter, did you?
Futuro simples
EXERCÍCIOS
The Browns will travel, won’t they? The Browns will travel, will they?
01) supply tag questions. a) He is early, _________________________________
Presente continuo Karen is working, isn’t she? Karen is working, is she?
b) We must go now, ____________________________ c) I was very tired, _____________________________ d) They ought not to be here, _____________________
Passado continuo
They were playing weren’t they?
They weren’t playing were they?
e) You can’t speak French, _______________________ f) they play tennis well, __________________________ g) He had been to Rio, ___________________________
Futuro contíonuo You will be traveling tomorrow, won’t
h) They offered us some tea, ______________________
you?
i) I am a little late today, _________________________
You won’t be traveling tomorrow,
j) John always comes at five, ______________________ k) Let’s not be sentimental, _______________________
Won’t you?
l) You won’t cry, _______________________________ Presente perfeito
Lucy has arrived, hasn’t she?
m) Their question’s been answered, ________________
Lucy hasn’t arrived, has she?
n) Bring those chairs to me, ______________________
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Inglês
o) She was sleeping when you arrived, ______________
Uso: para dizer que alguém fez algo por você.
p) There were 20 apples in the basket, ______________
Voz ativa: I painted my house. ( Eu mesma pintei a casa)
q) Let’s give John a book for his birthday, ___________
Voz passiva: I had my house painted. ( Alguém pintou a casa
r) Jane saw you at the party, ______________________
para mim.)
s) Come here, _________________________________ t) I am not right, _______________________________
VERBOS
VOZ PASSIVA
Ao passarmos uma sentença da voz ativa para a passiva :
Voz ativa
Voz passiva
Simple Present
am/ is/ are + past participe
He does the exercises
The exercises are done.
Simple Past
was/ were+ past participle
He did the exescises.
The exercises were done.
Present Progressive
am/is/are being + past participle
He is doing the exercises.
The exercises are being done.
1) O sujeito da voz ativa passa a ser o agente da passiva ( Past Progressive was/were being + past participle precedido de by). He was doing the exercises. The exercises were being done. 2) O objeto da voz ativa passa a ser o sujeito da voz passiva. Present Perfect have/has been + past participle 3) Introduzimos o verbo to be no mesmo tempo verbal do
He has done the exercises.
verbo principal da voz ativa.
Past Perfect 4) O verbo principal da voz ativa passa para o participio He had done the exercises. passado na voz passiva. Future with going to
The exercises have been done. had been + past participle The exercises had been done. am/is/ are going to be+ past
Exemplo:
He is going to do the participle
He made the house. (voz ativa)
exercises
The exercises are going to be
The house was made by him. ( voz passiva)
Notas:
done. Future with will
will be + past participle
He will do the exercises.
The exercises will be done.
1) Quando o sujeito da voz ativa estiver indeterminado ( they, Future Perfect will have been + past participle someone, people, one), nao se coloca o agente da passiva nem He will have done the The exercises will have been by. exercises. done. Someone has closed the door. ( voz ativa) Future Progressive will be being + past participle The door has been closed. (voz passiva) He will be doing the The exercises will be being done. 2) A sentença que na voz ativa tiver um objeto direto e um exercises. indireto pode ser transformada de duas maneiras: Modal Verbs can/ could/ may… be+ past a) o objeto indireto da voz ativa torna-se sujeito da voz He can do the exercises. participle passiva. The exercises can be done. b) o objeto da voz ativa torna-se sujeito da voz passiva. Modal Perfect can/ could/ may… have been + He gave a present to her. He can have done the past participle a) She was given a present by him. exercises. The exercises can have been b) A present was given to her by him. done. Causative Form
Formação
Verbo to have ou get + particípio passado
Uso : para enfatizar a ação. They will carch the tiger. The tiger will be caught.
I had my house painted.
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Inglês
a) We followed the leader. EXERCÍCIOS
b) The children have lost your keys. c) That man built the new doghouse.
01) Rewrute the senteses in the passive voice with the correct
d) Max had corrected all l the tests.
form of the verbs.
e) Justice punishes crimes.
a) They are preparing the meal.
f) My brother spent all my money.
The meal _______________________________________
g) The girls would accept your invitation.
b) People always admire this picture.
h) He is showing the pictures.
This picture __________________ always ____________
i) They will climb that mountain.
c) He hurt his leg in an accident.
j) We heard a beautiful song.
His leg _________________ in an accident. d) Someone has invited you to lunch tomorrow.
REPORTED SPEECH
You _________________ to lunch tomorrow. e) We will discuss the matter tomorrow. The matter _____________ by us tomorrow.
Reported speech é usado para relatar aquilo que alguma pessoa falou, não utilixando necessariamente suas palavras.
02) Put the sentences into the passive voice.
Observe os exemplos:
a) Beethoven composed this piece.
Fred said, “ I work on Saturdays”.
→ Direct speech
b) The girls had answered all the questions when I arrived. c) We have written two letters since this morning.
(discurso direto) fred said that he worked on Saturdays → Reported speech
d) They are building a new airport there.
(discurso indireto)
03) Put the sentences into the passive voice.
Como podemos observar, somos obrigados
a) Someone took my pen from the table.
a modificar os tempos verbais e, às vezes, os advérbios de
b) They will build a new hospetal here.
tempo. Veja outros exemplos no quadro a seguir:
c) People should preserve nature.
Verbo
Advérbio
d) Somebody is painting that house.
Direct
Direct
e) They closed the roads last night. Exemplos
Reported Speech
speech
a) Jonathan raises cows and pigs.
She said, “l have to
Cows and pigs __________________ by Jonathan.
study today” she Simple
Simple
b) Janice received two letters yesterday.
said that she had to
Two letters __________________ by Janice yesterday.
study that day.
c) Mr. Hill will explain the Greek mythology.
Jack
The Greek mythology _____________ by Mr. Hill.
worked
5
hours
d) They are showing the pictures.
yesterday”.
Jack
They pictures _______________ by them.
said that he had
e) Bob Was studying the Laws of Mendel.
worked 5 hours the
The Laws of Mendel _________________ by Bob.
day before.
04) Supply the correct form of the verbs in the passive voice.
said,
Present
Reported Speech speech
Today day
past
“I Yesterday the Simple Past
Past
day
perfect Before
Bill said, “ I will Simple travel 05) Put these sentences into the passive voice.
that
tomorrow”.
The next
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Inglês
Bill said that he Conditional would
travel
She says(that) she is tired
Tomorrow
late.
the Future day
next day.
2) Interrogativas
They said, “We are
a) Iniciadas por palavras interrogatives ( who, whose, wich.
now” Present
working
They said that they Past
Now
were working then. Continuous
then
Etc)
continuous He said, “Jane was
•
o verbo say passa para ask;
•
a frase passa para a forma afirmativa;
•
não se usa that.
reading 5 minutes
He said, “Where is she going? Past
ago”. He said that Jane
had
They will say(that) they are
been Past
asked where is she going.
Perfect
…
ago
He said to me, “ What do you want?
…before
reading 5 minutes
He asked me what I wanted.
Continuous
before.
b) Não iniciadas por palavras interrogativas: I said, “ I will be
•
o verbo say passa para ask;
traveling
next
•
a frase passa a forma afirmativa;
week”. I said that l
•
introduz-se if.
would be traveling Future
Nest… the
He said, “Will they help you?”
the following week. Conditional continuous
He said, “Is anyone there?” Followins…
He asked if they would help me.
continuous
He asked if anyone was there.
Jim said “ I have lived here since last
3) Imperativo
year”. Jim said that Present
Past Last…
Ao passarmos uma sentença no imperativo do direct para o
he had lived there Perfect
the…before
since
Here
indirect speech: •
o verbo say muda para tell, ask, order etc.;
before
•
o imperativo passa para infinitivo com to;
Alice said, “I witt
•
o imperativo negativo passa para not + infinitivo com to;
•
a pessoa a quem a ordem é dada vem logo após o verbo
have
the
finishe
year Perfect
there
my
work the day after Future
The
tomorrow”.
two
He said, “Close the window, Tom”.
said that she would perfect
After
He asked Tom to close the window.
have finished her perfect
days
work
Tomorrow
She said, “Don’t open the door”
later
She told me not to open the door.
two
Alice conditional
days
later.
day
introdutório.
4) Say e tell Notas:
a) Say é usado quando:
1) Quando o verbo da oração introdutória estiver no presente• simples, no presente perfeito ou no futuro simples, nao haverá • mudanças nos tempos verbais do reported speech.
não houver objetivo indireto;
She says, “ I am tired”
They will say, “We are late”
houver objeto indireto precedido de to. John said that he was late.
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Inglês
Jonh said to Mary, “ Let’s dance.”
B) The direct speech of the sentence “ Jane asked Paul whether he wanted to go to the matinee too” is:
b) Tell é usado quando houver objeto indireto nao precedido
a) Jane to Paul, “I have never gone to the matinee too.”
de to.
b) Jane to Paul, “Where are you going today?”
Jonh told Mary that he was late.
c) Jane to Paul, “Do you want to go to the matinee, too?” d) Jane to Paul, “When are you going to the matinee?”
EXERCÍCIOS
C)The teacher said, “Most students will succeed in their examination.”
01) change the following sentences from direct to indirect
a) The teacher answered that most students succeed in their
speech.
examination.
a) I asked the man, “ How much does it cost?”
b) The teacher told that most students succeed in their
b) Mary said to me, “ Are you going to eat in the restaurant?”
examination.
c) He said, “What time is it?”
c) The teacher said that most students would succeed in their
d) He said, “Have you seen him anywhere?”
examination.
e) I said to Jane, “Where are you going?”
d) The teacher says that most students will succeed in their examination.
02) Change the following sentences from direct to indirect
D) “Have you bought a house? Will you marry Peter?”, he
speech.
asked.
a) John said to me, “Wait for me”.
a) He asked me if l would buy a house and if l would marry
b) He told me, “Thy to come on time.”
Peter.
c) The teacher said to me, “Don’t talk so much.”
b) He asked me if l have bought a house and if l would marry
d) She told her husband, “Bring some bread.”
Peter.
e) I said to him, “Don’t go by bus?”.
c) He asked me if had bougt a house and if l would marry Peter.
03) Supply say or tell in the simple past.
d) He asked me if l had bougth a house and if will marry Peter.
a) Peter _______________Jane that he loved her.
E) He said, “ When did you arrive?”
b) He ______________ me to help them.
a) He asked me when l had arrived.
c) He _______________ , “Where is Linda?”
b) He asked me when l did arrived.
d) Patty ______________ to us, “Don’t interrupt me”.
c) He said me when l had arrived.
e)The people ___________ that the lecture was very
d) He asked me when l have arrived.
interesting.
F) The movies is ____________ good, but it’s _______ late to go now.
04) Choose the correct alternative.
a) very – very
b) too – very
A) Mother to her son “Play with your toys, but don’t break
c) very – too
d) too – too
them” in the reported speech becomes:
G) Escolha a alternativa correta que tenha o mesmo
a) The mother told her son to play with his toys, but not to
significado da frase: “ I had my shoes claned.”
break them.
a) I had clened my shoes.
b) The mother told her son to played with his toys, but didn’t
b) I cleaned my shoes.
break them.
c) I asked someone to clean my shoes for me.
c) The mother told to her son to play with your toys, but don’t
d) I asked someone to clean me.
break them.
H) Mary said, “ I have been writing this article since last
d) The mother told her son to played with your toys, but don’t
week.”
break them.
40
Inglês
a) Mary said that she has been written that article sonce last week.” b) Mary said that she was writing that article since the week before the last .” c) Mary said that she had been writing that article since the week before. d) Mary said that l have been writing this article since last week. l) We have shared ____________ happy moments together. a) a lot
b)much
c) any
d) many
J) Don’t put too ____________sugar in my coffee. a) more
b) much
c) few
d) many
05) Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech. a) He asked me. “Are you enjoying yourself?” b) Mother said, “ I’ve just finished your dinner.” c) She said to me, “ Can you hear a noise?” d) He said, “ I’ll be here at noon.” e) She said to me, “How do you know that?” f) The man said, “The telephone is out of order.” g) Mary said to John, “I cannot go to the movies with you.” h) She said to me, “Drive slowly.” i) Peter said, “I have convinced her.” j) She said, “ The lights have gone out.”
06) Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech. Introduce them using told in sentences 1 to 4 and He said in sentences 5 to 8. 1) John said to Mary, “ I hate you”. 2) I said to the porter, “ I am Mr. Spencer.” 3) He said to Jone, “ I am always here on Fridays.” 4) I said to the boy, “ Leave the room now.” 5) “I must go to the library before it closes.” 6) “Nobody could paint a picture as well as you.” 7) “You should leave the contry at once.” 8) “You ought to visit her tomorrow.”
