ANALISIS PERENCANAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN PRODUKSI PADA PEMBUATAN PRODUK BALLAST EKSPOR A-1 (STUDI KASUS DI PT. NIKKATSU ELECTRIC WORK)

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Ybclbcmnhfnc oncrdnj}r{fcl obhfkn}gnc zbhr{re ng}fdf}nz orhnf mn{f ybonzrgnc knenc obc}ne znoynf obcanmf y{`mrg anmf# Ng}ftf}nz / ng}ftf}nz mnhno yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf obhfyr}f yb{bcjncnnc y{`zbz( anm|nh fcmrg y{`mrgzf( yb{bcjncnnc gbkr}renc on}b{fnh( yb{bcjncnnc gnynzf}nz( mnc ybclbcmnhfnc ng}ftf}nz y{`mrgzf % ze`y dh``{ &# &# Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{g kb{lb{ng mfkfmncl fcmrz}{f oncrdng}r{ mnc kb{yb{nc zb{}n mnhno yboknclrcnc bg`c`of cnzf`cnh mf zbj}`{ {ffh mbclnc obclnzfhgnc y{`mrg foy`{ onryrc bgzy`{ vncl kncvng obcvb{ny }bcnln gb{an zb{}n obhngzncngnc y{`l{no gbof}{nnc mbclnc yn{n fcmrz}{f gbjfh # Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{gz( obhngrgnc yb{hrnznc ynk{fg mnc ybclboknclnc abcfz y{`mrg zbyb{}f1 Knhhnz} >9|  ‚  =9 |( ]{nczd`{ob{ >TN  ‚  :2 GTN( Hnoyr ebon} bcb{lf 2\  ‚  42\( J`{b( mnc hnfc  ‚  hnfc# Ynmn ybcbhf}fnc ngef{ fcf `kabg vncl mf}bhf}f nmnhne Knhhnz} Bgzy`{ N/>( mfoncn Knhhnz} Bgzy`{ N/> fcf obofhfgf mnvn =9 |n}}( }blnclnc >;< t`h}( mnc d{bgrbczfcvn =9 Eq# Knhhnz} N/> fcf mfbgzy`{ gb mnb{ne ]for{ ]bclne }b{r}non N{nk Znrmf# Yb{bcjncnnc mnc ybclbcmnhfnc y{`mrgzf Knhhnz} N/> mfnc}n{ncvn1  d`{bjnz}fcl >; yb{f`mb obcmn}ncl kb{mnzn{gnc yh`} mn}n mboncm  >; yb{f`mb zbkbhrocvn( obclef}rcl {bcjncn y{`mrgzf nl{bln}( obcbc}rgnc  Onz}b{ Y{`mrj}f`c Zjebmrhhb [b~rf{bobc}} Yhnccfcl&# %OYZ&( Obclef}rcl h`}}fcl( mnc O[Y % On}b{fnh [b~rf{bobc Mn{f enzfh ybcbhf}fnc mnyn} mfhfen} yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf mbclnc g{f}b{fn ofcfonzf `clg`z( gbkr}renc gnynzf}nz y{`mrgzf rc}rg obhngzncngnc obhngzncngnc OYZ( arohne gbkr}renc on}b{fnh zb{}n |ng}r ybobzncnc n}nr ybokrn}nccvn mnhno {nclgn obobcref yb{ofc}nnc y{`mrg ngef{ vncl zrmne mf{bcjncngnc mnhno OYZ( obcbc}rgnc kbzn{cvn gbkr}renc ofcfonh mn{f zb}fny on}b{fnh vncl mfyb{hrgnc( zb{}n obcbc}rgnc ybhngzncnnc {bcjncn ybobzncnc vncl kb{n{}f O[Y onoyr rc}rg obokb{fgnc fcmfgnzf gnync ybobzncnc n}nr ybokn}nhnc n}nz ybobzncnc en{rz mfhngrgnc Gn}n Grcjf1 D`{bjnz}fcl( [bcjncn Y{`mrgzf Nl{bln} ( Onz}b{ Y{`mrj}f`c Zjebmrhhb( H`}}fcl( On}b{fnh [b~rf{bobc} Yhnccfcl#

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Yraf mnc zvrgr{ ybcvrzrc yncan}gnc Gbenmf{n} ]renc Vncl Onen Bzn( gn{bcn n}nz kb{gn} {neon} mnc gn{rcfn/Cvn ybcrhfz mnyn} obcvbhbznfgnc hny`{nc }rlnz ngef{# Hny`{nc }rlnz ngef{ vncl kb{armrh ‘Ncnhfzfz ‘Ncnhfzfz Yb{bcjncnnc mnc Ybclbcmnhfnc Y{`mrgzf Ynmn Ybokrn}nc Y{`mrg Knhhnz} Bgzy`{ mf Y] CFGGN]ZR BHBJ][FJ \@[GZ ‟ fcf mfnargnc zbknlnf znhne zn}r zvn{n} gbhrhrznc rc}rg on}n grhfne }rrlnz ngef{#

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Nhenomrhhfhne zbhnon y{`zbz ybokrn}nc hny`{nc }rlnz ngef{ fcf( ybcrhfz kncvng  obcmnyn}gnc mrgrclnc( knc}rnc mnc kfokfclnc mn{f kb{knlnf yfeng# ]ncyn f}r zborn( ybcrhfz vngfc hny`{nc fcf }fmng ngnc }b{hngzncn# Rc}rg f}r( ynmn gbzboyn}nc fcf ybcrhfz obcvnoynfgnc {nzn }b{fon gnzfe vncl zbkbzn{/kbzn{cvn gbynmn1 >#

Ynyn onon vncl {bhn kb{g`{knc dfzfg mnc on}b{f( oboknc}fcl }rhncl mbof ncngcvn obcanmf zn{ancn( zrcllre znoynf gnyncyrc }nggnc }b{knhnz zborn anzn kbhfnr( zb{}n zncng dnofhf mnc zblbcny gbhrn{ln }b{jfc}n vncl zbhnhr obokb{fgnc mrgrclnc mnc m`n#

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Yfeng yb{rznennc Y] CFGGN]ZR BHBJ][FJ \@[GZ vncl }bhne obokb{fgnc gbzboyn}nc gbynmn znvn rc}rg obhngrgnc ybcbhf}fnc#

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Ngef{ gn}n( ybcrhfz kb{en{ny zbo`ln hny`{nc fcf mnyn} kb{oncdnn} knlf ybcrhfz ynmn gerzrzcvn mnc yn{n yboknjn ynmn rorocvn#

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KNK > YBCMNERHRNC

>#># Hn}n{ Kbhngncl Onznhne

Ybclbcmnhfnc oncrdnj}r{fcl obhfkn}gnc zbhr{re ng}fdf}nz orhnf mn{f ybonzrgnc knenc obc}ne znoynf obcanmf y{`mrg anmf# ]b{onzrg mfnc}n{ncvn njj`rc}fcl( `{mb{ bc}{v( ybhnvncnc ybhncllnc( h`lfz}fg( krmlb}fcl( mnc yb{bcjncnnc z}{n}blf

mnhno oncrdnj}r{fcl # Gb}b{ynmrnc zborn enh fcf zb{fcl mfzbkr} mbclnc O[Y % Oncrdnj}r{fcl  Oncrdnj}r{fcl [bz`r{jb [bz`r{jb Yhnccfcl Yhnccfcl &#

Ng}ftf}nz / ng}ftf}nz mnhno yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf obhfyr}f yb{bcjncnnc y{`zbz(  anm|nh fcmrg y{`mrgzf( yb{bcjncnnc yb{bcjncnnc gbkr}renc on}b{fnh( yb{bcjncnnc yb{bcjncnnc gnynzf}nz( mnc ybclbcmnhfnc ng}ftf}nz y{`mrgzf % ze`y dh``{ &# &# Mnhno ybcankn{nc hbkfe hncar}( ongn yb{bcjncnnc oncrdnj}r{fcl mfr{nfgnc obcanmf y{`zbz nyn znan vncl en{rz mfgb{angnc( zfnyn ybhngzncncvn( gnync( mfoncn mnc yb{gf{nnc `clg`z vncl mf}fokrhgnc#

Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{g kb{lb{ng mfkfmncl fcmrz}{f oncrdng}r{ mnc kb{yb{nc zb{}n mnhno yboknclrcnc bg`c`of cnzf`cnh mf zbj}`{ {ffh mbclnc obclnzfhgnc y{`mrg foy`{ onryrc bgzy`{ vncl kncvng obcvb{ny }bcnln gb{an zb{}n obhngzncngnc obhngzncngnc y{`l{no gbof}{nnc mbclnc yn{n fcmrz}{f gbjfh#

Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{gz zbanhnc mbclnc onarcvn yboknclrcnc ybhfz}{fggnc mf cbln{n gf}n vncl zbongfc ybzn}( yb{rznennc kb{rynvn obclboknclgnc znvnycvn( mfnc}n{ncvn mbclnc obhngrgnc yb{hrnznc ynk{fg mnc ybclnoknclnc  abcfz y{`mrg zbyb{}f1 Knhhnz} >9|  ‚  =9 |( ]{nczd`{ob{ >TN  ‚  :2 GTN( Hnoyr ebon} bcb{lf 2\  ‚  42\( J`{b( mnc hnfc  ‚  hnfc# Mfen{nygnc cnc}fcvn mnyn} obobcref gbkr}renc yb{nhn}nc hfz}{fg knlf ybongnf mf mnhno cblb{f onryrc hrn{ cblb{f#

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Cnorc mf Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{gz zb{fcl obclnhnof onznhne mnhno enh yb{bcjncnnc mnc ybclbcmnhfnc y{`mrgzf# \ng}r kngr vncl mfanmfgnc yn}`gnc obcllrcngnc |ng}r kngr z}ncmn{ {n}n  ‚  {n}n vncl hnon( kb{kbmn mbclnc {bnh mfhnynclnc %mf hnc}nf y{`mrgzf&( zbefclln gnynzf}nz y{`mrgzf zb{fclgnhf }fmng  zbzrnf mbclnc yb{gf{nnc# Enh fcf arln orclgfc vncl obcvbknkgnc nmncvn gb}b{hnokn}nc ybobzncnc knenc kngr( gb}b{hnokn}nc mn}nclcvn ybzncnc( arohne ybzncnc vncl }b{gnmncl gr{ncl n}nr hbkfe mn{f vncl zben{rzcvn( zbefclln obclngfkn}gnc ybcnoknenc `clg`z rc}rg obcjrgryfcvn( mnc( enh f}r arln obclngfkn}gnc `clg`z vncl }fmng zbzrnf mbclnc yb{bcjncnnc# Yb{hr nmncvn btnhrnzf zbjn{n kb{gnhn mnc yb{bcjncnnc vncl on}ncl mnhno y{`mrgzf nln{ zbzrnf gbkr}renc mbclnc ofcfonzf `clg`z#

Kb{mnzn{gnc yncmnclnc/yncmnclnc mf n}nz( ybcrhfz obclnokfh armrh ybcbhf}fnc ]rlnz Ngef{

Ncnhfzfz Yb{bcjncnnc Mnc Ybclbcmnhfnc Y{`mrgzf Ynmn Ncnhfzfz

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Ybokrn}nc Knhhnz} Buy`{} # Mfen{nygnc enzfh hny`{nc fcf kfzn obokb{fgnc ‟ 

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>#;# Fmbc}fdfgnzf Onznhne

Kb{mnzn{gnc hn}n{ kbhngncl onznhne mf n}nz( onznhne vncl }fokrh mnyn} mffmbc}fdfgnzf zbknlnf kb{fgr} 1 ># Knlnfoncn g`czby gbkr}renc y{`mrgzf( y{`zbz y{`mrgzf mnc yb{ofc}nnc ynzn{ y{`mrg# ;# Nyngne yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf zbzrnf yb{ofc}nnc ynzn{ mbclnc g{f}b{fn ofcfonzf kfnvn y{`mrgzf# :# Knlnfoncn gbkr}renc gnynzf}nz vncl mflrcngnc rc}rg obhngzncngnc anm|nh fcmrg y{`mrgzf OYZ % Onz}b{ Y{`mrj}f`c Zjebmrhhb&# =# Kb{nyn arohne ybzncnc mbclnc ofcfonzf `clg`z zfoync# 2# Nyngne zfz}bo onoyr obclenzfhgnc fcd`{onzf rc}rg obhngrgnc ngzf vncl }byn} %ybokrn}nc ybzncnc( ybcanm|nhnc ybobzncnc( mnc hnfc  ‚  hnfc&( vncl ob{ryngnc {bdb{bczf rc}rg ybokbhfnc mnc y{`mrgzf#

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>#:# Ybokn}nznc Onznhne

Kb{mnzn{gnc

fmbc}fdfgnzf onznhne( onznhne( ongn onznhne onznhne vncl vncl ngnc ngnc mfkn}nzf ynmn ynmn

ybcbhf}fnc fcf nmnhne1 

Oboknenz YYJ % Y{`mrjf`c} Yhnccfcl J`c}{`h & ynmn yb{rznennc( zbyb{}f y{`zbz gbmn}nclnc ybzncnc g`czrobc( yb{bcjncnnc y{`zbz y{`mrgzf( yb{bcjncnnc yb{bcjncnnc mnc ybclbcmnhfnc gblfn}nc y{`mrgzf#

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Ybcbhf}fnc encvn oboknenz YYJ rc}rg > abcfz y{`mrg vnf}r y{`mrg Knhhnz} Bgzy`{ N/>

>#=# ]rarnc Ybcbhf}fnc

Nmnyrc }rarnc mfhngrgnccvn mfhngrgnccvn ybcbhf}fnc fcf nmnhne 1 ># Obclfmbc}fdfgnzf g`czby gbkr}renc y{`mrgzf( y{`zbz y{`mrgzf mnc yb{ofc}nnc ynzn{ y{`mrg# ;# Obclb}nerf yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf zbzrnf yb{ofc}nnc ynzn{ mbclnc g{f}b{fn ofcfonzf kfnvn y{`mrgzf# :# Obclef}rcl gbkr}renc gnynzf}nz vncl mflrcngnc rc}rg obhngzncngnc anm|nh fcmrg y{`mrgzf OYZ % Onz}b{ Y{`mrj}f`c Zjebmrhhb&# =# Obclef}rcl arohne ybzncnc mbclnc ofcfonzf `clg`z zfoync#

>#2# Ob}`m`h`lf Ybcbhf}fnc

Ob}`m`h`lf ybcbhf}fnc vncl mfhngrgnc obcr{r} mn}n y{fob{hnclzrcl( ob}`mb vncl mflrcngnc nmnhne obhngrgnc `kzb{tnzf hnclzrcl rc}rg obclb}nerf knlnfoncn YYJ % Y{`mrj}f`c Yhnccfcl J`c}{`h & ynmn yb{rznennc( obhngrgnc ybclroyrhnc mn}n knfg mn{f mn}n/mn}n vncl mfmnyn} mn{f ybokfokfcl hnclzrcl mf yb{rznennc yb{rznennc onryrc }b`{f n}nr hf}b{n}r{b vncl mfmnyn} mn{f krgr mnc fc}b{cb}#

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>#4# Zfz}bon}fgn Ybcrhfznc

Nmnyrc zfz}bon}fgn ybcrhfznc hny`{nc ]rlnz Ngef{ fcf nmnhne zbknlnf kb{fgr}1 Knk ># Ybcmnerhrnc

Ynmn knk fcf ngnc mfabhnzgnc obclbcnf1 onznhne/onznhne vncl ngnc mfknenz( onznhne/onznhne vncl }fokrh kb{mnzn{gnc hn}n{ kbhngncl yb{onznhnenc( kn}nznc yb{onznhnenc vncl ngnc mfknenz zbjn{n hbkfe zybzfdfg( ongzrm mnc }rarnc mfhngzncngnccvn ybcbhf}fnc( mnc hnclgne/hnclgne mnhno ybcrhfznc hny`{nc ]rlnz Ngef{#

Knk ;# Hncmnznc ]b`{f

Ynmn knlfnc fcf ngnc mfknenz zbjn{n hbkfe abhnz obclbcnf }b`{f/}b`{f vncl kb{erkrclnc mbclnc yb{z`nhnc vncl ngnc mfknenz kb{mnzn{gnc ybcbhf}fnc vncl zrmne mfhngrgnc( obhfyr}f1 [bcjncn Y{`mrgzf Nl{bln}( Mfznl{blnzf(  [`rle} Jr}  Jnynjf}v Yhnccfcl %[JJY&( H`}}fcl( On}b{fnh  On}b{fnh [b~rf{bobc} [b~rf{bobc} Yhnccfcl Yhnccfcl %O[Y&#

Knk :# Ob}`m`h`lf Ybobjnenc Onznhne

Mnhno gb{nclgn ybobjnenc onznhne ngnc mfabhnzgnc obclbcnf 1 zbjn{n zfclgn} }neny/}neny mnhno obhngrgnc ybcbhf}fnc( hnclgne vncl mfnokfh mnhno ybobjnenc onznhne mnhno kbc}rg mfnl{no nhf{ n}nr Dh`|jen{} ( hnclgne/hnclgne hnclgne/hnc lgne ybobjnenc onznhne zbjn{n zfz}bon}fz mnc kb{mnzn{gnc Dh`|jen{}  Ybobjnenc Onznhne vncl zrmne mfkrn} zbkbhrocvn#

Knk =# Ybclroyrhnc Mnc Ybcl`hnenc Mn}n

Ynmn knlfnc fcf ngnc mfabhnzgnc obclbcnf 1 mn}n/mn}n vncl mfyb{`hbe mnc mfgroyrhgnc ynmn znn} ybcbhf}fnc mfhngrgnc( mnc oboknenz hnclgne/hnclgne mnhno ybcl`hnenc mn}n kb{mnzn{gnc mn}n/mn}n vncl zrmne mfyb{`hbe#

Knk 2# Ncnhfzn

Ynmn knk fcf ngnc mfncnhfzn zblnhn gborclgfcnc vncl obcanmf ybcvbknk }fokrhcvn zbkrne onznhne kb{mnzn{gnc enzfh ybcl`hnenc mn}n efclln mfmnyn}gnc zbkrne z`hrzf ybobjnenc onznhne#

2

Knk 4# Gbzfoyrhnc mnc Zn{nc

Knk fcf ngnc oboknenz obclbcnf 1gbzfoyrhnc zbjn{n zfclgn} mn{f onznhne vncl mfknenz( mnc zn{nc/zn{nc rc}rg yb{knfgnc ybhngzncnnc ]rlnz Ngef{( knfg rc}rg  yfeng yb{rznennc( yfeng rcftb{zf}nz onryrc knlf onenzfz|n hnfccvn vncl ngnc obhngrgnc ybcbhf}fnc }rlnz ngef{#

KNK ; HNCMNZNC ]B@[F

;#># Yb{bcjncnnc Y{`mrgzf

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oncnlbobc} & mnc oncrdng}r{# Mf znoyfcl f}r arln( yb{bcjncnnc

y{`mrgzf ob{ryngnc yblnclnc rc}rg ob{ncjncl anm|nh fcmrg y{`mrgzf# Kbkb{nyn drclzf hnfc mn{f yb{bjncnnc y{`mrgzf nmnhne1 ># Obcanofc {bcjncn ybcarnhnc mnc {bcjncn y{`mrgzf g`czfz}bc }b{enmny {bcjncn z}{n}blfz yb{rznenc# ;# Zbknlnf nhn} rgr{ yb{d`{onczf yb{d`{o nczf y{`zbz yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf# :# Obcanofc gbonoyrnc y{`mrgzf g`czfz}bc }b{enmny {bcjncn y{`mrgzf# =# Obo`cf}`{ enzfh y{`mrgzf ng}rnh }b{enmny {bcjncn y{`mrgzf mnc obokrn} ybcvbzrnfnc# 2# Obcln}r{ yb{zbmfnnc y{`mrg anmf rc}rg obcjnynf }n{lb} y{`mrgzf mnc {bcjncn z}{n}blfz# 4# Obcln{negnc ybcvrzrcnc ybcvrzrcnc mnc ybhngzncnnc ybhngzncnnc Anm|nh Fcmrg Y{`mrgzf#

Nmnyrc }rarnc mn{f yb{bjncnnc y{`mrgzf nmnhne1 ># Zbknlnf hnclgne n|nh rc}rg obcbc}rgnc ng}ftf}nz y{`mrgzf vnf}r zbknlnf {bdb{bczf yb{bcjncnnc hbkfe {fcjf mn{f {bcjncn y{`mrgzf nl{bln} obcanmf f}bo mnhno anm|nh fcmrg y{`mrgzf# ;# Zbknlnf onzrgnc {bcjncn zrokb{ mnvn zbefclln yb{bcjncnnc zrokb{ mnvn mnyn} mfgboknclgnc rc}rg obcmrgrcl yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf# :# Ob{bmno %z}nkfhfznzf& y{`mrgzf mnc }bcnln gb{an }b{enmny dhrg}rnzf yb{ofc}nnc#

Yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf mfcvn}ngnc mnhno gbh`oy`g y{`mrg n}nr dnofhf %nl{bln}&# Zn}rnc rcf} vnl mfyngnf kb{tn{fnzf mn{f zn}r ynk{fg gb ynk{fg hnfc# Enh fcf kb{lnc}rcl mn{f abcfz y{`mrg zbyb{}f1 }`c( hf}b{( grkfg( ano obzfc n}nr ano `{ncl# Afgn zn}rnc obcf} zrmne mf}b}nygnc mf} b}nygnc ongn dng}`{ g`ctb{zf en{rz mf}b}nygnc zbknlnf

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nhn} g`orfgnzf mbclnc mbyn{}bobc hnfccvn zbyb{}f mbyn{}bobc ybonzn{nc mnc ngr}nczf# Ybclbcmnhfnc oncrdnj}r{fcl obhfkn}gnc zbhr{re ng}fdf}nz orhnf mn{f ybonzrgnc knenc obc}ne znoynf obcanmf y{`mrg anmf# ]b{onzrg mfnc}n{ncvn njj`rc}fcl( `{mb{ bc}{v( ybhnvncnc ybhncllnc( h`lfz}fg( krmlb}fcl( mnc yb{bcjncnnc z}{n}blf

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]`y Oncnlbobc} Yhnccfcl

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Ng}ftf}nz/ng}ftf}nz mnhno yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf obhfyr}f yb{bcjncnnc y{`zbz(  anm|nh fcmrg y{`mrgzf( yb{bcjncnnc yb{bcjncnnc gbkr}renc on}b{fnh( yb{bcjncnnc yb{bcjncnnc gnynzf}nz( mnc ybclbcmnhfnc ng}ftf}nz y{`mrgzf % ze`y dh``{ &# &# Mnhno ybcankn{nc hbkfe hncar}( ongn yb{bcjncnnc oncrdnj}r{fcl mfr{nfgnc obcanmf y{`zbz nyn znan vncl en{rz mfgb{angnc( zfnyn ybhngzncncvn( gnync( mfoncn mnc yb{gf{nnc `clg`z vncl mf}fokrhgnc# ;#>#># Dng}`{ Ybcbc}r Gbkb{enzfhnc Zfz}bo Y{`mrgzf 

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Nmncvn zfz}bo yb{bcjncnnc mnc ybclbcmnhfnc vncl knfg#

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Ybcanm|nhnc zrokb{/zrokb{ }b{zbmfn( ofznhcvn1 Yb{nonhnc }fclgn} yb{ofc}nnc y{`mrg( on}b{fnh( gbrnclnc( kr{re n}nr ybhnvncnc nmnhne fcyr}  rc}rg  obcanm|nhgnc y{`mrgzf( }{nczy`{}nzf( gbrnclnc mnc yb{z`cfh#

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E`h}z/\fc E`h}z/\fc}b{  }b{ 

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yrzn} mn{f }{njgfcl zflcnh obcmbgn}f c`h#

;#:# [bcjncn Y{`mrgzf Nl{bl{n} %[YN&

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Mnhno knk fcf ngnc mfknenz {bcjncn anclgn obcbclne vncl mf}rargnc knlf yb{f`mb yb{bcjncnnc nc}n{n zn}r krhnc znoynf mbclnc zn}r }nerc gbmbync# Mnhno gr{rc |ng}r fcf dnzfhf}nz dfzfg mfnzrozfgnc }b}ny zbhnon yb{f`mb yb{bcjncnnc# Yb{bcjncnnc nl{bln}b obcjn{f g`okfcnzf }b{knfg rc}rg obofcfonzf `clg`z n}nz kbkb{nyn yfhfenc vncl mfenmnyf rc}rg obobcref yb{ofc}nnc y{`mrg# ]rarnc yb{bcjncnnc nl{bln}b nmnhne ob{bcjncngnc anm|nh fcmrg y{`mrgzf rc}rg  kbkb{nyn yb{f`mb obcmn}ncl( ob{bcjncngnc g`cmfzf `y}fonh gb}b{zbmfnnc zrokb{ mnvn }b{enmny bgzybg}nzf yb{ofc}nnc y{`mrg( zb{}n ybclboknclnc z}{n}blf ybcllrcnnc zrokb{ mnvn f}r#

;#:#># Z}{n}blf Yb{bcjncnnc Nl{bln}

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;#:#:# Z}{n}blf Yb{bcjncnnc Nl{bln} Zbjn{n Lnkrclnc %Ofubm Z}{n}blv&

Zb}fny yr{b z}{n}blv ngnc obhfkn}gnc kfnvn vncl kbzn{ mnc zb{fcl yr{b z}{n}blv obcanmf }fmng hnvng( `hbe gn{bcn f}r g`okfcnzf mn{f yr{b z}{n}blv fcf obcanmf ofubm

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ybcl`yb{nzfnc# Gn{bcn onznhne vncl g`oyhbgz fcf ( ongn mnhno ybclbcmnhfnc gbyr}rznc mfyb{hrgnc mfzgrzf }bc}ncl ]EB TNHRB @D MBJFZF@C [RHBZ#

;#:#=# Cfhnf mn{f N}r{nc

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n}r{nc Ybclnokfhnc Gbyr}rznc %]eb Tnhrb `d 

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;#:#2 @clg`z

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`clg`z

N# @clg`z Ryne C`{onh mnc @clg`z Hbokr{ %C`{onh ncm @tb{}fob J`z}& Yb{kncmfclnc nc}n{n `clg`z y{`mrgzf mnc }fclgn} y{`mrgzf nmnhne ob{ryngnc zrn}r yb{kncmfclnc gr{tn ln{fz hr{rz %>9#;#&#Gbcnfgnc vncl }fkn  ‚  }fkn orclgfc mfzbknkgnc `hbe nmncvn ybcnoknenc yb{nhn}nc vncl kn{r# @clg`z y{`mrgzf {blrhn{ }fob mfnzrozfgnc rc}rg yn{n ybgb{an drhh}fob# @clg`z fcf ngnc obcfclgn} zbzrnf mbclnc kb{}nokneccvn arohne ybgb{an# Nmnyrc l{ndfg `clg`z fcf mnyn} mfhfen} ynmn lnokn{ ;#:# kb{fgr} 1

Lnokn{ ;#:# `clg`z y{`mrgzf |ng}r {blrhb{

;5

]b}nyf zbhnfc f}r yb{rznennc arln en{rz obcbc}rgnc kb{nyn dng}`{ kfnvn (nc}n{n hnfc oboyb{}nencgnc arohne }bcnln gb{an vncl yb{rknenccn mfzbknkgnc `hbe }bgncnc z`zfnh ( ybcmnyn} onzvn{ngn}( }fcllfcvn kfnvn ybhn}fenc# Mbclnc obonzrggnc obonzrggnc dng}`{  ‚ dng}`{  ‚  dng}`{ fcf kfnvn }bcnln gb{an ngnc obcanmf g`cz}nc( zbyb{}f }b{hfen} ynmn lnokn{ ;#=# mfkn|ne fcf 1

Lnokn{ ;#=# `clg`z }bcnln gb{an

Kbc}rg gr{tn mnc `clg`z |ng}r hbokr{ %`tb{}fob& mn{f arohne } bcnln gb{an mnyn} mfhfen} ynmn lnokn{ >9#=# Kfnvn fcf mfanln nln{ }b}ny ofcforo( ynmn znn} dnzfhf}nz mf`yb{nzfgnc ynmn hbtbh vncl `y}foro # Kfnvn ngnc obcfclgn} afgn yb{rznennc kb{`yb{nzf ynmn gnynzf}nz vncl {bcmne# Mbclnc ybcfclgn}nc yb{ofc}nnc( ongn y{`mrgzf ngnc zbongfc }b{anm|nh#

Lnokn{ ;#2# `clg`z |ng}r hbokr{ mnc }rcmn

;6

K# @clg`z Yb{rknenc Gbjbyn}nc Y{`mrgzf# Kfnvn ngfkn} yb{rknenc }fclgn} y{`mrgzf kfzn mfzbknkgnc `hbe arohne }bcnln gb{an yb{rknenc kfnvn( ybokb{ebc}fnc mnc yb{bg{r}nc }bcnln gb{an( mnyn} mfhfen} lnokn{ ;#4# mf kn|ne fcf 1

Lnokn{ ;#4# @clg`z Yb{rknenc ]fclgn} ]bcnln Gb{an  ‚ kfnvn vncl mfgbhrn{gnc nc}n{n Mbclnc kb{}noknecvn kb{}noknecvn arohne }bcnln gb{an( kfnvn  ‚ kfnvn hnfc 1 @clg`z {bg{r}( `clg`z ybhn}fenc( vncl obcvbknkgnc }r{rccvn y{`mrg}ftf}nz zbhnon yb{f`mb }b{}bc}r# Kblf}r arln mbclnc ybokb{ebc}fnc }bcnln gb{an# Kfnvn ybcfclgn}nc y{`mrgzf mnc ybcr{rcnc }fclgn} y{`mrgzf nmnhne kb{kbmn#

J# @clg`z Yb{zbmfnnc( Yb{ofc}nnc Gbgr{nclnc Ybzncnc# ]fclgn} yb{zbmfnnc nl{bln} vncl `y}foro( ob{ryngnc ybcmbgn}nc mn{f arohne {n}n ‚  {n}n  ‚  {n}n zndb}v z}`jg mnc ¿ mn{f `y}foro kn}je zfqb( vncl mf}bc}rgnc mn{f }fny f}bo( zbyb{}f vncl }b{hfen} ynmn lnokn{ ;#<# mfkn|ne fcf 1

Lnokn{;#<# ]fclgn} Fctbc}`{f Nl{bln}

:9

@clg`z yb{zbmfnnc yb{zbmfnnc kb{gfzn{ nc}n{n 2" znoynf 69" mn{f en{ln f}bo }b{zbkr}# ]`}nh `clg`z yb{zbmfnnc nmnhne ob{ryngnc arohne mn{f `clg`z yb{zbmfnnc zborn f}bo# Kfnvn knjg`{mb{ mnc h`z} znhbz ob{ryngnc onznhne gbrnclnc vncl znon# Afgn zb{fcl }b{anmf h`z} znhbz( ongn gbnmnnc fcf ngnc obokrgn ybhrncl knlf g`oyb}f}`{ mnc obcvbknkgnc zborn kfnvn y{`mrgzf obcfclgn} # Kfnvn h`z} znhbz zncln} zrhf} mfyb{gf{ngnc# Mn{f nclgn yb{nonhnc yb{ofc}nnc( kfnvn fctbc}`{v(knjg `{mb{( mflnokn{gnc ynmn lnokn{ ;#5# ynmn enhnonc zbkbhne zbknlnf kb{fgr} 1

Lnokn{ ;#5# Kfnvn Fctbc}`{f mnc Ze`{}nlb

M# @clg`z Zrkg`c}{ng# Nh}b{cn}fd hnfc rc}rg ob{rkne }fclgn} y{`mrgzf mnc yb{zbmfnnc( zbkrne yb{rznennc kfzn obofhfe zrkg`c}{ng rc}rg obobcref yb{ofc}nnc# Zrkg`c}{ng kfzn a rln }fmng  obclrc}rclgnc( gn{bcn ngnc ngnc obcvbknkgnc kfnvn vncl hbkfe kbzn{ mnc ngnc obokrgn ybhrncl g`oyb}f}`{# Zbhnfc f}r zrkg`c}{ng arln zrhf} mfanhncgnc( gn{bcn rc}rg obcjn{f zryyhfb{ vncl `c }fob mnc {bhfnkhb }fmng ormne#

;#:#4# Ob}`mb

 ‚ 

Ob}`mb Yb{bcjncnnc Nl{bln}#

Kncvng ob}`mb vncl }bhne mfgboknclgnc rc}rg yb{bcjncnnc nl{bln} fcf }b}nyf ynmn mnzn{cvn mnyn} mfgbh`oy`ggnc obcanmf mrn gbh`oy`g vnf}r1 n# Mbclnc ybcmbgn}nc @y}fonzf 1  ‚ y{`lnoon  ‚ y{`lnoon hfcfb{  ‚ n}r{nc  ‚ n}r{nc EOOZ %Hfcfb{ Mbjfzf`c [rhb&

:>

 ‚ zbn{je  ‚ zbn{je Mbjfzf`c [rhb k# Mbclnc ybcmbgn}nc Ebr{fz}fg 1  ‚ ob}`mb  ‚ ob}`mb l{ndfg   ‚ ob}`mb  ‚ ob}`mb g`bdfzfbc oncnabobc  ‚ ob}`mb  ‚ ob}`mb yn{nob}{fj

]fmng zborn ob}`mb fcf ngnc mfabhnzgnc ynmn krgr fcf Cnorc ynmn y{fczfycvn zborn ob}`mb vncl nmn ngnc obclenzfhgnc gbjbyn}nc y{`mrgzf ynmn yb{f`mb yb{bcjncnnc vncl mfkrn}( arohne }bcnln gb{an vncl mflrcngnc( zb{}n }fclgn} yb{zbmfnnc vncl }b{anmf#

;#:#<# Yb{bcjncnnc Nl{bln} mbclnc Ob}`mb L{ndfz

Ob}`mb l{ndfz fcf nmnhne ob}`mb yb{bcjncnnc nl{bln} vncl zncln} zbmb{encn mnc ormne mfynenof# Mnzn{ ob}`mb fcf zbkbcn{cvn nmnhne ‘}{fnh ncm b{{`{‟ mbclnc obhfen} lnokn{nc nc}n{n yb{ofc}nnc grorhn}fd mnc {n}n/{n}n yb{ofc}nnc grorhn}fdcvn# Zbjn{n ln{fz kbzn{ hnclgne yb{bcjncnnc vncl mfhngrgnc nmnhne zbknlnf kb{fgr} 1

># Lnokn{gnc efz}`l{no yb{ofc}nnc mnc }bc}rgnc gbjbyn}nc y{`mrgzf %Y}& {n}n/ {n}n vncl mfyb{hrgnc rc}rg obobcref yb{ofc}nnc# ;# Lnokn{gnc l{ndfg yb{ofc}nnc grorhn}fd }b{enmny |ng}r zb{}n l{ndfg  yb{ofc}nnc {n}n/{n}n grorhn}fd }b{enmny |ng}r# Fmbc}fdfgnzfgnc yb{f`mb  ‚  yb{f`mb }boyn} }b{anmfcvn gbgr{nclnc kn{ncl %knjg `{mb{& mnc yb{f`mb/yb{f`mb nmncvn gbhbkfenc kn{ncl %fctbc}`{v&# :# ]bc}rgnc z}{n}blf vncl ngnc mflrcngnc rc}rg obcncllrhnclf gbgr{nclnc mnc gbhbkfenc kn{ncl }b{zbkr}# =# Ef}rcl `clg`z vncl mf}fokrhgnc `hbe zb}fny z}{n}blf mnc yfhfe vncl obokb{fgnc `clg`z }b{gbjfh# J`c}`e kb{fgr} fcf ngnc obokb{fgnc lnokn{nc ob}`mb l{ndfz fcf#

:;

Yb{rznennc NKJ }bhne ob{nonhgnc yb{ofc}nnc ngnc y{`mrgcvn zbjn{n nl{bln}vncl mnyn} mnyn} mfhffen} ynmn ]nkbh ;#># zbknlnf kb{fgr} 1 ]nkbh ;#># Yb{ofc}nnc ngnc Y{`mrg Zbjn{n Nl{bln}

Lnokn{ ;#6# Gbjbyn}nc Y{`mrgzf

Lnokn{ ;#>9# Efz}`l{no mnc Grorhn}fd Yb{ofc}nnc

::

Efz}`l{no mnc grorhn}fd yb{ofc}nnc mf n}nz obcllnokn{gnc knlnfoncn yb{ofc}nnc obcvfoyncl mn{f {n}n/{n}n gbkr}renc# Mbclnc obcllrcngnc z}{n}blf or{cf kbkb{nyn nh}b{cn}fd vncl mnyn} mfhngrgnc vnf}r 1

># Nh}b{cn}fd > 1 Obclbcmnhfgnc arohne }bcnln gb{an Nh}b{cn}fd fcf obhfkn}gnc ybcnoknenc mnc ybclr{nclnc arohne }bcnln gb{an zbzrnf mbclnc gbkr}renc# Hnar y{`mrgzf ngnc znon mbclnc yb{ofc}nnc# Kfnvn {bcjncn fcf vnf}r [y >:5#999(/ % hfen} }nkbh ;# ;& ]nkbh ;#;# Ybclbcmnhfnc Arohne ]bcnln Gb{an

;# Nh}b{cn}fd ;1 Obclbcmnhfgnc Obclbcmnhfgnc arohne yb{zbmfnnc Afgn yb{rznennc }fmng fclfc obhngrgnc yb{rknenc arohne }bcnln gb{an( ongn z}{n}blf vncl mnyn} mfhngrgnc vnf}r oboy{`mrgzf mbclnc hnar {n}n{n}n yb{ofc}nnc mnc dhrg}rnzf yb{ofc}nnc mfybcref obcllrcngnc yb{zbmfnnc# [bcjncn fcf mfef}rcl ynmn }nkbh : mnc kb{mnzn{gnc yb{ef}rclnc mf kn|ne( gbgr{nclnc ongzforo zbkbzn{ ;<9 rcf} }b{anmf ynmn yb{f`mb 2# Gn{bcn nmncvn gb}fmngynz}fnc mnhno yb{nonhnc ongn gbgr{nclnc fcf mfybcref orhnf mn{f yb{f`mb yb{}non# Kfnvn {bcjncn }`}nh [y#64#299(/( %hfen} }nkbh ;#:#&

:=

]nkbh ;#:# Ybclbcmnhfnc Arohne Yb{zbmfnnc

:# Nh}b{cn}fd :1 Zrkg`c}{ng  Yb{rznennc obclfclfcgnc oboy{`mrgzf zbarohne yb{ofc}nnc ofcforo mnc zfzn yb{ofc}nnc mfybcref mbclnc zrkg`c}{ng#Kfnvn {bcjncn }`}nh [y#>95#999(/ mfef}rcl ynmn }nkbh ;#=# ]nkbh ;#=# Zrkg`c}{ng 

=# Nh}b{cn}fd = 1 Z}{n}blf Efk{fm Z}{n}blf efk{fm mfhngrgnc mbclnc obcllnkrclgnc kbkb{nyn z}{n}blfor{cf mbclnc gbkfangzncnnc gbkfangzncnnc zbknlnf kb{fgr} 1 ># Hnar y{`mrgzf g`cz}nc zbkbzn{ ;99 rcf}: krhnc mnc mforclgfcgnc rc}rg  obhngrgnc hbokr{ zbkbzn{ ;2 " afgn yb{ofc}nnc obhbkfef hnar y{`mrgzf# ;# Afgn mbclnc hbokr{ kbhro }b{ybcref( ybcnoknenc/ybclr{nclnc }bcnln gb{an ngnc mfhngrgnc# Yb{ef}rclnc zb}fny hnclgne gbkfangzncnnc mfn}nz mnyn} mfhen} ynmn }nkbh ;#2( ynmn enhnonc mfzbkbhne zbknlnf kb{fgr} 1

:2

]nkbh ;#2# J`c}`e Ob}`mb Efk{fm

Kb{mnzn{gnc enzfh yb{ef}rclnc ]nkbh ;#2( kfnvn {bcjncn }`}nh [y >9>299(/# Afgn mfhngrgnc ncnhfzn( zrkg`c}{ng }b{cvn}n hbkfe or{ne mfkncmfclgnc obhngrgnc ybcnoknenc ybclr{nclnc }bcnln gb{an# Kb{mnzn{gnc enzfh mfn}nz( kbkb{nyn g`okfcnzf z}{n}blf or{cf onzfe mnyn} mfhngrgnc# \nhnryrc ob}`mb l{ndfg }fmng  obokb{f z`hrzf `y}foro( }b}nyf zncln} obokbc}rg zbknlnf yblnclnc rc}rg  obhngrgnc `yb{nzf en{fnc#

;#:#5# Yb{bcjncnnc Nl{bln} Ob}`mb ]nkrhn{ % o`mbh }{nczy`{}nzf &

Ob}`mb }{nczy`{}nzf mflrcngnc rc}rg o`mbh y{`l{no hfcfb{# Kb{fgr} fcf ngnc mfknenz zrn}r gnzrz obcllrcngnc o`mbh }{nczy`{}nzf mbclnc mn}n/mn}n 1 ]nkbh ;#4# Yb{ofc}nnc mnc Gnynzf}nz

:4

Yb{zbmfnnc n|nh 1 >99 rcf} Yb{zbmfnnc ngef{ vncl mffclfcgnc 1 >29rcf} Kfnvn ano c`{onh 1 [y >99rcf} Kfnvn ano hbokr{ 1 [y >;2 rcf} Kfnvn Zrkg`c}{ng1 [y >29rcf} Kfnvn Yb{zbmfnnc 1 [y ;9rcf}yb{f`mb Ybcvbhbznfnc

onznhne

obcllrcngnc

ob}`mb

}{nczy`{}nzf

obclenzfhgnc

yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf mbclnc kfnvn }`}nh [y ==2<29#]nkbh yb{ef}rclnc mnyn} mfhfen} ynmn lnokn{ ;#4( mfkn|ne fcf1 ]nkbh ;#4 ]{nczy`{}nzf

:<

Gb}b{nclnc 1 ># ]`}nh J`z} 1 =99 %>99& ' :99 %>=9& ' 599 %>99& ' ;29 %>=2& ' 699 %>99& ' ;29 %>;2& ' 299 %>99& ' :29 %>;2& ;# Vncl mfy{`mrgzf nmnhne 1 ]nkbh ;#<# {bcjncn y{`mrgzf

Zfz}bo y{`mrgzf }fmng Knjg @{mb{ zblefclln gbkr}renc ynmn yb{f`mb F }fmng  orclgfc mfybcref `hbe yb{f`mb ;# Anm|nh Y{`mrgzf fcmrgzfcvn nmnhne 1

9 rcf}

;#:#6# Ybclb}nernc Obclbcnf Gnynzf}nz

Gnynzf}nz ynk{fg nmnhne arohne y{`mrg vncl mnyn} mfkrn} ynmn zrn}r yb{f`mb |ng}r }b{}bc}r# Fz}fhne gnynzf}nz zbcmf{f en{rz mfhfen} mn{f }f ln yb{zybg}fd nln{ hbkfe  abhnz# Gnynzf}nz mbznfc nmnhne gbhrn{nc ongzforo ynmn g`cmfzf fmbnh %}fmng nmn g`cdhfg ybcanm|nhnc( }fmng nmn y{`mrg {rzng n}nr jnjn}( onfc}bcbcjb encvn vncl {r}fc mnc hnfc zbknlnfcvn&# Gnynzf}nz bdbg}fd obcrcarggnc gbhrn{nc ongzforo ynmn }fclgn} `yb{nzf }b{}bc}r# Rorocvn gnynzf}nz bdbg}fd hbkfe {bcmne mn{fynmn gnynzf}nz mbznfc# Gnynzf}nz ng}rnh obcrcarggnc gbhrn{nc cvn}n vncl mnyn} mfenzfhgnc `hbe dnzfhf}nz# Gnynzf}nz ng}rnh en{rz mfrznengnc znon mbclnc gnynzf}nz bdbg}fd#

Yb{bcjncnnc gnynzf}nz mf}rargnc rc}rg obclb}nerf arohne zrokb{ mnvn vncl mfofhfgf# ]rarnc yb{bcjncnnc gnynzf}nz nmnhne obhfen} nyngne ynk{fg onoyr obobcref yb{ofc}nnc ynzn{ zbyb{}f vncl mf{nonhgnc# Afgn }fmng ongn en{rz

:5

mfyr}rzgnc nyngne ynk{fg ngnc oboyb{}fcllf zrokb{ mnvn vncl mfofhfgfcvn# Gnynzf}nz zrn}r ynk{fg mnyn} mfyb{}fcllf mbclnc jn{n1 

Yboknclrcnc ynk{fg kn{r1 Afgn gnynzf}nz ynk{fg vncl nmn ynmn znn} fcf mf{nonhgnc

}fmng

onoyr

obobcref

yb{ofc}nnc

ynzn{(

ongn

yb{hr

mfyb{}foknclgnc rc}rg obcmf{fgnc ynk{fg kn{r vncl mnyn} obobcref yb{ofc}nnc ynzn{# Yboknclrcnc ynk{fg kn{r obofhfgf mfobczf yb{bcjncnnc vncl yncancl %2 }nerc gbn}nz&# 

Ybcnoknenc obzfc mnc yb{gngnz kn{r1 Enh fcf mfhngrgnc rc}rg obcfclgn}gnc gnynzf}nz ynk{fg mnhno anclgn obcbclne %> znoynf mbclnc 2 }nerc&( rc}rg  obcln}nzf ybcfclgn}nc yb{ofc}nnc anclgn obcbclne#



Gbkfangzncnnc Gbkfangzncnnc ybobcrenc gbkr}renc gnynzf}nz anclgn ybcmbg1 vncl mfhngrgnc mfh ngrgnc rc}rg obcln}nzf gbgr{nclnc gnynzf}nz vncl obcmbzng# ]b{jngry mfmnhnocvn gbkfangzncnnc gbkfangzncnnc hbokr{( zrkg`c}{ng mnc hnfc zbknlnfcvn# zbknlnfcvn#

Mnhno anclgn ybcmbg( ybclnmnnc obzfc mnc ynk{fg kn{r }fmng orclgfc mfhngrgnc# Rc}rg f}r yb{rznennc yb{rznennc en{rz obhngrgnc kb{knlnf onjno gbkfangzncnnc gbkfangzncnnc rc}rg obobcref yb{ofc}nnc mbclnc obcllrcngnc hbokr{( tn{fnzf }bcnln gb{an( zrkg`c}{ng( n}nr ybokn}nhnc `{mb{ #

;#:#>9# Zn}rnc  Nl{bln}b

Zn}rnc nl{bln}b nmnhne zn}rnc vncl mnyn} ob|ngfhf kb{knlnf onjno y{`mrg  zbefclln }`}nh gbkr}renc rc}rg y{`mrg/y{`mrg }b{zbkr} mnyn} mfkncmfclgnc mbclnc gnynzf}nz dnzfhf}nz y{`mrgzf vncl }b{zbmfn# Mnhno enh ybcvrzrcnc anm|nh fcmrg y{`mrgzf yb{hr mffcln} kne|n ybcllrcnnc zn}r dnzfhf}nz y{`mrgzf obofhfgf mnoyng `clg`z vncl znon mnc zrhf} rc}rg mfkbkncgnc ynmn }fny y{`mrg vncl obcllrcngnc dnzfhf}nz y{`mrgzf }b{zbkr}# Nmncvn zn}rnc nl{bln} fcf mfyb{hrgnc obclfcln} kb{knlnf f}bo y{`mrg obokr}regnc ano obzfc mnc |ng}r zb}ry vncl kb{hnfcnc zb{}n `clg`z y{`mrgzf vncl mflrcngnc zbjn{n kb{znon/znon#

Zn}rnc nl{bln} ngnc ob|ngfhf nl{blnzf zbhr{re f}bo y{`mrg zbefclln yb{ofc}nnc }`}nh rc}rg gbkr}renc zbhnon zn}r gr{rc yb{bcjncnnc mnyn} mfef}rcl# J`c}`e vncl

:6

mnyn} mfgborgngnc fnhne zn}rnc nl{bln} }`c knan |nhnryrc knan vncl mfenzfhgnc mnyn} kb{ryn knan kn}nclnc( knan gn|n}( knan hbokn{nc n}nr knan {`h# Mnhno enh zn}rnc nl{bln} fcf mnyn} mflrcngnc zn}rnc rcf} zr{{`ln}b y{`mrj}  %y{`mrg vncl ob|ngfhf& n}nr zn}rnc ano `{ncl n}nr zn}rnc ano a no obzfc# ]rarnc1 Obokrn} yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf zbzrnf yb{ofc}nnc ynzn{ mbclnc g{f}b{fn ofcfofznzf kfnvn y{`mrgzf#

;#:#>># Hnclgne Ybhngzncnnc [bcjncn Y{`mrgzf

Kb{fgr} fcf nmnhne hnclgne/hnclgne mnhno obhngrgnc y{`zbz yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf1 n# ]bc}rgnc kn}nznc yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf vncl ngnc mfhngrgnc# Jn{f fcd`{onzf obclbcnf mn}n vncl mfkr}regnc# k# ]bc}rgnc z}ncmn{ zn}rnc vncl ngnc mflrcngnc mnhno yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf# j# ]bc}rgnc }bcnln gb{an vncl mfkr}regnc mnhno gr{rc yb{bcjncnnc mbclnc g{f}b{fn `clg`z ofcforo( mbclnc obcllrcngnc nh}b{cn}fd > %}bcnln gb{an }b}ny&( nh}b{cn}fd ; %}bcnln gb{an zbzrnf mboncm &( &( nh}b{cn}fd : %}bcnln gb{an ofu z}{n}blv & mnc nh}b{cn}fd =

%}{nczy`{}nzf&#

m# [bcjncn arohne y{`mrgzf mnhno nl{bln}# b# Afgn f}bo 3 >( hngrgnc y{`zbz mfznl{blnzf zbzrnf mbclnc dng}`{ g`ctb{zfcvn# Yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf ob{ryngnc knlfnc mn{f {bcjncn z}{n}blfz yb{rznennc mnc mfkrn} zbjn{n en{o`cfz mbclnc {bcjncn kfzcfz % Krzzfcbzz Yhnccfcl & mnc {bcjncn ybonzn{nc

 On{gb}fcl % On{gb}fcl

Yhnccfcl&#

Yb{bcjncnnc

y{`mrgzf

mnyn}

mfn{}fgnc

obcbc}rgnc }fclgn} {n}b {n}b y{`mrgzf ynk{fg vncl mfcvn}ngnc zbjn{n nll{bln}b #  Nll{bln}b f}r zbcmf{f nmnhne yb{bcjncnnc vncl mfkrn} rc}rg zbhr{re y{`mrg vncl

obcllrcngnc zrokb{ vncl znon( }ncyn mf{fcjf gb mnhno onzfcl/onzfcl y{`mrg  vncl kb{kbmn % bcm f}bo&# Mnc }rarnccvn nmnhne1 n# Obcln}r{ z}{n}blf y{`mrgzf ># Oboy{`mrgzf zbzrnf mboncm # ;# Oboy{`mrgzf ynmn gblfn}nc g`cz}nc# k# Obcbc}rgnc gbkr}renc zrokb{ mnvn vncl obhfyr}f }bcnln gb{an( on}b{fnh( dnzfhf}nz( yb{nhn}nc mnc mncn#

=9

j# Obcanmf hnclgne n|nh knlf zbhr{re gblfn}nc y{`mrgzf#

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vncl en{rz mfybzncmfzbmfngnc# Rgr{nc h`}  kb{n{}f arohne f}bo vncl en{rz mfybzncmfkrn}( mfgnf}gnc mbclnc kbzn{cvn `clg`z/`clg`z yb{zbmfnnc( zbyb{}f

2=

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22

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obcllrcngnc grnc}f}nz ybobzncnc vncl }b}ny vncl kb{n{}f rgr{nc grnc}f}nz ybobzncnc % h`} zfqb & nmnhne znon rc}rg zb}fny gnhf ybobzncnc# Rgr{nc h`}  }b{zbkr} mf}bc}rgnc zbjn{n zbokn{nclnc n}nr kb{mnzn{gnc dng}`{/dng}`{ boyf{fz( ofznhcvn obcllrcngnc arohne gbkr}renc kb{zfe }b{}fcllf zbknlnf rgr{nc h`} cvn# cvn# Hnclgne/hnclgne Hnclgne/hnclgne ybclb{annc ob}`mb D@^ nmnhne zbknlnf kb{fgr}1 Obcbc}rgnc ^rnc}f}v  ^rnc}f}v mf}bc}rgnc `hbe yfeng yb{rznennc n}nr `hbe zryhfb{ #

24

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Ynmn Y@^ fcf rgr{nc h`}  kb{tn{fnzf rc}rg obobcref mboncm  zbhnon ybf`mb |ng}r vncl mf}b}nygnc# Yb{f`mb |ng}r vncl mf}b}nygnc mfef}rcl zbyb{}f obcbc}rgnc  Bj`c`ofj @{mb{ Fc}b{tnh %B@F& }b}nyf mbclnc obcllrcngnc }fclgn} mboncm  {n}n/{n}n# Rgr{nc h`}  nmnhne }`}nh mboncm  rc}rg zbhnon B@F n}nr zbhncl

|ng}r ybobzncnc# Gn{ng}b{fz}fg mn{f }bgcfg h`}}fcl fcf mfnc}n{ncvn1 mfnc}n{ncvn1 

Rgr{nc h`}  kb{tn{fnzf rc}rg obobcref mboncm  zbhnon yb{f`mb |ng}r vncl mf}b}nygnc#



Yb{f`mb |ng}r vncl mf}b}nygnc mfef}rcl zbyb{}f obcbc}rgnc B@F % Bj`c`ofj obcllrcngnc }fclgn} mboncm {n}n/{n}n# @{mb{ Fc}b{tnh &( }b}nyf mbclnc obcllrcngnc

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Rgr{nc h`} nmnhne }`}nh mboncm rc}rg zbhnon B@F #  B@F  

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Ybcb{fonnc `{mb{  encvn mfhngzncngnc ynmn yb{f`mb mbclnc mboncm  y`zf}fd( n{}fcvn afgn ynmn zrn}r yb{f`mb ybcb{fonnnc }fmng nmn mboncm ( ongn ybcb{fonnc `{mb{ mfzn}rgnc ynmn yb{f`mb }b{mbgn} mbclnc mboncm y`zf}fd#

Arohne h`} ybzncnc kb{mnzn{gnc arohne h`} vncl mnyn} obobcref AYY yb{f`mb mn{f cb} {b~rf{bobc} #  AYY  AYY  ]  

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Mfoncn1 AYY

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Mnhno enh obcbc}rgnc f c}b{tnh yb{f`mb( zbncmnfcvn nmn kbkb{nyn yb{f`mb vncl kb{cfhnf c`h ongn ybcbc}rnc fc}b{tnh yb{f`mb mfhb|n}f rc}rg vncl kb{cfhnf c`h#

;#5#4# Ybcmbgn}nc @clg`z Ofcforo Yb{ Yb{f`mb % Ob}`mb Zfhtb{/Obnh &

]rarnc mn{f ob}`mb fcf nmnhne rc}rg obofcfonzf `clg`z }`}nh yb{f`mb# Rgr{nc h`}  mf}bc}rgnc mbclnc jn{n obcarohnegnc gbkr}renc kb{nyn yb{f`mb vncl kb{}r{r}/ }r{r} zbknlnf rgr{nc h`}  vncl }bc}n}ftb ( ybcarohnenc mfhngrgnc }b{rz znoynf `clg`z }`}nh %`clg`z ybzncnc mnc `clg`z zfoync& mfknlf mbclnc kncvngcvn yb{f`mb vncl cb} {b~/cvn }b{onzrg mnhno rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb }b{zbkr} obcfclgn}# Ongn kbzn{cvn rgr{nc h`}  vncl zbkbcn{cvn nmnhne rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb ngef{ vncl `clg`z }`}nh yb{ yb{f`mbcvn onzfe obcr{rc#

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25

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Y

?Arohne yb{f`mb vncl cb} {b~/cvn }b{onzrg mnhno h`} }bc}n}ftb#

Nhl`{f}on mn{f Ob}`mb Zfhtb{/Obnh Zfhtb{/Obnh fcf nmnhne1 

Hnclgne > h`}  }bc}n}ftb mforhnf mn{f yb{f`mb ]# Rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb ? ]bc}rgnc rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb

m}( cb} {b~# ynmn yb{f`mb ]# Ef}rcl `clg`z }`}nh yb{yb{f`mbcvn# 

Hnclgne ; ]noknegnc gbkr}renc ynmn yb{f`mb kb{fgr}cvn ynmn h`}  }b{zbkr}# Gbormfnc ef}rcl `clg`z }`}nh yb{ yb{f`mbcvn#



Hnclgne : Kncmfclgnc `clg`z }`}nh yb{/yb{f`mb zbgn{ncl mbclnc vncl zbkbhrocvn( afgn J%H&  J%H/>& gboknhf gb hnclgne ; mnc J%H& 3 J%H/>& hncar}gnc gb hnclgne =#

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Hnclgne = Rgr{nc h`} ynmn yb{f`mb ]  

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Hnclgne 2 Zbgn{ncl ]?H( afgn ngef{ mn{f e`{fq`c yb{bcjncnnc }bhne mfjnynf( ebc}fgnc nhl`{f}on( afgn kbhro( gboknhf gb hnclgne h nclgne >#

Ob}`mn Nhl`{f}on Zfhtb{ Obnh fcf ob{ryngnc nhl`{f}on ebr{fz}fg vncl y{fczfycvn nmnhne obofhfe znr}nr rgr{nc h`}  vncl obhfyr}f gbkr}renc rc}rg zbarohne yb{f`mb( zbefclln }`}nh `clg`z vncl {bhbtnc vncl %]J[& yb{ yb{f`mb |ng}r ofcforo# Mfoncn `clg`z/`clg`z vncl {bhbtnc nmnhne `clg`z ybobzncnc mnc `clg`z zfoync# Ob{ryngnc nhl`{f}on ebr{fz}fj vncl y{fczfycvn nmnhne obofhfe zrn}r rgr{nc h`}  vncl obhfyr}f gbkr}renc rc}rg zbarohne yb{f`mb( zbmbofgfnc zbefclln }`}nh `clg`z %`clg`z ybznc mnc ybznc& yb{ yb{f`mb |ng}r ofcforo#

26

Mnhno enh fcf( `clg`z/`clg`z vncl {bhbtnc }b{mf{f mn{f `clg`z ybobzncnc mnc `clg`z zfoync#

Afgn zrn}r ybzncnc }fkn ynmn n|nh yb{f`mb yb{}non mnc ybzncnc f}r obhfyr}f gbkr}renc efclln ngef{ yb{f`mb ]( ongn drclzf g{f}b{fncvn mnyn} mfcvn}ngnc zbknlnf1

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Afgn }`}nh `clg`z {bhbtnc yb{ rcf} |ng}r orhnf cnfg ynmn ] ' > ongn ] mfyfhfe zbknlnf arohne yb{f`mb zryyhv rc}rg ybobcrenc ybzncnc mbclnc rgr{nc1

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Nhl`{f}on fcf ngnc obokb{fgnc enzfh vncl gr{ncl knfg afgn obclenmnyf yb{z`nhnc vncl1 n& ]fclgn} mboncm obcr{rc }nano zbhnon kbkb{nyn yb{f`mb# k& Nmn kncvng yb{f`mb mbclnc mboncm ? 9#

]rarnc mn{f ob}`mn fcf nmnhne obofhfe ]  vncl obofcforognc }`}nh `clg`z {bhbtnc yb{ rcf} yb{ |ng}r# Ybcb}nync rgr{nc h`}  mbclnc ob}`mn fcf mfhngrgnc mbclnc jn{n obcarohnegnc gbkr}renc ynmn zrn}r yb{f`mb vncl kb{r{r}nc gb mnhno zrn}r h`} }bc}n}ftb znoynf `clg`z zfoync vncl }b{anmf znon mbclnc n}nr enoyf{ znon mbclnc `clg`z ybznccvn# ybznccvn# Rgr{nc h`} /cvn /cvn nmnhne rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb

49

vncl }b{ngef{ vncl obclngfkn}gnc `clg`z zfoync hbkfe kbzn{ n}nr znon mbclnc `clg`z ybznccvn#

Gn{ng}b{fz}fg mn{f }bgcfg h`}}fcl fcf mfnc}n{ncvn1 mfnc}n{ncvn1 

Ob{ryngnc nhl`{f}on ebr{fz}fj vncl y{fczfycvn nmnhne obofhfe zrn}r rgr{nc h`}  vncl obhfyr}f gbkr}renc rc}rg zbarohne yb{f`mb( zbmbofgfnc zbefclln

}`}nh `clg`z/`clg`z vncl {bhbtnc %][J& yb{ yb{f`mb |ng}r %vncl }b{hfyr} `hbe rgr{nc h`} f}r& ofcforo# 

Mnhno enh fcf `clg`z/`clg`z {bhbtnc }b{mf{f mn{f `clg`z ybobzncnc mnc `clg`z zfoync#



Afgn zrn}r ybzncnc }fkn ynmn n|nh yb{f`mb yb{}non mnc ybzncnc f}r obhfyr}f gbkr}renc efclln ngef{ yb{f`mb gb ]( ongn drclzf g{f}b{fncvn mnyn} mfcvn}ngnc zbknlnf1

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Nhl`{f}on fcf ngnc obokb{fgnc enzfh vncl gr{ncl knfg afgn obclenmnyf yb{z`nhnc vncl }fclgn} mboncm /cvn /cvn obcr{rc }nano zbhnon kbkb{nyn yb{f`mb mnc nmn kncvng yb{f`mb mbclnc mboncm ?9# ?9#

;#5#<# Gbkr}renc Yb{f`mb ]b}ny % Dfubm Yb{f`m [b~rf{obc}&

Ybcb}nync rgr{nc h`}  encvn kb{mnzn{gnc yb{f`mb |ng}r }b{}bc}r znan# Zbhncl |ng}r nc}n{ ybobzncnc mfkrn} }b}ny mbclnc kbzn{cvn rgr{nc h`}  mfmnyn} mbclnc jn{n obcarohnegnc cb} {b~( ynmn yb{f`mb vncl ngnc mn}ncl# ]bgcfg DY[ fcf obcllrcngnc g`czby fc}b{tnh ybobzncnc vncl g`cz}nc( zbmnclgnc rgr{nc grnc}f}nz ybobzncnccvn % H`} Zfqb & k`hbe kb{tn{fnzf# Rgr{nc grnc}f}nz ybobzncnc }b{zbkr} ob{ryngnc ybcarohnenc gbkr}renc kb{zfe %[ }  & mn{f zb}fny yb{f`mb vncl }b{jngry mnhno fc}b{tnh ybobzncnc vncl }bhne mf}b}nygnc# Ybcb}nync fc}b{tnh ybobzncnccvn mfhngrgnc zbjn{n zbokn{ncl n}nr fc}rf}fd# Ynmn }bgcfg dy{ fcf( afgn znn} ybobzncnc an}re ynmn yb{f`mb vncl gbkr}renc kb{zfecvn znon mbclnc c`h ongn ybobzncnc mfhngzncngnc ynmn yb{f`mb kbb{fgr}cvn#

;#5#5# @clg`z Rcf} ]b{gbjfh % Hbnz} Rcf} J`z} &

Mfmnhno }bgcfg fcf( knfg arohne }fny gnhf ybznc mnc fc}b{tnh yb{f`mb ybobzncnc kb{tn{fnzf n}nr orclgfc }fmng znon# Ybcb}nync rgr{nc h`} ‘]{fnh bcm B{{`{ ‟# ‟# Y{`zbmr{cvn zbknlnf kb{fgr}1 

]b}nygnc zbhncl fc}b{tnh ybobzncnc#

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]bc}rgnc kbzn{cvn h`}  vncl mnyn} znan ? arohne cb} {b~# mfn|nh yb{f`mb( n}nr mnyn} mf}nokne cb} {b~ ynmn yb{f`mb/yb{f`mb kb{fgr}cvn#

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Nhl`{f}on mn{f }bgcfg fcf nmnhne1 

Hnclgne > ]bc}rgnc rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb ynmn yb{f`mb ] ? cb} {b~ ynmn yb{f`mb ]# Ef}rcl }`}nh j`z} yb{ rcf} vncl }b{anmf#



Hnclgne ; ]noknegnc cb} {b~ yb{f`mb kb{fgr}cvn ynmn rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb zbkbhrocvn( gbormfnc ef}rcl arln }`}nh j`z} yb{ rcf}cvn#



Hnclgne : Kncmfclgnc }`}nh j`z}  yb{ rcf} mbclnc yb{f`mb zbkbhrocvn afgn J y%H& ≭ Jy%H/ >& gboknh gbhnclgne ; mnc afgn J y%H& 3 Jy%H/>& }b{rzgnc gbhnclgne =#

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Hnclgne =  H

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Hnclgne 2 Zbgn{ncl ] ? H( afgn ngef{ mn{f yb{f`mb e`{fq`c }bhne mfjnynf( ebc}fgnc nhl`{f}on mnc afgn kbhro( gboknhf gbhnclgne >#

Gn{ng}b{fz}fg mn{f }bgcfg h`}}fcl fcf mfnc}n{ncvn1 mfnc}n{ncvn1 ># Ob}`mb ebr{fz}fj fcf enoyf{ znon mbclnc ob}`mb Zfhtb{/Obnh# Yb{kbmnnccvn nmnhne vncl mfef}rcl {n}n/{n}n `clg`z yb{ rcf}# ;# [bcjncn ybobzncnc mfhngrgnc ynmn znn} {n}n/{n}n `clg`z yb{ rcf} rc}rg  yb{}non gnhfcvn cnfg# N{}fcvn ybobzncnc yb{}non mfhngrgnc ynmn yb{f`mb > rc}rg obobcref gbkr}renc zbkbhro yb{f`mb mfoncn `clg`z {n}n/{n}n yb{ rcf} yb{}non gnhf cnfg# :# Yb{f`mb ybobzncnc hnhr mffcfzfnhfznzf hnlf mnc y{`zbmr{ mfrhnclf rc}rg zbhr{re e`{fq`c yb{bcjncnnc#

4:

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Nzrozf/nzrozf vncl mfyb{hrgnc rc}rg obcl`yb{nzfgnc O[Y1 n# ]b{zbmfn mn}n  dfhb vncl }b{fc}bl{nzf vncl kb{fzf z}n}rz yb{zbmfnnc mnc mn}n }bc}ncl z}{rg}r{ %en{rz }bhf}f( hbclgny mnc ry }` mn}b&# k#  Hbnm }fob rc}rg zborn f}bo mfgb}nerf n}nr mnyn} mfyb{gf{ngnc# j# ]b{gbcmnhfcvn ]b{gbcmnhfcvn zb}fny f}bo mfgb}nerf n}nr mnyn} mfyb{gf{ngnc# m# ]b{zbmfncvn zborn g`oy`cbc rc}rg zrn}r {ngf}nc( ynmn znn} ybzncnc rc}rg  {ngf}nc }b{zbkr} mfhngrgnc# b# Ybclbcmnhfnc Ybclbcmnhfnc mnc ybongnfnc }b{enmny } b{enmny g`oy`cbc knenc kb{zfdn} mfzg{f}# d# Y{`zbz ybokrn}nc zrn}r f}bo kb{zfdn} fcmbybcmbc}  }b{enmny y{`zbz ybokrn}nc f}bo hnfccvn#

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Nhl`{f}on mn{f }bgcfg fcf nmnhne1 

Hnclgne >

]bc}rgnc rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb ynmn yb{f`mb ] ? cb} {b~ ynmn yb{f`mb ]# Ef}rcl }`}nh j`z} yb{ rcf} vncl }b{anmf# 

Hnclgne ; ]noknegnc cb} {b~ yb{f`mb kb{fgr}cvn ynmn rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb zbkbhrocvn( gbormfnc ef}rcl arln }`}nh j`z} yb{ rcf}cvn#



Hnclgne : Kncmfclgnc }`}nh j`z}  yb{ rcf} mbclnc yb{f`mb zbkbhrocvn afgn J y%H& ≭ Jy%H/ >& gboknhf gbhnclgne ; mnc afgn J y%H& 3 Jy%H/>& }b{rzgnc gbhnclgne =#



Hnclgne = ]b}nygnc rgr{nc h`} ynmn yb{f`mb ] mbclnc kbzn{cvn h`} ?

 H

 m}  } ] 

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Hnclgne 2 Zbgn{ncl ] ? H( afgn ngef{ mn{f yb{f`mb e`{fq`c }bhne mfjnynf( ebc}fgnc nhl`{f}on mnc afgn kbhro( gboknhf gbhnclgne >#

J# Hbnz} J#  Hbnz} ]`}nh J`z} 

Yfhfe }`}nh `clg`z ofcforo#



Lnkrclgnc gbkr}renc znoynf `clg`z zfoync obcmbgn}f `clg`z ybznc#

 M# Hbnm  M# Hbnm Yb{f`m J`z} %Zfhtb{ Obnh& ]rarnc mn{f ob}`mb fcf nmnhne rc}rg obofcfonzf `clg`z }`}nh yb{f`mb# Rgr{nc h`}  mf}bc}rgnc mbclnc jn{n obcarohnegnc gbkr}renc kb{nyn yb{f`mb vncl kb{}r{r}/ }r{r} zbknlnf rgr{nc h`}  vncl }bc}n}ftb ( ybcarohnenc mfhngrgnc }b{rz znoynf `clg`z }`}nh %`clg`z ybzncnc mnc `clg`z zfoync& mfknlf mbclnc kncvngcvn yb{f`mb vncl cb} {b~/cvn }b{onzrg mnhno rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb }b{zbkr} obcfclgn}# Ongn kbzn{cvn rgr{nc h`}  vncl zbkbcn{cvn nmnhne rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb ngef{ vncl `clg`z }`}nh yb{ yb{f`mbcvn onzfe obcr{rc#

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@clg`z }`}nh yb{ yb{f`mb J % H & 

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Mfoncn1 N ? @clg`z ybznc# e ? @clg`z zfoync# m} ? Gbkr}renc ynmn yb{f`mb yb{f`mb }# } ? Yb{f`mb n|nh mfoncn h`} }bc}n}ftb orhnf mfef}rcl# ] ? Yb{f`mb gb/}# H ? Yb{f`mb }b{ngef{ vncl vncl cb} {b~/cvn }b{onzrg mnhno h`} }bc}n}ftb# Y ? arohne yb{f`mb vncl vncl cb} {b~/cvn }b{onzrg mnhno h`} }bc}n}ftb#

Nhl`{f}on mn{f Ob}`mb Zfhtb{/Obnh Zfhtb{/Obnh fcf nmnhne1 

Hnclgne > h`} }bc}n}ftb ? m}( ]bc}rgnc rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb mforhnf mn{f yb{f`mb ]# Rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb cb} {b~# ynmn yb{f`mb ]# Ef}rcl `clg`z }`}nh yb{/yb{f`mbcvn#



Hnclgne ; ]noknegnc gbkr}renc ynmn yb{f`mb kb{fgr}cvn ynmn h`}  }b{zbkr}# Gbormfnc ef}rcl `clg`z }`}nh yb{ yb{f`mbcvn#



Hnclgne : Kncmfclgnc `clg`z }`}nh yb{ yb{f`mb zbgn{ncl mbclnc vncl zbkbhrocvn( afgn J%H&  J%H/>& gboknhf gb hnclgne ; mnc J%H& 3 J%H/>& hncar}gnc gb hnclgne =

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Hnclgne = Rgr{nc h`} ynmn yb{f`mb ]  

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 m}  } ] 

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Hnclgne 2 Zbgn{ncl ]?H( afgn ngef{ mn{f e`{fq`c yb{bcjncnnc }bhne mfjnynf( ebc}fgnc nhl`{f}on( afgn kbhro( gboknhf gb hnclgne >#

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 B# Yn{}  B#  Yn{} Yb{f`m Knhncjfcl 

J`z}  Ob{ryngnc tn{fnzf mn{f Hbnz} ]`}nh J`z} 



Obclg`ctb{zfgnc Obclg`ctb{zfgnc `clg`z ybznc obcanmf b~rftnhbc} Yn{} yb{f`m  %BYY& mbclnc {rorz1 BYY ? zg# z

1 `clg`z ybznc#

g

1 `clg`z zfoync yb{ rcf} yb{ yb{f`mb#

D# Bj`c`ofj @{mb{ ^rnc}f}v % B@^ B@^ &  H`} ybzncnc zbzrnf mbclnc  Bj`c`ofj @{mb{ ^rnc}f}v ^rnc}f}v %B@^&

; # N #  

B@^ ?

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N 1 `clg`z ybznc %`clg`z zb}ry& Λ 1 {n}n/{n}n mboncm yb{ yb{f`mb e 1 `clg`z `clg`z zfoync yb{ rcf} yb{ yb{f`mb

L# Yb{f`m @{mb{ ^rnc}f}v %Y@^&

Arohne h`}  ybzncnc kb{mnzn{gnc arohne h`}  vncl mnyn} obobcref Y@^ yb{f`mb mn{f cb} {b~rf{bobc}# 

Zbkbhrocvn ef}rclnhne B@^



Lrcngnc B@^ rc}rg obclef}rcl d{bgrbczf ybobzncnc yb{ } nerc# Y@^ ? ] 

 B@^  M

․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․#%;#<4#&

B@^

1 arohne ybzncnc bg`cfofg#

M

1 }`}nh gbkr}renc#

]

1 kncvngcvn yb{f`mb#

Mnhno enh obcbc}rgnc fc}b{tnh yb{f`mb( zbncmnfcvn nmn kbkb{nyn yb{f`mb vncl kb{cfhnf c`h ongn ybcbc}rnc fc}b{tnh yb{f`mb mfhb|n}f rc}rg vncl kb{cfhnf c`h#

<=

 E# @dd Zb}}fcl @dd Zb}}fcl nmnhne y{`zbz obcbc}rgnc gnync zrn}r

`{mb{  en{rz zrmne

mf{bhbnzbm   mfoncrdng}r{# Gnync `{mb{  en{rz mf{bhbnzb mf}b}nygnc  Hbnm ]fob yb{f`mb zbkbhro znn} mfkr}regnc#

]nkbh ;#>2# O[Y Nyy{`nje

^RBZ]F@C \en} }` @{mb{ 

KNZFZ /Onz}b{ Zjebmrhb /Kfhh `d On}b{fnh

[BZRH]  L{`zz[b~rf{bobc}z

/Fctbc}`{v Knhncjb  E`| Orje }` `{mb{ 

/Zjebmrhb [bjbfy}z

 Cb} {b~rf{bobc}z

/@{mb{ [rhbz \ebc }` @{mb{

Hbnm ]fob

Hbnm ]fob

KNK : OB]@M@H@LF YBOBJNENC ONZNHNE

:#># Yb{rorznc Onznhne

]nenync/}nenync ybcbhf}fnc vncl mflrcngnc `hbe ybcrhfz mnhno ybcbhf}fnc fcf nmnhne 1 ># ]neny Fmbc}fdfgnzf Onznhne Oborn} obclbcnf nhnznc/nhnznc obclnyn onznhne }b{zbkr} obcn{fg mnc obofhfgf gn{ng}b{fz}fg }b{}bc}r zbefclln yb{hr rc}rg mfhngrgnc mfhngrgnc ybcbhf}fnc# ;# ]neny Ybclroyrhnc mnc Ybcl`hnenc Mn}n Oborn} knlnfoncn obhngrgnc ybclroyrhnc mnc ybcl`hnenc mn}n }b{enmny mn}n/mn}n vncl }bhne mfnokfh mbclnc obhngrgnc ybcmbgn}nc/ybcmbgn}nc vncl zbzrnf mbclnc ob}`mb vncl mflrcngnc# :# ]neny Ncnhfzn mnc Gbzfoyrhnc Oborn} }bc}ncl enzfh/enzfh vncl }bhne mfmnyn} mnc obokncmfclgnccvn mbclnc enzfh vncl fclfc mfjnynf#

]nenync/}nenync ]nenync/}nenync ybcbhf}fnc fcf mnyn} mflnokn{gnc gb mnhno kbc}rg  dh`|jen{}  zbyb{}f }b{hfen} ynmn lnokn{ :#>

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:#;# Dh`|jen{} Ybobjnenc Onznhne Orhnf Z}rmf Hf}b{n}r{ Hn}n{ Kbhngncl Onznhne

Fmbc}fdfgnzf Onznhne

/ / / / /

Mn}n Mn}n Mn}n Mn}n Mn}n

Ybclroyrhnc Mn}n Mboncm %> }nerc }b{ngef{& |ng}r kngr }bcnln gb{an n|nh fctbc}`{f n|nh `clg`z y{`mrgzf

Ybl`hnenc Mn}n D`{bjnz}fcl %Yb{nonhnc& >; Yb{fm`mb obmn}ncl obcllrngnc kb{mnzn{gnc yh`} mn}n

Tnhfmnzf ob}`mb c`{onh0 Rc}rg OZB }b{gbjfh mnc ]{g#Zflcnh /= mnc '=

]fmng 

Vn [bcjncn Y{`mrgzf Nl{bl{n}

@clg`z [YN }b{gbjfh obcllrcngnc ob}`mb Efk{fm  ob}`mb Efk{fm mnc mnc ]{nczy`{}nzf

 Onz}b{ Zjebmrhb Zjebmrhb

[JJY % [`rle} Jr} Jnynjf}v Jnynjf}v Yhnccfcl Yhnccfcl& &

Gbkr}renc vncl }b{zbmfn obobcref gbkr}renc vncl mfkr}regnc0

]fmng 

Vn  H`}}fcl

@clg`z ofc h`}}fcl mbclnc ob}`mb1 ># B@^ % Bj`c`ofj @{mb{ @{mb{ ^rnc}f}  ^rnc}f} v& v& ;# Y@^ %Yb{f`mfj % Yb{f`mfj @{mb{ ^rnc}f}v& ^rnc}f}v &

 On}b{fnh [b~rf{bobc} [b~rf{bobc} Yhnccfcl Yhnccfcl

Ncnhfzn

Gbzfoyrhnc

Zbhbznf

Lnokn{ :#># Dh`|jen{} Ybobjnenc Onznhne#

<<

:#:# Hnclgne/Hnclgne Ybobjnenc Onznhne

Mnhno obhngrgnc ybcbhf}fnc fcf }b{hbkfe mnerhr en{rz obcbc}rgnc ob}`m`h`lf vncl ngnc mfhngrgnc rc}rg obobjnegnc onznhne vncl nmn mf mnhno }rlnz ngef{# Nmnyrc hnclgne/hnclgne ybobjnenc onznhne vncl ngnc mfhngrgnc nmnhne zbknlnf kb{fgr}1

:#:#># Orhnf

Oborhnf ybcbhf}fnc mbclnc obhngrgnc z}rmf ybcmnerhrnc( vnf}r obhngrgnc |n|ncjn{n mbclnc ybokfokfcl mf yb{rznennc rc}rg obclb}nerf zbjn{n hbkfe  abhnz obclbcnf obclbcnf yb{bcjncnnc yb{bcjncnnc mnc ybclbcmnhfnc ybclbcmnhfnc y{`mrgzf#

:#:#;# Z}rmf Hf}b{n}r{

Obhngrgnc z}rmf hf}b{n}r{ rc}rg obcmrgrcl ybcbhf}fnc vncl ngnc mfhngrgnc zbhncar}cvn#

:#:#:# Fmbc}fdfgnzf Onznhne

Obcbc}rgnc n}nr obclfmbc}fdfgnzf onznhne nyn znan vncl orcjrh mnhno enh yb{bcjncnnc yb{bcjncnnc mnc ybclbcmnhfnc y{`mrgzf ynmn ybokrn}nc y{`mrg Knhhnz} N/> vncl obhn}n{ kbhngnclf ybcbhf}fnc }rlnz ngef{#

:#:#=# Ybclroyrhnc mnc Ybcl`hnenc Mn}n :#:#=#># Ybclroyrhnc Mn}n

Obclroyrhgnc

mn}n

vncl

mfkb{fgnc

`hbe

yb{rznennc

obcvnclgr}

yb{bcjncnnc mnc ybclbcmnhfnc y{`mrg# Mn}n vncl mfyb{hrgnc mfnc}n{ncvn nmnhne1 / Mn}n yb{ofc}nnc > }nerc }b{ngef{ / Mn}n |ng}r kngr / Mn}n }bcnln gb{an n|nh / Mn}n fctbc}`{f n|nh / Mn}n `clg`z y{`mrgzf

<5

:#:#=#;# Ybcl`hnenc Mn}n

># Yb{nonhnc rc}rg >; yb{f`mb gbmbync ?3 mn{f Yh`} mn}n ongn ngnc mf}bc}rgnc ob}`mb oncn vncl ngnc }b{yfhfe mn{f1 



 O`tfcl Ntb{nlb \f}e Hfcbn{ ]{bcm  Zfclhb Buy`cbc}fnh Zo``}fcl \f}e ]{bcm 



 M`rkhb Buy`cbc}fnh Zo``}efcl Zo``} efcl \f}e ]{bcm 

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 Hfcbn{ [bl{bzf

;# [bcjncnY{`mrgzf [bcjncnY{`mrgzf Nl{bln} mbclnc obcllrcngnc mrn nh}b{cn}fd( vnf}r1 ># Ob}`mb Efk{fm# ;# Ob}`mb ]{nczy`{}nzf# :# Ybcanm|nhnc Y{`mrgzf Fcmrg# =# Obokrn}  [`rle Jr} Jnynjf}v Yhnccfcl mbclnc ob}`mb K@HN %Kfhh @d   Hnk`r{ Nyy{`nje&#

2# Obcbc}rgnc `clg`z ofcfonh h`}}fcl mbclnc ob}`mb1  Bj`c`ofj @{mb{ ^rnc}f}v& / B@^ % Bj`c`ofj

/ Y@^ %Yb{`mfj @{mb{ ^rnc}f}v& 4# Obclef}rcl O[Y %On}b{fnh [b~rf{bobc} Yhnccfcl& rc}rg ob{ncjncl zrn}r zfz}bo vncl onoyr obclenzfhgnc fcd`{onzf rc}rg obhngrgnc ngzf vncl }byn} %ybokrn}nc ybzncnc( ybcanm|nhnc( ybobzncnc mnc hnfc/hnfc&( vncl ob{ryngnc {bdb{bczf rc}rg ybokbhfnc mnc y{`mrgzf#

:#:#2# Ncnhfzfz

Ynmn knk fcf ngnc mfncnhfzn zblnhn gborclgfcnc vncl obcanmf ybcvbknk }fokrhcvn zbkrne onznhne kb{mnzn{gnc enzfh ybcl`hnenc mn}n efclln mfmnyn}gnc zbkrne z`hrzf ybobjnenc onznhne#

:#:#4# Gbzfoyrhnc mnc Zn{nc

Knk fcf ngnc oboknenz obclbcnf 1gbzfoyrhnc zbjn{n zfclgn} mn{f onznhne vncl mfknenz( mnc zn{nc/zn{nc rc}rg yb{knfgnc ybhngzncnnc ]rlnz Ngef{( knfg rc}rg  yfeng yb{rznennc( yfeng rcftb{zf}nz onryrc knlf onenzfz|n hnfccvn vncl ngnc obhngrgnc ybcbhf}fnc }rlnz ngef{#

KNK = YBCLROYRHNC mnc YBCL@HNENC MN]N

=#># Ybclroyrhnc Mn}n =#>#># Mn}n Roro Yb{rznennc

Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{g kb{mf{f ynmn }ncllnh >: @g}`kb{ >6<9 zbzrnf mbclnc ng}n C`# >>(]ncllnh >: @g}`kb{ >6<9 mbclnc C`}n{fz \fmvnc}` Y{ncnofen{man( ZE mnc ng}n yb{rknenc c`o`{ 9: }ncllnh : C`tbokb{ ;995 mbclnc C`}n{fz Hbhv Qrhgn{cnbc( Qrhgn{cnbc( ZE# Gbyr}rznc Obc}b{f Ergro mnc Eng Nznzf Oncrzfn [F [ F c` NER/ 9>5::#NE#9>#9;#]nerc 9>5::#NE#9>#9;#]nerc ;996 }ncllnh 6 Ancrn{f ;996#

Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{g kb{z}n}rz YOMC %Ybcncnonc O`mnh Mnhno Cbl{f& mnc kb{lb{ng mfkfmncl fcmrz}{f oncrdng}r{ mbclnc abcfz rznen1 fcmrz}{f oncrdng}r{ nhn}  ‚  nhn} hfz}{fg( j`{b( mnc hnoyr ebon} bcb{lf# Yb{rznennc fcf kb{yb{nc zb{}n mnhno yboknclrcnc bg`c`of cnzf`cnh mf zbj}`{ {ffh mbclnc obclnzfhgnc y{`mrg foy`{ onryrc bgzy`{ vncl kncvng obcvb{ny }bcnln gb{an zb{}n obhngzncngnc y{`l{no gbof}{nnc mbclnc yn{n fcmrz}{f gbjfh# Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{gz zbanhnc mbclnc onarcvn yboknclrcnc ybhfz}{fggnc mf cbln{n gf}n vncl zbongfc ybzn}( yb{rznennc kb{rynvn obclboknclgnc znvnycvn( mfnc}n{ncvn mbclnc obhngrgnc yb{hrnznc ynk{fg mnc ybclnoknclnc  abcfz y{`mrg zbyb{}f1 Knhhnz} >9|  ‚  =9 |( ]{nczd`{ob{ >TN  ‚  :2 GTN( Hnoyr ebon} bcb{lf 2\  ‚  42\( J`{b( mnc hnfc  ‚  hnfc# Mfen{nygnc cnc}fcvn mnyn} obobcref gbkr}renc yb{nhn}nc hfz}{fg knlf ybongnf mf mnhno cblb{f onryrc hrn{ cblb{f# Nmnyrc tfzf mnc ofzf yb{rznennc yb{rznennc nmnhne zbknlnf kb{fgr}1 

Tfzf 1Obcanmf yb{rznennc yb{rznennc vncl }b{gbcnh mnc rcllrh rcllrh mnhno obclenzfhgnc obclenzfhgnc y{`mrg

nhn}  ‚  nhn} hfz}{fg mf Fcm`cbzfn vncl kb{}n{nd Cnzf`cnh mnc

Fc}b{cnzf`cnh#

59

5>

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Ofzf 1Obcanofc gbyrnznc }b{enmny1 }b{enmny1 ybhncllnc( onzvn{ngn} onzvn{ngn} mnc gn{vn|nc mbclnc obclenzfhgnc zrn}r y{`mrg vncl obclr}nongnc dng}`{1 ^rnhf}v( J`z}( Mbhftb{v( Zndb}v( O`{nh( Bctf{`obc}nh#

=#>#;# Mn}n Gerzrz %Mn}n Ybcbhf}fnc&

Mnhno obhngrgnc ybcbhf}fnc }rlnz ngef{( ybcbhf}f obhngrgnc ybclroyrhnc mn}n vncl mfyb{hrgnc rc}rg ybcbhf}fnc# Mn}n mfmnyn} mn{f |n|ncjn{n mbclnc oncnab{ yb{rznennc mf Y] Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{g onryrc ybclbon}nc hnclzrcl mf hnc}nf y{`mrgzf# Mn}n vncl mfnokfh kb{gnf}nc mbclnc y{`mrgzf y{`mrg knhhnz} bgzy`{ }fyb N/># Knhnz} N/> fcf ob{ryngnc znhne zn}r y{`mrg vncl mfkrn} `hbe Y] Cfggn}r Bhbj}{fj \`{g mbclnc mnvn =9 \n}}(}blnclnc >;< t`h} mnc =9 Eq# Kb{fgr} mn}n vncl mfyb{hrgnc rc}rg ybcbhf}fnc#

=#>#;#># Mn}n  Mboncm %yb{ofc}nnc&

Mn}n mboncm  mfnokfh mn{f mn}n yb{ofc}nnc y{`mrg knhhnz} N/> zn}r }nerc }b{ngef{ n}nr mn}n >; yb{f`mb ynmn }nerc ;9>9#

]nkbh =#># Mn}n  Mboncm > }nerc }b{ngef{ %>; yb{f`mb& Knhhnz} N/> Yb{f`mb

%=9\ >;
>

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=#>#;#;# Mn}n mnc `clg`z y{`mrgzf

Mn}n mnc `clg`z y{`mrgzf fcf obcvnclgr} zblnhn mn}n obclbcnf y{`mrgzf zb{}n `clg`z  ‚  `clg`z vncl mfgbhrn{gnc mnhno y{`mrgzf knhhnz} N/># Kb{fgr} mn}n vncl mfyb{h`hbe1  Fcyr} 1 

Ano gb{an c`{onh  en{f ? 5 ano

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\ng}r kngr ? ;;=#6


@clg`z gb{an ? >#299#999(/krhnc

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Gnynzf}nz zrkg`c}{ng ? >24299 rcf}

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Gnynzf}nz ynmn ano gb{an hbokr{ ? ;9" mn{f ano gb{an c`{onh



@clg`z yb{ rcf} ynmn ano gb{an c`{onh ? [y <999(/



@clg`z yb{ rcf} ynmn ano gb{an hbokr{ ? [y 5999(/



@clg`z yb{ rcf} ynmn ano gb{an zrkg`c}{ng ? [y (6999/



@clg`z yb{zbmfnnc yb{ rcf} yb{ yb{f`mb ? [y :99(/



@clg`z yb{ rcf} yb{f`mb ? [y 299(/

=#>#;#:# Mn}n ]bcnln Gb{an vncl Mfkr}regnc

]bcnln gb{an vncl kbgb{an ynmn ybokrn}nc knhhnz} fcf nmnhne zbknlnf kb{fgr} 

Knlfnc \fcmfcl %ybokrn}nc g`fh& ? 5 `{ncl



Knlfnc Nzzbokhfcl ? 5 `{ncl



Knlfnc ybcln|n}nc ? 6 `{ncl



Knlfnc ybclbj`{nc ybclbj`{nc ? 6 `{ncl



Knlfnc J`{b ? 4 `{ncl



Knlfnc ynfc}fcl ? < `{ncl



Knlfnc ynzncl }r}ry ? : `{ncl



Knlfnc ynjgfcl ? >9 `{ncl

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