Africa South: Viewpoints 1956-1961

 L`sfml ]duh

f

Sdblie ]ogli lu hf} eo}n fb Wliudb*db*Uhljo}) Obgilbe"

ff

 L`sfml ]duh Pfow{dfbu}) <6?0”<60<

OEFUOE OEFUOE CV J"A" J"A" ELVJD ELVJDBE BE lbe MDSFBB MDSFBBO O ]LBEWF ]LBEWFUH UH

fff

[cif}hoe fb 3;<< cv _bfpos}fuv d` NwlQi*Bluli [so}} [sfpluo Clg X;< ]mduu}pfiio) =3;6 ]duh L`sfml Ojlfi1 cddn}Knqb"lm"ql Woc}fuo1 www"nqb{so}}"md"ql ¦ 3;<< _bfpos}fuv d` NwlQi*Bluli Lii sfghu} so}ospoe" Bd {lsu {ls u d` uhf} {cifmlufdb jlv co so{sdemoe ds uslb}jfuuoe fb lbv `dsj ds cv lbv jolb}) oiomusdbfm ds jomhlbfmli) fbmiefbg {hdudmd{vfbg) somdsefbg) ds lbv fb`dsjlufdb }udslgo lbe sousfopli }v}uoj) wfuhdu {sfds {osjf}}fdb fb wsfufbg `sdj _bfpos}fuv d` NwlQi*Bluli [so}}"

F]CB1 678*<*806<5*<6?*;

Jlblgfbg oefuds1 ]liiv Hfbo} Oefuds1 Lif}db Idmnhlsu Uv{o}ouuos1 [lusfmfl Mdjsfo Fbeoxos1 Lcei Cojluh Mdpos eo}fgb1 imnv`f}h

[sfbuoe lbe cdbe cv Fbuos{ln Cddn}) [fouosjlsfuqcsg fp

Mdbuobu}  [so`lmo Fbusdemufdb Fbuospfow wfuh Sdblie ]ogli

fx <
Oefudsfli1 Uho Gslpo d` uho Jfbe Sdblie ]ogli

36

]duh L`sfml‖} ]usggio `ds Eojdmslmv Wliuos ]f}i

=6

[dsuslfu d` l Mlcfbou Jfbf}uos Godsgo Milv

5?

L`sfmlb Uslgoev [hviif} Bulbulil

?3

Eo}ogsoglufdb lbe uho _] Ilcds Jdpojobu Wfiilse ]" Udwb}obe

0<

L}}dmflufdb cv [osjf}}fdb Lilb [ludb

07

Ouhbfm _bfpos}fufo} Q"N" Jluuhow}

75

Uho C} Cdvmduu Suh @fs}u

8;

Uho ]duh L`sfmlb [difmo Hlssv Ciddj

86

Uho [so}}1 ]usfaedj‖} ‘Il}u Clssfos‖ Godsgo Milv lbe ]ulbiov _v}

66

[dsuslfu d` l ]csc1 Hfiicsdw Lsbdie Cobaljfb

<<;

Wdjob lbe [l}}o} (F& Hoiob Ad}o{h

<< 5

p

Uho @lmu d` L`sfmlb Hf}udsv (F&1 Lb Fbusdemufdb Cl}fi Elpfe}db

<< 6

Uho Ol}u Mdl}u Miuso} Gospl}o Jluhow

<3 ?

Uho [luuosb d` Vdscl Hf}udsv ]lcsf Cfdcln

<3 6

Ilgd} Eflsv Mv{sflb Onwob}f

<= 5

Ghlbl1 Uho Jdsbfbg L`uos Flb Mdipfb

<= 7

Uho @lmu d` L`sfmlb Hf}udsv (FF&1 F}ilj fb Wo}u L`sfml Uhdjl} Hdegnfb

<5=

]hljcl Cdidbgdbgd1 L`sfmlb Nfbg d` [olmo Jdssf} ]fogoi


Wo}u L`sfmlb Wdde Mlspfbg N"M" Jsslv


Uho ]onhnhboilbe Uossds   Aljo} @lfsclfsb

<0 3

Bd Sopdiufdb Sdbe uho Mdsbos  Aif} Iowfb

<0 8

Lb L`sfmlb Eflsv Sd}livbeo Lfb}ifo

<7 5

Sopdiufdb} lso bdu Lcbdsjli Jfmhloi Hlsjoi

<8 <

Sopdiufdb fb ]duh L`sfml Oewlse Sdx

<8 7

]luvlgslhl fb ]duh L`sfml @lufjl Joos

<6 ;

Uho Eumh So`dsjoe Mhsmh Jfifulbu W"[" Mls}uob}

<6 7

Uho Lbludjv d` Sopdiufdb G"E"H" Mdio

3; =

Jl}} Usfli}   Aljo} @lfsclfsb

3; 8

pf

Wdjob lbe [l}}o} (FF& Hoiob Ad}o{h

3
Sopdiufdb1 @suhos So`iomufdb}   Ado Jluuhow}

33 3

Uho L`sfmlbf}u} Mu Idd}o [ouos Sdeel

33 7

Mdbgso}} lbe uho L`sfmlbf}u} Wliuos ]f}i

3=<

Oefudsfli1 Sopdiufdb f} Bdw Sdblie ]ogli

3= 8

Esclb Ox{ideo} Jvsbl Cijcosg

353

_bfpos}fufo} fb Ouhbl}fl Jlsfmo [d{o

3? ;

Sfghu} lbe Sfdu} fb Bluli Iod N{os

3? ?

Uslpoi} fb Usfclif}j Lbuhdbv Eoif}

3? 6

Almdc} lbe uho Clssfmleo} Lsbdie Cobaljfb

30 7

Wfbehdon Eflsv Csflb Cbufbg

375

Uho Jl`onobg L``lfs Jvsbl Cijcosg

38 <

]ox) Mdids lbe uho Ilw  Aif} Iowfb

388

]duhosb Shdeo}fl Ox{ideo} Obdmh Ejcu}hobl

36?

Uho [dbedilbe Jl}}lmso Eobbf} Nfiov

=; ;

Eflsv `sdj So`go Lb Lbdbvjd} Mdsso}{dbeobu

=; ?

Uho Hdssds d` Jdqljcf|o Mhfndjljf Jlhlil

=< 3

pff

Uho Cfsuh d` L`sfmlb Blufdblif}j Ifdboi @dsjlb

=3<

Uho L}flb fb Nobvl ]lsafu ]" Hovos

=3 6

Uho Gdie d` Jfgslbu Ilcds Suh @fs}u

== ?

L`sfmlb Usleo _bfdbf}j fb ]duh L`sfml Iodb Iopv

=5 5

Uho ]opob Gobosli}1 L ]uev d` uho ]elb [ouos Nfibos

= ?3

Ifcvlb Bduocddn Sdgos Dwob

=? 8

Uho Ifpfbg Eole Hoiob Ad}o{h

=0 ?

Lbgifmlb} lbe L{lsuhofe U"B"W" C}h

=7 ?

Du d` uho ]usfno Boi}db Jlbeoil

=8 3

Uho Mdbgd Mdj{sdjf}o Osfm Sdiol

=6 <

Bfgosfl fb Msf}f} Jdnwgd Dndvo

=6 7

Fbeox

5; 5

pfff

[so`lmo  Whob Sdblie ]ogli {so}obuoe l }ojfbls lu uho Hdwlse Mdiiogo mlj{} d` uho _bfpos}fuv d` NwlQi*Bluli (_NQB& db hf} somobuiv {cif}hoe F}ilj‖} Cilmn ]ilpo} fb 3;;5) ef}m}}fdb fbmieoe so`osobmo} ud L`sfml ]duh) uho adsbli uhlu ho hle cogb lbe oefuoe fb Ml{o Udwb fb <6?0" Uho feol ud so*{cif}h uho jlglqfbo wl} jdduoe l`uos uho }ojfbls lbe ]ogli mdb}iuoe wfuh l bjcos d`  _NQB }mhdils}) fbmiefbg Jlsglsou Elvjdbe" Lcdu l vols iluos }ho lbe Mdsfbbo ]lbewfuh (whd hle somobuiv coob lwlseoe l edmudsluo `ds hos wdsn db d{{d}fufdbli adsbli} {cif}hoe fb ]duh L`sfml `sdj <6=;”?;& uddn { uho feol" Fu wl} lgsooe uhlu uhov wdie }oiomu lbe oefu o}}lv} `sdj uho jlglqfbo `ds {cifmlufdb l} l cddn lbe uhlu uho {d}}fcfifuv d` efgfuli {cifmlufdb d` uho `ii 3< f}}o} wdie li}d co {s}oe" ]ogli wl} hl{{v wfuh uhf} feol" L} ]ogli hle soulfboe md{vsfghu dpos uho adsbli) ho glpo } {osjf}}fdb ud }o) so{sdemo lbe {cif}h lbv d` uho dsfgfbli lsufmio} l} wo }lw `fu lbe ho li}d lgsooe ud uho oxuob}fpo fbuospfow uhlu f} {cif}hoe hoso" Wo woso lcio uslpoi ud Obgilbe ud mdbemu uhf} fbuospfow wfuh uho `fblbmfli }{{dsu d` uho Blufdbli So}olsmh @dbelufdb (BS@&) `ds whfmh wo uobeos ds uhlbn}" ]ogli li}d d``osoe ud l}}f}u wfuh fb`dsjlufdb lcdu uhd}o whd wsduo `ds uho jlglqfbo) cu uhf} hoi{ wl} {os`dsmo ifjfuoe l} lii uho L`sfml ]duh `fio} lbe mdsso}{dbeobmo woso id}u whob ho hle hle ud `ioo ]duh L`sfml" Uho o}}lv} {cif}hoe fb L`sfml ]duh lso mdj{oiifbg lbe lc}dscfbg lbe wfuh uho jlglqfbo sbbfbg ud 3< pdijo}) olmh mdbulfbfbg lsdbe 3; o}}lv} (}djo 50; fb lii&) uho ul}n d` }oiomufbg l }jlii bjcos wl} elbufbg" Ds }oiomufdb wl} gfeoe cv uwd nov {sfbmf{io}" @fs}u) wo wlbuoe ud mdbpov l }ob}o d` uho hf}udsfmli) {difufmli lbe fbuoiiomuli fbuoiiomuli }fgbf`fmlbmo }fgbf`fmlbmo d` uho jlglqfbo jlglqfbo ” fu} d{{d}fufdb ud l{lsuhofe) fu} fu} mdgobu }dmfd* }dmfd* {difufmli lbliv}f}) fu} uslb}blufdbli solmh lbe fu} eoulfioe edmjobulufdb d` {d{ils so}f}ulbmo lbe oposvelv if`o" Wo li}d wlbuoe) l} `ls l} {d}}fcio) ud ed a}ufmo ud uho hf}udsfmli {osfde cv {sdpfefbg l so{so}obulufpo }oiomufdb d` luhds}) f}}o}) {os}{omufpo}) ud{fm} lbe }uvio}) {lvfbg {lsufmils luuobufdb ud uho jlglqfbo‖} mdposlgo d` jlads hf}udsfmli opobu}) fu} }fgbf`fmlbmo l} l {cifm `dsj luuslmufbg }djo d` uho iolefbg fbuoiiomuli} d` uho elv) lbe fu} fbuoiiomuli mdbusfcufdb ud uho `foie} d` L`sfmlb hf}udsfdgsl{hv lbe {difufmli uhodsv" Wfuh uho}o {sfbmf{io} fb jfbe) wo li}d fbmds{dsluoe uho }caomufpo msfuosfdb d`  mhdd}fbg o}}lv} uhlu hle uho jd}u {os}dbli fj{lmu" Ds uslfbfbg fb Obgif}h ]uefo} wl} {sdclciv eomf}fpo eomf}fpo l} fu f} miols miols uhlu l ilsgo ilsgo {sd{dsufdb d` uho }oiomuoe }oiomuoe o}}lv} ” uhd}o wo fx

  aegoe jd}u jd}u mdj{oiifbg mdj{oiifbg lbe jojdslcio jojdslcio ” mdjcfbo }dmfd*{difufm }dmfd*{difufmli li lbliv}f} lbliv}f} wfuh blssluoe ‘if`o‖" Uhov uoii }udsfo} fb whfmh ilsgos }dmfli `dsmo} lso ox{idsoe uhsdgh uho sfmh uoxuso} d` fbefpfeli hjlb ox{osfobmo lbe uhov ox{osfjobu wfuh fbbdplufpo mdjcfblufdb} d` uho ‘adsblif}ufm‖) uho ‘ludcfdgsl{hfmli‖ lbe uho ‘ifuoslsv‖" Whfio }djo d` uho o}}lv} woso }oiomuoe `ds uhofs hf}udsfmli }fgbf`fmlbmo) duhos} hlpo coob fbmieoe `ds uhofs mdbufbfbg mdbufbfbg fbuoso}u fbuoso}u fb uho {so}obu {so}obu ” uhd}o obglgoe obglgoe fb lsol} lsol} d` fbmsol}fbg fbmsol}fbg lmleojfm lbe {cifm fbuoso}u (}mh l} }oxlifuv) uslb}blufdblif}j) sclb }{lmo) L`sfmlb hf}udsv& l} woii l} uhd}o mdposfbg lsol} d` mdbuoj{dslsv {difufmli mdbmosb) }mh l} joefl `sooedj lbe }dmfli mhlbgo" Lii uho o}}lv} fb L`sfml ]duh woso dsfgfbli {cifmlufdb}) jlbv d` uhoj {os}dbliiv }difmfuoe cv Sdblie ]ogli ]ogli hfj}oi`" hfj}oi`" L bjcos d` o}}lv} o}}lv} ” }mh l} uho oxuslmu `sdj `sdj Suh @fs}u‖} ‘Uho Gdie Gdie d` Jfgslbu Jfgslbu Ilcds‖ lbe lbe Boi}db Jlbeoil‖} Jlbeoil‖} ‘Du d` uho ]usfno‖ ]usfno‖ ” hlpo coob {cif}hoe fb uho }ljo ds jfbfjliiv liuosoe `dsj oi}owhoso" Uho eomf}fdb ud so* {cif}h uhoj l} {lsu d` uhf} mdiiomufdb wl} ulnob bdu dbiv coml}o uhov woso aegoe ud co oxmoiiobu fb uhoj}oipo}) cu li}d coml}o wo `oiu uho}o o}}lv} woso o}}obufli ud lb beos}ulbefbg d` whlu L`sfml ]duh lmhfopoe" Fu wl} uho }ljo oj{hl}f} db hf}udsfmli lbe fbuoiiomuli }fgbf`fmlbmo whfmh ioe ud ds eomf}fdb (fb }djo ml}o}& ud {cif}h jdso uhlb dbo lsufmio cv uho }ljo luhds" Uho {so}}so} db }{lmo hlpo) fbopfulciv) coob mdb}feoslcio" Fb dseos ud fbmieo l} jlbv lsufmio} l} {d}}fcio) lbe uhosocv ed a}ufmo ud uho jlglqfbo‖} oxusldsefblsv slbgo) wo uddn uho ifcosuv d` jlnfbg l bjcos d` fbuosbli mu} ud }oiomuoe o}}lv}) lii d`  whfmh lso fbefmluoe fb uho uoxu (cv oiif{}o} fb }|lso cslmnou}&" Opob }d) uhoso hlpo coob }fgbf`fmlbu oxmi}fdb} lbe jlbv wsfuos} whd jleo lb fj{dsulbu mdbusfcufdb ud uho jlglqfbo jlglqfbo ” }mh l} [lusfmn [lusfmn Ebmlb) Ebmlb) Liox Ho{{io) Ho{{io) L"M" Adselb) Adselb) Mhsf}ud{hos Mhsf}ud{hos Goii lbe Mdifb Iogj) Iogj) ljdbg}u ljdbg}u duhos} duhos} ” hlpo hle ud co djfuuoe" djfuuoe" Hdwopos) Hdwopos) fb 3;;8) Efgfuli Fbbdplufdb ]duh L`sfml (EF]L& beosuddn uho }mlbbfbg lbe efgfuf}lufdb d` uho obufso L`sfml ]duh mdiiomufdb fb dseos ud `lmfifuluo lmmo}} ud lbe {so}ospo plilcio }dsmo jluosfli} db ]duh L`sfmlb {difufmli lbe }dmfli hf}udsv" Uho {so}obu mdiiomufdb f} uh} mdj{iojobuoe cv l efgfuli pos}fdb d` uho mdj{iouo L`sfml ]duh mdiiomufdb) lplfilcio lu huu{1$$www"ef}l"nqb"lm"ql" Li}d djfuuoe `sdj uhf} mdiiomufdb lso }hdsu }udsfo} lbe {dousv" ]oposli {d}}fcfifufo} {so}obuoe uhoj}oipo} `ds uho dsglbf}lufdb d` uhf} jluosfli) bljoiv lsslbgojobu cv wsfuos) ud{fm) sogfdb ds mhsdbdidgv" Whfio uhoso lso dcpfd} cobo`fu} ud lii d` uho}o mhdfmo}) wo eomfeoe ud `diidw l mhsdbdidgfmli dsglbf}lufdb }fbmo fu liidw} {so}obu*elv soleos} ud `diidw uho uslaomudsv d` hf}udsfmli opobu}) ud wfubo}} uho `idw d` hf}udsv lbe ud beos}ulbe lbe }fuluo uho lsgjobu} l} {lsu d` ilsgos hf}udsfmli blsslufpo}" L mhsdbdidgfmli }oiomufdb li}d lpdfe} uho {sdcioj} {so}obuoe cv o}}lv} obglgoe wfuh jiuf{io uhojo} ds sogfdb}" Fb`dsjlufdb `ds uho csfo` luhds cfdgsl{hfo} lu uho cogfbbfbg d` olmh o}}lv wl} gluhosoe `sdj l slbgo d` }dsmo}) fbmiefbg uho Fbuosbou lbe so`osobmo cddn}" D` uho}o x

uho jd}u fj{dsulbu woso [difufmli L`sfml1 L Whd‖} Whd d` [os}dblifufo} lbe [lsufo} (<60<& cv Sdblie ]ogli lbe Mluhosfbo Hd}nvb}> @sdj [sduo}u ud Mhliiobgo1 L Edm* jobulsv Hf}udsv d` L`sfmlb [difufm} fb ]duh L`sfml) <883 ”<605) Pdijo 51 [difufmli [sd`fio}) <883”<605 (<677& cv Glfi Goshlsu lbe Uhdjl} Nlsf} lbe Mdj{lbfdb ud ]duh L`sfmlb Obgif}h Ifuosluso (<680& cv Elpfe Leov) Sfeiov Cooudb) Jfmhloi Mhl{jlb lbe Osbo}u [osofsl" L{lsu `sdj }oiomuoe fbuosbli mu}) bd mhlbgo} hlpo coob jleo ud uho dsfgfbli o}}lv} oxmo{u `ds uho }fiobu mdssomufdb d` dcpfd} uv{dgsl{hfmli ossds} lbe }uvif}ufm fbmdb}f}uobmfo}" Oefudsfli leefufdb} lso fb }|lso cslmnou}" Wo hlpo li}d soulfboe uho bljo} lbe (whoso }oe& uho ufuio} d` mdbusfcuds} l} woii l} uho csfo` cv*ifbo} whfmh l{{olsoe db uho `fs}u {lgo d` jd}u o}}lv} fb uhofs dsfgfbli `dsj" @fbliiv) wo wdie ifno ud uhlbn uho Eo{uv Pfmo*Mhlbmoiids d` So}olsmh lu uho _bfpos}fuv d` NwlQi*Bluli `ds `befbg uhlu l}}f}uoe wfuh {cifmlufdb md}u}" Wo wdie li}d ifno ud ulno uhf} d{{dsubfuv ud uhlbn lii uho {od{io whd hlpo coob fbpdipoe lu plsfd} }ulgo} fb uhf} {sdaomu" Wo lso {lsufmilsiv gsluo`i ud Ao`` Gv `ds uho idlb d` hf} md{fo} d` L`sfml ]duh lbe ud Csobelb Hgho} whd mdiiomuoe md{fo} d` uho adsbli lbe `fs}u glpo uhoj ud Ao`` Gv whob uhov woso wdsnfbg fb Io}duhd" Gsluo`i uhlbn} li}d ud Wfiiflj Cofblsu) Lbuhdbv Mhobboii}) Uobelf Ejcu}hobl) Csflb @ioil) Jfmhloi Glsefbos) Aobbf Gdie) Clsclsl Hlsidw) Aefuh Hovos) Adhb Hfiudb) Mluhosfbo Hd}nvb}) Opl Hbuos) Mhsf} Hs}u) Cfii Adhb}db) O}uos Ioo) Iodb Iopv) Bdsjlb Iopv) [lusfmfl Ifocousl) Slvjdbe Idw) Uossvi JmMlsuhv) Elpfe Jdssoii) Ifq [lijos) Pf}hb [lelvlmhoo) Mhfslg [luoi) Gslhlj [omhov) Edb [fbbdmn) Jlsfmo [d{o) ]}lb ]ogli) Jfiudb ]hlfb) Gfiiflb ]idpd) Csflb ]{obmos) Glpfb ]uowlsu) Slvjdbe ]uubos) Aefuh Udee) Lbb Udsio}}o) [obbv Uv}db) ]ulbiov _v}) Slbedi{h Pfgbo lbe Lbb Jlsfo Wdi{o"

xf

FBUSDE_MUFDB

<

Fbusdemufdb

L`sfml ]duh coglb fb Ml{o Udwb l} l |lsuosiv {cifmlufdb fb Dmudcos <6?0 lbe wl}

{cif}hoe `ds `fpo vols} bufi Dmudcos <60<" @ds uho il}u uwd vols}) fu wl} sb `sdj Idbedb l} L`sfml ]duh fb Oxfio coml}o uho `dbeos lbe oefuds) Sdblie ]ogli) hle coob `dsmoe ud iolpo ]duh L`sfml" Ilbmhoe ljfe}u gsdwfbg }uluo so{so}}fdb lbe gsleliiv jdbufbg so}f}ulbmo) L`sfml ]duh mdjcfboe fu} `dsuhsfghu luulmn db slmf}j lbe l{lsuhofe sio fb ]duh L`sfml wfuh lb lbliv}f} d` {difufmli eopoid{jobu} lmsd}} uho L`sfmlb mdbufbobu lbe duhos {lsu} d` uho L`sfmlb efl}{dsl" _bifno {l{os} wfuh l }fjfils {s{d}o) }mh l} Bow Lgo (uho Glseflb ‖} }mmo}}ds&) uho Ifcosli [lsuv‖} Mdbulmu lbe uho {sd*Mdbgso}} {sd*Mdbgso}} @fghufbg Ulin) ]ogli glpo uho jlglqfbo l `dsjli }uvio lbe udbo) mid}os ud uhlu d` lb lmleojfm adsbli uhlb l bow}*}hoou ds l ulcidfe" Fu obglgoe wfuh uho mdj{ioxfufo} d` mdidbflif}j lbe fu} l`uosjluh) lbe wfuh l{lsuhofe) uhsdgh l mdjcfblufdb d` so{dsulgo) }mhdilsiv so`iomufdb) {difufmli lbliv}f}) hf}udsfmli dpospfow) ox{d}æ lbe miusli msfuf|o" Uhd}o whd wsduo `ds uho jlglqfbo (lbe whd efe }d `sdj feodidgfmli {d}fufdb} uhlu slbgoe `sdj ifcosli ud oxusojo io`u& woso hf}udsflb}) {difufmflb}) }dmfdidgf}u}) adsblif}u}) uolmhos}) lsu hf}udsflb}) lsmhlodidgf}u}) ifuoslsv }mhdils}) }hdsu*}udsv wsfuos} lbe {dou}) omdbdjf}u}) ilwvos} lbe asf}u}) ef{idjlu}) usleo bfdbf}u}) {difufmli ioleos} lbe lmufpf}u}" L} Sdblie ]ogli }lv} fb uho fbuospfow {cif}hoe hoso) uho adsbli‖} ilbmh wl} {somf{fuluoe cv [sfjo Jfbf}uos A"G" ]usfaedj‖} eomf}fdb fb <6?0 ud {lmn uho {{os hd}o d` [lsifljobu) uho ]obluo) }d l} ud gou uho bomo}}lsv uwd*uhfse} jladsfuv booeoe ud ulno lwlv uho mdb}ufuufdbli sfghu d` uho Mdidsoe {d{ilufdb ud co fbmieoe db uho mdjjdb pduos}‖ sdii" @ds ]ogli) uhf} wl} uho `fbli }uslw) iolefbg hfj ud lclbedb hf} }uefo} fb uho _bfuoe ]uluo} lbe ud {s}o uho ‘}usggio lglfb}u pfdiobmo lbe msoiuv‖ (]ogli <60=) <;6& l} l {cif}hos" Fb hf} ludcfdgsl{hv) Fbud Oxfio) ]ogli }lv} uhlu ho wlbuoe uho jlglqfbo bdu dbiv ud mdjcfbo uho ef}{lsluo }uslbe} d` ]duh L`sfmlb jfifulbmv fbud lb ‘fbuoiiomuli bfuoe `sdbu‖) cu li}d ud mdbbomu uho}o }usggio} ud uho so}u d` L`sfml lbe ‘uho wdsie covdbe‖ (<60=) <;6&" Fb mlssvfbg du hf} {ilb `ds L`sfml ]duh) ]ogli }mmo}}`iiv {u fbud {slmufmo dbo d` uho jd}u fj{dsulbu lsgjobu} lepdmluoe cv hf}  adsbli1 uho booe ud bfuo lmsd}} {difufmli) mil}} lbe slmfli efpfeo} lglfb}u uho {dwos d`  uho l{lsuhofe }uluo" <

3

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

]ogli oefuoe) jlblgoe lbe ef}usfcuoe L`sfml ]duh hfj}oi`) liuhdgh lu `fs}u ho hle {ilbboe duhoswf}o" Ho nbow uhlu }djo lmleojfm} lu uho _bfpos}fuv d` Ml{o Udwb woso {ilbbfbg lb d{{d}fufdbli adsbli lbe }d) db hf} sousb) uhov jou ud ef}m}} l adfbu {sdaomu" Bduhfbg mljo d` fu coml}o uho ‘ifcosli {sd`o}}ds} lbe iomusos}‖ wdie bdu lgsoo ud liidw hfj ‘uho `fbli }lv fb }hl{fbg uho {difmv d` uho jlglqfbo‖ (<60=) <3?&" Jlsfmo [d{o wl} dbo d` uhd}o lmleojfm} lbe ho gfpo} l sluhos jdso }oi`*msfufmli pos}fdb d` whlu hl{{oboe1 Fb uho jfeeio d` <6?? l iouuos lssfpoe `sdj Pfsgfbfl" Fu d``osoe uho bomo}}lsv `befbg) lbe bdu dbiv uhlu cu }djouhfbg o|liiv bomo}}lsv) l `soo `ii*ufjo l}}f}ulbu ud mlssv du uho }omsoulsfli wdsn lbe uho md{v*oefufbg" Hdwopos) wo ds}oipo} wdie co uho gdposbfbg Cdlse1 {difmv) mhdfmo d` mdbusfcuds}) uho lmmo{ufbg ds soaomufbg d` lsufmio} wdie sojlfb `fsjiv fb ds hlbe}"< Lii uhlu Sdblie ^" " "Z eojlbeoe eojlbeoe fb sousb sousb wl} ud co lcio ud ud wfuheslw uho jdbov l`uos eo bdufmo f` lu lbv ufjo uho obuos{sf}o wl} dcpfd}iv bdu gdfbg ud }mmooe" Uho d``os wl} bdu dbiv }{omulmilsiv gobosd} cu fu wl} li}d {so}obuoe fb jdeo}u lbe c}fbo}}ifno uosj}" F` fu hle coob jleo cv l Shdeo} ds lb D{{obhofjos F lj }so fu wdie hlpo coob `lwbfbgiv lmmo{uoe" Cu fu wl} cofbg jleo cv l vdbg jlb whd hle dbiv a}u gsleluoe) lbe fu {u } fbud l gsolu {lbfm whfmh wo ef}gf}oe l} jdsli fbefgblufdb" Wo {sd`o}}oe ud `fbe uho feol uhlu uho cobo`lmuds mdie usb d`` uho `idw d` jdbov f` fu wl} sbbfbg ud wl}uo |fuo blmmo{ulcio) lb fb}iu fb `lmu) lbe lglfb}u lii {sfbmf{io} d`  lmleojfm `sooedj" Wo hle bd ho}fulufdb fb so`}fbg uho d``os {dfbu cilbn" Uho boxu woon Sdblie lbbdbmoe uho `dbelufdb d` l [difufmli \lsuosiv ud mdpos oxlmuiv uho }ljo gsdbe wo hle hd{oe ud mdpos) cu whfmh wl} ud ed }d wfuh fb`fbfuoiv jdso pospo) mdslgo lbe d{ob*jfbeoebo}} uhlb wo wdie hlpo }hdwb) lbe wfuh uho fb`fbfuoiv }bl{{fos ufuio d` L`sfml ]duh"3 Uh}) lmmdsefbg ud [d{o) uho }ujcifbg cidmn wl} uho |o}ufdb d` oefudsfli mdbusdi" Uho lmleojfm}‖ soc`` {sdclciv ioe ]ogli) liwlv} l ‘}usfeobu‖ fbefpfelif}u (<60=) <3=& f` bdu l jlposfmn `fgso) ud l{{somfluo uho leplbulgo} uhlu ho wdie obadv) lbe whfmh ho wl} ud }o }d o``omufpoiv) l} lb ludbdjd} oefuds lbe {cif}hos" Mosulfbiv ho }lfe whfio cofbg fbuospfowoe uhlu whob fb Idbedb fb <60< ho wl} }olsmhfbg `ds uho jolb} d`  }}ulfbfbg L`sfml ]duh fb Oxfio ) ho wdie bdu mdb}feos lbv d``os uhlu wdie {ilmo hfj beos uho mdbusdi d` lb oefudsfli cdlse"

<" [d{o‖} o}}lv o}}lv ‘_bfpos}fufo} ‘_bfpos}fufo} fb Ouhbl}fl‖ l{{ols} l{{ols} fb uhf} pdijo" pdijo" Ho bljo} uho ‘mhfo` ‘mhfo` jdpos}‖ jdpos}‖ d` uho {sdaomuoe adsbli l} Iodblse Uhdj{}db) Jdbfml Wfi}db lbe Cob Cofblsu" Ho }ggo}u} uhlu [hfif{ ]ogli lbe Almn ]fjdb} jfghu li}d hlpo coob fbpdipoe" 3" [os}dbli [os}dbli mdsso}{dbeobmo mdsso}{dbeobmo wfuh Jlsfmo Jlsfmo [d{o) Dmudcos 3;;8"

FBUSDE_MUFDB

=

L} uho `dbefbg jdjobu d`  L`sfml ]duh }ggo}u}) fu wl} gdfbg ud d{osluo fb lb fbmsol}fbgiv d{{so}}fpo {osfde l} uho ]duh L`sfmlb Blufdblif}u gdposbjobu coglb ud }v}uojluf}o }v}uojluf}o lbe obusobmh obusobmh fu} slmf}u sio sio ” lbe fu} pf}fdb d` whlu mljo ud co mliioe ‘l{lsuhofe‖ ” uhsdgh iogf}ilufdb" iogf}ilufdb" Jmh Jmh d` uhf} iogf}ilufdb iogf}ilufdb obulfioe obulfioe l }uolev lcsdglufdb lcsdglufdb d` uho sio d` ilw" Uhf} wl} lmmdj{lbfoe cv fbmsol}fbgiv csuli jouhde} d`  ob`dsmojobu uhlu) l} Hlssv Ciddj }lv} fb ‘Uho ]duh L`sfmlb [difmo‖ fb uhf} pdijo) usboe uho {difmo `dsmo fbud lb lsj d` uho }uluo) sluhos uhlb l }l`oglse d` mfpfi }dmfouv" Uho jol}so} uhlu mdef`foe slmfli }o{lslufdb fb {sfpluo lbe {cifm if`o woso `fosmoiv mdbuo}uoe fb uho {lgo} d` L`sfml ]duh) l} mlb co }oob fb) `ds oxlj{io) ‘L}}dmflufdb cv [osjf}}fdb‖ cv Lilb [ludb" _beos{fbbfbg uho }oojfbgiv slufdbli bdufdb d` ‘}o{lsluo cu o|li‖ (whfmh fgbdsoe uho omdbdjfm solifuv uhlu uho whfuo }uluo wl} obufsoiv eo{obeobu db cilmn ilcds& woso jol}so} uhlu glpo {sfdsfuv ud uho msfuosfdb d` slmo fb lii lsol} d`  if`o" L`sfmlb) Fbeflb lbe Mdidsoe {od{io (fb uhlu dseos d` }caomufdb& woso }uolefiv eo{sfpoe d` uhofs sfghu} fb jluuos} }mh l} oemlufdb) holiuh) ilcds lbe edjfmfio" Uho}o jdpo} woso lbliv}oe lbe uhofs olsiv o``omu} edmjobuoe fb L`sfml ]duh" Db oemlufdb) ]ogli‖} oefudsfli ‘Uho Gslpo d` uho Jfbe‖ mdbmieo} uhlu fu wdie co couuos `ds bfpos}fufo} ud }hu edwb uhlb ud mdj{iv wfuh }o{lsluf}u {sfbmf{io}) whfio Q"N" Jluuhow} fb ‘Ouhbfm _bfpos}fufo}‖ _bfpos}fufo}‖ fj{ifmfuiv fj{ifmfuiv eojdb}usluo} eojdb}usluo} whv ho {so`ossoe {so`ossoe ud so}fgb l} lmufbg {sfbmf{li d` @dsu Hlso) sluhos uhlb }oo fu csdghu beos uho mdbusdi d`  H"@" Poswdose) uhob uho Jfbf}uos Jfbf}uos d` Blufpo L``lfs}" L``lfs}" Db edjfmfio) [hviif} [hviif} Bulbulil fb ‘L`sfmlb Uslgoev‖ edmjobu} uho fj{lmu d` fb`ix mdbusdi db l so{so}obulufpo L`sfmlb `ljfiv fb lb sclb }ij" Uho}o ilw} woso lmmdj{lbfoe cv l }hls{ mslmnedwb db slefmli d{{dbobu} d` uho sogfjo lbe hoso slmo {ilvoe ifuuio ds bd {lsu fb uho }uluo‖} lmufdb}" Uho Usol}db Usfli) whfmh il}uoe `ds `ds vols} coml}o d` uho {sd}omufdb‖} {dds {so{lslufdb ({d}}fciv l eoifcosluo {idv ud noo{ uho lmm}oe du d` lmufpo if`o&) wl} so{dsuoe fb ofghu lsufmio} fb L`sfml ]duh `sdj L{sfi <6?7 ud Aiv <60< (bdu fbmieoe hoso&) whfio uho }uluo‖} }o d`  iogli {sdmoeso} `ds uho {s{d}o d` fbufjfelufdb wl} lbliv}oe fb o}}lv}) }mh l} Aljo} @lfsclfsb‖} ‘Jl}} Usfli}‖) so{sfbuoe hoso" Lu uho }ljo ufjo uhoso woso o|liiv {bfufpo jol}so} iopoiioe lglfb}u dsefblsv {od{io) fbmiefbg ssli {od{io) whfmh woso mlso`iiv mhsdbfmioe lbe lbliv}oe1 }oo) `ds oxlj{io) Eobbf} Nfiov‖} ‘Uho [dbedilbe Jl}}lmso‖ lbe Aljo} @lfsclfsb‖} ‘Uho ]onhnhboilbe Uossds‖" ]d udd wl} uho d`uob hosdfm so}f}ulbmo d` uho {od{io ulsgouoe" Hoiob Ad}o{h‖} uwd*{lsu o}}lv db ‘Wdjob lbe [l}}o}‖> Jvsbl Cijcosg‖} ‘Esclb Ox{ideo}‖> Iod N{os‖} ‘Sfghu} lbe Sfdu} fb Bluli‖ lbe Boi}db Jlbeoil‖} ‘Du d` uho ]usfno‖ lii }hdw miolsiv uho so}fifobu d{{d}fufdb d`  dsefblsv {od{io ud }uluo mdbusdi lbe {bf}hjobu" L {os}dbli lmmdbu d` uho elbgos} d`  }oonfbg {difufmli oxfio fb mdbusfo} cdseosfbg db ]duh L`sfml f} gfpob fb uho lbdbvjd} ‘Eflsv `sdj So`go‖" L} ]duh Wo}u L`sfml (bdw fbeo{obeobu Bljfcfl& wl} }caomu ud uho Blufdblif}u gdposbjobu‖} mdbusdi lbe feodidgfmli fb`iobmo) fu f} bdu box{omuoe uhlu opobu} uhoso }hdie jfssds whlu wl} hl{{obfbg fb ]duh L`sfml" Uh} Csflb

5

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

Cbufbg) pf}fufbg `sdj ]duh L`sfml) mdbpov} ovo*wfubo}} lmmdbu} d` uho <6?6 `dsmoe sojdpli} lbe sfdu} fb hf} ‘Wfbehdon Eflsv‖" L}}ojcifbg lmmdbu} d` uho}o jol}so}) oblmuoe dpos `fpo vols}) jfghu }ggo}u uhlu l eo}{lfsfbg so}{db}o wdie mhlslmuosf}o L`sfml ]duh" Cu) whfio uho udbo d`  uho o}}lv}) lbe {lsufmilsiv d` ]ogli‖} oefudsfli}) f} d`uob dbo d` lbgos lbe eo`flbmo) uho jlglqfbo bopos }ggo}u} lb fbufjfeluoe {od{io ds fbuoiifgobu}fl" Fb}uole) uho mdbusfcufbg wsfuos}‖ so}dipo lbe uhofs mosulfbuv fb uhofs ml}o sojlfb }usdbg) jlnfbg uho o}}lv} lb fbpfgdslufbg sole udelv" Wliuos ]f}i mhlsu} wfuh ef}{l}}fdbluo mlso ‘]duh L`sfml‖} ]usggio `ds Eojdmslmv‖ lbe fb ‘Mdbgso}} lbe uho L`sfmlbf}u}‖ ho socu} wfuh lb o|li so}dipo lbe `ls*}fghuoebo}} uho liioglufdb) jleo cv uho csolnlwlv L`sfmlbf}u gsd{) uhlu uho L`sfmlb Blufdbli Mdbgso}} (LBM& wl} lclbedbfbg fu} `dbefbg {sfbmf{io}" Fb ‘Uho L`sfmlbf}u} Mu Idd}o‖ [ouos Sdeel gfpo} lb lbliv}f}) `sdj l Mdbgso}} Liiflbmo {os}{omufpo) d` uho `fs}u mdb`osobmo hoie cv uho L`sfmlbf}u} l`uos uhofs csolnlwlv" Suh @fs}u lbliv}o} wfuh sfgds uho omdbdjfm} d` l c} cdvmduu fb Lioxlbesl) lb lbliv}f} whfmh lu uho }ljo ufjo csfbg} hdjo uho }udfmli eouosjfblufdb d`  uho sclb wdsnos} bdu ud gfpo fb" Lbe fb ‘Uho Gdie d` Jfgslbu Ilcds‖) @fs}u ox{d}o} wfuh mhlslmuosf}ufm {somf}fdb uho esfpo `ds {sd`fu uhlu hl} }hl{oe uho idbg hf}udsv d`  ox{idfulufdb db uho gdie jfbo}" Uho Blufdblif}u gdposbjobu‖} eouosjfblufdb ud mdbusdi fu} d{{dbobu} li}d jolbu uhlu L`sfml ]duh fu}oi` hle ud }spfpo) wfuhdu jlnfbg mdbmo}}fdb}) fb l mifjluo d`  gsdwfbg {difufmli d{{so}}fdb" Fb fu} elv) jlbv d{{d}fufdb {cifmlufdb} woso clbboe ds duhoswf}o sb ud gsdbe" Dbmo lglfb) uho iogf}ilufdb fb |o}ufdb) lcsdglufbg `sooedj d`  }{oomh lbe msulfifbg uho {so}}) wl} pfgdsd}iv mdbuo}uoe fb o}}lv} }mh l} ‘Uho [so}}1 ]usfaedj‖} ’Il}u Clssfos‚‖ cv Godsgo Milv lbe ]ulbiov _v}" Uhoso woso li}d {slmufmli) jluosfli ef``fmiufo} `lmfbg uho jlglqfbo l} ]ogli }usggioe ud `fbe wfiifbg {sfbuos}) ud }oii leposuf}fbg }{lmo lbe ud }}ulfb l pflcio ef}usfcufdb" Lu `fs}u uho Ml{o Ufjo} mdj{lbv {sfbuoe L`sfml ]duh) cu l`uos uho uhfse f}}o) whfmh wl} eoefmluoe ud uhsoo d`  uho Usol}db Usflif}u} lbe mlssfoe Lbuhdbv Eoif}‖} }lufsfmli {dsuslfu fb pos}o d` }oposli ]duh L`sfmlb [lsifljobulsflb}) uhf} }ospfmo wl} wfuheslwb (]ogli <60=) <5?&"= L`sfml ]duh }ooj} bopos ud hlpo luuslmuoe jmh leposuf}fbg sopobo lbe ]ogli somdse} uhlu whlu efe mdjo fb mdie bdu {lv `ds jdso uhlb uho mdpos (]ogli <60<) <&" 5 Olmh f}}o wl} }d`u*cdbe fb l }fbgio) ovo*mlumhfbg mdids lbe `olusoe lb L`sfmlb wdjlb‖} hole eslwb fb {lsoe*edwb {sd`fio cv uho woii*nbdwb }mi{uds) If{{v If{}hfuq" Uho `fblbmfli

=" Eoif}‖ Eoif}‖}} {doj wl} wl} {cif}h {cif}hoe oe fb `ii fb Uho Il}u Efpf}fdb (<6?6&" Hf} eo}msf{ufdb d` uho {luobu cu blmnbdwioegoe mdbuslefmufdb} couwoob jdeosbf}lufdb lbe usfclif}j uhlu ho wfubo}}oe whfio cofbg ulnob wfuh duhos adsblif}u} lsdbe uho ‘so}ospo}‖ (}ddb ud comdjo uho ‘hdjoilbe}‖& hl} coob fbmieoe hoso ” }oo ‘Uslpoi} fb Usfclif}j‖" Usfclif}j‖" 5" Ljdbg uho `ow fssogils fssogils leposuf}os leposuf}os}} woso uho ]duh L`sfmlb L`sfmlb Fb}ufuuo d` Slmo Slmo Soilufdb}) Obmdbuos lbe Csfuf}h {cif}hfbg hd}o}) }mh l} [obgfb lbe Mdiifb}"

FBUSDE_MUFDB

?

ef``fmiufo} jolbu uhlu uho jlglqfbo wl} liwlv} holpfiv soiflbu db ]ogli‖} {os}dbli `be} lbe db `suhos `fblbmfli l}}f}ulbmo `sdj Mhsf}uflb Lmufdb fb Idbedb (]ogli <60=) <35&" Mfsmilufdb) fbfufliiv beosulnob fb ]duh L`sfml cv uho Mobusli Bow} Lgobmv) `lsoe sluhos couuos) `ds uho jlglqfbo }ddb comljo fu} dwb co}u leposuf}ojobu lbe liuhdgh fu wl} mdj{lslufpoiv ox{ob}fpo (=$6e" {os f}}o& fu solmhoe l {sfbu sb d`  couwoob 7 ;;; lbe 8 ;;; {os |lsuosiv |lsuosiv f}}o" Fu sl{feiv sl{feiv o}ulcif}hoe o}ulcif}hoe fu}oi` fu}oi` l} dbo d` uho iolefbg {cifmlufdb} db L`sfmlb lbe ]duh L`sfmlb l``lfs} (<60=)
0

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

`beljobuli `lfiso) l `idsf}h lu uho joso oego} d` uho msdwe‖ (<60=) <35&" @sdj Obgilbe) ]ogli }omsoe uho }{{dsu d` uho bdpoif}u Advmo Mlsov) Lsuhs Msoomh*Adbo} (`dsjos ]omsoulsv d` ]uluo `ds uho mdidbfo}&) uho hf}udsflb Cl}fi Elpfe}db) lbe Nfbg}iov Jlsufb (oefuds d` uho Bow ]uluo}jlb lbe Blufdb &" Fb uho _bfuoe ]uluo}) ]ogli l{{sdlmhoe {od{io ho hle jou whfio }uevfbg uhoso) lglfb wfuh }mmo}}" Uhsgdde Jls}hlii lbe Hobsv Ioo Jddb) cduh d` uho Blufdbli L}}dmflufdb `ds uho Leplbmojobu d` Mdidsoe [od{io (BLLM[& lbe Pfmuds G" Souhos d` uho Ludjdcfio Wdsnos}‖ _bfdb comljo {lusdb} lbe mdbusfcuds}" Cv uho `f`uh f}}o d` L`sfml ]duh) ]ogli wl} li}d lcio ud lbbdbmo uho {lusdblgo d` Oiolbds Sdd}opoiu) Jlsufb Iuhos Nfbg) Pfmuds Gdiilbmq ({cif}hos d` uho Io`u Cddn Mic fb Idbedb& lbe Ad Gsfjdbe (ioleos d` uho Ifcosli [lsuv fb Csfulfb&" Iluos ho obif}uoe uho {hfid}d{hos lbe {difufmli uhodsf}u Cosuslbe S}}oii) Fbefsl Glbehf ([so}feobu d` uho Mdbgso}} [lsuv d` Fbefl&) Bfmdil} Blcdndp (]omsoulsv* Gobosli d` uho Mdbgso}} `ds Miusli @sooedj&) Idf} @f}mhos (l io`u*wfbg Ljosfmlb   adsblif}u&) uho Soposobe Jfmhloi ]mduu ({oufufdbos ud uho _bfuoe Blufdb} db cohli` d`  uho L`sfmlb {od{io d` ]duh Wo}u L`sfml&) lbe uho Csfuf}h {dou} ]uo{hob ]{obeos lbe Idf} JlmBofmo" ]ogli‖} fbufufdb} lbe mdbbomufdb} }ospoe hfj o|liiv woii fb `fbefbg mdbusfcuds}) l} uho Mdbuobu} {lgo d` uhf} }oiomufdb wfii uo}uf`v" Lmmdj{lbvfbg hf} dugdfbg {os}dblifuv wl} l mddi*holeoe aegojobu d` whdj ud l{{sdlmh ud wsfuo db {lsufmils ud{fm} lbe whdj ud l}n `ds `suhos mdbulmu} lbe }ggo}ufdb}" Lbe ho wl} {so}mfobu fb uho wsfuos} ho mdjjf}}fdboe) `ds jd}u d` uhd}o ho l{{sdlmhoe woso lu uho cogfbbfbg d`  uhofs mlsoos} fb uho iluo <6?;}) cu wdie) l} uho cfdgsl{hfmli bduo} lu uho cogfbbfbg d`  olmh lsufmio fbefmluo) gd db ud luulfb ef}ufbmufdb fb uhofs so}{omufpo `foie}" L} wfuh ]ogli‖} dwb wdsn) uhofs o}}lv} }ggo}u whlu ho mlii} fb uho fbuospfow l {lsufmils |lifuv d` adv fb wsfufbg fb d{{d}fufdb ud slmf}u l}}j{ufdb}) {difmfo} lbe {slmufmo} whosopos uhov dmmssoe" Uho mdbusfcuds} uduliioe 30; wsfuos} lbe) co}feo} uhd}o fb uhf} }oiomufdb) woso ]duh L`sfmlb} }mh l} H"L" Blfedd) Poiil [fiilv) Ejl Bdnwo) Hfiel Cosb}uofb (wsfufbg l} ‘Uhlbef‖&) [lusfmn Ebmlb) Iob Ioo*Wlseob) Almn ]fjdb}) Adselb Bgclbo) L"M" Adselb) Mlb Uhojcl lbe Lsuhs Jlfjlbo" @sdj duhos sogfdb} fb L`sfml) ]ogli }difmfuoe {fomo} `sdj {difufmli ioleos} lbe lmufpf}u} }mh l} Aif} Bvososo) Nobbouh Nlbel) Ad}hl Bndjd) Hl}ufbg} Clbel) Udj Jcdvl lbe Hd}ol Nulnd ([lsljdbu Mhfo` d` uho Hososd}&) lii d` whdj csdghu uho lbuf*mdidbfli }usggio d`  duhos sogfdb} fbud sopolifbg lifgbjobu wfuh uho ]duh L`sfmlb }mobo" @sdj uho _bfuoe ]uluo}) Csfulfb lbe @slbmo) ]ogli somofpoe {fomo} `sdj uho Ilcds Jojcos d` [lsifl* jobu Clsclsl Ml}uio) uho adsblif}u Mdifb Iogj) uho hf}udsflb} Uhdjl} [lnobhlj lbe Uosobmo Slbgos) lbe uho efsomuds d` uho dpos}ol} }ospfmo d`  Io Jdbeo ) Aolb Ilmduso" [difufmliiv) ]ogli {d}fufdboe hfj}oi` wfuh mlso `ds uho }lno d` uho jlglqfbo" Hf} ufbv d``fmo fb [lsifljobu ]usoou fb Ml{o Udwb comljo l hfpo d` lmufpfuv l} idmli {od{io lbe pf}fuds} esd{{oe fb ud ef}m}} {difufm} lbe `so|obuiv ud d``os mdbusfcufdb}) cu ]ogli hfj}oi` mhd}o ud sojlfb db uho `sfbgo} d` lii {difufmliiv dsglbf}oe so}f}ulbmo `ds ho

FBUSDE_MUFDB

7

nbow) l} ho }lv} fb uho fbuospfow) uhlu hf} `iljcdvlbu lbe gsoglsfd} fbefpfelif}j wdie bdu liidw hfj ol}fiv ud ulno efsomufdb `sdj duhos}" Liuhdgh ho wl} eslwb ud uho Mdbgso}} Liiflbmo) ho li}d aegoe uhlu `ds L`sfml ]duh ud joou hf} dcaomufpo d` cfiefbg l bfuoe fbuoiiomuli `sdbu lglfb}u slmf}j) ho mdie bdu co }oob ud lifgb hfj}oi` wfuh lbv {lsufmils {lsuv ds gsd{fbg" L} jlbv d` uho}o o}}lv} woso mdjjf}}fdboe) uhofs feobuf`fmlufdb d` nov f}}o} lbe uhofs slbgo {dfbu ud uho }ob}fufpfuv d` ]ogli‖} dwb ‘lbuobblo‖) l} ho {u} fu fb uho fbuospfow) lbe uho gdde lepfmo uhlu ho wl} gfpob lcdu ud{fm} lbe wsfuos}" Ljdbg uho us}uoe lepf}os} ho hl} feobuf`foe woso Suh @fs}u) ]ulbiov _v}) Cf}hd{ Soopo}) Cl}fi Elpfe}db lbe Sd}livbeo Lfb}ifo" Uhlu ho obglgoe pfgdsd}iv wfuh hf} wsfuos} f} opfeobu fb iouuos} wsfuuob cv @lufjl Joos ud hos h}clbe) F}jlfi Joos) whfio ho wl} fb  Adhlbbo}csg l} dbo d` uho lmm}oe fb uho Usol}db Usfli" ]ho cogfb}1 ‘F hle }ggo}uoe lcdu `ds lbgio} `sdj whfmh uho }caomu jfghu co ulmnioe" Ho ^]ogliZ hl} mhd}ob ’]luvlgslhl fb ]" L`sfml‚ l} uho clmngsdbe lglfb}u whfmh uho ud{fm d` Fbeflb {difufmli eopoid{jobu jlv co l{{sdlmhoe" F `ooi |fuo }luf}`foe lbe wfii gou edwb ud fu bdw‖ (<8  Aiv <6?7&" Fb hos boxu iouuos) }ho so{dsu} ]ogli‖} so|fsojobu} fb jdso eoulfi1 Ho wlbu} jo ud lb}wos uho `diidwfbg |o}ufdb}1 uho {omifls }ulu} d` ]"L" Fbeflb}) l& {difufmliiv lbe c& omdbdjfmliiv> uho luufueo d` gpu" udwlse hfj ^GlbehfZ> uho luufueo d` {l}u lejfbf}usluds} lbe uho whfuo {d{^ilufdbZ> hf} ^Glbehf‖}Z {difufmli }vj{luhfo}> hf} luufueo ud Fbefl> uho hf}udsv d` hf} lgdbv fb uho mdbusv lbe uho wol{db} ho `dsgoe ud dposmdjo fu (3; Aiv <6?7&"? Fb ds usvfbg ud somdb}usmu whlu uho adsbli so{so}obuoe fb fu} elv) fbefpfeli o}}lv} lbe }osfo} d` o}}lv} hlpo }ospoe ud fbefmluo uho slbgo lbe fj{dsulbmo d` uho f}}o} uhlu L`sfml ]duh ulmnioe lbe fu} }{sole dpos uhsoo csdle god{difufmli lsol} d` mdbmosb" Fb uho ml}o d` ]duh L`sfml) co}feo} uho lbliv}o} d` l{lsuhofe feodidgv) uho jol}so} ulnob cv fu} {sd{dbobu} lbe uho {bf}hjobu hol{oe db uhd}o whd so}f}uoe) wl} l `ii eo}msf{ufdb d` lbe {sfbmf{ioe eocluo lcdu wlv} d` d{{d}fbg l{lsuhofe (cv whfuo l} woii l} cilmn wsfuos}&" Uho}o mdbusfcufdb} slbgoe `sdj ‘[l}}fpo So}f}ulbmo‖ cv [lusfmn Ebmlb (bdu fbmieoe hoso& ud l {luh*csolnfbg ef}m}}fdb d` sopdiufdb cogfbbfbg wfuh  Aif} Iowfb‖} {fomo d` Dmudcos <6?8) ‘Bd Sopdiufdb Sdbe uho Mdsbos‖" Uhf} }osfo} d`  bfbo o}}lv} (uho duhos} {cif}hoe hoso lso cv Jfmhloi Hlsjoi) Oewlse Sdx) G"E"H" Mdio lbe Ado Jluuhow}& mifjlxoe fb uho oefudsfli cv ]ogli) ‘Sopdiufdb F} Bdw‖) lbe wl} soglseoe cv hfj l} {sdclciv uho jd}u jojdslcio d` uho ud{fm} csdlmhoe fb L`sfml ]duh" Duhos ud{fm} woso o|liiv `olsio}}iv eocluoe1 uho sl{feiv mhlbgfbg soilufdb}hf{ couwoob mhsmh lbe }uluo) l} fb uho o}}lv} hoso cv Soposobe U"B"W" C}h lbe W"[" Mls}uob}> mhlbgo} fb oemlufdbli {difmv lbe {slmufmo}> ilcds f}}o} lbe uho usdcioe

?" [osjf}}fdb [osjf}}fdb ud |duo `sdj uho}o iouuos} iouuos} wl} nfbeiv gfpob gfpob cv [sd`o}}ds @lufjl @lufjl Joos"

8

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

gsdwuh d` uho usleo bfdb} fb o}}lv} hoso cv Ifdboi @dsjlb lbe Iodb Iopv" Godsgo Milv‖} ‘[dsuslfu d` l Mlcfbou Jfbf}uos‖ eo}msfco} Alb eo Niosn‖} olsiv luulmn} db usleo bfdbf}j fb ]duh L`sfml) jleo coml}o ho somdgbf}oe uhlu l bf`foe ilcds jdpojobu wdie co lb dc}ulmio ud hf} ouhbfm blufdblif}j" [sdclciv coml}o gobeos wl} bdu lb o}ulcif}hoe ud{fm `ds eocluo esfbg uho {osfde d` L`sfml ]duh) fu efe bdu `oluso lidbg}feo slmo l} l mluogdsv uhsdgh whfmh ud lbliv}o whlu wl} hl{{obfbg" Uhf} wl} eo}{fuo uho jlgbfueo d` uho wdjob‖} jlsmh db uho _bfdb Cfiefbg} fb <6?0 ud {sduo}u lglfb}u uho fj{d}fufdb d` {l}}o} db L`sfmlb wdjob" Uho gdposbjobu‖} lmufdb} lbe uho {sduo}u fu}oi` jlno fu miols uhlu lii mdjjbfufo} woso) hdwopos bopobiv) }usmusoe db gobeosoe {sfbmf{io}) cu fb uho l`uosjluh d` uho jlsmh l uhodsf}fbg d` gobeos l} dbo d` uho `lmuds} fb uho d{{so}}fdb d` wdjob efe bdu ojosgo"0 Db uho duhos hlbe) uho mdbusdi d` }oxlifuv uhlu wl} mobusli ud l{lsuhofe uhfbnfbg lbe ioe ud l {so{d}uosd} cu opos jdso pfgfilbu ‘luuoj{u ud {difmo fbufjlmv‖ (Luuwoii 3;;?) 3;;?) =& wl} somdseoe somdseoe lbe lbe oxljfboe oxljfboe ” l} fb ‘]ox) ‘]ox) Mdids lbe lbe uho Ilw‖ Ilw‖ cv  Aif} Iowfb" Fb l soiluoe pofb woso l <6?7 oefudsfli obufuioe ‘]ox lbe ]oefufdb‖ fb whfmh ]ogli {dfbu} ud uho ‘cddjfbg jlsnou fb {sd}omufdb} `ds }uluudsv }ox d``obmo}‖ fb ]duh L`sfml lbe l{{oli} ud ]duhosb Shdeo}fl‖} iogf}iluds} bdu ud ulno uho }ljo ef}l}usd} sduo lbe l <6?8 lmmdbu cv Dwob Wfiiflj} d` uho fj{lmu d` mil}}f`fmlufdb beos uho [d{ilufdb Sogf}uslufdb Lmu db uho ifpo} d` dsefblsv {od{io fb Ml{o Udwb (bofuhos {fomo f} fbmieoe hoso&" Lsgfbg uhlu uho iogf}ilufdb) whfmh [sfjo Jfbf}uos Jlilb hle eomilsoe wl} uho mdsbos}udbo d` l{lsuhofe {difmv) edo} bdu lbe mlbbdu lmuliiv eo`fbo ‘slmo‖ ds slmfli gsd{}) Wfiiflj} eo{fmu} fb fbufjluo eoulfi whlu hl{{ob} ud {od{io whd jfghu hlpo gsdwb { coifopfbg uhoj}oipo} ud co whfuo (`ds oxlj{io& cu }eeobiv `fbe uhoj}oipo}) `ds sol}db} bnbdwb ud uhoj) fbpfuoe ud l{{ols co`dso l slmo usfcbli lbe ud lb}wos whlu ho mlii} |o}ufdb} ‘d` lb lijd}u bcolslcio eoifmlmv‖" Uho md*d{ufdb d`  }oxli jluuos} fbud slmf}u {difmfo} fbefmluo} lbduhos sol}db whv uho jlglqfbo‖} edjfblbu `dm} wl} db slmo) l} slmo wl} }uolefiv jleo ud obmdj{l}} oposvuhfbg" Mdb}o|obuiv) l `lmuds }mh l} mil}} obuosoe uho jlglqfbo‖} lbliv}o} dbiv cv eo`liu (}oo ]ogli‖} mdjjobu} fb uho fbuospfow& lbe gobeos) bdw jmh jdso mobusli fb }dmfd* {difufmli uhfbnfbg fb ]duh L`sfml) wl} dposiddnoe" Fb uho ml}o d` L`sfml jdso wfeoiv) uho jlglqfbo mdbmosboe fu}oi` mhfo`iv wfuh f}}o} d` ifcoslufdb lbe uho bod*mdidbflif}j uhlu hle lisolev cogb ud `diidw" Uho ifjfu} lbe {d}}fcfifufo} d` uho ojosgfbg {d}u*mdidbv lso {fb{dfbuoe fb Osfm Sdiol‖} ‘Uho Mdbgd Mdj{sdjf}o‖ whoso ho lsgo} uhlu l`uos Ijjcl‖} eoluh uho mdlifufdb gdposbjobu d` uho elv hle coob `dsjoe ilsgoiv fb uho fbuoso}u} d` `dsofgb mdj{lbfo} }mh l} Coigfj‖} _bfdb Jfbfèso" L mdj{iox) jlbv*}feoe eocluo ojosgo} whfmh opfeobuiv so}dbluoe fb mdbusfo} uhsdghdu uho mdbufbobu" Co}feo} uho wsfufbg d` {difufmflb}

0" Wlinos Wlinos (<66;) =& lbe Clqfiif (<66<) 8”<;& cduh fbefmluo fbefmluo uhlu gobeos gobeos l} lb lblivufmli lblivufmli mluogdsv wl} wl} dbiv a}u glfbfbg lmmo{ulbmo fb uho olsiv <66;}) uho ufjo d` uhofs {fdboosfbg }uefo}"

FBUSDE_MUFDB

6

lisolev jobufdboe) jmh lmmsoe lsdbe uho {sd{d}oe `oeoslufdb d` Bdsuhosb Shdeo}fl) Shdeo}fl) Bvl}lilbe Bvl}lilbe lbe ]duhosb ]duhosb Shdeo}fl Shdeo}fl (Qljcfl) (Qljcfl) Jlilwf Jlilwf lbe Qfjclcwo& Qfjclcwo& ” }oo Obdmh Ejcu}hobl‖} ‘]duhosb Shdeo}fl Ox{ideo}‖" Mdbusfcufbg jdso fbefsomuiv ud uhf} eocluo) hf}udsflb Jdssf} ]fogoi iddn} ud L`sfml‖} {l}u `ds oxlj{io} d` {difufo} lbe {difmfo} uhlu jfghu }ospo ojosgfbg }uluo} fb mdbuoj{dslsv L`sfml couuos uhlb uho jdeoi} {sdjduoe cv uho ifbgosfbg ds eo{lsufbg mdidbf}u}" Ho fbusdemo} uho gsolu Nfbg ]hljcl Cdidbgdbgd) d` uho {so*mdidbfli C}hdbgd {od{io} d` mobusli L`sfml) whd}o {lmf`f}u {difmfo} ioe ud }fgbf`fmlbu }dmfli leplbmo} `ds hf} {od{io" Uho hf}udsfmli fbpo}ufglufdb} {cif}hoe fb L`sfml ]duh lso {lsu d` l gsdwfbg mhliiobgo ud mdidbfli l}}j{ufdb} lcdu L`sfml‖} {l}u cofbg bf`dsj lbe clsclsfm whfio li}d {sdpfefbg mdb}usmufpo gfelbmo ud uho ojosgobu jdeosb }uluo} fb L`sfml" Uhf} ifbo d` lsgjobu cogfb} wfuh Cl}fi Elpfe}db‖} l}}osufbg ‘Uho @lmu d` L`sfmlb Hf}udsv1 Lb Fbusdemufdb‖ lbe mdbufbo} fb Gospl}o Jluhow‖} lmmdbu d` olsiv fbuoslmufdb} wfuh F}ilj lbe uho miusli l}}fjfilufdb uhlu dmmssoe fb uho uslefbg {d}u} db uho Ol}u L`sfmlb mdl}u) lbe fb Uhdjl} Hdegnfb‖} lmmdbu d` uho fb`iobmo d` ‘F}ilj fb Wo}u L`sfml‖" Hf}udsv fb`}o} uho lmmdbu d` Wo}u L`sfmlb wdde mlspfbg cv N"M" Jsslv lbe ]lcsf Cfdcln uslmo} ‘Uho [luuosb d` Vdscl Hf}udsv‖ bufi uho sl{fe eomifbo csdghu lcdu cv uho Luilbufm }ilpo usleo" Mdjfbg fbud uho {so}obu) cu uhfbnfbg l} l }caomu fb hf}udsv) Q"N" Jluuhow} wsfuo} lcdu uho oemlufdb d` L`sfmlb {od{io l} l }oi`*{sd`o}}oe jdeosbf}u lbe Jdnwgd Dndvo dc}ospo} uho }fgb} fb Bfgosfl uhlu mfpfi sfghu} lbe {cifm eocluo wfii co msulfioe" L mdj{lslcio mdb}feoslufdb d` {difufmli fbudioslbmo fb Ghlbl mdjo} `sdj Flb Mdipfb" @sdj mdbusfo} whoso mdidbfli mdbusdi wl} cofbg }}ulfboe wfuh fbmsol}fbg msoiuv mdjo so{dsu} }mh l} Mhfndjljf Jlhlil‖} ‘Uho Hdssds d` Jdqljcf|o‖) whfio uho {so}obmo d` l ilsgo L}flb mdjjbfuv fb Nobvl wl} uho }caomu d` ]lsafu Hovos‖} so{dsu db uhofs eomf}fdb ud `dsgd jfbdsfuv gsd{ sfghu} fb uho Mdb}ufuufdb (l} uho mdbusv eopoid{oe l }ob}o d` blufdbhdde& lbe ud soiv fb}uole db glslbuooe fbefpfeli sfghu} `ds uhofs {sduomufdb" Liuhdgh L`sfml ]duh coglb wfuh fu} `dm} }ou }duh d` uho ]lhlsl) fb uho il}u vols} d` fu} {cifmlufdb uhoso wl} l }uolev `idw d` fb`dsjlufdb lcdu bdsuhosb L`sfml udd1 [ouos Nfibos db ‘Uho ]opob Gobosli}1 L ]uev d` uho ]elb‖ lbe Sdgos Dwob db uho mdb}o|obmo} `ds Ifcvlb }dmfouv d` uho ef}mdposv d` dfi" Fb so{so}obufbg f}}o} fb uho _bfuoe ]uluo}) Osd{o lbe Csfulfb) l} woii l} fb fu} solmh fbud Fbefl) L`sfml ]duh‖} {sfbmf{io d` mdbabmuso) fu} mdj{lslufpo `dm}) wl} l eoifcosluo {difmv `sdj uho cogfbbfbg" @lufjl Joos) `ds oxlj{io) fbpo}ufgluo} uho iole gfpob cv Glbehflb {sfbmf{io} d` }luvlgslhl ud {difufmli so}f}ulbmo fb ]duh L`sfml" Luuobufdb wl} li}d gfpob ud mdjjdb omdbdjfm f}}o}1 fb ‘Eo}ogsoglufdb lbe uho _] Ilcds Jdpojobu‖) Wfiilse Udwb}obe lsgo} uhlu uho {sdmo}} d` eo}ogsoglufdb wl} hoi{oe cv uho ilcds bfdb}‖ somdgbf}fbg uho fbmsol}fbg cobo`fu} d` wdsnos }difelsfuv" @sdj Obgilbe) uho oxfioe Poiil [fiilv wl} }usdbgiv msfufmli d` uho {sdclcio fj{lmu d` uho bowiv `dsjoe Osd{olb Omdbdjfm Mdjjbfuv db L`sfmlb mdbusfo}) lsgfbg uhlu fu}

<;

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

sogilufdb} wdie) cv ifjfufbg uho L`sfmlb mdbusfo} mdbbomuoe ud uho jojcos }uluo} ud }{{ivfbg slw jluosfli}) {sopobu l clilbmoe omdbdjfm eopoid{jobu fb uho}o ox* mdidbfo} (uhf} o}}lv f} bdu fbmieoe hoso&" Liifoe ud uho jlglqfbo‖} `olusfbg lmmdbu} d` L`sfmlb miuso cv hf}udsflb} lso hjlb fbuoso}u }udsfo}) whfmh comdjo fbuogsli ud uho lbliv}o} d` wofghuv }dmfd*{difufmli jluuos} uhlu L`sfml ]duh mlssfoe" Uho}o }udsfo} d``os gifj{}o} d` hf}udsv `sdj coidw) fbefmlufbg cduh uhlu fbefpfeli uoj{osljobu} lbe mfsmj}ulbmo} woso {lsu d` uho `dsmo d` feol} uhlu }hl{oe }dmfli eopoid{jobu} lbe uhlu fbefpfeli ifpo} woso l gdde clsdjouos d` whlu wl} fj{dsulbu fb uho}o eopoid{jobu}" Uho `dsjos {d}}fcfifuv f} opfeobu fb Mv{sflb Onwob}f‖} lmmdbu d` Ilgd} lbe fb Sd}livbeo Lfb}ifo‖} ml{usfbg uho {difufmli mifjluo} d` Blfsdcf) Nlj{lil lbe I}lnl cv eo}msfcfbg uho {od{io }ho jou lbe wfuh whdj }ho }ulvoe" L clsdjousfm {fomo f} Lsbdie Cobaljfb‖} `dm} db uho opos* mhlbgfbg {luuosb} d` hlcfulufdb fb Hfiicsdw" Cobaljfb li}d ox{idso} hjlb esljl fb uho uso cu oxusldsefblsv (`ds fu} elv& }udsv d` lb L`sfmlb mhfie) Almdc}) whd}o led{ufpo whfuo) L`sfnlbos {lsobu} woso idpfbgiv slf}fbg hfj l} uhofs dwb lbe fbuobefbg uhlu ho wdie co uslfboe l} l jf}}fdblsv" @fmufdb) bopos {oshl{} l} }s{sf}fbg l} `lmu) lbe {dousv li}d `olusoe sogilsiv fb L`sfml ]duh lbe }d efe l {fdboosfbg ifuoslsv msfufmli }osfo} cv L"M" Adselb db eopoid{jobu} fb uho Xhd}l blsslufpo uslefufdb"7 Co}feo} uho fj{lmu d` fbefpfeli o}}lv} fb uhofs elv) f} l |o}ufdb lcdu uho adsbli l} l whdio) l} l {hobdjobdb) cduh l} wo mlb somdpos fu `ds uho iluo <6?;} lbe l} fu wfii co }oob udelv" Fu} mhlslmuos wl} dbo d` }osfd}) mdslgod} lbe du}{dnob mdjjobulsv> fu wl} bdu l bow}{l{os) cu fu} oefuds wl} |fmn ud feobuf`v uho fj{dsulbu opobu} lbe f}}o} d` fu} ufjo lbe jleo l }so mhdfmo d` uho sfghu ox{osu ud wsfuo }osfd}iv fb l }d{hf}ufmluoe) cu imfe }uvio }fuoe ud l bdb*}{omflif}u soleos}hf{" Uho jlglqfbo‖} l{{sdlmh wl} ud hjlbf}o fu} }dmfd*{difufmli lbliv}o} wfuhdu }d`uobfbg uhofs fj{dsu ds uho ef}ufbmufpo {osmo{ufdb} d` olmh wsfuos" ]ogli somdse} l {lsufmils ef}ifno `ds whlu ho mlii} ‘uho cidw}v }hdsu }udsfo}) ^lbeZ uho ilmoe*fb lsufmio}) whfmh soemoe }d jmh hjlb hdssds ud }obufjobu ds }uluf}ufmli ulcio}‖ (<60=) 375& lbe ho }lw ud fu uhlu hf} jlglqfbo luuslmuoe wsfuos} whd mdie {sdpfeo l `olsio}} cu mdb}feosoe lmmdbu d`  mssobu l``lfs}" Uho jlglqfbo‖} lmhfopojobu fb msolufbg lb fbuosblufdbli bouwdsn d`  wsfuos} lbe soleos}) lii obglgoe cv soiluoe f}}o} lbe ox{osfobmo}) jlv fj{lsu ud udelv‖} soleos l sol}}sfbg }ob}o uhlu fb uho <6?;} fu mdie lsufmiluo l {cifm d{{d}fufdb ud l{lsuhofe uhlu wl} fbuoiiomuliiv pfgdsd} lbe uhlu so}f}ulbmo hle bdu vou coob }hu edwb cv uho Blufdblif}u gdposbjobu‖} so{so}}fpo jol}so}" Cu) d` mds}o) udelv‖} l{{somflufdb d` uhf} ifpoifbo}} f} li}d }hl{oe cv uho nbdwioego d` hdw jmh wds}o uhfbg} woso ud gou fb uho boxu uhsoo eomleo}) co`dso mhlbgo wdie mdjo"

7" Adselb‖} o}}lv} o}}lv} woso woso }c}o|obuiv }c}o|obuiv {cif}hoe {cif}hoe l} l jdbdgsl{h) jdbdgsl{h) Udwlse} lb L`sfmlb Ifuosluso1 Uho Ojosgobmo d` Ifuoslsv @dsj fb Xhd}l) fb <673"

FBUSDE_MUFDB

<<

]oofbg uho jlglqfbo l} lb lsmhfpo fbpfufbg }mh hf}udsfmli so`iomufdb f} bdu) hdwopos) uho dbiv ds opob uho jd}u fj{dsulbu nfbe d` fb}fghu uhlu L`sfml ]duh d``os}) `ds uhoso lso `oluso} d` uho jlglqfbo whfmh lso efsomuiv soioplbu ud uho mdbmosb} d` uho {d}u*l{lsuhofe {so}obu" L} gidcli `dsmo} fj{lmu db lii ds ifpo} lbe l} l wdsie*}v}uoj} l{{sdlmh comdjo} opos jdso bomo}}lsv ud beos}ulbe uho}o `dsmo}) uho fbuosmdbufbobuli) {lb*L`sfmlbf}u pf}fdb uhlu ojosgo} `sdj uho {lgo} d`  L`sfml ]duh f} {sdpdmlufpo" Fu f} l pf}fdb uhlu f} fbmi}fpo d` efpos}fuv lbe so}u} fb }hlsoe ox{osfobmo) sluhos uhlb lb o}}obuflif}u feol d` feobufuv" ]ogli‖} olsiv mdbulmu} wfuh jojcos} d` uho BLLM[ }mh l} Uhsgdde Jls}hlii (uhob uho BLLM[‖} iogli lepf}os whd iluos comljo   A}ufmo d` uho _bfuoe ]uluo} ]{sojo Mdsu& woso fb}usjobuli fb {}hfbg uho adsbli udwlse} l `so}h beos}ulbefbg d` fbuosblufdblif}j) whfmh wdie mdj{iojobu uho jdso {slmufmli gdli} d` goboslufbg lwlsobo}} lbe `dsgfbg lb ‘fbuoiiomuli bfuoe `sdbu‖" L} {lsu d` uho fbuosblufdbli {lb*L`sfmlbf}u jdpojobu) uho BLLM[ }dghu ud mhliiobgo slmfli ef}msfjfblufdb fb uho _bfuoe ]uluo} uhsdgh }usluogfm md*d{oslufdb wfuh duhos pfmufj} d` slmfli d{{so}}fdb lsdbe uho wdsie" Uho BLLM[‖} efsomuds d` }{omfli so}olsmh wl} bdbo duhos uhlb W"O"C" e Cdf}) uho jlfb esfpfbg `dsmo cohfbe uho `fs}u `ds {lb*L`sfmlb mdbgso}}o} hoie fb plsfd} {lsu} d` uho wdsie fb uho iluo <6<;} lbe fbud uho <63;}" @so|obu so|o}u} ud ]ogli `sdj jojcos} d` uho BLLM[ `ds l jlglqfbo uhlu wdie ‘}uev eopoid{jobu} fb L`sfml lbe soiluo uhoj ud uho wdsie covdbe‖ (<60=) <;6& woso lb fj{dsulbu mluliv}u `ds hf} dwb gsdwfbg luuslmufdb ud uho }usluogfm lbe mdbmo{uli plio d` l {lb*L`sfmlbf}u {os}{omufpo" L} ]ogli }lv} fb uho fbuospfow) L`sfml ]duh uddn { uho mhliiobgo d` cduh mdbufbobuli lbe fbuosblufdbli pos}fdb} d` uho {lb*L`sfmlbf}u {sdaomu (L{{flh <663) <8;& uhsdgh fu} eoulfioe eoulfioe mdposlgo mdposlgo d` uhsoo jlfb lsol} d` ‘slmfli usjdfi‖ usjdfi‖ ” uho lbuf*l{lsuhofe lbuf*l{lsuhofe }usggio fb ]duh L`sfml) uho lbuf*mdidbfli jdpojobu} gluhosfbg {lmo lmsd}} uho L`sfmlb mdbufbobu) lbe uho Mfpfi Sfghu} Jdpojobu fb uho _bfuoe ]uluo}" ]ogli hle jlfbulfboe soilufdb} wfuh uho Idbedb*cl}oe Wo}u L`sfmlb ]ueobu}‖ _bfdb) whfmh wl} o}ulcif}hoe fb <635 lbe hle {sdpfeoe l jooufbg {dfbu `ds {lb*L`sfmlbf}u fbuoiiomuli} }mh l} Godsgo [lejdso lbe Nwljo Bnsjlh (Vdbg 3;;<) 338) 537&" Uho}o soilufdb} jolbu uhlu ud uho woii*o}ulcif}hoe {lb*L`sfmlb mfsmfu) ]ogli mdie lee uho }usggio} d`  uho L`sfmlb efl}{dsl fb Csfulfb (cv mlssvfbg l so{dsu db uho Bduufbg Hfii sfdu} d` <6?8) `ds oxlj{io&) uhosocv uhosocv eslwfbg fb lii uhsoo pomuds} pomuds} d` uho mil}}fm {lb*L`sfmlb {lb*L`sfmlb usflbgio usflbgio ” L`sfml) uho _bfuoe ]uluo} lbe Csfulfb (Gof}} <608) =?=&" Fb uhf} wlv {fomo} lcdu c} cdvmduu}) `dsmoe sojdpli}) L`sfnlbos blufdblif}j) so*usfclif}lufdb {difmfo}) {difmo uvslbbv) ilcds mdb}msf{ufdb lbe uho {ifghu d` wdjob fb fj{dposf}hoe ssli so}ospo} fb ]duh L`sfml lso ud co sole lbe beos}udde lidbg}feo uho couslvli d` ]duh Wo}u L`sfml cv uho _bfuoe Blufdb}) uho fj{d}fufdb d` uho Mobusli L`sfmlb @oeoslufdb) {d}u*Jl Jl so{so}}fdb lbe jfifulbu usleo bfdbf}j fb Nobvl) }mmo}}`i lbuf*mdidbfli }usggio} fb @sobmh Wo}u L`sfml) pfdiobu so}f}ulbmo fb Ligosfl) fbeo{obeobmo moiocslufdb} fb Bfgosfl lbe Ghlbl) slmo sfdu} fb Csfulfb lbe eo}ogsoglufdb fb uho }duhosb _bfuoe ]uluo}"

<3

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

@sdj uho jfe*<60;} (l`uos uho `dsmoe eojf}o d`  L`sfml ]duh& uho}o mdbbomufdb} wdie ef}l{{ols l} ]duh L`sfml comljo l mid}oe }dmfouv) obmdslgoe fb fu} f}dilufdb cv l illgos jobulifuv wfuhfb lbe soglseoe l} l {lsflh }uluo `sdj uho du}feo" Uhf} mid}fbg d`` hle uho fbuoiiomuliiv lbe {difufmliiv eljlgfbg mdb}o|obmo d` liidwfbg uho mdbusv‖} {difmfo} lbe {sdcioj} ud }ooj bf|o) lb duiddn whfmh mljo ud ‘edjfbluo " " " miusli miusli uhods uhodsfqfb fqfbg‖ g‖ (Buuli (Buuliii lbe Jfmhl Jfmhloi oi 3;;;) 3;;;) 3&" Sole Solefbg fbg L`sfml ]duh udelv f} l wlv d` soef}mdposfbg uho {ilmo d` slmf}j fb fbuosmdbufbobuli soilufdb} d` uho <6?;} lbe d` beos}ulbefbg uho evbljfm} lbe o}}obufli mdbufbfuv d` fu} {lsufmils jlbf`o}ulufdb} fb ]duh L`sfml" ]mh fb}fghu wfii d``os l `suhos so`fbojobu d` uho mdbmo{uli cl}f} `ds l {d}u*l{lsuhofe sofbuogslufdb fbud L`sfml) l} uho mdbusfo} d` uhf} mdbufbobu mdbufbo ud bogdufluo uhofs {ilmo fb uho mdbuoj{dslsv) opos*}hf`ufbg clilbmo d` {dwos" Whlu ]ogli mlii} fb uho fbuospfow hf} lfj ud ‘edmjobu uho ml}o} lbe mds}o d`  socoiifdb‖ fb olmh sogfdb d` uho efl}{dsfm usflbgio liidw} bdu dbiv `ds }osobef{fud} lbe fiijfblufbg mdj{lsf}db) cu li}d `ds l so*fjlgfbfbg d` lb d`uob `slgjobuoe {difufmli solifuv lbe l pf}fdb d` uho evbljfm} d` uho whdio uhlu f} b}li" Fb uhf} wlv L`sfml ]duh cfiu db uho Cilmn Luilbufm mdbbomufdb} lbe oxmhlbgo} lisolev o}ulcif}hoe cv {od{io }mh l} ]di [illuao lbe Li`soe Xjl (Wfiilb <685) 308”7=> Gf}h 3;;;) 65”6?) 3;?”;0& lbe soeopoid{oe uho dieos ifbo} d` mdbbomufdb lmsd}} uho Fbeflb Dmolb (Hd`jovs 3;;7) Hd`jovs lbe E{hoifl*Jo}uhsfo 3;;7& ud whfmh Gospl}o Jluhow‖} lbe Uhdjl} Hdegnfb‖} o}}lv} {dfbu" Udelv) l} {difufmli uhfbnfbg jdpo} `suhos lwlv `sdj fu} die cl}o fb uho blufdb }uluo) l} fbuoiiomuli fbuoso}u fb uslb}blufdblif}j gsdw} lbe l} uho {slmufmli mdb}o|obmo} d` gidclif}lufdb fbmsol}o) mdbuoj{dslsv soleos} jlv woii `fbe uho {os}{omufpo} d``osoe fb L`sfml ]duh cduh fb}usmufpo lbe mdbgobfli" Uho jlglqfbo‖} {lb*L`sfmlb pf}fdb wl} bdu }d jmh l }fgb d` lb dposlsmhfbg {difufmli `sljowdsn lbe djbf}mfobu uhodsoufmli {os}{omufpo" Sluhos fu sojlfboe l clcoi d` pdfmo}) l }djowhlu bmddsefbluoe liiflbmo) l csdle `sdbu fb whfmh uho {sdmo}} d`  }dmfd*{difufmli milsf`fmlufdb lbe beos}ulbefbg wl} {sfdsfuf}oe dpos uho bljfbg lbe ox{d}fbg d` {difufmli ossds (l} hl{{oboe fb }djo {lsuv*lifgboe {cifmlufdb} d` uho elv&" Uho adsbli‖} bdf}v {divpdmlifuv f} ud }djo oxuobu hoie fb mhomn cv uho ob`dsmoe mlij d` uho idbg o}}lv `dsjlu) cu fu} {difufmli omiomufmf}j boposuhoio}} liidwoe `ds cduh ox{ifmfu lbe fj{ifmfu lsgjobu lbe lb dbgdfbg mil}h d` feol} whfmh efe bdu }oon so}diufdb" Uhf} eflidgfm |lifuv f} opfeobu) `ds oxlj{io) fb uho fb`iobufli }osfo} d`  o}}lv} db sopdiufdb) whfmh ox{idsoe uho {d}}fcfifufo} d` lb fjjfbobu sopdiufdblsv dposuhsdw d` l{lsuhofe sio" Whfio lb fbefpfeli o}}lv jlv {so}obu l }oi`*mdb`fsjfbg) jdbdidgfm lsgjobu) fu} l{{olslbmo lidbg}feo duhos} wfuh l ef``osobu {os}{omufpo {i} uho lc}obmo d` l mdbusdiifbg oefudsfli pfow{dfbu f} whlu gfpo} uho adsbli fu} fbhosobuiv eflidgfm |lifuv" L} l so}iu) fbefpfeli {fomo} beosjfbo) ox{lbe) |lif`v) }{{dsu lbe jdef`v olmh duhos fb l mdbufbliiv opdipfbg) liwlv} {sdpf}fdbli lsgjobu" Uhf} houosdgobofuv d` {os}{omufpo obmdslgo} lb beos}ulbefbg d` }dmfli solifuv l} mdj{iox lbe jiufefjob}fdbli) jiuf{io sluhos uhlb bfulsv) {sdpf}fdbli sluhos uhlb `fxoe lbe fu

FBUSDE_MUFDB

<=

hl} oxusldsefblsv soioplbmo ud uho uhdghu {sdmo}}o} booeoe fb lb lpdwoeiv houosdgobod} ]duh L`sfml udelv" Uho uslb}mdbufbobuli solmh d`  L`sfml ]duh hl} {sdj{uoe so`iomufdb hoso db uho bluso d` lbe so}{db}o} ud uho {dwos`i cdbe uhlu esow fu} wsfuos} lbe soleos} udgouhos1 uho mdjjdb obojv d` slmf}j" Cu `suhos uhlb uhf}) uho pf}fdblsv |lifuv d` uho jlglqfbo‖} {lb*L`sfmlbf}j fbpfuo} }{omilufdb db whouhos l adsbli ds jlglqfbo udelv mdie (ds }hdie& ul{ fbud ds msoluo mdj{lslciv `ife cdbe} couwoob plsfd} {od{io} lbe fbuoso}u}" Uho lb}wos wfii eo{obe db dbo‖} }ob}o d` hdw mdbefufdb} lbe booe} uhob lbe bdw mdj{lso" Fb mdb}feosfbg uho <6?;}) fu f} }usfnfbg uhlu uho l{{sdlmh ud slmf}j fb L`sfml ]duh wl}) lmmdj{lbvfbg fu} jluosflif}u lbliv}f} d` f}}o} (uho wdsn d` Suh @fs}u) `ds oxlj{io&) dbo d` jdsli msfuf|o) d` duslgo fb }olsmh d` milsfuv" Uhf} bduo mdbpov} uho ef}ufbmu mifjluo d` uhlu eomleo) l {osfde cduh ef``osobu `sdj lbe }fjfils ud uho {so}obu lbe ud uho eomleo} couwoob" Uho jdde uhob wl} }hls{os lbe jdso `dm}oe uhlb uhlu d` uho {so}obu) `ds lbgos }mh l} ]ogli eo}msfco} fb uho fbuospfow }ufjiluoe l wf}h `ds fb`dsjoe fb}fghu) sluhos sluhos uhlb ofuhos uho sopdiufdblsv sopdiufdblsv lmufpf}j lmufpf}j ” l ulnfbg ud uho }usoou}) l jl}} jl}} so`}li d` d` oemlufdb) oemlufdb) l jlnfbg uho uho udwb}hf{} bgdposbl bgdposblcio cio ” whfmh mhlslmuosf}oe uho <68;}) ds uho }ob}o d` id}u d{{dsubfufo} (l`uos uho {sdjf}o d` uho mdbusv‖} `fs}u eojdmslufm oiomufdb}& uhlu }ooj} {ospl}fpo bdw" Li}d }fgbf`fmlbu fb uho jlglqfbo‖} so{so}obulufdb d` uho <6?;} fb ]duh L`sfml f} fu} eojdb}uslufdb uhlu {difufmli dsglbf}lufdb} `dbe uhlu }fbgio*f}}o {sduo}u}) }mh l} uho c} cdvmduu) woso `ls jdso o``omufpo lbe mdie co }}ulfboe `ds jmh idbgos uhlb lbv d` uho mlii} `ds jl}} lmufdb db l csdle slbgo d` f}}o} uhlu woso usfoe lu uhlu ufjo (`ds oxlj{io) fb ‘Du d` uho ]usfno‖ Jlbeoil gsl{{io} pliflbuiv wfuh uho dbiv {lsufli }mmo}} d` uho uhsoo*elv }usfno uhlu wl} mliioe olsiv fb <60; fb lb o``dsu ud {}h uho gdposbjobu udwlse} l blufdbli mdbpobufdb&"8 Uho `dm} fb }dmfouv d` uho <6?;} db jdsli msfuf|o lbe lblivufmli milsfuv hle coob so{ilmoe fb uho <68;} cv uho oxhfilslufbg mosulfbuv d` jl}} lmufdb uhlu mljo wfuh uho `dsjlufdb d` uho _bfuoe Eojdmslufm @sdbu" Fu wl} l eomleo whfmh hoie l {sdjf}o d`  ‘slefmli eojdmslmv‖ (D‖Csfob 3;;<) 3&" Udelv) uhlu {sdjf}o hl} `leoe lbe l gl{ couwoob ]duh L`sfml‖} sojlsnlcio Mdb}ufuufdb lbe uho Usuh lbe Somdbmfiflufdb Mdjjf}}fdb db uho dbo hlbe lbe }dmfd*{difufmli `lfiso} }mh l} {dposuv (}fgbliifbg l

8" Fb lb o}}lv bdu fbmie fbmieoe oe fb uhf} pdijo) ‘Uho ]usfno ]usfno uhlu @lfioe‖) @lfioe‖) ]ulbiov _v} _v} lbliv}o} lbliv}o} uho sol}db} `ds uho `lfiso d` uho uhsoo*elv }usfno$}ulv*lu*hdjo mliioe cv uho LBM ud jlsn uho gobosli oiomufdb d`  <6?8" Ho }ggo}u} uhlu uho ‘`lfiso‖ mljo lcdu coml}o d` fbleo|luo dsglbf}lufdb lbe coml}o uho oxlmu sol}db `ds uho eojdb}uslufdb wl} bdu jleo }``fmfobuiv }``fmfobu iv miols ud wdsnos}" Uhov woso gfpob uhsoo csdle sol}db} (ud ef}}leo whfuo pduos} `sdj oiomufbg lbduhos Blufdblif}u gdposbjobu> ud luulfb l couuos jfbfjj wlgo lbe l gobosli lbuf*l{lsuhofe {sduo}u&) olmh d` whfmh jfghu hlpo glfboe }{{dsu) cu l} l usfidgv {sdpoe udd mdj{iox"

<5

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

wfeobfbg) bdu }hsfbnfbg) fbo|lifuv&) mdss{ufdb lbe obeojfm pfdiobmo) db uho duhos hlbe) hl} gsdwb fbmsol}fbgiv opfeobu" Fu f} l gl{ uhlu }ooj} ef``fmiu `ds {cifm fbuoiiomuli}) iou lidbo uho sifbg {lsuv) ud leeso}}" Lmufpf}j f} bdu lc}obu) `ds mfpfi }dmfouv mdbulfb} jdso lbe jdso gsd{fbg} d` {od{io whd hlpo coob eslwb udgouhos cv {lsufmi {lsufmils ls f}}o} f}}o} ” HFP lbe LFE]) gobeosoe pfdiobmo) mifjluo mhlbgo lbe duhos uhsolu} ud uho obpfsdbjobu) ds uho booe `ds }dmfli }ospfmo} lbe couuos hd}fbg (Cliilse) Hlcfc lbe Plidefl 3;;0& ” cu uhf} lmufpf}j lmufpf}j f} }oiedj }oiedj {lsu d` d` l ilsgos) ilsgos) bf`vfbg pf}fdb" pf}fdb" Fb fu} {duobufli ud }{oln ud uhf} ilmn d` bfuv) lbduhos d` uho ef}ufbmufpo `oluso} d` L`sfml ]duh jfghu {sdpo fj{dsulbu1 fu} lcfifuv) glfboe uhsdgh fu} uslb}blufdbli {os}{omufpo lbe lbliv}f}) fu} eflidgfm jdeo lbe fu} }olsmh `ds milsfuv) ud gfpo `dsmo`i {so}obmo ud uho mdbbomufdb} couwoob uho jfmsd*{difufm} d` fbefpfeli ifpo} lbe uho `dsmo} d{oslufbg lu blufdbli ds fbuosblufdbli iopoi}" F` eojdmslmv f} ud co eoo{oboe fb ]duh L`sfml) }mh l ifbn) ds }ou d` ifbn}) couwoob uho {os}dbli) uho blufdbli lbe uho uslb}blufdbli hl} ud co somsoluoe lbe beos}udde l`so}h"

Cfcifdgsl{hv L{{flh) Nwljo" <663" Fb Jv @luhos‖} Hd}o1 L`sfml fb uho [hfid}d{hv d` Miuso" Idbedb1 Jouhob" Luuwoii) Elpfe" 3;;?" Sowsfufbg Jdeosbfuv1 ]uefo} fb Cilmn ]duh L`sfmlb Ifuoslsv Hf}udsv" [fouosjlsfuqcsg1 _NQB [so}}" Cliilse) Sfmhlse) Lelj Hlcfc lbe Fjsllb Plidefl) oe}" 3;;0" Pdfmo} d` [sduo}u1 ]dmfli Jdpojobu} fb [d}u*L{lsuhofe ]duh L`sfml" [fouosjlsfuqcsg1 _NQB [so}}" Clqfiif) ]}lb) oe" <66<" [uufbg Wdjob db uho Lgobel" Adhlbbo}csg1 Slplb [so}}" Elvjdbe Elvjdbe)) J"A" 3;;6" 3;;6" ‘’Io ‘ ’Iouuos uuos}} " " " fb uho Uhfmn Uhfmn d` L``lfs L``lfs}‚1 }‚1 Uho Uho [ilmo [ilmo d` @fmufdb @fmufdb fb L`sfml ]duh‖" Uslb}`dsjlufdb1 Msfufmli [os}{omufpo} db ]duhosb L`sfml 7;1 =<”?=" Eoif}) Lbuhdbv" <6?6" Uho Il}u Efpf}fdb" Ml{o Udwb1 Hjlb lbe Sd}}ol" Gof}}) Fjjlboi" <608" Uho [lb*L`sfmlb Jdpojobu " Idbedb1 Jouhob" Gf}h) ]uopob" 3;;;" Li`soe C" Xjl1 L`sfmlb) Ljosfmlb) ]duh L`sfmlb" Idbedb1 Jlmjfiilb" Hd`jovs) F}lcoi" 3;;7" ‘Uho Feol d` ’L`sfml‚ fb Fbeflb Blufdblif}j1 So{dsufbg uho Efl}{dsl fb Uho Jdeosb Sopfow <6;7”<636‖" ]duh L`sfmlb Hf}udsfmli Adsbli ?71 0;”8<" Hd`jovs) F}lcoi lbe _jl E{hoifl*Jo}uhsfo" 3;;7" ‘]duh L`sfml$Fbefl1 So*fjlgfbfbg uho Ef}mf{ifbo}‖" ]duh L`sfmlb Hf}udsfmli Adsbli ?71 <”<<" Buulii) ]lslh lbe Mhosvi*Lbb Jfmhloi" 3;;;" ]ob}o} d` Miuso1 ]duh L`sfmlb Miuso ]uefo}" Ml{o Udwb1 Dx`dse _bfpos}fuv [so}}" D‖Csfob) Lbuhdbv" 3;;<" Lglfb}u Bdsjlif}lufdb1 Wsfufbg Slefmli Eojdmslmv fb ]duh L`sfml" Eshlj1 Eno _bfpos}fuv [so}}" ]lbewfuh) Mdsfbbo" 3;;6" ‘ ’Obuosfbg uho Uossfudsv d` Fbmfuojobu‚1 D{{d}fufdblifuv D{{d}fufdblif uv lbe L`sfml ]duh‖" ]dmfli Evbljfm}1 L Adsbli d` L`sfmli ]uefo} =?(<&1 <3=”=0" ]ogli) Sdblie" <60<" ‘L Plioefmufdb @dscfeefbg Jdsbfbg‖" L`sfml ]duh fb Oxfio 0(<& Dmudcos” Eomojcos1 <"  ――― " <60=" Fbud Oxfio" Idbedb1 Adbluhlb Ml{o" Wlinos) Mhosvi) oe" <66;" Wdjob lbe Gobeos fb ]duhosb L`sfml ud <65? " Ml{o Udwb1 Elpfe [hfif{) Idbedb1 Aljo} Mssov" Wfiilb) Csflb" <685" ]di [illuao1 L Cfdgsl{hv" Adhlbbo}csg1 Slplb [so}}" Vdbg) Sdcosu" 3;;<" [d}umdidbflif}j1 Lb Hf}udsfmli Fbusdemufdb" Dx`dse1 Cilmnwoii"

F B U OS OS P F OW O W W F UH U H S D BL B L I E ] O G LI LI


Fbuospfow wfuh Sdblie ]ogli  Jlsglsou Elvjdbe lbe Mdsfbbo ]lbewfuh fbuospfowoe Sdblie ]ogli dpos uhsoo elv}) `sdj ?”7 Abo 3;;7) lu hf} hdjo fb Wliudb*db*Uhljo}) Obgilbe" Lu uho ufjo d` uhf} fbuospfow) ho wl} wsfufbg l }omdbe pdijo d` hf} ludcfdgsl{hv" ]ogli efoe fb @ocslsv 3;;8" Whlu eomfeoe vd ud ilbmh L`sfml ilbmh L`sfml ]duh4 ]duh4

Fb <658 whob uho Blu} ^Blufdbli [lsuvZ mljo fb) fu }oojoe ud cdi}uos oposvuhfbg F hluoe" F‖e coob {difufmliiv posv lmufpo fb uho iluuos }ulgo} d` jv uhsoo lbe l hli` vols} lu _MU ^_bfpos}fuv d` Ml{o UdwbZ" Fb jv ilbmhfbg leeso}} l} Blufdbli _bfdb d` ]duh L`sfmlb ]ueobu} ]ueobu} efsomuds efsomuds d` miusli miusli }uefo} ” wo hle l mdb`osobmo mdb`osobmo wfuhfb uho wfeos mdb`osobmo mdb`osobmo ” F luulmnoe luulmnoe gdposbjobu gdposbjobu {difmv l} fbfjfmli fbfjfmli ud miusli }uefo} fb lbv }ob}fufpo) }ob}fcio jolbfbg d` uho wdse" ]s{sf}fbgiv) uhf} wl} {fmnoe { cv uho d{{d}fufdb {so}} lbe uhoso wl} l hgo holeifbo1 ‘]ueobu Ioleos Luulmn} Gdposbjobu‖" F wobu `sdj uho mdb`osobmo ud Adhlbbo}csg ud `iv d`` ud Obgilbe coml}o jv lmmo{ulbmo lu Usfbfuv Mdiiogo) Mljcsfego) hle lssfpoe" Jv `luhos mljo ud }lv gddecvo ud jo) mlssvfbg uho jlads bow}{l{os} usboe ud uho holeifbo) lbe ho }lfe ud jo1 ‘F lj }d gile vd‖so gdfbg‖" F wobu l} f` F wl} gdfbg `ds gdde) bdu fb `ifghu lu lii) coml}o F wl} gdfbg ud co lb fbuosblufdbliiv nbdwb ifuoslsv msfufm) whfmh F nbow wdie ulno }djo ufjo" Whlu jleo jo jo sousb wl} ” }uslbgoiv) }uslbgoiv) coml}o F hlpo bd so}{omu so}{omu `ds [lsifljobu [lsifljobu lu lii ” uho {lmnfbg {lmnfbg d` uho uho ]obl ]obluo" uo"< Cv uhob F wl} lu uho _bfpos}fuv d` Pfsgfbfl lbe F wobu ud }oo uho Eolb lbe F }lfe1 ‘F‖j so}fgbfbg uho `oiidw}hf{ coml}o F `ooi fu bomo}}lsv ud gd clmn ud ]duh L`sfml ud gou jv}oi` fbpdipoe fb {difufm} lglfb‖" F ox{ilfboe uhlu uho Blu} hle a}u eomfeoe ud {lmn uho ]obluo lbe uhlu liuhdgh uhf} wl} cv bd jolb} uho wds}u uhlu hle hl{{oboe) fu wl} uho obe d` opob uho {souobmo d` mdb}ufuufdbli gdposbjobu" ‘Uhoso‖} dbiv dbo wlv d{ob)‖ F }lfe lbe ho so{ifoe1 ‘Lh woii) vds `oiidw}hf{ sojlfb}

<" Fb <6?0) [sfjo Jfbf}uos Jfbf}uos A"G" ]usfaedj ]usfaedj eomfeoe ud eoli eoli wfuh uho ‘{sdcioj‖ d` uho Mdidsoe Mdidsoe pduo (lb obusobmhoe mdb}ufuufdbli sfghu) whfmh so|fsoe l uwd*uhfse} jladsfuv ud dposusb& cv edcifbg uho ]obluo `sdj 58 ud 6; }olu}) uhosocv ob}sfbg l Blufdblif}u jladsfuv fb uhlu hd}o lbe uho dposlii jladsfuv ho booeoe ud sojdpo Mdidsoe {od{io `sdj uho gobosli pduos}‖ sdii"
<0

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

uhoso `ds vd lbe F }{{d}o wo‖ii }oo vd fb l `ow vols}‖ ufjo‖" Ho miolsiv hle fb jfbe l nfbe d` Mobusli Ljosfmlb }fulufdb) l} f` }djouhfbg msfd} lbe blmmo{ulcio wl} gdfbg db fb Gluojlil ds Md}ul Sfml lbe F wdie gd clmn ud dbo d` uhd}o {ilmo}) uhoso wdie co l {lilmo sopdiufdb lbe F wdie uhob sousb" Whosol} F wl} {ibgfbg fbud uho }ol lbe l`uos l`uos uhlu uhlu uhoso uhoso wl} bd mdjfb mdjfbg g clmn clmn " " " Fb sousd}{omu fu‖} liwlv} }d bolu cu fu wl}b‖u bolu lu uho ufjo) fu wl} a}u1 ‘Whlu }hdie vd ed4 Vd }hdie usv lbe {sd{lgluo vds pfow} uhlu uhfbg} }hdie mhlbgo ds uhlu uhfbg} lso wsdbg" Hdw mlb vd co}u ed fu4 Ed fu uhsdgh uho dbo uhfbg vd nbdw) whfmh f} wsfufbg" Hdw ed vd ed fu4 Vd ed fu uhsdgh }djo }dsu d` jlglqfbo" Whlu }dsu d` jlglqfbo4 F} uhoso l jlglqfbo uhoso4‖ Woii) uhoso wl} uho Glseflb) cu uho whdio f}}o d` lbuf*]ojfuf}j lbe uho Mdjjbf}u [lsuv ^M[Z wl} posv jmh fb jv jfbe }d F mdieb‖u gd ud uho Glseflb ds ud @fghufbg Ulin coml}o uhov hle mdbbdulufdb} whfmh woso b}lpdsv" Lbe uho ifcosli}) F sojojcosoe `sdj jv _MU elv}) uhov woso soliiv wf}hv*wl}hv db uho}o uhfbg}" Uhob uhoso woso jojcos} d` uho [lsifljobulsv Ilcds [lsuv whfmh hle lb l{{liifbg hf}udsv db slmfli f}}o}) liuhdgh uho bowf}h Ilcds mhlslmuos} ifno Liox Ho{{io woso posv ef``osobu" Lbe uhlu‖} whv F eomfeoe ud }ulsu l jlglqfbo jv}oi`" Vd hlpo }ggo}uoe uhlu vd wlbuoe uho adsbli ud obmdslgo l csdle `sdbu d` d{{d}fuf d{{d}fufdb db lbe uhlu uhlu vds vds wf}h wl} wl} ud `fbe `fbe l soli jfeeio jfeeio gsdb gsdbe e"""

Vo}) l mdjjdb `sdbu" F uhfbn uhf} gdo} clmn ud jv _MU {difufmli elv} whoso f` vd wosob‖u jobuliiv eole ds mifjcfbg }djo }dsu d` ileeos fbud uho gsoluos gidsv d` uho _bfuoe [lsuv ds) `ds l jfbdsfuv d` uho }ueobu {d{ilufdb) l }{{dsuos d` so}sgobu L`sfnlbosedj) vd woso ofuhos l ifcosli d` }djo }dsu ds l Mdjjbf}u" Uho Ifcosli [lsuv efeb‖u vou oxf}u) cu uhoso wl} l }dmfouv uhlu so{so}obuoe ifcosli pfow} lbe uhoso woso uho Mdjjbf}u}) uho mdbpobufdbli ]dpfou*uv{o Mdjjbf}u}) whd woso ofuhos fb uho {lsuv ds db uho `sfbgo} d` uho {lsuv" Uhov hle uhofs mljd`ilgo dsglbf}lufdb) uho Jdeosb Wdsie ]dmfouv) fu wl} mliioe" Lbe uhob uhoso woso uho Usdu}nvf}u}) uho Uolmhos}‖ Iolgo d` ]duh L`sfml) whd woso jlfbiv Mdidsoe {od{io wfuh l }{sfbnifbg d` whfuo whfuo vdbg vdbg wdjob wdjob"" Mf}}fo Mf}}fo Gddi Gddi wl} uho jd}u jd}u {cifm {cifmiv iv {sdjfbo {sdjfbobu bu " " " db uho uho mfuv mfuv mdbmfi) F uhfbn" F wdb‖u }lv F opob `ifsuoe wfuh uho Usdu}nvf}u gsd{) cu fu wl} uho iol}u fbfjfmli d` lii" Uhov woso jdsli F uhdghu lbe }ufii uhfbn) l} jdslifuv gdo}" F nbow uhlu uho ifcosli} wosob‖u gouufbg lbvwhoso lbe F liwlv} hle uhf} ef}ul}uo `ds uho ]ulifbf}u M[ coml}o coml}o d` fu} fu} ifbn} ifbn} wfuh wfuh lbuf*]oj lbuf*]ojfuf}j fuf}j " " " liuhdgh liuhdgh bolsi bolsiv v lii uho uho iogfufjl iogfufjluo uo ds mdbpobufdbli Mdjjbf}u [lsuv jojcos} woso Aowf}h" Uhf} wl} lisolev lu l ufjo whob uhd}o whd nbow jdso lcdu uho hf}udsv d` ]ulifbf}j woso lwlso d` uho beosmssobu) d`  uhoso cofbg uho }hdw usfli} lbe lii }dsu} d` uhfbg}" Uho jlads `fgso uhoso wl} ]lj Nlhb whd opobuliiv comljo) l} vd nbdw) uho }d*mliioe ‘Blufpo so{so}obulufpo‖" F uhdghu1 ‘Wo‖po gdu uhf} jljjduh*ifno {difufmli hdssds dpos}hledwfbg oposvuhfbg lbe wo‖so }|lccifbg lcdu hdw wo‖so gdfbg ud `fghu uhoj fb }djo wlv‖" Lbe uho

F B U OS OS P F OW O W W F UH U H S D BL B L I E ] O G LI LI

<7

fbfuflufpo} F uddn) F uddn wfuhdu mdb}iufbg lbvdbo oi}o" F }udde l} lb fbeo{obeobu lbe gdu fb lbe jv jlads jlsn wl} uho {sd{d}li uhlu _MU cdvmduu uho moiocslufdb} d` Plb Sfocoomn‖} =;;uh lbbfpos}lsv" F efeb‖u mdb}iu lbvdbo db uhlu> uhov ofuhos mljo lidbg wfuh jo ds ds uhov uhov efeb‖u efeb‖u)) uhlu‖} uhlu‖} lii" F hle hle uhf} uhf} luufu luufueo) eo) {lsuiv {lsuiv " " " ‘Ulbu {f}) vd edb‖u lgsoo) vd‖so obufuioe bdu ud) cu edb‖u uoii jo whlu F }hdie ed coml}o F‖j fb mdbusdi d` jv dwb jdslifuv‖" Uhoso uho cogfbbfbg} woso }ouuioe d` fbeo{obeobu aegojobu lbe uho d{{dsubfuv uhlu fbeo{obeobmo {sdpfeoe bdu ud mdbusdi ds mdjjlbe duhos}) cu ud ox{idso l }usluogv ds ulmufm} cohfbe whfmh duhos} wdie gfpo vd }{{dsu" F edb‖u uhfbn F opob posclif}oe fu uhlu wlv) cu mosulfbiv fu wl} fb uhd}o elv} uhlu uhf} fbeo{obeobmo `dsjiluoe fu}oi` lbe fu bo}uioe uhoso esfbg uho vols} F wl} lcsdle" Whob F sousboe F }ufii hle mdbulmu} wfuh uho BO_J ^Bdb*Osd{olb _bfuv JdpojobuZ"3 F uhdghu fu wl} sfefmid}) whob wo woso fb o}}obufliiv lb fbmf{fobu sopdiufdblsv }fulufdb) hlpfbg }{ifbuos} fb}uole d` l mdjjdb `sdbu" Lbe uhlu uhoso j}u co l wlv d` }lvfbg1 ‘Oxf}u fb vds }o{lsluo gsd{}) cu mdjcfbo db dbo f}}o‖" ]d uho jlglqfbo wl} l wlv d` leplbmfbg leplbmfbg uhf} feol" feol" Lidbg}feo Lidbg}feo fu wl} ” vds jfbe comdjo} comdjo} l nfbe d` jdudswlv jdudswlv d` {lsliioi {lsliioi ifbo} gdfbg uho }ljo efsomufdb efsomufdb ” uho solif}lufdb solif}lufdb uhlu }mh }mh l jlglqfbo mdie bdu eoli }fj{iv wfuh ]duh L`sfml) `ds lii }dsu} d` sol}db}" F edb‖u nbdw f` F uhdghu }usluogfmliiv fb uhlu }ob}o) cu fbufufpoiv F nbow uhlu whluopos mdiif}fdb uhoso wdie co fb ]duh L`sfml wdie hlpo ud fbpdipo duhos {lsu} d` L`sfml" Uhlu jolbu vd hle ud eoli wfuh) lbe vd }hdie eoli wfuh) uho so}u d` L`sfml" Slmf}j fb ]duh L`sfml wl} {lsu d` l wfeos dbo) l mdbufbobuli dbo) lbe dbmo vd lmmo{uoe uho feol d` {lb* L`sfmlbf}j) hdw mdie vd fgbdso uho _bfuoe ]uluo}4 Woso vd liwlv} fbuosblufdblif}u fb vds uhfbnfbg4

@sdj uho jdjobu F coglb }osfd}iv ud uhfbn) F wl} lb fbuosblufdblif}u bdu l blufdblif}u lbe L`sfmlb blufdblif}j wl} ud jo l jlbf`o}ulufdb d` slmf}j" Fu jlv hlpo coob ds slmf}j sluhos uhlb uhofs slmf}j) cu fu wl} lb l}{omu d` slmf}j lbe elbgosd}" Vols} iluos) fb Idbedb) Idbedb) F wl} l}noe ud gfpo opfeobmo opfeobmo ud l _bfuoe Blufdb} Blufdb} mdjjfuuoo mdjjfuuoo ” F uhfbn fu wl} uho mdjjfuuoo db l{lsuhofe" L `ow d` jv L`sfmlb Blufdbli Mdbgso}} ^LBMZ fb* oxfio mdiiolgo} woso li}d gfpfbg opfeobmo lbe lu }djo }ulgo uho {hsl}o ‘L`sfmlb blufdblif}j‖ wl} }oe) lbe bdu fb l {lb*L`sfmlb mdbuoxu" F }lfe uhlu F wlbuoe ud jlno fu miols uhlu whfio F l}}dmfluoe jv}oi` wfuh) whdiiv l}}dmfluoe jv}oi` wfuh) uho pfow} d`  uho LBM) F wl} bdu l ef}mf{io d` L`sfmlb blufdblif}j fb fu} ifuosli jolbfbg" Lii jv {difufm} soiluoe ud lb fbuosblufdblif}j" F sojojcos gouufbg fbpdipoe fb uho eocluo dpos Mobusli L`sfmlb @oeoslufdb lbe cofbg l}udbf}hoe lu hdw fgbdslbu lbe fbef``osobu db L`sfmlb jluuos} jv goboslufdb lu Mljcsfego wl}" D` mds}o) uhoso wl} l bfdb lu whfmh {od{io woso lmufpo cu

3" Uhf} f} uho gsd{ uhlu ]ogli ]ogli mlii} mlii} uho Usdu}nvf}u} Usdu}nvf}u}""

<8

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

}djohdw uho jdso ox{idsludsv d` uhlu lmleojfm goboslufdb wobu fbud uho uholuso lbe uho }lufsfm oiojobu fb uho uholuso" F‖j ulinfbg bdw lcdu <6?3”?5) }d uhf} wl}b‖u uho }fxufo}) cu fu wl} uho {so}obufjobu) ds uho {so{lslufdb `ds uho }fxufo}" Uhlu wl} uho nfbe d` ef}}obu uhoso wl}) oxmo{u d` mds}o `ds ]oq" F wl}b‖u uhoso `ds ]oq" ]oq slefmlif}oe l ilsgo bjcos d` vdbg {od{io lu bfpos}fuv" Lii d` uhf} a}u mdbusfcuoe ud jv `ooifbg lbe }d efe uho ifuosluso lbe uho }uefo} F wl} edfbg" F jolb F wl} comdjfbg fbuosblufdbli1 F wl}b‖u ]duh L`sfmlb lbv idbgos) F wl}b‖u Csfuf}h) F wl}b‖u Ljosfmlb whob F wl} fb Ljosfml" F uhfbn udd uhlu F lc}dscoe posv olsiv uho feol uhlu lbuf*]ojfuf}j wl} lb fbuogsli dumsd{ d` blufdblif}j" F nbow udd uhlu uho wlv ud mdb`sdbu bdu a}u lbuf*]ojfuf}j) cu fu} duhos jlbf`o}ulufdb} l} woii) wl} ud mdb`sdbu uho }dsmo fb blufdblif}j" Lbe F wl} bdsf}hoe fb uhf} pfow cv uho posv {sd{lglbel d` uho posv {od{io F `olsoe lbe ef}ifnoe" L`sfnlbosedj l} l mdbmo{u) whfmh uhov lu dbo ufjo hle }oob l} eo`ob}fpo) {soiv eo`ob}fpo) hle comdjo lggso}}fpo lbe ef}msfjfblufbg lglfb}u lbv mdj{oufufpo milfj" Uho slmf}u} fb L`sfnlbosedj }{dno fb blufdblif}u uosj}" Fu wl}) l`uos lii) ‘uho Blufdbli [lsuv‖" Vds fbuosblufdblif} fbuosblufdblif}j j wl} d` {slmufmli {slmufmli plio plio ud uho jlglqfbo jlglqfbo udd " " "

]djowhoso wl} uho coifo` uhlu f` uho jlglqfbo wl} {sdemufpo) f` fu }ospoe l {s{d}o) f` fu wl} `bmufdbfbg l} fu }hdie) uhob fu wdie co fb elbgos" F` fu wdie co fb elbgos) fu wdie so|fso {sduomufpo eopfmo}" Uho dbiv {sduomufpo eopfmo} wdie co uho l}}dmflufdb wfuh fu d` {od{io uhlu fu wdie hlpo coob bwf}o `ds uho }uluo ud l``omu" Lbe }d lijd}u `sdj uho }ulsu F gdu fbuosblufdbli }{db}ds} lbe uho jdso F gdu) uho jdso F gdu" Lbe uho jdso fj{dsulbu uhov woso) uho jdso fj{dsulbu woso uhd}o F uhob wobu `ds" Oiolbds Sdd}opoiu wl} l gsolu mlumh" Sofbhdie Bfochs wl} l gsolu mlumh) coml}o ho hle posv hfgh uhodidgfmli fb`iobmo lbe }ulbefbg" Lbe uhov fb usb gdu jo mdbusfcuds} ds }ggo}u }ggo}uoe oe mdbusfc mdbusfcuds}) uds}) }d }d uho feol feol d` fbuosb fbuosblufd lufdblif blif}j }j ” fu ‘a}u ‘a}u gsow‖e‖ gsow‖e‖ ” wl} {lsu {lsu d`  l idgfmli idgfmli {sdgso}} {sdgso}}fdb fdb lbe lbe lb}wo lb}wosoe soe lii lii jv " " " uho {luuo {luuosb sb d` jv jv sopi}fd sopi}fdb b lbe eoulmhjobu" Vd hlpo }lfe uhlu uho {sdemufdb d` l jlglqfbo }mh l} L`sfml l} L`sfml ]duh hl} ud co `b) ud co elbg lbgosd} " " "

Dbo d` jv lcfefbg jojdsfo} d` uhd}o vols} fbpdipoe fb {cif}hfbg lbe oefufbg uho jlglqfbo wl} uhlu ljfe}u lii uho oxmfuojobu lbe lbgos lbe mdjjfujobu uhlu fu fbpdipoe) uhoso wl} li}d) lijd}u l} l clmngsdbe ojdufdb) l }ob}o d` fjjob}o obadvjobu" F mliioe fu `b) `b bdu l} coifuuiojobu> `b l} whob vd }eeobiv usb ud vds}oi` lbe }lv1 ‘Uhf} f} soliiv obadvlcio) vd nbdw) uhf} f} whlu ifpfbg f} lcdu‖" Lbe uhlu) {lsledxfmliiv) wl} l{{lsobu opob lu ufjo} d` gsolu }uso}}" F mlb‖u gobfboiv ds mdbpfbmfbgiv lsgo uhlu whob jv if`o wl} cofbg uhsoluoboe (lbe vd nbdw uho {hdbo mlii} woso mdjfbg sogilsiv1 ‘Vd‖po gdu uob elv} ud ifpo> vd‖po gdu bfbo elv} ud

F B U OS OS P F OW O W W F UH U H S D BL B L I E ] O G LI LI

<6

ifpo " " "‖& uhlu F }lfe ud jv}oi`1 jv}oi`1 ‘Uhf} f} soliiv soliiv `b‖" Cu fu‖} l }ob}o d` hofghuoboe hofghuoboe ifpfbg) ifpfbg) whfmh fb fu} dwb wlv f} `b" Fb uho olsiv vols}) F efe oposvuhfbg> whob F }lv oposvuhfbg) F jolb F opob {lsmoiioe uho cddn} lbe uddn uhoj edwb ud uho {d}u d``fmo" Lbe F wdie `sdj ufjo ud ufjo uhfbn1 ‘Uhf} f}b‖u soliiv oefudsfli wdsn) uhf}) cu whd uho hoii oi}o f} gdfbg ud ed fu4‖ Lbe lbvwlv uhlu f} hdw {od{io {cif}h fbbdplufpo jlglqfbo} lbe fu‖} lii {lsu d` uho {sdmo}} lbe uho {sdmo}} f} obsfmhfbg" F lmuliiv eopoid{oe l} l {os}db obdsjd}iv esfbg uhd}o vols} d` L`sfml ]duh }fj{iv coml}o F wl} `ds uho `fs}u ufjo sl{u cv }djouhfbg" Fu‖} li}d fb uho }ob}o uhlu vd edb‖u nbdw whlu‖} gdfbg ud hl{{ob boxu) whfmh f} oxmfufbg" D` mds}o uho jlglqfbo‖} {s{d}o} li}d obglgoe dbo d` jv cl}fm mdbpfmufdb} lbe eopdufdb}" F hluo ciifo}" F hle coob msoiiv ciifoe" Jv {lsobu}‖ omdbdjfm {oos} }obu uhofs mhfiesob ud }mhddi} ifno Cf}hd{} ds ]LM])= whosol} F wl} |fuo sfghuiv }obu ud uho idmli ]ol [dfbu Cdv}‖ Abfds lbe ]ol [dfbu Cdv}‖ Hfgh ]mhddi}" Cu) F wl} csdghu fb cv l mhl``osoe Mhsv}ios lbe mliioe `ds fb l mhl``osoe Mhsv}ios" Lbe a}u uho `lmu uhlu jv lmmobu lmmobu wl} bmdj bmdjjdb) jdb) jv jv jluosfl jluosflii }ssdbe }ssdbefbg} fbg} woso bmdjjdb bmdjjdb " " " Lbvwlv) Lbvwlv) uhoso woso uwd fbpfgdslufbg pfow} uhlu F eopoid{oe" Dbo wl} `sdj l {d{ils }dbg F‖e holse" F‖po |fuo `dsgduuob whlu uho joidev wl}) cu uho ivsfm} wobu1 ‘Ufjo wfii ulno mlso d` oposvuhfbg) lbe ufjo wfii ulno mlso d` vd‖"5 F wl} soliiv fj{so}}oe" F hjjoe fu ud jv}oi` esfbg uho NNN l``lfs) whob F wl} gouufbg uhd}o uoio{hdbo uhsolu}"? Lbe uho }omdbe pfow wl} ud }lv1 ‘Vd‖so bdu gdfbg ud colu jo edwb) uhlu‖} lii‖" F‖j bdu }ggo}ufbg uhlu F hluoe slmf}j }fj{iv coml}o slmf}j wl} ciivfbg) cu fu wl} duslgod}" Fu wl} msoi lbe duslgod} lbe fsslufdbli" Hfuufbg clmn wl} `b" ]ulsufbg uho jlglqfbo wl} ifno }djodbo whd wlbu} ud co lb lsuf}u lbe edo}b‖u nbdw hdw lbe }eeobiv `fbe} l {fomo d` milv lbe }ulsu} jlnfbg }djouhfbg du d` fu" Lbe ho nbdw} uhob1 ‘Vd mlb‖u {lfbu) ds eslw) cu vd mlb lmuliiv jlno }djouhfbg wfuh vds `fbgos} du d` uhf}‖" Lbe uhlu‖} jdso ds io}}) bdw uhlu F so`iomu) uho nfbe d` adv lbe oxmfuojobu uhlu F }eeobiv obmdbuosoe ds ef}mdposoe1 ‘Uhf} f} whlu vd mlb ed) lbe uhf} f} whlu vd }hdie ed‖" Efe vd opos gou l }ob}o uhlu uho eocluo} slf}oe fb L`sfml fb  L`sfml ]duh hle `fiuosoe edwb fbud {difufmli ef}m}}fdb} lu uho ufjo4

Fu‖} lijd}u fj{d}}fcio ud }lv" F nbdw uhlu uho jlglqfbo wl} woii soglseoe coml}o fu wl} fbeo{obeobu" Fu wl} woii soglseoe coml}o fu wl} sole lbe fu wl} sole cv jd}u d`  uhd}o whd uddn uhofs {difufm} }osfd}iv"

=" @dbeoe fb <836) <836) uho ]duh L`sfmlb L`sfmlb Mdiiogo Mdiiogo ]mhddi ]mhddi f} uho dieo}u dieo}u fb uho mdbusv" mdbusv" 5" Uho }dbg f} cv Id Slwi}) Slwi}) ‘Ufjo Wfii Ulno Mlso d` Oposvuhfbg‖" Oposvuhfbg‖" ?" Fb <6?6) ]ogli coglb somofpfbg somofpfbg lc}fpo lbe uhso uhsoluobfbg luobfbg uoio{hdbo uoio{hdbo mlii} `sdj lb dsglbf}lufdb dsglbf}lufdb mliifbg fu}oi` uho ‘N Nix Nilb‖" Bdu idbg l`uoswlse}) hf} mls wl} {ousdi*cdjcoe du}feo hf} `ljfiv hdjo" Uho opobu} lso somdseoe fb hf} jojdfs) Fbud Oxfio (<60=) 3;0”;8&"

3;

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

Fu‖} l |o}ufdb uhlu so|fso} }{omilufdb) sluhos uhlb opfeobmo" F hle bd }ulbefbg du}feo uho jlglqfbo" Jd}u {od{io whd `bmufdboe {difufmliiv hle l mdb}ufuobmv> F hle bd mdb}ufuobmv du}feo uho jlglqfbo" Uho `lmu uhlu F wl} fbpfuoe fb ‖?8 ds ‖?6 ud leeso}} whlu uho LBM dsfgfbliiv obpf}lgoe l} l jl}} jooufbg fb Lioxlbesl Udwb}hf{) }lfe }djouhfbg d` whlu F so{so}obuoe uhsdgh uho jlglqfbo" Duhoswf}o whv db olsuh l}n jo) lbe whv l}n jo ud ulin db omdbdjfm }lbmufdb}4 Lglfb) F hle bd mdb}ufuobmv> F wl} a}u {sd{lglufbg uho feol" Uho `lmu uhlu Boi}db ^JlbeoilZ l}noe jo ud ef}m}} uho {dulud cdvmduu fb <6?7 }ggo}u} uhlu uho {difufmli ioleos}hf{ uddn jo }osfd}iv coml}o uhov uddn uho jlglqfbo }osfd}iv" Eo}{fuo jv fbmsol}fbgiv opfeobu {lsuf}lb}hf{) f` F wlbuoe }djouhfbg `sdj uho [lb*L`sfmlbf}u Mdbgso}}) `ds oxlj{io) F gdu fu" Liuhdgh F jleo fu miols F dcaomuoe }usdbgiv ud uho }{ifu `sdj uho LBM) F d``osoe uhoj l mhlbmo" F hle bd duhos so{so}obulufpo }ulu}) whosol} lii uho duhos {od{io whd woso lmufpo woso lmufpo l} jojcos} jojcos} d` dsglbf}lufdb} dsglbf}lufdb} ” F jolb uho whfuo {od{io" Whlu efe vd uhfbn wl} uho jd}u fj{dsulbu jluosfli uhlu l{{olsoe fb L`sfml fb L`sfml ]duh4 ]duh4

F uhfbn ud soemo L`sfml ]duh) l} f` woso l }dsu d` }uow ds }d{) fbud whlu wl} fj{dsulbu ds whlu wl} io}} fj{dsulbu f} l ef}uslmufbg oxosmf}o" Cu f` F woso so|fsoe ud }lpo dbiv dbo uhojo) F uhfbn uhlu uho whdio sopdiufdb }vj{d}fj wdie co fu" Uho posv bluso d`) uho uho posv posv }o d`) d`) uho wdse efmul efmuluoe uoe uho uho ” F wl} gdfbg gdfbg ud }lv uho esf`u esf`u ” uho s}h s}h udwlse} mid}os feobuf`fmlufdb wfuh uho }caomu" Uho }caomu wl}) lu uho obe) lsjoe {sf}fbg) ds fu} o``omuli liuosblufpo" Lbe uho o``omuli liuosblufpo fb jv pfow wl} ud }o fbmsol}fbgiv obdsjd} omdbdjfm {so}}so}) whfmh lu uho jfbfjj wdie wolnob uho ml{lmfuv d` uho ]duh L`sfmlb gdposbjobu" Fb uho {sdmo}} fu wl} li}d }mh l wol{db d`  {sd{lglbel lbe fb`iobmo }fbmo uho dcaomufdb} ud pfdiobmo lso gsolu" F‖po liwlv} `oiu uhf}" [od{io whd ulin lcdu pfdiobmo fb {l}}fbg soliiv dghu ud uhfbn whlu fu f} uhov jolb" F‖j bdu l {lmf`f}u) bopos hlpo coob" Cu vd edb‖u }lv) `ds oxlj{io1 ‘Vd mlb‖u jlno lb djoiouuo wfuhdu csolnfbg ogg}‖ coml}o vd‖so bdu eolifbg wfuh ogg}) vd‖so eolifbg wfuh hole}" Vd‖so eolifbg wfuh {od{io" Ed vd uhfbn vd woso lcio ud msoluo l `lpdslcio mifjluo d` d{fbfdb lcsdle uhsdgh uho adsbli4

Fu wl} mosulfbiv jv {s{d}o lbe F hlpo lc}diuoiv bd edcu uhlu fu comljo jv `bmufdb ud ed }d" F hle uho mdbulmu}) F hle uho o|f{jobu lbe F }lw jv}oi` l} l {sd{lglbef}u" Uhf} wl} {lsu d` uho usflbgils `bmufdb uhlu F obpf}lgoe fb `dbefbg L`sfml ]duh fb uho `fs}u fb}ulbmo fb}ulbmo ” uhlu fu wdie wdie mdbbomu uhsoo mdj{dbobu} mdj{dbobu} d` slmfli usjdfi usjdfi fb uho wdsie1 wdsie1 uho lbuf*mdidbfli jdpojobu fb L`sfml) uho mfpfi sfghu} }usggio fb uho _bfuoe ]uluo} lbe uho sopdiufdb fb ]duh L`sfml" Uho jlglqfbo wdie `ooe fbud lbe `dsuf`v uho sopdiufdblsv `dsmo}" Hf}udsv wl} posv mdiilcdslufpo" F hle l soilufdb}hf{ `ds fb}ulbmo wfuh uho BLLM[ ^Blufdbli L}}dmflufdb `ds uho Leplbmojobu d` Mdidsoe [od{ioZ" F` vd iddn lu uho if}u

F B U OS OS P F OW O W W F UH U H S D BL B L I E ] O G LI LI

3<

d` }{db}ds}) uhoso f} Uhsgdde Jls}hlii" Ho wl} uho iogli lepf}os ud uho BLLM[ lbe iluos comljo l aego d` uho ]{sojo Mdsu fb uho ]uluo}" Lbe uho {cifmfuv efsomuds d`  uho BLLM[) l gv mliioe Hobsv Ioo Jddb) F mdsso}{dbeoe wfuh" Uho soilufdb}hf{ couwoob opobu} fb uho uwd mdbusfo} wl} lijd}u mosulfbiv ilsgoiv mdfbmfeobuli) cu uhoso wl} l nfbe d` jdsli lbe {difufmli mdsso}{dbeobmo) {lsufmilsiv fb uho c} cdvmduu" Fu wl} lijd}u }fjiulbod}) Sd}l [lsn} so`}fbg ud jdpo fb uho c} fb Jdbugdjosv) Lilcljl lbe uho Lioxlbesl c} cdvmduu"0 F uhfbn Suh @fs}u efe dbo d` hos lsufmio} db uho cdvmduu lbe uho }omdbe db uho Couhli `lsj ilcds }mlbeli" Efe vd }oon fb`iobmo fb uho {difufmli }{hoso lidbo4

@sdj uho }ulsu L`sfml ]duh hle l }usdbg ifuoslsv }omufdb lbe uhlu comljo {lsu d` uho whdio sol}}o}}jobu d` L`sfmlb wsfufbg) L`sfmlb lsu" F nbow L"M" Adselb uhsdgh jv BO_J mdbbomufdb} lu _MU lbe }d F l}noe hfj ud wsfuo l }osfo} db dsluso fb }duhosb L`sfml" Hf} wf`o) [hviif} Bulbulil) wsduo ‘Uho Wfedw} d` uho So}ospo}‖ `ds uho jlglqfbo" Fu wl} uho }ulsu d` hos wsfufbg mlsoos" Wo li}d glpo luuobufdb ud uho whdio bow lsmhlodidgv" lsmhlodidgv" Wo woso uho `fs}u `fs}u ud {cif}h l bow hf}udsfmli hf}udsfmli sopf}fdb sopf}fdb d` L`sfml ” lii uho bow pfow} lcdu Gsolu Qfjclcwo `ds oxlj{io" Lbe Gospl}o Jluhow whd wsduo uho bow l}}o}}jobu d` uho mfuv }uluo} fb Ol}u L`sfml" Whob F }ulsuoe wsfufbg Uho Cilmn

Efl}{dsl fb <686”6; lbe lglfb wfuh F}ilj‖} Cilmn ]ilpo}) F efe |fuo l idu d` so}olsmh fbud mssobu uhfbnfbg db uho hf}udsv d` L`sfml lbe Jluhow‖} lsufmio wl} }ojfbli lbe uho nbdwioego hl}b‖u mhlbgoe" Uho hf}udsflb Cl}fi Elpfe}db comljo l gsolu `sfobe lbe hoi{oe ud eopoid{ uho jlglqfbo‖} fbuoso}u fb L`sfmlb hf}udsv lbe miuso" Uho jlfb {sfbmf{io wl} ud edmjobu uho ml}o} lbe uho mds}o} d` socoiifdb} lbe ud ox{so}} uho mil}}fm lbuf*mdidbfli mdjjfujobu1 ud ox{ilfb ud uho fgbdslbu lbe {soaefmoe uhlu L`sfml hle l {l}u" Fb L`sfml Fb L`sfml ]duh l }ob}o ojosgo} uhlu uho lbuf*{l}} ilw} mlj{lfgb wl} {iifbg posv dsefblsv L`sfmlb wdjob fbud {difufmli if`o lbe uhlu uhov woso msd}}fbg cdbelsfo} fb comdjfbg {difufmf}oe"

Woii) uhlu wdie hlpo coob `oe fbud uho jlglqfbo ofuhos mdbbomuoeiv) ds {lsufmilsiv) l} fu wl} `oe fbud jv dwb {difufmli mdb}mfd}bo}}) uhsdgh uho {od{io whd woso fbpdipoe fb uho {sdmo}}" Uhf} f} uho }dsu d` uhfbg [hviif} Bulbulil wdie ulin lcdu) Suh @fs}u wdie ulin lcdu) Lbb Jlsfo Wdi{o wdie ulin lcdu" Lii uho {difufmd} F wl} fb }dmfli lbe {sd`o}}fdbli mdbulmu wfuh woso lwlso d` uho}o eopoid{jobu} lbe so{dsuoe uhoj" uhoj" Lbe) Lbe) d` mds}o mds}o)) lbvuhfb lbvuhfbg g uhlu uhlu sogf}uo sogf}uosoe soe mhlbg mhlbgo o " " " F jolb) jolb) jv lbuob lbuobblo blo pfcsluoe lu lbvuhfbg lbvuhfbg hd{o`i hd{o`i ds uhsoluobfb uhsoluobfbg g ud uho sogfjo" F jou Ififlb Bgdvf fbmfeobuliiv"

0" Sd}l [lsn}‖ [lsn}‖ lmufdb lmufdb uddn {ilmo db < Eomojcos Eomojcos <6?6"

33

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

Whob wl} uho gsolu jlsmh db [soudsfl4 <6?0" Vo}) F wl} posv mdb}mfd} d` uhlu whdio uhfbg" F coifopo coifopo fb fb imn) imn) bdu dposwh dposwhoijf oijfbgiv bgiv)) cu " " " a}u oposv oposvuhfb uhfbg g uhlu F uhdg uhdghu hu wl} gdfbg ud hl{{ob) hl{{oboe" Fu wl} idgfmli) uhoso wl} l nfbe d` idgfm fb lii uhf} lbe l} L`sfml ]duh }oojoe fb fu} {sdgso}} ud co so`iomufbg uho solsslbgojobu d` {fomo} fb uhf} whdio {d{ils }usggio) fu comljo jdso lbe jdso oxmfufbg ud co {lsu d` fu" Efe vd mdjjf}}fdb lsufmio} lbe efe vd {lv mdbusfcuds}4 Hdw woso mdbulmu} wfuh mdbusfcuds} jleo4

F uddn uho eomf}fdb lu uho cogfbbfbg uhlu f` F wlbuoe uho co}u }u``) F wdie hlpo ud {lv `ds fu" Fu‖} lii posv woii hlpfbg l jf}}fdblsv {s{d}o db uho cl}f} d` whfmh vd mlb l{{oli `ds l}}f}ulbmo lbe mdiilcdslufdb `sdj duhos}) cu hdwopos wfiifbg {od{io lso ud hoi{) hoi{) uho `lmu `lmu uhlu uhlu uhov uhov hlpo hlpo coob coob mdjjf} mdjjf}}fdb }fdboe oe lbe lbe wfii co co {lfe {lfe " " " @fs}u @fs}u d` lii lii fu liidw} uho oefuds lbe {cif}hos ud sojfbe uhoj lbe {so}} uhoj `ds eoifposv) whosol} f`  vd lso gouufbg }djouhfbg gslufud}iv vd hlpo ud co jobefmlbu fb uho wlv vd mdbemu vds soilufdb}" Uho ifbo couwoob lmmo{ufbg l mdbusfcufdb ds }difmfufbg l mdbusfcufdb wl} posv cissoe" F mlbbdu bdw sojojcos whouhos F }lfe ud Suh1 ‘F wlbu lb lsufmio db uho c} cdvmduu‖ ds whouhos Suh wsduo ud jo lbe }lfe1 ‘F wdie ifno ud wsfuo lb lsufmio db uho c} cdvmduu‖" Uhlu wl} uho wlv uho jlglqfbo wdsnoe" Woso vd |fuo }usfmu db uho wdse iobguh uhlu {od{io woso liidwoe4

F wdie gfpo uhoj l sdgh o}ufjluo d` hdw jlbv wdse} F wlbuoe" Cu hoso F wl} posv idd}o ” fu wl} |lifuv |lifuv uhlu jluuosoe" jluuosoe" F` F efeb‖u ifno ifno uho }uvio) }uvio) f` F efeb‖u ifno ifno uho {so}obul {so}obulufdb) ufdb) f` fu wl}b‖ wl}b‖u) u) fb jv jv oefudsf oefudsfli li aegojo aegojobu) bu) gdde gdde " " " F mlb‖u mlb‖u sojojc sojojcos os lmuliiv sousbfbg lbvuhfbg whfmh F mdjjf}}fdboe) cu uhob F wl} |fuo mlso`i lcdu whdj lbe whlu F mdjjf}}fdboe) bdu iol}u coml}o fu wl} woii {lfe" ]u`` uhlu a}u lssfpoe) F soaomuoe wfuh uho l{{sd{sfluo mhlsfulcio iouuos}" Cu }djo d` uho }u`` uhlu F uhdghu wl} sojlsnlciv gdde a}u lssfpoe) ifno uho}o ifuuio) uho}o ‘Gsfj @lfsv ]udsfo}‖ cv O"P" ]udbo"7 ]d) jlbv d` uho mdbusfcuds} vd wdieb‖u hlpo nbdwb {os}dbliiv4

@fs}u d` lii) |fuo l bjcos d` uhd}o whd mdbusfcuoe uhob) wlbuoe ud mdbusfcuo lglfb }d uhov wdie co fb udmh wfuh jo" F bopos jou Udj Jcdvl) `ds fb}ulbmo) cu dbmo F gdu dbo lsufmio) ho d``osoe jo lbduhos dbo" Lbe Aif} Bvososo F dbiv jou whob L`sfml ]duh wl} }}{obeoe) ds fb uslb}fu) F uhfbn wdie co uho mdssomu wdse"8

7" Uho}o }udsfo} }udsfo} hlpo hlpo bdu coob fbmieoe fbmieoe fb uhf} uhf} }oiomufdb" }oiomufdb" 8" Aif} Aif} Bvosos Bvososo‖} o‖} mdbusf mdbusfcufd cufdb b ud L`sfml ]duh uddn uho `dsj d` l iouuos ud uho oefuds" ‘Db uho Cdvmduu‖ (Pdi" 5"<) Dmudcos”Eomojcos <6?6& wl} wsfuuob fb }{{dsu d` uho LBM‖} blufdbli cdvmduu d` ]duh L`sfmlb gdde}"

F B U OS OS P F OW O W W F UH U H S D BL B L I E ] O G LI LI

3=

Hdw efe vd gou Ilbg}udb Hgho}‖} {fomo}4

F uhfbn F gdu uhoj uhsdgh uho

BLLM["

6

F edb‖u uhfbn F wdie hlpo gdu uhoj efsomuiv" F

edb‖u sojojcos mdsso}{dbefbg mdsso}{dbefbg wfuh hfj cu F efe hlpo) ds hle) hf} uv{o}msf{u pos}fdb} pos}fdb} d` uho {dousv" Ud jv nbdwioego uhov woso `fs}u {cif}hoe fb L`sfml ]duh" Uhov woso bdu so{sfbu}" Fb `lmu F mlb‖u sojojcos so{sfbufbg lbvuhfbg" Uho whdio feol wl} ud co lb dsfgfbli) bdu l bow} jlglqfbo) cu lb dsfgfbli {cifmlufdb" Efe duhos mdbusfcuds} mdjo vds wlv cv mhlbmo4

Woii) uhoso f} uho }udsv d` [li Cdwio}" F‖j }fuufbg fb uho d``fmo whob uhoso lssfpo} lb Ljosfmlb d` }djowhlu msfd} l{{olslbmo" Eso}}oe*`ds*uho*colmh }dsu d` Ljosfmlb) wfuh l bdsuh L`sfmlb `sfobe) |fuo miolsiv bdsuh L`sfmlb" Uho Ljosfmlb wl} l wsfuos) F wl} udie) lbe dcpfd}iv posv fbuoso}uoe fb L`sfml ]duh" F uddn uhoj sdbe uho {obfb}il) ef}mdposoe uhlu hf} idpos wl} l posv uliobuoe {lfbuos) }dsu d` jfbflusf}u) ifuuio fiijfblufdb}) ijfbd} `f}h }dsu d` uhfbg) coluf`iiv edbo" F wf}h F hle cdghu dbo) cu jv jfbe wl}b‖u db fu lu uho ufjo" Cdwio} Cdwi o} wl} jdso d` l bdpoif}u uhlb l so{dsuos" so{dsuos " Ud gfpo vd lb feol d` hdw jmh) iou jo sole `sdj hf} ludcfdgsl{hv" Uhf}) l} uhov }lv) cols} uho }ljo mdbbomufdb ud solifuv l} F ud uho l}usdbdjos sdvli1 Sdblie ]ogli) d` uho lbuf*gdposbjobu jlglqfbo L`sfml ]duh) {fiduoe } lsdbe lsdbe uho uho mfuv mfuv esfbg esfbg uho uho `ow `ow elv} elv} wo }{obu }{obu uhoso uhoso " " " S] hle hle l esljl esljlufm ufm lbe lbe woii*{cifmf}oe o}ml{o `sdj ]duh L`sfml }hdsuiv l`uos) fb whfmh ho lbe l `sfobe }wlj }wlj uho Ifj{d{d Ifj{d{d whfio whfio uho {difm {difmo o }hdu }hdu lu uhoj " " " Lbvdbo whd nbow jo lbe mdie fjlgfbo F‖e }wj dpos uho Ifj{d{d) bdudsfd}iv fb`o}uoe cv hf{{d} lbe msdmdefio}) j}u hlpo coob jle) ds {ilfb }u{fe" Vo}) uhlu f} l {os`omu fii}uslufdb" F wdie bopos hlpo l}noe [li Cdwio} ud wsfuo db lbvuhfbg f` ho hleb‖u wlinoe fbud jv d``fmo lbe F }fqoe hfj { l} }djodbo whd hle }uvio) whfmh ho mosulfbiv hle) lbe mdie {sdclciv wsfuo" Lbe ho ifpoe fb Ulbgfos" F uhdghu fu jfghu co }liulsv `ds uho soleos} d`  L`sfml ]duh ud sole lcdu l wdsie uhov woso jd}u bifnoiv ud comdjo duhoswf}o lm|lfbuoe wfuh" F j}u hlpo l}noe hfj) lmuliiv) whob wo woso esfpfbg sdbe uho {obfb}il) sluhos uhlb whob F wl} }wfjjfbg uho Ifj{d{d" Coml}o F wl} sclbo ud uhlu eogsoo) {od{io efe) uhov mljo fb" Lbe uhob d` mds}o uho Adhlbbo}csg mdbufbgobu wdie mdjo edwb ud Ml{o Udwb" Fb uho olsiv elv}) Jfqobcosg wl} l posv `l}hfdblcio {lsu d` uho mdbusv lbe lii }dsu} d` {od{io }oe ud lssfpo) fbmiefbg) }djowhlu iluos) uho slefmli Adhlbbo}csgos}" Hlsdie Wdi{o ds Ado

6" Uho {doj} cv Ilbg}udb Ilbg}udb Hgho} woso woso {cif}hoe fb Pdi" <"=" <"=" Uhov lso ‘Adhlbbo}csg ‘Adhlbbo}csg Jfbo}‖) Jfbo}‖) ‘Jojd ud uho Bdb*whfuo [od{io}‖ lbe ‘Fb Ox{ilblufdb d` Ds Ufjo}‖"

35

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

]idpd wdie fbpfuo jo ud {ilv {dnos" F uhfbn uhov hd{oe ud `ioomo jo" Lbe iluos wo woso adfboe cv Ifdboi @dsjlb" Cu uho}o woso bdu }fj{iv }dmfli dmml}fdb}) F jolb) uhoso wo woso lbe whlu efe wo ef}m}}4 Wo ef}m}}oe {difufm}" Wo woso lii fbuoso}uoe fb {difufm}" Jolbwhfio F wl} jdso fbuoso}uoe fb Suh uhlb F wl} fb Ado) }d F ulinoe ud Suh lcdu uhfbg}" ]d fu wl} l }dmfli l} woii l} {difufmli lbe fbuoiiomuli mdjjfujobu lbe dbo `oe fbud uho duhos" Db uho mdpos} d` }djo f}}o} fu }lv} uhlu uho jlglqfbo mfsmiluoe fb Fbefl lbe Movidb" Hdw wl} uhlu mdbulmu jleo4

Lh " " " l posv o}duosfm o}duosfm ox{il ox{ilbluf blufdb) db) cu cu bdbouhoi bdbouhoio}} o}} plife plife"" Fu wl} uhsd uhsdgh gh Sd}liv Sd}livbeo beo Lfb}ifo whd wl}) F uhfbn) lisolev jlssfoe ud Lmmhl eo Ilbosdiio}" Lmmhl wl} `sdj Movidb lbe hf} `luhos wl} lb lsmhfuomu) F uhfbn) lbe l ]fbhlio}o slefmli d` }djo }dsu" Jlvco lb oefuds) cu F‖j bdu }so" ]d Lmmhl d` mds}o hle mdbulmu}" Vd }hdie sojojcos uhlu Idbedb lu uho ufjo wl} l posfulcio Clcvidb d` oxfio gsd{}) }ueobu}) lmufpf}u}) msfufm} msfufm} ” mhfo`iv d` d` uho bow ifcoslufdb ifcoslufdb sogfjo}" sogfjo}" ]d lbv lbv mdbulmu} mdbulmu} `ds ef}usfcufdb ef}usfcufdb wdie hlpo coob uhsdgh hfj lbe Sd}" Mosulfbiv F efeb‖u hlpo l so}feobu so{so}obulufpo fb Movidb" Wl} uho }ljo }osobef{fuv so}{db}fcio `ds uho mfsmilufdb fb L}uslifl lbe Bow Qolilbe4

Posv {sdclciv" F jolb) }djodbo wdie mdjo fb) sluhos ifno uho [li Cdwio} }udsv" Lbvdbo whd wl} {difufmliiv }ob}fufpo) ds hle mdjo lmsd}} l md{v d` L`sfml ]duh ds) ud co }ifghuiv mvbfmli) wlbuoe ud ox{idso uho }fulufdb) ds whd wl} {l}}fbg uhsdgh Ml{o Udwb) wdie }ddbos ds iluos mdjo fbud jv d``fmo" Ds wdie mdjo fbud }djodbo oi}o‖} d``fmo) whd uhob mljo lbe csdghu hfj ds hos ud }oo jo fb jv d``fmo" ]d fu wl} l c}v ifuuio {ilmo) uhlu d``fmo" Lbe coml}o fu wl} l `idlufbg jfbo lii uho}o }dmfli lmmfeobu} ioe ud duhos uhfbg} lbe {od{io whd hle mdbusfcuoe ioe ud bow {od{io1 ‘Vd soliiv dghu ud gd lbe }oo }d*lbe*}d‖" ]d F hle l hgo lm|lfbulbmo) lidbg wfuh l gsoglsfd} }{fiilgo lbe F wl} |fuo hl{{v ud joou lii }dsu} d` {od{io) coml}o uhov jfghu co }o`i" Fu wl} bdu db lbv {os}dbli cl}f}) cu db l ‘whlu mlb uhov ed `ds L`sfml ]duh4‖ }dsu d` cl}f}1 ‘Lso uhov wdsuh ox{idfufbg `ds lb lsufmio ds l {doj ds }djouhfbg4‖ F wl} `lfsiv }fbgio* jfbeoe db uho cl}f} uhlu f` F wl}b‖u uhoso) fu wdie co l jlglqfbo wfuhdu l jfbe lbe whlu wdie hlpo hl{{oboe ud fu4 _iufjluoiv) lbe F‖j bdu }oiifbg }hdsu jv jdsli fbpo}ujobu whfmh wl} mdb}feoslcio) cu ifno jlbv d` jv mlsoos) wo‖so bdu obufsoiv wfuhdu plbfuv lbe dbmo F‖e fbpo}uoe jv}oi` fb l {sdaomu) F efeb‖u wlbu ud co ojclssl}}oe cv fu" ]d F efe }ou du `so|obuiv ud leplbmo fu} {sfbmf{io}) cu li}d fu} oxf}uobmo"

F B U OS OS P F OW O W W F UH U H S D BL B L I E ] O G LI LI

3?

L |o}ufdb uhlu wl} jmh eocluoe db uho io`u f} whouhos ]duh L`sfml }hdie co beos}u beos}udde dde fb uosj} uosj} d` slmo slmo ds fb uosj} uosj} d` mil}} mil}} }usggi }usggio o " " " whfio whfio vd woso woso eo`fbfb eo`fbfbg g uhfbg} `ds vds}oi`) efe vd hlpo ud gsl{{io wfuh uhlu4

F bopos bopos cduhoso cduhosoe e wfuh fu" fu" Uhlu Uhlu }dbe} }dbe} lc}se lc}seiv iv ef}jf}} ef}jf}}fpo) fpo) cu cu fu a}u a}u efeb‖u efeb‖u " " " uhlu feodidgfmli ef}{uo }oojoe ud jo jlsgfbli lbe opob ef}uslmufbg" Fu efeb‖u l``omu) fb uho wlv F pf}lif}oe l {sdemufpo }usluogv) uho wdsn uhlu F wl} edfbg" Fb duhos wdse}) fu wdie hlpo csdghu jdso usdcio uhlb F coifopoe fu wl} {difufmliiv wdsuh" F wl}b‖u dsglbf}fbg lbe fu wl} bopos jv fbuobufdb ds mdb}mfd} mdb}feoslufdb ud dsglbf}o l sopdiufdblsv jdpojobu" F wl}b‖u fb l {d}fufdb ud ed }d" F jdpoe lijd}u fj{osmo{ufciv cu jol}slciv udwlse} Mdbgso}} coml}o F wl} {os}leoe uhov woso uho {slmufmli {d}}fcfifuv d` l sopdiufdblsv `dsmo" Cu F mdieb‖u mdjo du d{obiv db uhofs }feo whfio F wl} {sd{lglufbg l {d{ils `sdbu bufi) fb lcdu <6?8 (F uhfbn fu jlv hlpo coob }fjiulbod}iv wfuh uho l{{lsobu eopoid{jobu d` lb L`sfmlbf}u `dsmo wfuhfb uho LBM& F comljo }ofqoe cv uho elbgos d` Mdbgso}} comdjfbg L`sfmlbf}u lbe uhoso`dso F `oiu uho booe `ds Mdbgso}} ud eo}ogsogluo" Cu lglfb) bdw fu }dbe} `lmfio lbe dpos}fj{if`foe" Hdw efe vd eomfeo uhlu `fmufdb }hdie co fbmieoe fb L`sfml fb  L`sfml ]duh4 ]duh4

Whlu wl} {difufmli lbe whlu wl} ifuoslsv" Vo}" Fu‖} jluosfli uhlu }djodbo }lfe d`  Godsgo Cosblse ]hlw) ‘l gdde jlb `liiob ljdbg @lcflb}‖" Lbe F‖j o}}obufliiv lb Obgif}h }mhdils `liiob ljdbg {difufmflb}" F jolb) jv jlads} lu _MU woso Obgif}h) Ilufb lbe Ouhfm}" Uhob F wobu db ud Mljcsfego `ds uho Obgif}h usf{d} lbe uhob F wdb l `oiidw}hf{ lu uho _bfpos}fuv d` Pfsgfbfl ud ed l edmudsluo lbe }d F liwlv} }lw jv}oi` l} l wsfuos lbe msfufm) cu jdso l msfufm uhlb lb dsfgfbli wsfuos" Uho Udndid}h) whfmh wl} jv `fs}u o}}lv fbud }osfd} wsfufbg) }ulsuoe l} l mhfiesob‖} }udsv lbe fu wl} {difufmli" F a}u hle uhf} feol d` uho joul{hds d` l udndid}h `ds l coifo` fb uho sopdiufdb" ]djo {od{io }lw hfj lbe }djo {od{io efeb‖u" ]d whob F }ulsuoe L`sfml ]duh F uhdghu) d` mds}o fu‖} gdfbg ud co {soedjfblbuiv {difufmli) cu uhoso dghu ud co l ifuoslsv }omufdb coml}o) l`uos lii) wo edb‖u }o{lsluo uho dbo `sdj uho duhos" Ed vd uhfbn uho ifuoslsv }feo d` uho adsbli jlumho} uho {difufmli4

Bd) F edb‖u edb‖u uhfbn uhfbn fu edo}" edo}" F uhfbn uhfbn " " " F uhfbn uhfbn uho lb}wo lb}woss f} fu‖} fu‖} {difufml {difufmliiv iiv esfpob esfpob)) fjlgfblufpoiv l} woii l} uomhbfmliiv lbe uhoso`dso uho nfbe d` l{{ifmlufdb lbe) f` vd ifno) fjlgfblufdb lbe fbgobfuv d` whfmh F wl} lsglciv ml{lcio wl} eopduoe ud uho {difufmli }feo) wfuh uho ifuoslsv l} lxfiflsv" F uhfbn }djo d` uho co}u wsfufbg F efe fb uhd}o oefudsfli} wl} {difufmliiv esfpob" Lmuliiv) F wl} uhfbnfbg lcdu uhf} vo}uoselv) uhoso woso uhsoo fbuoso}ufbg oefudsfli}1 dbo d` mds}o wl} ‘Sopdiufdb F} Bdw‖) whfmh wl} uho {ulufpo eoluh nboii" Fb }djo wlv} uhov woso posv {so}mfobu oefudsfli}" Lbduhos f} ‘Oxde}‖1 F {d}oe uho hv{duhoufmli ml}o uhlu l jlb ulno} {dwos fb l so{cifm ds f}ilbe d` uwd uhd}lbe ds }d {od{io lbe }ou} du ud nfii oposvdbo) dbo l`uos uho duhos" Lu whlu }ulgo f} fu uho dcifglufdb d` du}feos} ud }ud{ hfj edfbg }d4 Lbe uho }cuoxu wl}

30

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

fbuosblufdblif}u fbuosblufdblif}u ” whlu f} lii uhf} uhf} bdb}ob}o bdb}ob}o lcdu edjo}ufm edjo}ufm l``lfs} l``lfs} cofbg }lmsd}lbmu4 }lmsd}lbmu4<; Uho duhos dbo wl} ‘Hbglsv lbe ]duh L`sfml‖) whfmh wl} l }fgbli uhlu uho ]duh L`sfmlb Mdjjbf}u [lsuv jlv co {lsu d` uho mdjjdb `sdbu) cu iou‖} co miols) ]ulifbf}j f} covdbe uho {lio" Lbe coml}o fu wl} wsfuuob fb so}{db}o ud duslgo lu whlu hl{{oboe fb Hbglsv whfio uho ]duh L`sfmlb} uhoj}oipo} woso cohlpfbg fb uhf} l{{liifbg wlv) F uhfbn fu jleo fu} {dfbu" ]d) F uhfbn) vo}) whfio uhoso lso }djo {od{io whd mlb ed uwd uhfbg} lu uho }ljo ufjo) uho {difufmli f}}o wl} edjfblbu wfuh jo" F wl} }d duslgoe cv uho whdio uhfbg) F wl} fb l mdb}ulbu }uluo d` lbgos) whfmh f} bdu l cle uhfbg) vd nbdw) f` vd‖so wsfufbg l {difufmli adsbli" Fu‖} whob vd comdjo aleoe ds mvbfmli ds ufsoe uhlu vd lmuliiv comdjo }omdbe*sluo fb whlu vd‖so edfbg" ]d L`sfml ]duh wl} l {difufmli jlglqfbo wfuh ifuoslsv oxuob}fdb} lbe fu wl} posv dsfgfbli fb uhlu" F efeb‖u wfuufbgiv `diidw uho Bow ]uluo}jlb l} lb oxlj{io" F efeb‖u sole uho Bow ]uluo}jlb bufi iluos) whob F wl} fb Idbedb" Cu fu wl} uho Obgif}h uslefufdb ud hlpo l {difufmli jlglqfbo uhlu hle l ifuoslsv }omufdb" Opob uho ]{omuluds f} {lsu d` uho whdio Obgif}h hf}udsfmli uslefufdb d` {difufm} wfuh ifuosluso lbe fbeo{obeobu ifuoslsv msfufmf}j" Fb ]duh L`sfml) jlglqfbo} jdso d`uob mdjcfboe cddn sopfow} lbe uholuso sopfow} wfuh {difufmli mdjjobu) l} fb Uson ds Uson  ds ]duh L`sfmlb D{fbfdb" D{fbfdb" L`sfml ]duh lbe @fghufbg Ulin woso Ulin  woso uho uwd whfmh lmuliiv {cif}hoe }hdsu }udsfo}"

F uhfbn `sdj uho cogfbbfbg F obpf}lgoe uhlu dbo }hdie li}d obmdslgo wsfufbg) bdu a}u ]duh L`sfmlb wsfufbg" Fu wl} {lsuiv l {difufmli lbe {lsuiv l {cif}hfbg eomf}fdb" Fu jleo }ob}o coml}o fu wdie csfbg fb lbduhos mdb}ufuobmv lbe uho dbo mdb}ufuobmv wdie josgo fbud uho duhos }d uhlu vd‖e gou l mdb}ufuobmv uhlu wl} uwfmo whlu uho duhos} wdie hlpo coob" D` mds}o) dbo edo}b‖u nbdw f` dbo f} opos cofbg usuh`i fb sousd}{omu) coml}o dbo‖} whdio luufueo mhlbgo} fb uho jolbwhfio) cu F uhfbn `sdj whlu F sojojcos d` jv eopoid{jobu uhlu fu wl} li}d l ml}o d` jooufbg ef``osobu {od{io whdj F uhdghu wdie co d` }o ud uho jlglqfbo lbe hobmo ud uho dcaomufpo) whfmh wl} uho mdjjdb `sdbu" Uhlu‖} whv dbo d` uho olsifo}u {od{io F wobu ud }oo wl} Suh @fs}u ” coml}o F wlbuoe }djodbo }djodbo fbuoiifgobu fbuoiifgobu fb uho Mdjjbf}u gsd{ gsd{ wfuh whdj whdj F mdie miusliiv miusliiv mdsso}{dbe" mdsso}{dbe" ]ho wl} wl} lb oxusldsefblsfiv oxusldsefblsfiv ” gfpob hos mhlslmuos mhlslmuos lbe lbe lmhfopojobu} lmhfopojobu} lbe mdslgo ” bmosulfb {os}db) vd vd nbdw4 \fuo ef``feobu ef``feobu fb }djo }djo wlv}" F edb‖u edb‖u uhfbn }ho‖e hlpo hlpo wsfuuob l cddn wfuhdu wfuhdu jv fb}f}uobmo ” lu fssogils fssogils fbuospli}" Mosulfbiv) }ho wdie bopos hlpo wsfuuob <<7 Elv}" F hle l}noe hos ud ed l cddn db ]duh Wo}u L`sfml coml}o F uhdghu db uho cl}f} d` uho lsufmio} }ho wsduo `ds

<;" ‘Oxde}‖ l{{olsoe l{{olsoe fb Pdi" ?"5" ?"5" Uho dmml}fdb dmml}fdb wl} Es Poswdose‖} Poswdose‖} ulnfbg ]duh ]duh L`sfml du d` uho Mdjjdbwoliuh fb <60< fb whlu ]ogli }lw l} lb luuoj{u ud opleo msfufmf}j ds fbuospobufdb coml}o d` fu} {difmfo}"

F B U OS OS P F OW O W W F UH U H S D BL B L I E ] O G LI LI

37

L`sfml ]duh }ho wdie ed l posv gdde cddn d` so{dsulgo> }ho hle uho sfghu fbpo}ufglufpo lbuobblo" ]ho efeb‖u gd ud l }caomu) wfuh uho cddn lisolev wsfuuob) josoiv ud `fbe mdb`fsjlufdb" Uhob) l`uos }ho wl} ulnob fbud eouobufdb) l} }ddb l} }ho wl} soiol}oe) F }lfe1 ‘Vd j}u wsfuo l cddn db vds ox{osfobmo}‖ lbe }ho }lfe1 ‘F mlb‖ mlb‖u) u) fu‖ fu‖}} udd udd {lfb {lfb` `ii " " "‖" "‖"<< Liuhdgh jlbv mdbulmu} woso jleo cv mhlbmo) oefudsfli }hl{fbg f} opfeobu fb olmh f}}o" Uho mdhosobmo }ggo}u} vd hlpo {ilbboe lhole ud }djo oxuobu) cu uhoso j}u hlpo coob l `lfsiv le hdm {sdmo}} cv whfmh uhfbg} gdu uhoso4

Lc}diuoiv" Hli` d` fu f} }osobef{fuv lbe hli` d` fu f} }usluogv" F uhfbn vd mlb ed fu jdso ol}fiv f` vd‖so sbbfbg l |lsuosiv) hdwopos cinv uho jluosfli) uhlb f` vd lso sbbfbg l elfiv ds l wooniv {l{os" Uhob l {cifmlufdb eluo {so}}o} db vd) whosol} F liwlv} hle l }ob}o d` }{lmo lbe d` ufjo" Jlvco) hdwopos) uhlu wl}b‖u uho fbfufli sol}db `ds jv mhdfmo d` uho `dsj" F mhd}o l |lsuosiv coml}o fu glpo jo sddj lbe F uhdghu F‖e booe sddj ud o}ulcif}h fu" F` vd ed opob l jdbuhiv) vd‖so fb }mh l hssv ud mdj{iouo vds md{v uhlu vd mlb‖u {ilb lbe }d db) bio}} vd hlpo l ilsgo }ul``" F jleo l mlimilufdb sfghu lu uho cogfbbfbg uhlu uhoso woso }d jlbv ef``fmiufo} mdb`sdbufbg jo) ds uhlu F wl} mdb`sdbufbg) uhlu fu hle ud co fbuosblufdbli" fbuosblufdbli" F mdieb‖u a}u ulin lcdu fu cofbg fbuosblufdbli> F hle ud gfpo fu lb fbuosblufdbli l{{olslbmo lbe }fgbf`fmlbmo }fgbf`fmlbmo ” bdu bomo}}lsfiv bomo}}lsfiv fj{dsulbmo) fj{dsulbmo) cu }fgbf`fmlbmo" }fgbf`fmlbmo" Lbe uhoso`dso uhoso`dso fu wdie wdie hlpo coob lb lc}sefuv ud {u du lb f}}o whfmh wl} dbiv fbpdipoe wfuh ]duh L`sfml) `ds fb}ulbmo" ]d F }lfe1 ‘Whlu hlpo wo gdu fb L`sfml4 Whoso lso uhfbg} hl{{obfbg4 Whoso }hdie uhov co hl{{obfbg4 Whv lsob‖u uhov hl{{obfbg4 Lbe whd mlb ed fu4‖ F jolb) `ds fb}ulbmo) Sd} Lfb}ifo fb Idbedb wl} }o`i coml}o F mdie gou fb udmh wfuh hos lbe l}n1 ‘Wfii vd `fbe jo }djodbo whd wfii wsfuo db uhf}4‖ Fb Ljosfml F hle soilufpo} lbe jv c}fbo}} jlblgos wl} ]vipfl [liov" F wdie l}n hos whouhos }ho‖e gd lbe }oo }djodbo ds iou jo nbdw" F} uhoso l mlii `ds l bow L`sfml bow L`sfml ]duh udelv4 Wdie vd usv ud ed }djouhfbg }fjfils bdw4 Whlu wdie uho }{fsfu d` l bow adsbli hlpo ud co4

F wl} posv imnv fb uho <6?;} coml}o F wl} uhoso lu uho sfghu ufjo lbe F hl{{oboe ud csfbg uho sfghu fbeo{obeobu so}dsmo} ud uho jlglqfbo) }d fu wl} l mdjcfblufdb d`  feodidgfmli lbe jluosfli gdde `dsubo" Wo booe }mh l uhfbg posv cleiv udelv> jdso {oshl{} opob bdw uhlb wo efe uhob" F‖j ulinfbg hoso fb gidcli) bdu josoiv ]duh L`sfmlb) uosj} uhdgh fu l{{ifo} fb oxusojf} fb jv pfow fb ]duh L`sfml" Lii uho die mosulfbufo}) dsuhdedxfo}) eo{obeobmfo}) jdsli lbe fbuoiiomuli) l{{ols ud hlpo

<<" <<7 Elv} wl} `fs}u {cif}hoe fb uho [obgfb L`sfmlb Ifcslsv }osfo} fb <60?" Uho }osfo} wl} oefuoe cv Sdblie ]ogli"

38

J " A " E L V J D B E & M D S F BB BB O ] L B E WF WF U H

opl{dsluoe) ds ud co }fmn) lfifbg" Uhoso‖} l nfbe d` ucosmils wl}ufbg d` coifo` lbe {s{d}o" Eojdmslmv hl} comdjo }mh l jolbfbgio}} eo}msf{uds f` fu obmdj{l}}o} uho fbuosblufdbli mdbemu d` uho _bfuoe ]uluo}) whfmh edo}b‖u d{ob fu} jduh wfuhdu {slf}fbg eojdmslmv l} fu} msmfli }oi`*eo`fbfufdb lijd}u" Uho io`u f} clssob coml}o mil}}fm Mdjjbf}j) mdbpobufdbli Mdjjbf}j) f} }d ef}so{ulcio uhlu bd dbo mlb }osfd}iv lepdmluo fu" Lbe uho io`u) uho fbeo{obeobu io`u) uho }dmflif}u io`u) hl} {lsuiv }die du" [lsuiv ufsoe) F uhfbn) lbe fu‖} boglufpo" F edb‖u wlbu ud }dbe ifno {lsu d` uho coifuuifbg idccv cu) opob whob uho {osfdefmli {so}} f} woii fbuobufdboe) uhoso‖} olsbo}ubo}} wfuhdu obuos{sf}o" Fu‖} lii {oeo}usflb" F edb‖u jolb uhf} fb lbv }bdccf}h wlv) fu a}u ilmn} æilb) fu ilmn} oxmfuojobu) fu ilmn} obadvjobu" Uhoso‖} bd soli `b coml}o }{fuo f} bdu `b lbe lu {so}obu uho dbiv soli wfu f} uho wfu d` eo{somlufdb) ef}jf}}li) ef}ul}uo" Wfuh L`sfml ]duh) wo woso imnv) coml}o wo mljo lu l ufjo whob uhoso wl} bduhfbg ud co }lfe `ds ds obojfo}" Uhov woso lc}diuoiv ef}g}ufbg lbe wo nbow wo woso sfghu lbe uhlu fu wl} l jluuos d` ufjo" Wo coifopoe fb hf}udsv) wo mlsoe lcdu uho `uso) wo hle l }ob}o d` efsomufdb" Fu wl} ifno uhlu {osfde d` uho @sobmh Sopdiufdb whob uho Obgif}h {dou} uhdghu ‘gile jdsbfbg) mdb`feobu gile jdsbfbg‖ uhlu uho wdsie wl} mhlbgfbg lbe d{obfbg {"<3 Lbe l`uos lii uhd}o esole`i vols}) whob fu }ufii hleb‖u hl{{oboe) mdbufbfbg uho `fghu wl} }d bomo}}lsv lbe adv`i" Bdw) {od{io edb‖u coifopo fb lbvuhfbg" Uhov‖so ef}us}u`i d` uho `uso `uso lbe uhov uhov lso lso dc}o}}o dc}o}}oe e wfuh jdbov jdbov lbe F `fbe `fbe fu }d " " " F nbdw uhlu uhlu F‖j F‖j }{dfiu }{dfiu fb l wlv) coml}o F gsow { wfuh lii uhf} jdbov lbe fb l `ljfiv whoso jdbov wl} {u fb fu} {sd{os {ilmo" Fu wl} uhoso ud co }oe" Jv `luhos liwlv} glpo lwlv jmh jdso uhlb ho mdie l``dse" Cu udelv uho whdio d` {difufm} f} fb uosj} d` whlu vd cv" Omdbdjfm} f} bdu fssoioplbu) cu fu‖} bdu uho whdio d` if`o"

<3" Fu wl} l iluos iluos {dou) Sdcosu Sdcosu Csdwbfbg) Csdwbfbg) whd) fb ‘Uho Id}u Id}u Ioleos‖) Ioleos‖) mhlslmuosf}oe mhlslmuosf}oe uho id}} d` uhf} luufueo l}1 ‘Bopos gile mdb`feobu jdsbfbg lglfb,‖

U HO HO G S SL L PO P O D @ U HO H O J FB FB E

36

 Pdi" <"3) Albulsv”Jlsmh <6?7

Oefudsfli1 Oefudsfli1 Uho Gslp Gslpo o d` uho Jfbe Jfbe

Sdblie ]ogli 

Fb uhf} olsiv oefudsfli) Sdblie ]ogli edmjobu} uho }uo{} ulnob cv uho Blufdbli [lsuv gdposbjobu ud fj{iojobu uho {difmv d` Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Oemlufdb" Uho dsfgfbli {sd{d}li `ds lb oemlufdb }v}uoj cl}oe db uho {sfbmf{io} d` whfuo }{sojlmv lbe slmfli }ogsoglufdb wl} `fs}u jdduoe fb <658" Wsfuuob lijd}u uob vols} iluos) ‘Uho Gslpo d` uho Jfbe‖ edmjobu} uho Blufdbli [lsuv‖} o``dsu} ud gfpo jluosfli }c}ulbmo ud fu} dsfgfbli pf}fdb" ]ogli‖} wds}u `ols} woso solif}oe fb <6?6 wfuh uho {l}}fbg d` uho Oxuob}fdb d` _bfpos}fuv Oemlufdb Lmu) whfmh oxmieoe cilmn }ueobu} `sdj {sopfd}iv d{ob bfpos}fufo} lbe o}ulcif}hoe }ogsogluoe mdiiogo} dsglbf}oe db ouhbfm ifbo} (}oo uho o}}lv} cv Q"N" Jluuhow} lbe Jlsfmo [d{o&" Sdblie ]ogli‖} if`o f} duifboe fb uho fbuospfow lbe uho fbusdemufdb d` uhf} cddn (}oo {lgo} < lbe Ljosfml‖} Somoefbg @uso (<67;&> Whd}o Aos}lioj4 (<67?&> Uho Uslgoev d` Iodb Usdu}nv (<68=&> Uho Cilmn Efl}{dsl (<66?& lbe F}ilj‖} Cilmn ]ilpo} (3;;<&" Ho efoe d` mlbmos fb 3;;8"

F

b @ocslsv <658) uho }ljo vols uho {sgoe Blufdblif}u [lsuv `fs}u uddn {d}}o}}fdb {d}}o}}fdb d`  uho mdbusv) mdbusv) l gsd{ g sd{ d` {sdjfbobu L`sfnlbos} mliifbg uhoj}oipo} uhoj}oipo} uho Fb}ufuuo `ds Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Oemlufdb {sd{d}oe l bow oemlufdbli {difmv `ds ]duh L`sfml uhlu ljdbuoe iufjluoiv iufjluoiv ud l suhio}} s uhio}} lbe {os{ouli {difmfbg {difmfbg d` uho jfbe" Uhlu uho fb`iobufli @oeoslufdb @oeoslufdb d` L`sfnllb} Miusli ]dmfoufo} }hdie hlpo }{db}dsoe }{db}dsoe uho {difmv }uluojobu d` uho Fb}ufuuo glpo }``fmfobu ml}o `ds gobosli lilsj" Cu uhlu job ifno Es U U"O" "O" Eðbgo}) Jojcos d` [lsifljobu) Es O"G" O"G" Alb}ob) Jojcos d` [lsifljobu lbe [sd`o}}ds A"G A"G"" Jofsfbg  }hdie hlpo hlpo coob lmuli efsomuds} d` uho Fb}ufuuo) ef}uscoe ef}uscoe uho dbo mdb}dilufdb uho uoxu fu}oi` jlv hlpo hlpo {sdpfeoe) {sdpfeoe) uhlu uho whdio whdio wl} l {sdemu {sdemu d` uho iblufm `sfbgo d` L`sfnlbos blufdblif}j" L }hdsu }hdsu cs}u d` lc}diuo hdssds `diidwoe `diidwoe uho {cifmlufdb {cifmlufdb d` uho }uluojobu" 36

=;

SDBLIE ]OGLI

 Uho hdssds hl} }c}feoe bdw) l} dbo hdssds edo} fb ]duh L`sfml) ud jlno sddj `ds lbduhos" lbduhos" Jd}u d` } whd fb <658 slf}oe }ulsuioe hole} hfgh `ds l jdjobu fb {sduo}u hlpo bdw `dsgduuob opob opob uho bljo d` uho edmusfbo lbe ds `sfghu lidbg wfuh fu" Cu uhob Es O"G" Alb}ob f} bdw Hf} Oxmoiiobmv) Oxmoiiobmv) uho Gdposbds*Gobosli d` ]duh L`sfml) Es U"O" U"O" Eðbgo} f} Jfbf}uos d` uho Fbuosfds lbe [sd`o}}ds A"G" A"G" Jofsfbg) ]{osfbuobeobu*Gobosli ]{osfbuobeobu* Gobosli d` Oemlufdb Oemlufdb fb uho Ml{o" Ml{o" Fu wl} }lfe fb uho `fs}u cslpo `i}h d` d{{d}fufdb d{{d}fufdb uhlu Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Oemlufdb Oemlufdb  wl} bdu Mhsf}uflb) bdu ‘Blufdbli‖ lbe bdu oemlufdb" ]fbmo fu eo`fboe Mhsf}uflbfuv l} ‘uho msooe} d` uho uhsoo L`sfnlbos Mhsmho}‖ Mhsmho}‖ (Lsufmio f& lbe }fbmo fu f} }ufii d{ob ud |o}ufdb  whouhos uho uhfb) }udd{fbg Mlipfbf}j d` uho L`sfnlbos mhsmho} mhsmho} {os`omuiv so{so}obu} uho uolmhfbg} uolmhfbg} d` Mhsf}u) wo woso woso sfghu fb soglsefbg uho eo`fbfufdb l} l {ioego d` }omulsflb uvslbbv" uvslbbv" ]fbmo li}d ‘Blufdbli‖ wl} eo`fboe l} ‘fjcoe wfuh uho idpo d` dbo‖} dbo‖} dwb) o}{omfliiv  dbo‖} dbo‖} dwb ilbglgo) hf}udsv lbe miuso‖ lbe }fbmo ]duh L`sfml f} l blufdb d` jlbv  {od{io}) ilbglgo}) hf}udsfo} lbe miuso} lbe uhoso f} bduhfbg io}} blufdbli fb fu uhlb mdbmobuslufdb {db gsd{ fb}uole d` }dmfouv) }dmfouv) uho oj{hl}f}fbg lbe }lbmuf`vfbg d`  ef``osobmo}) wo }lw fb uho wdse wdse uhlu cioln {sdjf}o d` slmfli edjfblufdb whfmh wl} ud comdjo fb uho obe) l} wo nbdw nbdw) uho fb}lbfuv d` ‘l{lsuhofe‖" Iol}u d` lii mdie Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Oemlufdb hlpo coob mdb}feosoe oemlufdb1  Lii whfuo mhfiesob mhfiesob }hdie co oemluoe oemluoe lmmdsefbg ud uho pfow d` if`o d` uhofs {lsobu}" {lsobu}"  Uhf} jolb} uhlu L`sfnllb}*}{olnfbg L`sfnllb}*} {olnfbg mhfiesob }hdie hlpo l Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli oemlufdb) `ds uho Mhsf}uflb lbe Blufdbli Blufdbli }{fsfu d` uho L`sfnlbos blufdb j}u j}u co {so}ospoe lbe eopoid{oe (Lsufmio <&"  Uho }{fsfu d` lii uolmhfbg j}u co Mhsf}uflb*blufdbli) Mhsf}uflb*blufdbli) fb bd }caomu jlv lbuf*Mhsf}uflb ds bdb*Mhsf}uflb ds lbuf*blufdblif}u ds bdb*blufdblif}u {sd{lglbel co jleo (Lsufmio 0(f&&" Hf}udsv }hdie }hdie co }oob }oob l} uho `i`fijob `i`fijobuu d` Gde‖} Gde‖} {ilb {ilb `ds hjlbfuv hjlbfuv " " " Gde hl} hl} obadfboe obadfboe db olmh blufdb fu} fbefpfeli ul}n fb uho `i`fijobu d` Hf} {s{d}o" Vdbg {od{io mlb dbiv beosulno uho uho blufdbli ul}n ul}n `sfu`iiv f` uhov lm|fso l uso pf}fdb d` uho dsfgfb d`  uho blufdb lbe d` uho efsomufdb d` uho blufdbli hosfulgo" hosfulgo" Boxu ud uho jduhos udbgo uho hf}udsv d` uho @luhosilbe f} uho co}u mhlbboi `ds miufplufbg miufplufbg uho idpo d` dbo‖} dbo‖} dwb  whfmh f} blufdblif}j (Lsufmio 0(pf&&" Fu f} uho L`sfnlbos}‖ }lmsoe euv ud }oo uhlu uho Mdidsoe} lso csdghu { Mhsf}uflb* blufdbli" Dbiv whob ho f} Mhsf}uflbfqoe mlb uho Mdidsoe co usiv hl{{v> lbe ho wfii uhob co {sdd` lglfb}u `dsofgb feodidgfo} feodidgfo} whfmh gfpo gfpo hfj lb fii}fdb d` hl{{fbo}} hl{{fbo}} cu  iolpo hfj fb uho idbg sb b}luf}`foe lbe bhl{{v" Ho j}u li}d co blufdblif}u" blufdblif}u" Uho woi`lso lbe hl{{fbo}} d` uho Mdidsoe ifo} fb hf} beos}ulbefbg uhlu ho coidbg} ud l }o{lsluo slmfli gsd{ (hobmo l{lsuhofe f} bomo}}lsv  fb oemlufdb& lbe fb hf} hf} cofbg {sde d` fu (Lsufmio <5&"

U HO HO G S SL L PO P O D @ U HO H O J FB FB E

=<

 Uhf}) wo lii msfoe du) wl} bdu oemlufdb) uho eopoid{jobu d` fbeo{obeobu uhfbnfbg) d`  fbefpfeli {os}dblifuv {os}dblifuv"" Fu wl} jl}} fbedmusfblufdb) l suhio}} s uhio}} l}}l}}fblufdb l}}l}}fblufdb d` {os}dblifuv  uhlu wdie jlno jlno `sdj ]duh L`sfml lu il}u l gslpo d` uho jfbe"  Wfuh }mh l }{leo woso woso uho `dbelufdb} d` uho L`sfnlbos Sofmh ud co ilfe" Fu }oojoe lc}se lbe fj{d}}fcio) uho whdio cilmn {sdgsljjo" {sdgsljjo" Uhd}lbe} d` L`sfnlbos mhfiesob mhfiesob  woso ud co ef}`fgsoe fbud coifopfbg fb uhofs efpfbo jf}}fdb ud sio dpos uho ‘@luhosilbe‖  whfio hbesoe} hbesoe} d` uhd}lbe} d` d` Mdidsoe lbe L`sfmlb L`sfmlb mhfiesob mhfiesob woso ud co ulghu ulghu uhlu uhov woso cdsb) lbe woso liwlv} liwlv} b{sduo}ufbgiv b{sduo}ufbgiv ud sojlfb) uho }osplbu} d` uho mhd}ob }osplbu} }osplbu} d` Gde"  Wo  Wo jlv co `dsgfpob `ds hlpfbg `dsgduuob uho edmusfbo d` Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Oemlufdb }d }ddb) `ds hlpfbg hle ds dbo |fmn }{su d` {lbfm lbe uhob hlpfbg umnoe uho }uluojobu }uluojobu lwlv lwlv fb l `ls `die d` uho jfbe" Wo Wo `dsgdu) cu uho Blufdblif}u [lsuv efe bdu `dsgou" Fb <658 fu} {sdpfbmfli mdbg mdbgso}}o} so}}o} fb uho Ml{o lbe uho Uslb}plli Uslb}plli mliioe {db uho gdposbjobu g dposbjobu ud jlno Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Oemlufdb uho oemlufdbli oemlufdbli {difmv d` uho mdbusv" mdbusv" Lbe oposv  jdpo uho gdposbjobu hl} jleo }fbmo `fs}u fu clsgoe fu} wlv fbud {dwos fb <658 hl} coob lbduhos `fsj }uo{ edwb uho sdle ud uho Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli }uluo" }uluo" ‘Woo wlbu bd jfxfbg d` ‘W d` ilbglgo}) ilbglgo}) bd jfxfbg d` miuso}) miuso}) bd jfxfbg d` soifgfdb} lbe bd jfxfbg d` slmo}"‖ slmo}"‖ ]d wsduo A"M" A"M" plb Sddv Sddv) mhlfsjlb d` uho @oeoslufdb @oeoslufdb d` L`sfnllb} Miusli ]dmfoufo}) fb hf} {so`lmo ud uho Fb}ufuuo {difmv }uluojobu" Lbe }djo jdbuh} l`uos uho {cifmlufdb {cifmlufdb d` uho }uluojobu }uluojobu uho hosefbg fbud slmfli mlj{} coglb" ]o{lsluo `lmfifufo}) bopos o|li) `ds }o{lsluo slmo}" ]o{lsluo edds} lbe }o{lsluo mdbuos} fb {cifm cfiefbg}) }o{lsluo }olu} fb {cifm c}o}) }o{lsluo cobmho} fb {cifm {lsn}" ]o{lsluo ilw} lbe ilw} ud }o{lsluo ” so}feobufliiv) so}feobufliiv) fbe}usfliiv) fbe}usfliiv) {difufmliiv) {difufmliiv) fbuoiiomuliiv) fbuoiiomuliiv) }oxliiv" }oxliiv" ]o{lslufdb d` whfuo lbe cilmn) d` cilmn lbe lbe Mdidsoe) d` whfuo lbe Mdidsoe) Mdidsoe) d` d` cilmn  lbe cilmn lbe d` whfuo lbe whfuo" whfuo" Lbe lii }o{lslufdb `fsjiv sdduoe fb uho }mhddi}1 }mhddi}1   Uhoso }hdie co lu iol}u uwd nfbe} d` d` {sfjlsv lbe }omdbelsv }mhddi}> } mhddi}> dbo `ds uho mhfiesob mhfiesob d` L`sfnllb}*}{olnfbg L`sfnllb}*}{olnfbg {lsobu}) {lsobu}) wfuh dbiv L`sfnllb} l} joefj lbe uho duhos `ds mhfiesob d` Obgif}h*}{olnfbg Obgif}h*}{olnfbg {lsobu}) {lsobu}) wfuh dbiv Obgif}h l} joefj" Fb olmh uhoso }hdie co uho sfghu soilufdb}hf{ couwoob hdjo) }mhddi) mhsmh lbe }uluo (Lsufmio 8(f&&"

 Ud eluo) uho Uslb}plli lbe uho Dslbgo @soo ]uluo hlpo cduh {l}}oe ilbglgo dsefblbmo} lcdif}hfbg lcdif}hfbg {lsliioi*joefj {lsliioi*joefj }mhddifbg }mhddifbg ” l }v}uoj whfmh whfmh hl} hl} obmdslgoe obmdslgoe uho jfxfbg jfxfbg d`  mhfiesob lmsd}} uho uho ilbglgo ifbo esfbg esfbg csoln} lbe oxusl*jsli oxusl*jsli lmufpfufo} lmufpfufo} ” lbe o}ulcif}hfbg  o}ulcif}hfbg  fb}uole mdj{i}dsv }fbgio*joefj oemlufdb { ud ]ulbelse 8 (uwd vols} co`dso jlusfmilufdb&" Uho }o{lslufdb d` Obgif}h* lbe L`sfnllb}*}{olnfbg L`sfnllb}*}{olnfbg }mhddimhfiesob }mhddimhfiesob fb cduh {sdpfbmo} f} bdw mdj{iouo" Lbe uho }o{lslufdb liidw} d` bd oxmo{ufdb" Uho mhfie f} ud co ulghu fb uho ilbglgo whfmh uho luhdsfufo} aego uhlu ho nbdw} co}u) bdu fb uho ilbglgo hf} {lsobu} jlv eo}fso `ds hfj" Uho }mhddi {sfbmf{li fbpo}ufgluo} lbe eomfeo} lbe uho {lsobu} hlpo uho sfghu ud l{{oli ud uho Efsomuds d` Oemlufdb" Cu uho efsomuds‖}

=3

SDBLIE ]OGLI

eomf}fdb f} `fbli lbe uhoso jlv co bd `suhos l{{oli `sdj fu" Uho mdj{dbe wlii} j}u co jleo }d hfgh uhlu bd dbo mlb mifjc dpos uhoj" Dbiv fb uho Ml{o [sdpfbmo) whfmh wl} dbmo) }d idbg lgd) uho hdjo d` ifcoslif}j) ifcoslif}j ) hlpo uho luhdsfufo} liidwoe uhoj}oipo} ud co cobu l ifuuio cv uho {so}}so d` {cifm d{fbfdb" Hoso li}d }fbgio*joefj }mhddifbg hl} coob jleo mdj{i}dsv { ud ]ulbelse 8) cu uho {lsobu {lsobu mlb mhlbgo uho ilbglgo joefj d` hf} mhfie l`uos l`uos {sfjlsv }mhddi f` ho mlb dculfb l wsfuuob }uluojobu cv uho {sfbmf{li) mdbuos}fgboe cv lb fb}{omuds d` uho Oemlufdb Eo{lsujobu) }ulufbg }ulufbg uhlu hf} mhfie f} ml{lcio d` cobo`fufbg cobo`fufbg `sdj fb}usmufdb fb lbduhos ilbglgo" ilbglgo" Uho `fbli eomf}fdb) hdwopos hdwopos)) }ufii ifo} fb uho {dmnou d` eo{lsujobuli d``fmfli}) d``fmfli}) }d uhlu uho o}ml{o mil}o eo{obe} `ds lmmo}} obufsoiv {db uho udioslbmo d` fu} glse}" Mfpfif}oe eojdmslufm }dmfouv }dmfouv wfii lmmo{u uho <656 {sdbdbmojobu {sdbdbmojobu d` uho gobosli l}}ojciv d` uho ]duh L`sfmlb [so}cvuosflb Mhsmh uhlu uhlu ‘uho {lsobu f} uho {sfjlsv  m}udefl m}udeflb b d` uho mhfie mhfie " " " lbe }hdie }hdie hlpo hlpo uho sfghu sfghu ud mhdd mhdd}o }o couwo couwoob ob uho uho ef``osob ef``osobuu }mhddi} lplfilcio‖" Cu Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Oemlufdb {hdie} uho {lsljdbu sfghu d`  uho }uluo1   Uho {lsobu} fb mdjjbfuv (bdu l} fbefpfeli}& j}u o}ulcif}h) jlfbulfb lbe mdbusdi }mhddi} whfmh wfii `d}uos uhofs dwb dwb pfow d` if`o) uhov j}u l{{dfbu uho uolmhos} lbe noo{ l wlumh db uho uolmhfbg (Lsufmio 8(fff&&" Fu }hlii co uho gobosli {difmv d` uho Lejfbf}usluds ud somdgbfqo) somdgbfqo) sopoli lbe miufpluo uho Mhsf}uflb {sfbmf{io fb oemlufdb) lbe ud jlfbulfb uho blufdbli duiddn) fb dseos ud eopoid{ fb {{fi} l Mhsf}uflb {hfid}d{hv d` uho wdsie lbe if`o) ud fbmimluo l holiuhv }obufjobu  d` befpfeoe idpo `ds lbe idvliuv ud uho mdjjdb @luhosilbe lbe ud miufpluo lb o}uooj `ds uho uslefufdb}) uslefufdb}) ilbglgo lbe miuso d` lii }omufdb} d` uho {od{io (Dsefblbmo (Dsefblbmo <0&"

  Whlu uhofs dwb pfow d` if`o f} ud co f` uhov lso L`sfnlbos}) uho Dslbgo @soo ]uluo Ilbglgo Dsefblbmo d` <6?5 iolpo} iolpo} fb ifuuio edcu" Dbo mlb dbiv sousb wfuh l }heeos ud uho {lj{hiou f}}oe cv uho Fb}ufuuo1 ‘Ds L`sfnllb} }mhddi} j}u bdu josoiv co jduhos udbgo }mhddi}> uhov j}u co {ilmo} whoso ds mhfiesob wfii co }lusluoe wfuh uho Mhsf}uflb lbe Blufdbli }{fsfuli }{fsfuli miusli }u`` d` ds blufdb‖ blufdb‖ ([so`lmo&"  Uho whfuo }mhddi} hle coob eoliu wfuh `ds uho jolbufjo" Fu sojlfboe dbiv ud eoli l}  woii wfuh uho cilmn dbo}" dbo}" Lsufmio fu} lfj }hdie co ud fbmimluo uho whfuo jlb‖}  pfow d` if`o) o}{omfliiv o}{omfliiv uhlu d` uho Cdos blufdb) whfmh whfmh f} uho }obfds us}uoo‖" Fb <656 l }{omfli gdposbjobu mdjjf}}fdb db Clbu Oemlufdb wl} mdb}ufuuoe) ud lmmdj{if}h) lmmdj{if}h) ljdbg}u duhos uhfbg}1 ‘Uho `dsjilufdb d` uho {sfbmf{io} lbe lfj} d`  oemlufdb `ds Blufpo} l} lb fbeo{obeobu slmo) fb whfmh uhofs {l}u lbe {so}obu) uhofs

U HO HO G S SL L PO P O D @ U HO H O J FB FB E

==

fbhosobu slmfli |lifufo}) uhofs ef}ufbmufpo mhlslmuosf}ufm} lbe l{ufueo} lbe uhofs booe} beos opos*mhlbgfbg }dmfli mdbefufdb} lso ulnob fbud mdb}feoslufdb‖" Fb l jdjobu d` l}udbf}hfbg imfefuv) uho mdjjf}}fdb so{dsuoe uhlu ‘bd opfeobmo d`  l eomf}fpo bluso wl} leemoe ud }hdw uhlu l} l gsd{ uho Clbu mdie bdu cobo`fu `sdj oemlufdb ds uhlu uhofs fbuoiifgobmo fbuoiifgobmo lbe l{ufueo} woso d` }d }{omfli lbe {omifls l bluso l} ud eojlbe db uho}o gsdbe} l }{omfli uv{o d` Oemlufdb‖" Oemlufdb‖" Cu uho so{dsu wl} bdu ud co mlghu wfuh fu} }if{ }hdwfbg lglfb" Obgif}h lbe L`sfnllb} L`sfnl lb} j}u co ulghu ‘fb }mh l wlv uhlu uho Clbu mhfie wfii co lcio ud `fbe `fb e hf} wlv fb Osd{olb mdjjbfufo}) ud `diidw dsli ds wsfuuob fb}usmufdb}> lbe ud mlssv mlss v db l }fj{io mdbpos}lufdb mdbpos}lufdb  wfuh Osd{olb} lcdu lcdu hf} wdsn lbe duhos }caomu} d` mdjjdb fbuoso}u‖ fbuoso}u‖ ([lslgsl{h 635& ^lbeZ ‘vds Mdjjf}}fdb Mdjjf}}fdb somdjjobe} uhlu hlbewdsn hlbewdsn fb uho `fs}u `ds vols} d` }mhddi }mhddi }hdie lfj lu uho o}ulcif}hjobu o}ulcif}hjobu d` uho hlcfu d` edfbg jlbli wdsn‖ wdsn‖ ([lslgsl{h 6=3(m&&" 6=3(m&&" Bd wdbeos uhob uho so{dsu oj{hl}f}oe }d }usdbgiv lgsfmiusli uslfbfbg `ds gfsi} l}   woii l} cdv}) }ggo}uoe booeiowdsn l} lb l{{sd{sfluo }caomu `ds cdv} lbe {lfe io}} luuobufdb ud bfpos}fuv oemlufdb uhlb ud glseobfbg" Cdos us}uoo}hf{ lbe uho {sfbmf{io} d` bdb*o|lifuv bdb*o|lifuv lbe }ogsoglufdb woso ud comdjo fb {slmufmo whlu uhov woso fb Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Blufdbli {sfbmf{ {sfbmf{io io ” oemlufd oemlufdb b `ds }ospfmo fb nfumhob nfumhob)) glseob lbe db `lsj"  Whlu d` uho jfiifdb} jfiifdb} d` L`sfmlb} ifpfbg ifpfbg fb uho mfufo} mfufo})) jlbv d` uhoj cdsb uhoso lbe lbe nbdwfbg bd duhos hdjo4  Vds Mdjjf}}fdb `ooi} uhlu }{omfli }uo{} }hdie co ulnob fb uho So}ospo} ud `lmfifuluo lbe obmdslgo uho opdiufdb d` l {sdgso}}fpo) jdeosb lbe }oi`*so}{omufbg }oi`*so}{omufbg Clbu dseos d` if`o" Md}jd{difulb Md}jd{difulb lsol} fb fbe}usfli fbe}usfli mobuso} whoso {od{io {od{io d` jlbv ilbglgo} lbe m}udj} lso hoseoe udgouhos {sdpfeo {lsufmilsiv ef``fmiu mdbefufdb} `ds uho dseosiv  lbe {sdgso}}fpo eopoid{jobu eopoid{jobu d` Clbu miuso"

Clbu }mhddi} ‘d` l Wo}uosb Wo}uosb uv{o‖ lisolev oxf}ufbg woso dcaomuoe ud l} cofbg du d`  hlsjdbv wfuh oxf}ufbg Clbu }dmfli }dmfli fb}ufuufdb} ([lslgsl{h ([lslgsl{h 7?6&" Lbe du d` hlsjdbv  uhov jd}u l}}soeiv lso" Cu sluhos wfuh uho gdp g dposbjobu‖ osbjobu‖}} {difmv d` usbfbg clmn ud uho usfco jfiifdb} d` L`sfmlb} lc}dscoe cv lb fbe}usfli omdbdjv omdbdjv lbe holpv wfuh fu} hlcfu} lbe eojlbe}" Uho {ilbboe ox{i}fdb d` d` bjcosio}} wdjob wdjob lbe mhfiesob `sdj uho mfufo}) uho `dsmoe mliljfud} csoln{ d` }d jlbv hdjo} lbe `ljfifo}) uho o}ulcif}hjobu lu mlj{} ifno Ilbgl Ilbgl d` clsslmn} `ds uhd}lbe} uhd}lbe} d` leiu L`sfmlb jlio}) jlio}) uho}o uho}o lso uho {dmn*jlsn} {dmn*jlsn} beosboluh uho {lfbu {lfbu d` ‘uho opdiufdb opdiufdb d` l {sdgso}}fpo) {sdgso}}fpo) jdeosb lbe }oi`* so}{omufbg Clbu dseos d` if`o‖" ]fbmo opob uho ciolmhoe Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli }uluo mlbbdu ed wfuhdu ilcds) fu wfii co fj{dsuoe `sdj uho lsol} whoso Clbu miuso f} fb csfghuo}u `idwos" Wfpo} lbe mhfiesob  wfii co ulghu ulghu uho pfsuo d` b{sduo}ufbg b{sduo}ufbg }ilposv }ilposv fb uho so}ospo} l} {lsu d` uhofs {omifls {omifls miusli hosfulgo) hosfulgo) lbe leiu jlio}) uhdgh h}clbe} lbe `luhos} jd}u d` uhoj) wfii co }d }``}oe wfuh l }ob}o d` euv ud uhofs us}uoo} uhlu uhov wfii iolpo uhofs `ljfifo} `ds vols}

=5

SDBLIE ]OGLI

db obe ud ifpo fb }uosfio }uosfio }|lids lu uho }ospfmo d` uho }uluo" Wfuh Wfuh jfiifdb} }ulspfbg fb uho osdeoe so}ospo}) uho ‘{sdgso}}fpo) ‘{sdgso}}fpo) jdeosb lbe }oi`*so}{omufbg Clbu dseos d` if`o‖ wfii bopos co {sdgso}}fpo) jdeosb ds }oi`*so}{omufbg obdgh ud liidw L`sfmlb jlio} ud ifpo mdbuobuoeiv wfuh uhofs `ljfifo} fb uhofs hdjo} fb uho so}ospo}"  Uho jol}so d` l uvslbbv f} uho eogsoo ud whfmh fu udiosluo} d{{d}fufdb" d{{d}fufdb" Uho Fb}ufuuo `ds Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Oemlufdb f} bo|fpdmli fb fu} ef}ul}uo `ds msfufmf}j lbe `fsj fb fu} eomf}fdb ud }jduhos fu1  Uho }{fsfu d` lii uolmhfbg j}u co Mhsf}uflb*blufdblif}u Mhsf}uflb*blufdblif}u>> fb bd }caomu jlv lbuf*Mhsf}uflb ds bdb*Mhsf}uflb ds lbuf*blufdblif}u ds bdb*blufdblif}u {sd{lglbel co jleo (Lsufmio 0(f&&"  Uho Mhsmh j}u oxosmf}o uho bomo}}lsv ef}mf{ifbo dpos dpos uho edmusfbo lbe ifpo} d` uho uolmhos}" Uho pfgfilbmo j}u co oxosmf}oe uhsdgh uho {lsobu} (Lsufmio 8(fp&&"

  Lbe }d) fb uho {difmfbg {difmfbg d` uho jfbe) uhoso lso uho usbmhodb} d` uho ilw" ilw" Wfuh uho lc}diuo luhdsfuv gfpob hfj cv cv uho Clbu Oemlufdb Lmu) uho Jfbf}uos d` Blufpo L``lfs} hl} comdjo uho {lusdiifbg Cilmn Jlsfl d` L`sfmlb oemlufdb" oemlufdb" Ho f} oj{dwosoe oj{dwosoe ud mid}o lbv }mhddi) {sfpluo) jf}}fdb ds gdposbjobu) lu hf} ef}msoufdb) lbe l{{dfbu) {sdjduo) uslb}`os ds ef}mhlsgo lbv uolmhos uolmhos db uho }ul`` }ul`` d` l gdposbjobu }mhddi) }mhddi) ofuhos ofuhos efsomuiv ds uhsdgh l {ouuv d``fmfli d``fmfli d` hf} eo{lsujobu) wfuhdu sol}db ds soeso}}" soeso}}" ]fbmo =< Jlsmh <6?? oposv L`sfmlb }mhddi hl} hle ud co sogf}uosoe wfuh uho jfbf}uos whouhos l{{ivfbg  `ds gslbu}*fb*lfe ds bdu" ]mh sogf}uslufdb jlv co so`}oe f`  uho Jfbf}uos) lmufbg db uho lepfmo lbe somdjjobelufdb d` uho Blufpo L``lfs} Mdjjf}}fdb " " " f} d` uho d{fbfd d{fbfdb b uhlu fu} fu} o}ulcif}hj o}ulcif}hjobu obu ds mdbufb mdbufboe oe oxf}uobm oxf}uobmoo f} bdu fb uho uho fbuoso}u} fbuoso}u} d` uho Clbu Clbu {od{i {od{ioo " " " ds f} ifno ifnoiv iv ud co co eousfjob eousfjobuli uli ud uho {hv} {hv}fmli fmli)) jobuli) jobuli) ds ds jdsli jdsli  woi`lso  woi`lso d` d` uho {{fi {{fi}} ds }ueob }ueobu} u} luuobe luuobefbg fbg " " " }mh }mhddi }mhddi (Mil}o (Mil}o 6(ff&& 6(ff&&""  Lbv {os}db whd) l`uos uho eluo `fxoe beos }c*}omufdb (f&) lejfu} lbv Clbu mhfie ds {os}db ud) ds o}ulcif}ho}) mdbemu} ds jlfbulfb} lbv Clbu ds blufpo }mhddi whfmh f} bdu  sogf}uosoe fb uosj} d` uhf} Lmu) }hlii co gfiuv d` lb d``obmo lbe iflcio iflcio db mdbpfmufdb mdbpfmufdb ud l `fbo bdu oxmooefbg £?;) ds fb eo`liu d` {lvjobu) ud fj{sf}dbjobu fj{sf}dbjobu `ds l {osfde bdu  oxmooefbg 0 jdbuh} (Mil}o 6(fff&&"

 Ljdbg}u duhos}) uho ]mhddi d` Mhsf}u uho Nfbg fb ]d{hfludwb hl} lisolev coob so`}oe sogf}uslufdb sogf}usluf db db uho gsdbe} uhlu fu wl} ‘l {sduo}u }mhddi‖ lbe `sdj < Alblsv <6?7 Lelj} Mdiiogo) `ds dpos l hbesoe vols} dbo d` uho `fbo}u }mhddi} `ds L`sfmlb} fb uho mdbusv mdbus v)  wfii hlpo ud mid}o edwb coml}o uho jfbf}uos hl} hl } so`}oe ud sogf}uos fu l} l {sfpluo }mhddi" Fu f} l mdbmobuslufdb mlj{ d` uho jfbe uhlu uho gdposbjobu f} c}v cfiefbg cfiefbg `ds ]duh  L`sfml" Lii }mhddi} wfii }ddb co gdposbjobu }mhddi} lbe

U HO HO G S SL L PO P O D @ U HO H O J FB FB E

=?

uho Jfbf}uos Jfbf}uos jlv `sdj ufjo ud ufjo jlno sogilufdb} sogilufdb} ”  (m& {so}msfcfbg {so}msfcfbg l mdeo d` ef}mf{ifbo ef}mf{ifbo `ds `ds uolmhos} uolmhos} fb Gdposbjobu Gdposbjobu Clbu Clbu }mhddi}) }mhddi}) uho {bf}hjobu} whfmh jlv co fj{d}oe `ds) lbe uho {sdmoeso ud co `diidwoe fb mdbbomufdb wfuh) lbv mdbuslpobufdb ds l `lfiso ud mdj{iv wfuh uho {sdpf}fdb} d`  }mh mdeo) lbe uho mfsmj}ulbmo} mfsmj}ulbmo} fb whfmh uho }ospfmo} d` lbv }mh uolmhos jlv co uosjfbluoe (Mil}o
Fu }ooj} }d jdb}usd} l} ud co uuosiv bsoli" Uho Clbu Oemlufdb Lmu lbe uho oefmu} d` uho Jfbf}uos d` Blufpo L``lfs} }fbmo }fbmo fu} {l}}fbg hlpo hlpo `idsf}hoe uho {sfbmf{io} {sfbmf{io} d`  Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Oemlufdb Oemlufdb fb uho whfuo `lmo d` l mdbusv `sfghuoboe fbud }huufbg }huufbg fu} ovo}" Bd lsufmio fb uho dsfgfbli {lj{hiou {lj {hiou hl} coob bogiomuoe) bdu opob uhlu gsduo}|o gsdu o}|o lbe }hljoio}} dbo uhlu ‘Blufpo oemlufdb }hdie bdu co `fblbmoe lu uho ox{ob}o d` whfuo‖" ]fbmo whlu f} }{obu db l whfuo mhfie f} =; ufjo} whlu f} }{obu db lb L`sfmlb dbo) }d uhlu lu {so}obu dbiv dbiv 3? {os mobu d` L`sfmlb mhfiesob mhfiesob opos opos gou ud }mhddi lu lii lbe d` uhd}o ?; {os mobu lso fb uho }c*}ulbelse} lbe }fbmo uho Clbu Oemlufdb Mdjjf}}fdb }{oln} d` ‘fbmobufpo ‘fbmobufpo ud omdbdjv‖ omdbdjv‖ lbe bd ‘hfgh `fblbmfli eojlbe}‖) wo lso io`u fb bd `suhos edcu whlu uho Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Blufdbli `uso d` L`sfmlb oemlufdb oemlufdb f} ud co" Wfuh uho Jfbf}uos d` Blufpo Blufpo L``lfs} uhsoluobfbg ud iopv `suhos ulxo} db L`sfmlb job lbe fbusdemo ulxlufdb `ds L`sfmlb wdjob) wdjob) uho jolbfbg d` uho lsufmio fb uho {lj{hiou ulno} db l jol}so d`  hdssds uhlu dbiv uho jfiifdb} d` L`sfmlb} }ulspfbg fb uho so}ospo} lbe uho msddnoe msddnoe }hlbuvudwb} }hlbuvudwb} mlb `iiv l{{somfluo" l{{somfluo" L blufdb d` }ilpo} booe} booe} ifuuio oemlufdb lbe whlu ifuuio f} booeoe ud jlno fu o``fmfobu lbe }luf}`foe mlb co {lfe `ds cv esfiifbg lbduhos hdio fb fu} coiu" Fb Blqf Gosjlbv Gos jlbv)) wo jlv sojojcos) uho pfmufj} d` Hfuios woso jleo ud efg uhofs dwb gslpo}"   Wfuh uho Clbu Oemlufdb Lmu lbe uho {sdpfbmfli ilbglgo dsefblbmo}) Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Oemlufdb f} lisolev {lsu d` ds }dmfouv) }dmfouv) l jlifgblbu gsdwuh db uho }usfmnob }usfmnob jfbe d` ]duh L`sfml" Lbe bdw uhf} msoo{fbg eoluh f} ud luulmn uho bfpos}fufo}" @ds  whlu fb uho mdbuoxu d` {so}obu gdposbjobu gdposbjobu {difmv edo} uho uhsoluoboe ob`dsmojobu ob`dsmojobu d`  }ogsoglufdb {db uho ifcosli ‘jfxoe‖ bfpos}fufo} iufjluoiv jolb4 Dbiv uho lbbfhfilufdb d` hfghos oemlufdb oemlufdb fb uhf} mdbusv mdbusv ” uho }{lwbfbg }{lwbfbg d` jdb}uos gdposbjobu gdposbjobu lmleojfo} lmleojfo} fb whfmh Godgsl{hv wfii bdu hdccio covdbe uho Ifj{d{d) fb whfmh Hf}udsv wfii eoli  wfuh uho l{dmliv{}o lbe uho jf}}fdb d` uho L`sfnlbos oiomu ud gdposb ]duh L`sfml) fb  whfmh iomusos} wfii co l{{dfbuoe `ds uhofs cifbe idvliuv ud uho gdposbjobu lbe }ueobu} soiobuio}}iv ef}`fgsoe fbud cfgdu} lbe }ilpo}" Iou } sojfbe ds}oipo} ds}oipo} d` whlu uho Fb}ufuuo `ds Mhsf}uflb Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Oemlufdb hle ud }lv d` hfghos oemlufdb oemlufdb fb Lsufmio <<1 (ff& Uho }omils }mfobmo} }hdie co ulghu ulghu lmmdsefbg lmmdsefbg ud uho Mhsf}uflb Mhsf}uflb lbe Blufdbli Blufdbli   pfow d` if`o " " " ]mfobmo ]mfobmo }hdie }hdie co ox{dbe ox{dbeoe oe fb l {d}fufp {d}fufpoiv oiv Mhsf}u Mhsf}uflb flb ifghu ifghu)) lbe mdbusl}uoe wfuh bdb*Mhsf}uflb }mfobmo" _bfpos}fufo} }hdie bopos gfpo bfbuogsluoe

=0

SDBLIE ]OGLI

fb}usmufdb) josoiv mhdd}fbg hoso lbe mhdd}fbg uhoso> uhoso }hdie co bd luuoj{u  ud somdbmfio ds lcdif}h uho `beljobuli d{{d}fufdb}> `ds Msoluds lbe msoluoe) jlb lbe col}u) fbefpfeli lbe mdjjbfuv) luhdsfuv lbe `sooedj sojlfb fb {sfbmf{io fb}dicio fb olmh duhos" O}{omfliiv fb uho _bfpos}fufo} ed wo booe uho sfghu {os}dbboi> {os }dbboi> `ds {sd`o}}ds} lbe iomusos} jlno uho fb}ufuufdb lbe eouosjfbo fu} gfefbg }{fsfu" Fu  f} lii*fj{dsulbu uhoso`dso uhoso`dso uhlu uho uolmhfbg }ul`` }hdie co mdbpfbmoe Mhsf}uflb* Mhsf}uflb* Blufdbli }mfobuf}u}" (fff& Hfghos oemlufdb oemlufdb }hdie co }d mdbusdiioe mdbusdiioe uhlu uhlu uho Mhsf}uflb*blufdbl Mhsf}uflb*blufdblii pfow d` if`o jlv mdjo fbud fu} dwb"

 Wo  Wo hlpo coob coob wlsboe lisolev" lisolev" Uho ‘mdb}mfobmo ‘mdb}mfobmo mil}o‖ ” uhlu uolmhos} uolmhos} ed bdu booe ud {d}}o}} lbv {lsufmils soifgfdb fb dseos ud co lmmo{uoe l} uolmhos} fb gdposbjobu }mhddi} lbe bfpos}fufo} bfpos}fufo} ” f} `beljobuli `beljobuli ud oemlufdbli oemlufdbli {slmufmo {slmufmo lii dpos dpos uho mfpfif}oe mfpfif}oe wdsie" wdsie" Cu fb <656) Js M"S" ]wlsu) ]wlsu) Jfbf}uos d` A}ufmo A}ufmo }ufii lbe uhob Jfbf}uos Jfbf}uos d` Oemlufdb l} woii) woii) udie l @soo ]uluo lefobmo uhlu l} `ls l} ho wl} mdbmosboe) uho ‘mdb}mfobmo mil}o‖ jfghu  posv woii co }msl{{oe" Lbe fb <6?;) [lsifljobu {l}}oe uho [dumho`}usddj _bfpos}fuv `ds Mhsf}uflb Hfghos Oeml Oemlufdb ufdb Cfii" Fb}uole d` uho }li ‘mdb}mfobmo mil}o‖) uho mdb}ufuufdb d` uho bow bfpos}fuv bfpos}fuv wl} jleo ud sole1 ‘Fb l{{dfbufbg uolmhfbg) uolmhfbg) so}olsmh lbe lejfbf}uslufpo lejfbf}uslufpo }ul`` uho Mdbmfi }hlii ob}so uhlu uho Mhsf}uflb*hf}udsfmli Mhsf}uflb*hf}udsfmli mhlslmuos d`  uho _bfpos}fuv }hlii co jlfbulfboe) {sdpfeoe uhlu bd eobdjfblufdbli uo}u }hlii co l{{ifoe ud lbv {os}db {os}db l} l mdbefufdb mdbefufdb d` hf} comdjfbg comdjfbg l gsleluo ds }ul`` }ul`` jojcos d` uho _bfpos}fuv‖" Fb {sduo}ufbg) `sfuio}}iv) lglfb}u uho mhlbgo) 5? {sd`o}}ds} lbe iomusos} lu uho _bfpos}fuv d` Ml{o Udwb Udwb wsduo uhlu uho ljobeoe mdb}mfobmo mil}o} miolsiv obpf}lgo obpf}lgo uho oxmi}fdb d` d` fbefpfeli} fbefpfeli} `sdj uho }ul`` d` uho bow bfpos}fuv bfpos}fuv db soifgfd} gsdbe}" Wo mdb}feos uhlu }mh l ifjfulufdb mlbbdu co a}uf`foe fb lb fb}ufuufdb }{{dsuoe }{{dsuoe cv cv ulxlufdb ulxlufdb d` lii }omuf }omufdb} db} d` d` uho {cif {cifm" m" Wo Wo soglse soglse uhf} uhf} " " " l} l {somoe {somoeobu  obu   whfmh) f` fu f} dbmo o}ulcif}hoe) o}ulcif}hoe) jlv comdjo comdjo l }dsmo d` elbgos ud lmleojfm ifcosuv ifcosuv fb lii ]duh L`sfmlb bfpos}fufo}"

 Uhf} vols Js A"M"@" Ifuuiowdde wl} `dsmoe ud so}fgb l} iomusos fb Obgif}h `sdj uho }ul``  d` uho _bfpos}fuv _bfpos}fuv d` ]uoiiobcd}mh ]uoiiobcd}mh coml}o coml}o hf} jouhde jouhde d` uolmhfbg uolmhfbg Obgif}h ud L`sfnllb}* L`sfnllb}* }{olnfbg }ueobu} wl} ‘bdu mdbemfpo ud uho co}u fbuoso}u} d` uho _bfpos}fuv‖" Uho jouhde mdj{ilfboe mdj{ilfboe d` wl} uho }o fb mdj{sohob}fdb mdj{sohob}fdb uo}u} d` ‘{sdpdmlufp ‘{sdpdmlufpo‖ o‖ {l}}lgo} mdbulfbfbg  mdbulfbfbg  soifgfd} lbe {difufmli d{fbfdb} jd}u ifnoiv ud }ufjiluo `iobu ef}m}}fdb lbe msfufmli }msufbv ” l uomhbf|o uomhbf|o oj{idvoe oj{idvoe fb mfpfif}oe mfpfif}oe mdbusfo} mdbusfo} ud lwln lwlnob ob fbuoso}u fbuoso}u uhsdgh mdbusdpos}v" Js Ifuuiowdde wl} udie uhlu ‘posv fj{dsulbu {od{io‖ woso }osfd}iv mdbmosboe lcdu hf} ‘lmufpfufo}‖ lbe uho somuds wlsboe hfj uhlu ho hle fb hf} {d}}o}}fdb l ed}}fos db Js

U HO HO G S SL L PO P O D @ U HO H O J FB FB E

=7

Ifuuiowdde whd hle coob ‘beos dc}osplufdb‖ `ds }djo ufjo" Uhf} hl} hl{{oboe lu ]uoiiobcd}mh) bdu [dumho`}usddj whoso Mhsf}uflb Blufdbli Oemlufdb hl} fu} bo}u lbe mdb}ulbu dc}osplufdb dc}osplufdb d` }ul`` f} ud co ox{omuoe" F} l bfpos}fuv bfpos}fuv uolmhos uolmhos ud oj{idv dbiv  uhd}o uomhbf|o} d` whfmh ‘posv fj{dsulbu {od{io‖ l{{sdpo) l{{sdpo) liuhdgh uho ‘posv fj{dsulbu fj{dsul bu {od{io‖ jlv nbdw bduhfbg bduhfbg lu lii d` hdw ud uolmh uho }caomu }caomu fbpdipoe4 Uho whdio Ifuuiowdde Ifuuiowdde ml}o }jlmn} }jlmn} d` jobuli wfso ul{{fbg ul{{fbg d` uho jd}u }fbf}uos }fbf}uos }dsu"  Uho iluo Es U"C" U"C" Elpfo) {sfbmf{li d` uho _bfpos}fuv d` Ml{o Udwb) Udwb) }lfe fb l iomuso fb <6?? db ‘Oemlufdb lbe slmo soilufdb} fb ]duh L`sfml‖1 uho ‘bfpos}lifuv‖ ‘bfpos}lifuv‖ d` uho bfpos}fuv bfpos}fuv f} fb gobosli soglseoe sog lseoe l} dbo d` fu} cl}fm so|fsojobu}" so|fsojobu}" Fu} edds} }hdie lu lii ufjo} co d{ob ud oposvdbo whd mlb cobo`fu cv ds mdbusfcuo ud fu} uolmhfbg" Fu} eo}fso `ds `sooedj `sdj fbuos`osobmo f} {sfjlsfiv efsomuoe ud whlu f} ulghu) cu f} fboxusfmlciv cdbe { li}d wfuh whd }hlii uolmh lbe whd }hlii co ulghu"

Dbmo uho gdposbjobu hl} fj{sf}dboe fj{sf }dboe uho bfpos}fufo} cv o}ulcif}hfbg fu} {dwos ud efmuluo ud uhoj whd }hlii co ulghu) fu wfii oj{idv fu} luhdsfuv ud efmuluo ud uhoj li}d whd }hlii uolmh lbe iufjluoiv) whlu }hlii co ulghu" ]ogsoglufdb f} l jdsli io{sd}v) io{sd}v) fu `ilbu} fba}ufmo beos uho gf}o d` cofbg }ms{id}iv  a}u" Opob f` wo woso mdbpfbmoe uhlu o|li bfpos}fuv `lmfifufo} woso ud co {sdpfeoe `ds uho bdb*whfuo }ueobu} lclbedboe cv uho ‘jfxoe‖ bfpos}fufo}) wo wdie uuosiv d{{d}o fu) coml}o coml}o fb uho wdse} wdse} d` uho ]{sojo Mdsu Mdsu d` uho _bfuoe ]uluo} ]uluo} d` Ljosfml1 ‘]o{lsluo ‘]o{lsluo `lmfifufo} lso fbhosobuiv bo|li‖" L} fu f}) uhoso f} bdu uho }ifghuo}u edcu uhlu o|li `lmfifufo} wfii bdu co {sdpfeoe" Fbeooe uho }dsu d` hfghos oemlufdb uhlu uho Clbu Oemlufdb   Lmu {sdjf}o} f} fbhosobuiv bo|li fb mdbuobu lbe fbuobufdb" F` uho L`sfmlb f} ud co oemluoe `ds jlbli wdsn wdsn beos l }v}uoj whfmh) fb uho elsn {hsl}o d` uho Jfbf}uos d`  Blufpo L``lfs} j}u ‘}ulbe wfuh cduh `oou fb uho So}ospo‖) fu f} bifnoiv uhlu ho wfii obadv  lbvuhfbg l{{sdxfjlufbg ud l bfpos}fuv oemlufdb dbmo sojdpoe `sdj uho ‘jfxoe‖ bfpos}fufo}" Cu fboxusfmlciv fboxusfmlciv ifbnoe ud uhf} f}}o f} uho sfghu lbe uho euv d` l bfpos}fuv bfpos}fuv `sooiv ud lejfu lii }ueobu} soglseio}} d` slmo) mdids mdids ds msooe) ud l}}f}u uhoj fb uho {s}fu d`  usuh lbe nbdwioego) ud uslfb uhoj `ds }ospfmo ud uho mdjjbfuv l} l whdio" Fu f} uhf} sfghu lbe uhf} euv whfmh uho gdposbjobu gdposbjobu }oon} }oon} ud l}}l}}fbluo l}}l}}fbluo ” lii fb uho uho ml}o d` uho uvslbbv dpos jfbe lbe cdev uhlu fu {ilb}"  Uho bfpos}fufo} bfpos}fufo} mlbbdu lbe j}u bdu lmmo{u uhf}" F` uho gdposbjobu }ud{} uho `fblbmfli gslbu db whfmh uhov eo{obe `ds jd}u d` uhofs sbbfbg ox{ob}o}) ox{ob}o}) uhov j}u mlii db uho mdbusv lbe uho wdsie wdsie fb uho bljo d` oemlufdb ud noo{ noo{ uhoj `fsj fb uhofs }usggio }usg gio ud }spfpo l} bfpos}fufo}" F`) l} f} jdso ifnoiv) uho gdposbjobu fbusdemo} }ogsoglufdb fbud uho ‘jfxoe‖ bfpos}fufo} cv ilw) fu f} couuos) `ls couuos uhlu uhov }hdie mid}o uhlb uhlu uhov  }hdie gfpo uhoj}oipo} { whdio ud uho gdposbjobu `ds uhofs ef}`fgsojobu" Fu wdie co l jdb}usd} couslvli couslvli d` lii uho bfpos}fufo} bfpos}fufo} }ulbe `ds f` uhov woso ud {sdpfeo {sdpfeo uho moii} `ds

=8

SDBLIE ]OGLI

uhofs dwb fj{sf}dbjobu" Ud }lv uhlu l cle oemlufdb f} couuos uhlb bd oemlufdb lu lii f} `li}o ud uho sddu}" Fu }{oln}) l} @luhos Heeio}udb wsduo) fb uho pdfmo d` Pfmhv" Pfmhv" F` uho bfpos}fufo} j}u }``os jufilufdb) iou uhoj }``os fu l} pfmufj}) bdu mdbedbo fu l} lmmdj{ifmo}" @ds duhoswf}o uhov wfii co l} gfiuv fb uho obe l} uho dsfgfbli {os{ousluds}" Cu }d `ls l} fu f} uho mdbmosb d` uho bfpos}fufo} bfpos}fufo})) }d `ls f} fu uho mdbmosb d` uho whdio mdbusv" mdbusv" Uhoso mdjo} l ufjo fb uho lgdbv d` l {od{io whob whob du d` uhofs eo}{lfs eo}{lfs uhov  j}u gluhos { { mdslgo obdgh obdgh ud }lv }lv ” bd jdso) bdu lu lbv {sfmo" {sfmo" Ds Ds `fghu ud noo{ noo{ uho bfpos}fufo} `soo f} l `fghu l} jmh `ds ds mhfiesob l} `ds ds}oipo}" Ud liidw uho }uluo ud ilv fb ]duh L`sfml mi}uos} d` lmleojfo} whfmh wfii eo`dsj uho jfbe} d` `uso goboslufdb} fbud fbud uho coifo` uhlu uhov woso woso cdsb jl}uos} ds l coifo` uhlu uhov woso cdsb cdsb }ilpo} f} ud cfie `ds ds}oipo} lbe `ds uhd}o mdjfbg l`uos } l mdbusv cdseosoe cv  clscoe wfso lbe ifu dbiv cv }olsmhifghu}"