SUBM SUBMIT ITTE TED D TO: TO: Dr. Dr. Bansal Director, (IVS) H.P.U Summer hill, Shimla-5
SUBMITTED BY: RISHAB SARASWATI Semester: th 4 Class Roll No: 317 Exam Roll No: 1519
S.P. S.P.
INSTITUTE OF VOCATIONAL STUDIES M.T.A DEPARTMENT HIMACHAL PRADESH UNIVERSITY, SUMMERHILL SHIMLA 171005
Preface
Tourism is the faced phenomena, which involves movements to and stays in destinations outside the normal place of residence. Man has been a confirmed traveler since ancient times. As travelling has been a characteristics features of human society and lifestyle. The excursion made by travelers helped to discover the new places around the globe. Travel in early times is synonymous with the modern day tourism. Tourism is an ever expanding industry with latent vast growth potential and has, therefore become one of the crucial concerns of not only the nation but also international community as a whole. It is being perceived as an important instrument of economic development. The two aspects of tourism is its capacity to generate employment both directly as well as indirectly and its potential to earn hard international currency currency for the host country country have made made this industry industry greatly greatly desirable desirable for concerned concerned governments . It has come therefore, increasingly to occupy a place of importance not only for the business sector but also for the concerned academic and management institutions. The main elements in the process of tourism are man space and time. Infect, in a significant sense it is new of the most influential phenomena in the economic and social development of soci societ ety y .The .There re is hard hardly ly econ econom omic ic sect sector or ,whi ,which ch gene genera rate tess as many many adde added d valu values es,, employment and foreign exchange and that also at such a low cost as tourism. Tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of 6.23% to the national GDP and 8.78% of the total employment in India. India witnesses more than5 million annual foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million domestic tourist visit. The tourism industry in India generated generated about US$100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to increase to US$275.5 billion by 2018 at a 9.4% annual growth rate. The ministry of tourism is the nodal agency for the devel developm opment ent and and prom promoti otion on of touri tourism sm in India India and and maint maintai ains ns the “Incr “Incredi edibl blee India India”” campaign.Tourism no doubt is a major activity , a form of expenditure which enables as well as absorbs on worldwide basis about5% of the hotel consumer expenditure. In view of its impo importa rtance nce in our natio national nal econo economy my surpri surprisi singl ngly y litt little le atte attenti ntion on has has been been paid paid on it’s it’s fundamental economic factors, which have controlled the past growth of tourism and which may be expected to shape its future development. Apart from being massive revenue earner tourism is particularly important to a vast and varied country like India as its promotes social and cultural ambience and play a key role in socio-ec socio-econom onomic ic developm development. ent. Career Career opportun opportuniti ities es exists exists both in the public public and private private sector. In the public sector there are opportunities in the Directorates and Departments of Tourism of the centre and the state as officers, information assistance, tourists guide etc. Another good prospectus for qualified tourism professionals are in the private sectors with travel agencies, tour operators, airlines, hotels, transport and cargo companies etc. Since this
is the new area of employment, not many qualified and experienced people are available and the promotion prospectuses are very high and bright. After a few years of experience, one can also start their business by handling all travel requirements of a client and gradually building building up business, taking additional employees. Tourism indeed is ahigh- touch, high-tech high insolvent industry whereit is the people who mak the difference.It is the quality of human resources in tourism that acquiesces enterprises to build build competi competitiv tivee vadvanta vadvantage ge and give forth added value value with with their their service. service.In In the days gone by tourism has been marked by lack of skill in human resources policies and practices, main mainly ly laid laid down down by outda outdate ted d and and obsol obsolet etee diffi difficul culty ty of approa approache chess to operat operatio ional nal circu circums mstan tances ces,s ,stri trict ctly ly
pra pract ctic ices es
such such
as
large large-sc -scal alee
wide wide
indu inducti ction on,pe ,perio riodi dical cal
appraisal,effect appraisal,effective ive employment employment communication etc.which are threadbare threadbare in other service indus industr tries ies have have remain remained ed und underd erdeve evelop loped ed in vario various us touri tourism sm busine businesse ssess due to lack lack if changing markets, industry restricting and the growing compaction in the market has not only become demanding but has started questioning their expertise. Realising Realising that India has the opportunity to tap a much bigger share of world tourist traffic the statusof industry was accorded to tourism, and ever since many academic institutions were set up in the country to mould tourism human resource to serve in the tourism to make it professional industry.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I devote special thanks thanks to Prof. S.P. BANSAL, BANSAL, Director Director of Institute Institute of Vocational studies, Master of Tourism Administration, H .P.U.
It goes without saying that some people’s contribution to this report is here by acknowledged without without those support. support. I am grateful grateful to Dr. Sushma Sushma Rewal Rewal Chugh, Chugh, Reader MTA, IVS Himachal Pradesh University for the efforts made by her to complete this report for there support, guidance and encouragement from time to time and all the faculty members. At last last but but not not leas leastt I woul would d like like to Mr. Mr. Suma Suman n Shar Sharma ma for for ther theree cons consta tant nt help help and and cooper cooperat ation ion throu througho ghout. ut. I would would also also like like to thank thank my class classma mate tes, s, senio seniors rs and famil family y members who often helped and gave me support at critical junctures during the making of this project report.
RISHAB SARASWATI MTA 4th SEM ROLL. NO-317 EXAM ROLL NO-1519
CONTENTS Acknowledgement Preface
Chapter-I
1-12
Introduction of tourism industry
1.
1-3 4-5 6-12
13-14
Chapter-II Chapter-III ➢
15-62 15 15-19 20 21 22 23-24 24-26 27-33 34 35-39 40-59
60-62
CHAPTER- I
➢
63-99
CHAPTER-V
100-102
CHAPTER-VI
103-106
CHAPTER-VII
107 108-109
INTRODUCTION TOURISM Travel is rooted in the ancient past but tourism is a recent phenomenon of modern origin. Travel connotes journey undertaken from one place to another for any purpose including journey to work and as a part of employment, as a part of leisure and to take up residence. All tourism includes travel but not all travel is tourism. The concept of tourism as a phenomenon involves the movement of people within their own country or across the national borders. Tourism is basically composed of 3 elements. 1. Man: Human Element 2. Space: Physical Element 3. Time: Temporal Element
Nomenclature: Tourism is originated from Greek word “ Tornus”. This was an ancient tool in shape of circle or wheel. Tornus lead to tourist further turned into tourism. Definitions of Tourism 1. According to Hunziker and Kralf ( 1942 ) :
Tourism is the sum totally of relationship phenomenon arising from travel and stay of strangers provided the stay does not imply the establishment of a permanent residence and is not connected with any remunerated activity.
2. According to Boyer(1972) :
Tourism as a leisure time activity that takes for granted change of place and one is in motion moving around is the element that makes a tourist.
3.
According to Nettekoven (1972):
Tourism as the sum of social and economic phenomenon streaming from voluntary and temporary change of a place of residence taken up by strangers to satisfy their non material while making use of installation meant for a large number of people.
4. According to Tourism Society of England(1976):
Tourism is a temporary a short term movement of people to a destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. 5. According to International Association of Scientific Experts (1981):
Tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home.
6. According to United Nation Statistical Commission :
Tourism consists of activities of person traveling to and staying at places other than their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other activities. Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The number of tourists worldwide has been registering phenomenal growth and it is expected that this number would shortly touch 1.5 billion. Tourism contributes about 11% of the world workforce and 10.2% of the global gross domestic product. The dynamic growth of this industry is evident from the fact a new job is added to the sector every 2.5 second. emerged as an instrument for employment generation, sustainable human development. Tourism Promotes
Tourism has
Poverty alleviation and international understanding and
gives support to local handicrafts and employment opportunities. The foreign exchange earnings from tourism during the year 2000were estimated at about Rs. 14,408 crore with an estimate direct employment of the total labor force of the country . Tourism is the third largest cultural activities. It is an important segment of the country ‘s economy , especially in terms of its contribution towards foreign exchange earnings ,generation of additional income and creation of employment of about 15 million, which is about 2.4% of the total labour force of the country .Tourism is the third largest foreign exchange earner for India. The international tourist traffic in the country is estimated to be 2.64 million during the year 2000.However , according to the world Tourism organization , India ‘s share in world Tourism arrivals is only 0.38%, According for 0.62% of the tourist potential is yet to be tapped .With rapid advances in science and technology, Tourism has acquired the status of an industry in all industrialized countries. The high influx of certain economic production and distribution Activities .Tourism has emerged as an industry next in importance only to Information Technology industry in the service sector. The economic
liberalization
in
India
and
consequent
foreign
investment
opportunities , development of tourist facilities including expansion in airline services ,etc. provide an impetus for a spurt in tourist arrivals as in south. Domestic tourism plays a vital role in achieving the national objectives of promoting social and cultural cohesion and national integration . Its contribution generation of employment is very high . with the increase in income levels and emergence of a powerful middle class, the potential for domestic. Tourism has grown substantially during
the last few years.
Relishing the importance of tourism , the government of Tamil Nadu has accorded high priority to tourism promotion and has taken initiatives to improve create infrastructure in
tourism potential centers and geared to encourage private sector investment in this
regards. Tourism is traveling for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes or the provision of services to support this leisure travel. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited". Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2004, there were over 763 million international tourist arrivals. Tourism is vital for many countries, due to the income generated by the consumption of goods and services by tourists, the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry, and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services such as cruise ships and taxis, accommodation such as hotels, restaurants, bars, and entertainment venues, and other hospitality industry services such as spas and resort
ABOUT TOURISM Tourism is travelling for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes or the provision of services to support this leisure travel. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who “travel to stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercises of an activity remunerated from within the place visited”. These service industries include transportation services include transportation services such as cruise ships and taxis, accommodation such as hotels and entertainment venues, and other hospitality industry services such as resorts. Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as “the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent and are not connected with any earning activity. In 1976, Tourism Society of England defined it as “Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes. In 1981, International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined Tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment.
The United Nations classified three forms of tourism in 1944 in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics: Domestic tourism, which involves residents of the given country travelling only within this country; Inbound tourism, involving non-residents travelling in the given country; and Outbound tourism, involving residents travelling in another country.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF TOURISM Inbound:
Inbound tourism is the tourism of non-resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference. Outbound:
Outbound tourism is the tourism of resident visitors outside the economic territory of the country of reference. When tourists from that particular country are visiting different places outside of their countries such as somebody who lives in India would be going outbound when visiting anywhere outside of India. Intra bound:
Recently, the tourism industry has shifted from the promotion of inbound tourism to the promotion of intra bound tourism because many countries are experiencing tough competition for inbound tourists. Some national policymakers have shifted their priority to the promotion of intra bound tourism to contribute to the local economy. Examples of such campaigns include “See America” in the United States, “Malaysia Truly Asia” in Malaysia, “Get Going Canada” in Canada, “Wow Philippines” in the Philippines, “Uniquely Singapore” in Singapore, “100% Pure New Zealand” in New Zealand and “Incredible India” in India.
Tourism in India "The one land that all men desire to see and having seen once, by even a glimpse, would not give the glimpse for all the shows of all the rest of the globe combined".
- Mark Twain on India Tourism in India has registered significance growth in recent years. In 1950, International tourist arrivals stood at around 15 thousand only while the same has gone upto 3.37 millions in 2004. The upward trend is expected to touch the new heights in the coming years. Tourism is the third largest net earner of foreign exchange for the country and also one of the sectors, which employees the largest number of men power. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) have identified India as one of the fore most growth centres in the world in the coming decade. While the growth in tourism has been impressive, India's share in total global tourist arrivals and earnings is quite insignificant. It is an accepted fact that India has tremendous potential for development of tourism. The diversity of India's natural and cultural richness provided the basis of a vide range of tourist products and experiences, which embraces business, leisure, culture, adventure, wildlife, spirituality, eco-tourism, Himalayas and many other pursuits. Apart form acknowledging the traditionally recognized advantages of developing tourism for the promotion of national integration, international understanding, earning of foreign exchange, vast employment generating, it can play a major role in furthering the socio-economic objectives of nation.
The year 2004 saw tourism in India emerging as one of the major centres for growth of the Indian economy. International tourist arrivals in the year 2004 grew at 23.5 percent
over that of the previous year. The foreign exchange earnings in terms of Rs. Registered an impressive growth of 32.9 percent. In absolute terms, the foreign exchange earnings increased from Rs. 16,429 crores to Rs. 21, 828 crores. To achieve overall vision for the development of tourism, the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India prepared an National Tourism Development policy with the objective of positioning tourism as a major engine of economic growth and to harness it's direct and multiplier affects for employment and poverty eradication III an environmentally sustainable manner. "The present day tourism, if we take in India with the billion people, with the vast civilization heritage of the country, from the Himalayas to Kanyakumari ,
J & K, Central
India, North-eastern states, Bihar, Western States, the large costal line, Andeman-Nicobar and Lakshadweep, Islands have a lot to attract the tourists. It has sea cost in the sites, it has island, it has snow-covered hill region, it has desert, it has thick forest regions and it has a vast range of Himalayas. All of them are of natural evolution. Many centuries old monuments. Temples, churches and mosques are spread through out the country. You will find in many parts of the country all three situated adjacent to each other. It is a treat to watch such type of unity, India has one of the Seven Wonders of the WorId, Taj Mahal, any tourist can see the continuity of the only enriched civilization of billion people of the largest democracy with multiple religions, multiple languages and multiple cultures".
TOURISM STATISTICS
Statistical data is an important tool for the planners and policy makers. These data help the policy makers in planning, policy formulation and in observing the progress and impacts of the schemes. In a less serious sense these tourism statistics help the travellers to plan their trip. The tourism statistics of India gives details of international and domestic tourism. This is noted year wise. This tourism related data help us to know the rate of growth in the travel and tourism industry. •
Tourism is one of the world's fastest growing industries at present and holds the status of the world's no. 1 industry.
•
The tourism industry as a whole is presently estimated to earn over US$ 3.5 trillion worldwide.
•
The industry creates a job every 2.4 seconds with every one of those direct jobs creating another 11 indirect ones.
•
Spending on tourism amounts to 5%-10% of total consumer, spending in a year worldwide.
•
India's share of the total market is a pittance at 0.51%. The non-tourist countries like Malaysia and Indonesia get much more tourists than India.
•
However, the average duration of stay of foreign tourist in India is one of the highest in the world. On an average, it exceeds 27 days in the case of non-package tourists and is 14 days in the case of package tourists.
•
Tourism has the distinction of being the third largest export industry after gems and jewellery and readymade garments in India.
•
The Tourism industry's foreign exchange earnings in India are around $3.2 billion. Tourism is the highest foreign exchange earner if we consider the fact that net value addition in Gems and jewellery is less than 30 % whereas, in tourism it is more than 90 %.
India: Tourism Revenues and Expenditures 1990-2010
•
It also has one of the best employment multipliers when compared with any other industry in India. It generates maximum job opportunities, as it provides direct employment to 9.1 million people and indirect employment to another 12.4 million. But these statistics do not appear so impressive when viewed in the global perspective and compared with that of other countries shown in the graph below.
Tourists Arrivals and Receipts From Tourism 1996
Source:
1.
Report, World Tourism Organization - 1996.
2.
Study by Mahajan and Aibara, Consultants to the Tourism and
Hotel Industry,
1997.
Tourism has been a neglected sector in India. Though it was recognized as a priority
•
sector in the Seventh Five Year Plan, hardly anything was done to promote this industry. Though the government has promised to give industry status to tourism, still,
•
budgetary support for this department is a mere Rs. 379 crore. This is despite a total tax collection of about Rs. 2000 crore in 1996 from this sector.
The tourism industry currently stands 127th on the list of priorities of the Indian government. It is true that India has yet to reach the prosperity level where leisure activity can be included in the priority sector but, if solving the country's unemployment and foreign exchange problems are on the top of the national agenda, the potential of this industry cannot be neglected.
•
TOURIST ARRIVALS TO INDIA FROM TOP FIFTEEN COUNTRIES FOR THE PERIOD FROM 1981 TO 2007 Yea
U.K.
U.S.A
Canad
Franc
Sri
German
Japan
Malaysi
r
1981
a
e
Lanka
y
82052
25358
57272
75842
55471
29032
26458
86806
25991
59267
76143
50885
29103
26552
95847
29857
50158
81716
52120
26662
25796
95651
25135
47148
75449
48930
29566
22993
95920
29022
44091
69063
45738
30573
23265
16068
12536
39837
65948
75631
64811
36402
26209
5
4
16659
13487
37677
64432
74351
72300
46240
28480
0
6
20050
12288
37498
69799
70640
77543
49244
29635
9
8
22949
13431
40306
78001
67680
78812
58707
33120
6
4
23155
12530
41046
79496
68400
71374
59122
34278
1
3
21205
11733
36142
69346
70088
72019
46655
30617
2
2
24426
15228
43386
74304
71935
84422
60137
35201
3
8
27416
15815
47800
70694
76898
83340
49616
35334
8
9
30069
17648
56441
73088
89009
85352
63398
40762
6
2
33482
20334
63821
82349
114157
89040
76042
50039
7
3
11668
a
4 1982
12077 2
1983
13682 3
1984
12420 5
1985
11954 4
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
36068
22882
6
9
37056
24423
7
9
37651
24468
3
7
34508
25192
5
6
43264
34829
4
2
40547
32914
2
7
38784
34818
6
2
43091
41080
7
3
55590
52612
7
0
65180
61116
3
5
68586
60158
1
7
75866
65428
1
6
74031
93325
107351
99853
99018
53370
78570
91423
122080
105979
99729
60401
80111
97898
118292
93993
89565
47496
82892
85891
120072
85033
73373
52613
84013
10002
129193
83881
98159
60513
112813
80011
80634
57869
2 88600
10243 4
93598
78194
108008
646891
59709
63748
107671
97654
109098
76868
77996
70750
135884
13182
128711
116679
96851
84390
136400
120243
10308
96276
4 157643
15225 8
198963
11258
2 205682
154546
6 285664
15458
16548
98456
5 302547
185647
6
18564
105548
8
INBOUND TOURISM STATISTICS Inbound Tourism Statistics - India is visited by a huge number of tourists from all over the world and every year a change in the figure is recorded...
Foreign Tourists In India (Number)
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
January 283750
228150
274215
337345
385977
459489
532088
584765
February 262306
227529
262692
331697
369844
439090
498806
560658
March
248965
225558
218473
293185
352094
391009
444186
509926
April
185338
155378
160941
223884
248416
309208
333945
369677
May
151098
132998
141508
185502
225394
255008
267758
290785
June
176716
143100
176324
223122
246970
278370
310104
344526
July
224432
186432
225359
272456
307870
337332
377474
-
August
196517
161477
204940
253301
273856
304387
360089
-
162326
151721
191339
226773
257184
297891
325893
-
October 181605
212191
260569
307447
347757
391399
440715
-
209685
243566
290583
385238
423837
442413
510987
-
-
-
319271
417527
479411
541571
575148
-
Septemb er
Novemb er Decemb er
Total
2282738 2073025 2726214 3457477 3918610 4447167 4977193 2660337
Percentage Changes in foreign tourists arrival
2002/01
2003/02 2004/03 2005/04
2006/05
2007/06
2008/07
January
-19.6
22.0
23.0
14.5
19.0
15.8
9.9
February
-13.3
13.1
26.3
17.3
18.7
13.6
12.4
March
-9.4
1.6
34.2
25.2
11.1
13.6
14.8
April
-16.2
5.0
39.1
16.5
24.5
8.0
10.7
May
-12.0
0.2
31.1
23.8
13.1
5.0
8.6
June
-19.0
27.5
26.5
16.0
12.7
11.4
11.1
July
-16.9
22.5
20.9
7.3
9.6
11.9
-
August
-17.8
26.91
23.6
6.9
11.1
18.3
-
September -6.5
26.11
18.5
11.4
15.8
9.4
-
October
16.8
22.11
18.0
7.0
12.5
12.6
-
November 16.2
19.40
32.6
7.8
4.4
15.5
-
December -
-
30.8
11.0
13.0
6.2
-
Total
13.1
26.8
13.2
13.5
11.9
11.5
9.2
International Tourists Arrivals to India
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
USA
329147
348182
410803
526120
611165
696739
UK
405472
387846
430917
555907
651803
734240
Arrivals from Region/ Country
Canada
88600
93598
107671
135884
157643
176567
Germany
80011
64891
76868
116679
120243
156808
France
102434
78194
97654
131824
152258
175345
Australia
52691
50743
58730
81608
96258
109867
Italy
41351
37136
46908
65561
67642
79978
Japan
80634
59709
77996
96851
103082
119292
Malaysia
57869
63748
70750
84390
96276
107286
Singapore
42824
44306
48368
60710
68666
82574
Nepal
41135
37136
42771
51534
Sri Lanka
112813
108008
109098
128711
136400
154813
Netherlans
42368
31669
40565
51211
52755
58611
China
13901
15422
21152
34100
44897
62330
South Korea
27150
29374
35584
47835
49895
705407
77024
Research Gap Review of literature : All available literature concerning the research problem at hand is surveyed and examined before the defining of a problem. This is done to find out what data other material if any is available for the operational purpose. This helps to know if there are certain gaps in the theories or whether the existing theories applicable to the problem under study are in consistence with each other or weather the finding of the different studies do not follow pattern consistent with the theoretical expectation. Literature review indicates the type of difficulties that may be encountered in the present study as the possible analytical shortcoming. This chapter presents the review of literature and is an attempt made to explore the existing gap. The following pages present a brief review of the existing studies on the present subject.
91552
The links between sports and tourism have expanded considerably and became more clearly defined in recent years (Gibson 1998, Standaven and Deknop 1999, Hingham & Hinch 1999). The latter part of the 20th century witnessed the rapid development of sports and tourism. Redmond 1991 Both now stands the largest and fastest growing industries in the global economy. Indeed, the resource and infrastructural requirement of sports and tourism are often shared. These include natural environment, constructed facilities, transport, service and hospitality. This shared foundation suggests the likelihood that development in sports will affect the tourism sector and viceversa. While there has been recent proliferation of sports related travel (Nogava, Yamaguchi & Hagi 1996) much of the junction between sports and tourism remains un researched. The capacity for international sporting events to generate tourism has been widely addressed in the tourism & events literature. Singh & Raj (1987) conducted a study on tourism in kullu valley in Himachal Pradesh and made an attempt to examine the problems and prospects of tourism in the valley. They opined that kullu valley alone has an intake of about 60% to the state. About 33% are academicians and about 40% other tourist visits the valley for sightseeing, trekking, photography, fishing, skiing, mountaineering and other entertaining activities. Gibson (1998) reviews a rapidly expanding literature that considers the extent to which sports people travel to compete and conversely, tourist engage in sporting pursuits, actively or as spectator, on holiday. Somewhat lacking to date has been a comprehensive analyses of the potential links that may be forged between sports and tourism administrator in pursuit of mutual benefit. Chand Amer in his study on economic potential in Himachal with special reference to Kullu Manali revealed the problem faced by the tourist in this region and type of services available to them during their stay and visit to these places. Further he has concluded that planning coordination entrepreneurship and legislation are for the pace of tourism industry.
TYPES OF TOURISM Leisure tourism:
Leisure travel was associated with the industrialization of United Kingdom- the first European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population. Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners, and the traders. Generally it is relaxation and entertainment time. Mass tourism:
Mass travel could only develop with improvements in technology allowed the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, and greater numbers of people begun to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.
Cultural tourism:
‘Cultural tourism’ (or culture tourism) is the subset of tourism concerned with a country or region’s culture, especially its arts. It generally focuses on traditional communities who have diverse customs, unique form of art and distinct social practices, which basically distinguishes it from other types of culture. Cultural tourism includes tourism in urban areas, particularly historic ot large cities and their cultural facilities such as museums and theatres. It can also include tourism in rural areas showcasing the traditions of indigenous cultural communities, and their values and lifestyle. It is generally agreed that cultural tourists spend substantially more than standard tourists do. Religious tourism:
Religious tourism, also commonly referred to as faith tourism, is a form of tourism whereby people of faith travel individually or in groups for pilgrimage, missionary, or leisure purposes. Creative tourism:
Creative tourism more recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active participation by travellers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Adventure tourism:
Adventure tourism tourists are looking for an adventure when they travel sees the destination more like a local would experience it. Typical combinations are a package to the typical mass tourist resort, with a winter skiing holiday or tracking or weekend break to a city or national park. Dark tourism:
Dark tourism one emerging area of special interest tourism has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000) as “dark” tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to “dark” sites such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts of genocide, for example camps. Dark tourism remains a small niche market driven by driven by varied motivations, such as mourning, remembrance, macabre curiosity or even entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs. Educational tourism:
Educational tourism developed because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge, and enhancing technical competency outside the classroom outside the classroom
environment. In the educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visitation of another country to learn about the culture of the visited country or to work and apply their learning inside the classroom in different environment. Rural tourism:
Any village is a tourist destination and most villagers are very hospitable across globe. Farming as an agricultural choice is getting highly mechanized and therefore requires less labor. This is causing economic pressure on the village leading to exodus of innocent youths to urban landscape. Rural Tourism has focus on participating in rural lifestyle. It can be a variant of ecotourism. The emphasis is on having an experience in rural setting. Ecotourism:
Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is a form of tourism that appeals to ecological and socially on volunteering, personal growth, and learning new ways to live on the planet. It typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Responsible ecotourism includes programs that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation, and creation of economic opportunities for the local communities. Wildlife tourism:
Wildlife tourism can be a eco and animal friendly tourism in both captive and wild environments. It has experienced a dramatic and rapid growth in recent year’s worldwide. Wildlife tourism, in its simplest sense, is watching wild animals in their natural habitat. Coastal tourism:
Many coastal areas are experiencing particular pressure from sea change in lifestyles and growing numbers of tourists. Coastal environments are limited in extent consisting of only a narrow strip along the edge of the ocean. Coastal areas are often the first environments to experience the detrimental impacts of tourism. Business tourism:
Conventions are often planned and coordinated, often in exacting detail, by professional meeting and conventions planners, either by staff of the conventions hosting company or by outside specialists. Most large cities will have a convention centre dedicated to hosting such events. The term MICE – meetings Incentives Conventions and Exhibitions – is widely used
in Asia as a description of the industry. The Conventions in one of the most dynamic elopements in the M.I.C.E. segment. The industry is generally regulated under the tourism sector. Health tourism:
Health tourism has long existed, but it was not until the eighteenth century that it became important. In England, it was associated with spas, places with supposedly health-giving mineral waters, treating diseases from gout to liver disorders and bronchitis. And also yoga, ayurvedic, meditation and etc.
GROWTH OF TOURISM Tourism as an upcoming industry :
With the economic development taking place in the country and the resulting availability of greater disposable income, India is also emerging a one of the leading source markets. It is boom time for Indian tourism. Along with the growth of the Indian economy in general, the tourism sector has also witnessed huge buoyancy in recent times. India today is a transformed tourist destination competing to give the best to its visitors. Improvements in accessibility and infrastructure, well trained human resources, diversification of the tourism product and an integrated marketing campaign under the banner ‘Incredible India’ have helped India achieve an unprecedented growth in terms of both volume and value. With the advent of e-commerce, tourism products have become one of the most traded items on the internet. Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers can sell their product directly to the consumer. It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between Tourism expenditure per capita and the degree to which countries play in the global context. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate of 4%. By 2020 Europe will remain the most popular destination, but its share will drop from 60% in 1995 to 46%. Long-haul will grow slightly faster than intraregional travel and b 2020 its share will increase from 18% in 1995 to 24%.
IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM There is no other industry that has a similarly sustained and diversified multiplier effect on the economy, playing a crucial role in the overall development of a country. By creating jobs and opportunities for all sections of the society, tourism helps in bridging economic inequalities. Its contribution to the government’s coffers and also the country’s foreign exchange reserves can be substantial. Since the very essence of tourism and its future depends on protection of natural, historical and cultural resources, it plays an important part in promoting sustainable growth and environment protection, on which the future of humankind hinges. In addition to direct jobs in hotels, with tour operators, travel agencies, airlines and transport operators, tourism generates employment across a wide spectrum of skills on account of its significant
backward
and
forward
linkages.
Transport,
construction,
engineering,
manufacturing, agriculture, food and horticulture, telecom, IT and healthcare are some of the sectors that make knock-on gains from a boom in tourist influx. Tourism also has a positive impact on the development of rural and backward areas, helping the revival of traditional art forms, crafts and cultural traditions. By focusing on major challenges facing the world, from climate change to global terrorism to communicable diseases, tourism also helps in pressurizing various governments and civil society to confront these. It is also a key driver in ushering in revolutionary technological changes and promoting technology diffusion, whether it is in information technology, aviation or in any other field. Given all this, it is no surprise that there is not a single country in the world which does not want to promote tourism.
Research gap Through the literature review remarkable gap has been notified which is as follows: No study has been made on tourist profile visiting Himachal. No study shows the source of motivation of a tourist visiting Himachl. The problem being faced by a tourist in Himachal is hardly studies. Every focused on the tourism there is no mention tourist. No study has been done on areas having potential for adventure tourism.
Research Design Need and scope of study:
Himachal is famous for adventure sports like skiing, hiking, mountaineering, paragliding, rafting, trekking, kayaking, and mountain biking. Yak skiing is a sport unique to this area Manali also featured in Time magazine's "Best of Asia" for its "Extreme Yak Sports". Manali also offers hot springs, religious shrines and Tibetan Buddhist temples. Himachali has become the favorite destination for honeymooners in last years. Statistics show that around 550 couples reaches Manali daily for honeymoon in season (May, June, December, January) and around 350 couples reaches Manali daily in rest time. As Tourist arrivals in Manali is increasing day by day so there is a need of exploring new places having tourist potential. There is a need to explore some new destinations having potential for adventure tourism. During a visit of tourist to Himachal, tourist faces many problems regarding accommodation, transportation etc. There is need to study these problems and find out the solutions of these problems. There is a need to know the satisfaction level of tourists regarding the various tourist facilities available in Himachal..
Objective of the study To study the tourist profile of tourist in Himachal. To describe various adventure destinations in Himachal. To know the scope of adventure tourism in Himachal. To understand the problems being faced by the tourist visiting Himachal. To know the satisfaction level of tourist regarding different tourist facilities
available in Himachal.
To analyze, interpret, conclude and suggest thereof.
Scope of the study
1. The study is confined to describe various adventure sports destination in Himachal.. questionnaires by the tourists who have 2. The study analyses responses provided in the questionnaires visited Himachal for adventure sports. 3. The study study analyses analyses perception, perception, preferences preferences and satisfacti satisfactions ons of respondents. respondents.
Limitation of the study 1. The sampl samplee size may may not be very very large large to generali generalize ze the result. result. 2. The sample sample may may not be a true representa representative tive of the entire entire population. population. 3. It is limited limited to to information information provided provided both both by primary and secondary secondary data. data. 4. The propor proportio tion n of foreign foreign tourists tourists in in the analyse analysess is very less. less.
Methods Used in study Although my study is based on “Adventure Tourism in Himachal”. So for the detailed study I had conducted a tourist survey through questionnaires and secondary data. So to have a better interpretation interpretation I used some methods to have better conclusion of my collected collected data. Different Different methods which are used in my project are given below: 1. Tables 2. Graphs 3. Pie Ch Charts 4. Cyli Cylind ndri rica call Graph Graphss 5. Pyra yramid mid Gr Graph aph 6. Line Gr Graph
Adventure Tourism in India
To most of the travelers, India is a favorite culture and heritage destination. With good marketing of brand India as a tourism destination, India is fast becoming one of the popular advent adventure ure desti destina nati tions ons.. Pres Presenc encee of might mighty y Hima Himala laya yan n peaks peaks have have been been the the point point of attractions for many adrenalin junkies. High Himalayan ranges and glaciers cover most of North Indian states. Lower Himalaya is deeply forested regions which makes this region of India stunningly beautiful and major attractions for the adventure seekers. Nepal for long has been one of the most sought after adventure destination. While, Nepal mostly offers trekking based adventure, India becomes the only and best option for the adrenalin seekers to explore other adventure activities like camping, rock climbing, rafting, wilderness adventure and much more. Unofficial figures state that Nepal is favored by 20% adventure lovers and at distant first. India, however, attracts 13% of the adventure seekers from all over the world and is among one of top 5 adventure destination on the globe. With Incredible India becoming more and more popular brand, one can hope India to take the top spot sooner or later. Tourism Ministry which was more concerned in presenting India as a cultural hub is now becoming very seriou seriouss about about adven adventur turee touris tourism. m. With With more more funds funds coming coming in this this fiel field, d, situat situatio ion n has improved improved leaps and bound. Better facilities are playing major role in inviting more adventure seekers to the land of India.
ABOUT ABOU T ADVENTURE ADVEN TURE TOURI T OURISM SM: of tourism,, involving involving exploration or travel or travel to remote, exotic and Adventure travel is a type of tourism possibly hostile areas. Adventure tourism is rapidly growing in popularity, as tourists seek diff differ eren entt kind kindss of vaca vacati tion ons. s. Acco Accord rdin ing g to the the U.S. U.S. base based d Adve Advent ntur uree Trav Travel el Trad Tradee Association, adventure travel may be any tourist activity, including two of the following three components: a physical activity, a cultural exchange or interaction and engagement with nature. nature. Adventure tourism gains much of its excitement by allowing its participants to step outside of their comfort their comfort zone. This may be from experiencing culture shock or shock or through the performance of acts, that require significant effort and involve some degree of risk (real or perceived) and/or and/or phy physic sical al danger danger (See (See extrem extremee sports sports). ). This his may may incl includ udee acti activi viti ties es such such as mountaineering, trekking, bungee jumping, jumping, mountain biking, rafting, rafting, zip-lining and rock climbing. climbing. Some obscure forms of adventure travel include disaster and ghetto tourism.[1] Other rising forms of adventure travel include social and jungle and jungle tourism. tourism. Access to inexpensive consumer technology, with respect to Global Positioning Systems, Systems, flashpacking, social networking networking and photography, photography, have increased the worldwide interest in [2][3] adventure travel. The interest in independent adventure travel has also increased as more specialist travel websites emerge offering previously niche locations and sports.
What India offers to Adventure Lovers? India has lot in store for the adventure lovers, glacial mountains and peaks are ideal for thrilling trekking expeditions, ice climbing is another adventure sport which can be enjoyed
here, also enjoy camping with your family as there are enough sites for camping adventure which are not only safe but also offers experience of enjoying the nature at its best. Take rafting expedition expedition at one of the many fast flowing glacial rivers of Himalayas Himalayas in India. Hang gliding, ballooning, skiing and wilderness adventure are few of the activities from the endless list of adventure sports which India offers to the adventure seekers. Adventure Destinations Destinations of India
Utta Uttaran rancha chal, l, Sikki Sikkim, m, Hima Himach chal al Prade Pradesh, sh, Aruna Arunacha chall Prade Pradesh, sh, West Western ern Ghats Ghats,, Keral Keralaa Backwaters, Goa beaches, Islands Andaman Nicobar and Lakshadweep are some of the popular adventure destinations of India. Adventure Activities Adventure activities which you can enjoy are trekking, rock climbing, skiing, mountaineering and camping in the Himalayan regions and states of India. Wilderness adventure in any of the numerous wildlife sanctuaries spread all across India, water sports in beaches of Goa, Andaman Island and Lakshadweep island. Rafting expeditions in upper Ganges.
Adventure Tourism in India: Angling in India
Today, in India, the sport of angling is combined with with conser conservat vation ion.. As per the exist existin ing g India Indian n protection laws, the fish is allowed to be caught, but but must must be rele releas ased ed with within in a stip stipul ulat ated ed time time period. The average time taken to land a Mahseer is in ratio to its weight--5 minutes to 5 lbs. With just enough time to record its weight, and preserve your moment of glory with the prize catch of film, before the fish is revived-you have to be really quick or else it could just end up as one of those fishy stories of, "the great one that got away." Adventure Tourism in India: Camel Safari in India
Thar Dese Thar Desert rt Came Camell Safa Safari riss of Indi Indiaa are are now now one one of Asia Asia's 's fast fastes estt sell sellin ing g adve advent ntur uree holidays.These include camel treks ranging from short rides around Jaisalmer to extensive trips that remind you of Lawrence of Arabia on his epic journey across the Sahara, Marco Polo, on the historic silk route, a medieval trader leading his caravan through the hostile spice route or a royal caravan serai heading for one of the medieval kingdoms of the Thar desertwithout many of the hardships of course. Adventure Tourism in India: Mountaineering Mountaineering in India
Mountaineering as a sport has a history as old as the history of the evolution of human race itself. Mountaineering started when the need was felt for people who could climb difficult heights and terrains to meet people across the border, to trade, or to conquer new territories. In the course of time, man developed new modes of transportation and communication and venturing venturing out on these difficult routes were not needed. Nevertheless, Nevertheless, what remained was his nature nature to take take risks risks and getting pleasure pleasure in conqueri conquering ng somethin something g totall totally y unknown unknown and unexplored. This inner urge to take up challenges has led man to do things that are quite
daring. Adventure Tourism in India: Paragliding in India
If you like Icarus ever wished to fly, we will make your dream realize. The adventure of paragliding is something you just cannot miss. Soar over the hills, dip whenever you aspire to get a better view of the Earth, glide and sail, feel the freedom of the bird. The adventure of being at the altitude needs an attitude! No noise pollution, no smoke just plain fun. The thrill of have your own wings, the big wide sky with no traffic jams is a safe and easy aero adventure. Paragliding Paragliding is fun for the people who constantly would love to reach new heights. Be amongst the stars during the day and count the constellations at night! Live life happily in the lap of Mother Nature. The package offers training for the novice too. Come fly, with us. The paraglider, harness, helmets, radios and ankle boots are equipments required for the adventure. adventure. Besides the monsoon season, the sky is your road for the escapade, come on touch the sky. Adventure Holidays in India: Elephant Safari
How about a safari atop an elephant? Jeeps and other mechanical means of transportation may distract the fellow animals in the jungle. The Elephant is the best possible option available to admire the beauty of nature. The wildlife adventure in India is incomplete if an Elephant safari is not include in the itinerary. Come and explore the wild terrain of the Corbett National Park on the most majestic animal of all. Do not forget to click the tigers in the Reserve. Even horse safaris do well with the tourists in India. The strong and sturdy animal has since long been galloping across the terrific terrain in India.
Adventure Tourism in India: Rock Climbing in India
It is not quite easy to define rock climbing, but it is not difficult too. Anyone who claims to be a rock climber has his own version of the game. Rock climbing for some is to challenge their spirits and explore new heights, to give a fillip to their unbounded imaginations; for others, it is a way telling the world that he/she has finally arrived. For many of the professional rock climbers, it is not a sport. Can you call a mission to moon a sport or pastime? If not, then why should rock climbing be called a sports is the argument. For them, rock climbing is an adventure of the greatest magnitude; it is a fight against self, against the elements, and the ultimate goal is to reach the summit and return back alive. Adventure Tourism in India: Scuba Diving in India
One of the greatest adventures in life can be to explore the totally unknown and unexplored world under sea. The joy of floating inside the sea like a fish where every creature is your
friend and every new sight is a discovery can be immense. In addition, the sheer thrill of watching the rich flora and fauna of the sea in their natural habitat is unparalleled. Adventure Tourism in India: Skiing in India
The sheer joie de vivre inspired by one's first successful slide down a ski slope defies description. Once limited to a privileged few, the adrenalin-producing pastime of skiing has been brought within the range of the common man now. For the purist, there is unsullied, powdery snow. For the accomplished and egoconscious, there are punishing runs. For wobbly beginners and confident intermediates, there are easy slopes and understanding instructors who soon inspire dreams of Olympic glory. Adventure Tourism in India: Trekking in India
Off late, trekking in India is becoming popular among the tourists all over the world. This might have been a new phenomenon for the travelers from abroad, for Indians, these mountains signify not only the natural beauty but also a source of spiritual guidance. Trekking has remained men's passion from the day he took his first step on the earth. He always ventured out of home and his natural surroundings to explore something new, a world that was unknown to him. It is astonishing to learn that the human race migrated from one continent to another when there were no means of communication, no helping hands, and most of them who left their home could never return back. Adventure Tourism in India: White Water Rafting in India
If you want to get some kick, some change in life, or just to have some fun, river rafting can satisfy most of your desires. If you have the zeal, then go for the challenge and show others that you can do it. White-water rafting is not for fashionable thrill seekers, but for those who thrive on hair-soaking risks, which keep the adrenalin flowing overtime! The thrill of rushing down fast-flowing mountain streams a froth with huge waves, dashing against dangerous boulders and dizzy rapids, while you cling for dear life dependent on a fragile, inflatable rubber raft or dinghy.
INTRODUCTION ON HIMACHAL PRADESH
Himachal Pradesh is its varied terrain and geology is a unique treasure house if clean, peaceful and beautiful environment, scenic and charming forests, lakes, mountains, rivers and streams, scared shrines and historic monuments etc. It has a potential to offer activities of varied interests to match the diverse
Map of Himachal Pradesh District Wise
tastes of tourists from all segments. All that is needed is to explore and highlight the full scope of this tourist potential to the tourist world. Not only to the nature lovers but to the pilgrims also Himachal Pradesh has sufficient to provide as millions of pilgrims from all parts of the country visit various shrines and temples every year. The immense geographical spectrum also provides enormous scope for various sports and adventure activities. Pradesh also have many anglers’ attraction spots for trout fish varieties. Wildlife is another attraction for tourists visiting the area. Himachal is also famous for its handicrafts, Pashmina and woolen shawls.
FACTS & FIGURES 55,673 sq km 5,170,877 Hinduism (95.89%), Religion (4.11%) Maximum Temperature 30°C Minimum Temperature 2°C Shimla Capital Hindi, English, Pahari Languages April to June Best time to visit Area Population
Others
Himachal, with its pristine mountains, rivers and forests is known as ‘Devbhoomi’ the land of the Gods. Today, it is our endeavours to maintain the natural glory of the state make it a place of endless delight for travelers and residents alike. HIMACHAL PRADESH is Area wise 55,653 sq. km and Population: 60, 77,248. High mountains, snow – covered peaks,
beautiful green hills and slopes, and quiet little resorts and hamlets make up this beautiful state. In summer, Himachal Pradesh has always been a refreshing change from the heat and oppression of plains of north India. Excellent trekking, hiking and skiing facilities are available at different parts in the state. Vibrant and colorful ‘meals’ are held all over the state to celebrate the festival of Dussehra. Manali the unparalleled tourist resort of Himachal has its special place in the tourist
map of world. The place is named after Manu the divine law-giver. The place is flooded with breathtaking natural beauty. Picture postcard-perfect, the area around Manali holds fertile valleys, and fast flowing streams. Thick forests rise over a carpet of varied foliage and flowers. For the back drop, all this has the majesty of high snow-clad mountains. And then there is an enormous range of sightseeing, sports and adventure that is available around the town. Every year winter sports are held here to attract the tourists. The place has attained special significance in the world of winter sports. Himachal Pradesh, a veritable cornucopia of nature, a gay land of colourful fairs and festivals, and a treasure of ancient temples with super sculptural ornamentations, an abode of peace of loving, innocent and hospitable people attracts lakhs of tourists every year. The matchless magical beauty of snow covered peaks touching heights of sky, below where lie the high meadows of soft and soothing green grass, thick forests with a variety of flora and fauna, small jewel-like lakes, swiftly flowing streams, rushing rivers and deep valleys with small hamlets and fascinating architecture leave a lasting impression tempting tourists to visit Himachal again and again. Today’s complex and mechanical life always pushes a man to go in search of rest and peace of mind. Feeling tried of his routine life, he wants to rest his body and mind, he wants dome enjoyment, and he aspires for some solace and solitude. These are available in abundance in the pollution free surroundings of Himachal which leave a lasting impression on the minds of tourist, tempting to him fall in love with Himachal. Growth & Development of Tourism Industry in Himachal Pradesh:-
Himachal with vast potential and growing economy has immense potential for the sustenance of the tourism industry. Tourism is Himachal Pradesh has been recognized as one of the most important sectors of the economy as it is being realized as a major engine of growth of future. Himachal Pradesh is endowed with all the basic resources necessary for
thriving tourism activity like geographical and cultural diversity, clean, peaceful and beautiful streams, sacred shrines, historic monuments and the friendly and hospitable people. Tourism industry in Himachal Pradesh has been given very high priority and the Government has developed an appropriate infrastructure for its development which includes provision of public utility services, roads, communication network, airports, transport facilities, water supply and civic amenities etc. Efforts are a foot in providing urban facilities in rural areas thereby promoting tourism not only in urban/metros but in rural areas of the Pradesh. Besides amusement and recreation, tourism today is recognized as one of the most important sectors of the global economy. The economic impacts and gains in the form of increased employment opportunities, foreign exchange earnings, income multiplier and tax revenue has given this industry a significant importance. In India, although we have not yet even begun tap to the potential, tourism already is the third largest foreign exchange earner.
Need for tourism development:-
In the absence of strong industrial and commercial base tourism can play a pivotal role in boosting the company of Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh has a potential to offer activities of varied interested to match the diverse tastes of tourists from all segments. The key players in tourism development can be divided into three categories namely, business sector, non profit sector, and the Government. The development of tourism in as area needs co-ordination of efforts and policies between these three. Thus the Government has an important role to play in guiding the activities in private and non-profit sector. Tourism is one of the fastest growing service industries in the India. While growth of tourism industry one the value added services, as developed countries in the world. This sector is playing a very crucial role in supporting of the growth & especially industrial and services, in any economy. Tourism industry is only (%), which is less than that of China (%), and the world average (%). The tourism industry had received the ( ) 19…. India has managed to take privatization and introduction of competition in basis tourism services. The government has announced a new tourism policy, which clarifies the future role of Department of Tourism.
Tourism Sector of India;
The tourism sector, like most other infrastructure sectors is controlled by the state. The department of tourism (DOT), reporting to the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) is the key body for policy issues and regulation, apart from being a basis service provider in the rest of country. The key players in the sector are: 1) Ministry of Tourism:2) 3) 4)
Specifically Includes The Development Of Tourism Industry Technology:-
The entire sector is (CRS) on-line booking system. Capital:The state has placed a pivotal role in the development of tourism.
Policy:-
The earnings of the sector hides on government policies, especially in India. In a business where government of both a service provider and a policy maker, independently regulator is key if interest of the private sector is to be taken care of. Tourism has rightly enhanced the advent of transportation and communication. Thus the annual movement of people has increased to manifold across the world. Travel has always depended upon technology to provide the means or mode of travel. The earliest travellers walked or rode domesticated animals. The invention of the wheel and the sail provided new modes of transportation. Each improvement in technology increased
individuals'
opportunities to travel. As roads were improved and governments stabilized, interest in travel increased for education, sightseeing, and religious purposes. One of the earliest travel guides
was written by Pausanias, a Greek, which was a 10 volume Guide to Greece, for Roman tourists in 170 A.D. Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries that delivers a travel experience, including transportation, accommodations, eating and drinking establishments, retail shops, entertainment businesses, activity facilities and other hospitality services provided for individuals or groups travelling away from home.
AdventureTourisn in Himachal Himachal Pradesh is blessed with geographical diversity. Low lying shivalik hills rise to majestic height of permanently snow clad peaks of Greater and Trans-Himalayas. The deep flowing gushing rivers, alpine meadows, thick forests and its virgin trails offer a variety of thrilling experiences to the traveler. The vast potential available in the state provides a complete range of adventure tourism. There are easy hikes and hazardous trekking areas. In the recent past many schemes have been launched to promote rock climbing, mountaineering, skiing, heli skiing and para or hang gliding. There are large numbers of spots where the thrill of water sports like river rafting, canoing, kayaking, swimming and sailing can be enjoyed. Vehicle safaris on lonely streches over high passes, camping in open glades, angling in hill streams and big lakes, mountain cycling and golfing are added attractions. Most of the adventure activities suit all age groups that require no special training. Selection of any activity depends on one’s physical and mental fitness. Facility of proper training, expert guidance and equipment is available at most of the places in Pradesh. Himachal offers limitless possibilities for the adventure sports enthusiast. It’s varied terrainmountains, valleys, forests, rivers and rapids and different climatic zone provides an exciting fare. The warmth and the hospitality its people, towns and the culture offering allow for thrilling experience to the traveler. The canvas of adventure is as colorfully vivid as you choose to paint it. There are hikes and trek routes, skiing, heliskiing, ice skating, camping, fishing, golf, safari, water sports. The choice is unlimited and the opportunities, myriad. It has beautiful mountains for climbing, white water rivers for rafting and canoeing, interesting and
unique wildlife with dense and charming forests, long snow covered slopes for summer and winter skiing, many river trouts and other types of fishing, golf grounds for the lovers of this royal game and lots of religious lakes and temples for their visit. The Himalayas offer some of the most thrilling and challenging mountaineering opportunities in the world. The Mountaineering Institute at Manali organises expeditious each year, and it has regional centres at Dharamsala, Bharmour and Jispa which offer adventure courses as well. Patalsu and Sitidhar are among the easier peaks in the Manali region while other popular climbs are to Deo Tibba, Moulkila, Hanuman Tibba, Centre Peak and Indresen. The passes and the valleys cutting through the mountain ranges of Himachal offer a variety of trekking opportunities. The best terrain for trekking lies bwetween the gentle Shiwaliks and the tough upper reaches of the Greater Himalayas. Trekking is surely one of the best ways to explore Himachal. Some of the popular treks are from Manali to Beas Kund, from Manali to Brighu Lake and from Dalhousie to Khajjiar. The more intrepid can explore the pristine beauty of Chandratal, cross the Bara Lacha Pass to Keylong, the Rohtant Pass from Manali, or the Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges to Lahaul and Kullu. July to September are ideal months for trekking in Lahaul and Bharmour, while in Narkanda, Manali and Kangra regions it is possible between April and November. Patalsu, Bharmour, and Manali offer good possibilities for rock-climbing enthusiasts. The sport of river rafting has gained popularity in the last few years as enthusiasts have discovered the tremendous possibilities offered by the snow-fed rivers of the Himalayas. The season extends from October to late April, with a break in January when the water is too cold. The best rivers for this sport are the Beas, the Spiti, the Chandrabhaga and the Satluj which has spectacular rapids upto Tattapan In the winter months some of the snow-covered slopes of Himachal become ideal for skiing, and heli-skiing is becoming increasingly popular. The Mountaineering Institute of Manali orgainses skiing courses from January onwards, while the Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation does so simultaneously at Narkanda. At Solang, 10 km from Manali, the ski slopes are set against a backdrop of glaciers and majestic peaks. The slopes of Kufri and Narkanda, 16 km and 64 km respectively, from Shimla, are ideal for recreational skiing. Angling, too, is fast gaining popularity. Trout is found in the Beas river near Manali, as well as the Pabbar river at Rohru, 120 km from Shimla, which is considered an angler's paradise. Mahseer is found around Dehra Gopipur, Nadaun and Pong reservoir. The tourist department in every district provides licences.
Billing, in Kangra valley is said to be amongst the finest sites in the world for hang-gliding. It hosts India's only international hang-gliding festival. The ideal time for this sport, for which all equipment is provided, is during March and April and from mid-August to November.
Accessibility: A good network of roads, airport and rail links in Himachal makes the inner most part of the mountains easily accessible in a day or two. The gate way Shimla is connected to Delhi, Chandigarh and Kullu-Manali by air servie. Kalka, the railhead is connected to major centers of India. By road Delhi is 370 km from Shimla and Manali 500km. With in Himachal, Shimla is connected to Manali 280km and kullu is 240 km.
Tourist inflows in Himachal (in lacs) Year
Indian
Foreigner
Total
2001
4570129
111191
4681320
2002
5111772
133023
5244795
2003
4958917
133023
5244795
2004
5544414
167902
5712316
2005
6345069
204344
6549413
2006
6927742
207790
6549413
2007
7671902
281499
7953401
Adventure tourism in Himachal Pradesh is indeed a new experience. Leading from one Mountain to another, passing through the pine covered slopes to cold deserts is certainly a treat to the pulses. Situated on the bank of the Sutlej, Rampur Bushahr is one such spot of adventure tourism. It is located at a distance of 140 km from Shimla. It is a perfect spot for trekking. The valley of Kullu also offers ample scope for trekking, climbing and angling in its forests. Apart from these tourists can also drop in at Manali if they are interested in trekking. Winter sports are very popular in Himachal Pradesh. There are several places in this state where one can indulge in ice skating or skiing. Narkanda is another place that is perfect for skiing. The little hamlet of Kufri, 16 km from Shimla, is the centre for winter sports. The ice skating rink is one of its kinds in this part of the world.
The skiing season starts in the last week of December and lasts till the end of February. Skiing opportunities are also available at Narkanda (64 km from Shimla) and Solang (10 km from Manali). Manali-Chandratal, Manali-Chandratal, Manali-Deo-Tibba, Manali-Solang Valley, Dharamsala-Chamba via Lakagot and Bharmaur, Shimla to Kulu via Jalori Pass; Shimla to Mussoorie via Tuini and Shimla to Churdhar via Fagu are some of the popular trekking trails in Himachal Pradesh.
ROLE &SCOPE OF ADVENTURE IN HIMACHAL PRADESH Just the place for an intrepid-Himachal Pradesh offers excellent opportunities for adventure tourism.Experience sheer joy and thrill as you enjoy adventure activities such as mountaineering, trekking, rock climbing , camping, paragliding , riverrafting, handgliding and skating. GOLF :
The state of Himachal Pradesh has emerged in the recent years as one of the favourite destinations with domestic and foreign tourists alike. Varied ranges of terrain and climate in far flung areas offer many options to experienced as well as uninitiated adventure sportsmen. And Golf is another sport that is becoming popular rapidly in Himachal Pradesh Naldera is 22 km. from Shimla and 3,044 meters in altitude. Naldera offers one of the oldest and most sporting golf courses in India set in the midst of thick forests. The course, whose topography is absolutely natural, was originally placed by the British Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon in 1903 AD. He was so enhanted by the spot that he named one of his daughters 'Naldera' after the spot. This is a par 68, nine hole course which is regarded as one of the most challenging in the country. In the repeat nine, the yardage somewhat increases. The links are maintained by Himachal Tourism and accomodation is available at Hotel Golf Glade. There are other hotels in the pr:ivate sector near Naldera TREKKING:
Trekking is the most upcoming adventure sport in Himachal Pradesh. The Himachal for centuries have been credited to be the mother of this sport. A trekking tour in Himachal Pradesh is the deepest and the most refreshing communion with nature. There are around 270 defines trekking routes in Himachal Pradesh. You should try all of them as each promises
something unique that will serve as beautiful remembrance. If planning to take various trekking tours, there is a wide option to choose from. You can enjoy difficult and grueling treks that will make your spine shiver, or you can also bask just walking around on the gentle slopes. Due to the presence of rugged terrains which makes it difficult to be reached by any vehicle, a person has to trust his feet if he wants to explore the camouflaged areas of the state.Trekking is a unique experience in Himachal Pradesh. Take a trekking trip of Himachal Pradesh to enjoy the land that is best seen on foot. SKIING :
The challenge of the snow covered terrain. And a streak of adventure in man. That is what combines together in the realm of skiing-the fastest and most fascinating winter sport. When the white mantle of snow covers the lush green meadows and the firs and pines are sprinkled with silver, its skiing time in the Himalayas. Some of the world's most popular winter playgrounds are here, known for their interesting undulations and fine gradients. Over the period of time Skiing is one sport that has gained immense popularity all over the world and in the past decade have become quiet popular sport because of the Himalayas. The awesome height and spread of the snow clad Himalayas mountains, with the added advantage of powdered snow are tempting enough to magnetize the adventurous spirits of the avid skier, providing all the thrill and excitement attached to the sport
CAMPING: Camping is perhaps the best way of enjoying the wonders of nature given to Himachal and sharing the warmth of its people. You can carry your own gear along - or opt for any of the several camps that are pitched in various parts of the state. These camps offer accommodation, catering and a variety of activities like hikes, fishing, nature-tours and rafting. Most of these offer quality facilities and services.Himachal Tourism has camps at Sarchu in Lahaul, and in addition to built-accommodation, tents are available at Sangla and Kalpa in Kinnaur, and at Kazza in Spiti.The Youth Hostel Association of India, runs camps at Dalhousie and at Kullu-Manali. Camps run by the private sector are in Baspa (Sangla) valley and at Kalpa in Kinnaur, at Tabo in Spiti, at AI Hilal (Taragarh) and Dharamshala in Kagra, at Shoja near Kullu, and at Mashobra and Baldian near Shimla. Adventure camps are likely to be available soon in the Pabbar valley, in the Jubbal-Hatkoti-Rohru area
PARA-GLIDING: Paragliding is fast becoming one of the most accepted adventurous sport in India. Till now there are very location which organise this sport. Himachal Pradesh in north India is one most prime destination for Paragliding. Since last many years, people from all over the world flocks to Himachal Pradesh to experience this exhilarating sport. In Paragliding you run down a hill with the big parachute and you are lifted up from the ground. Paragliding make you fly like a bird in the sky. Billing in the Kangra valley of Himachal Pradesh is an excellent location for para-gliding. It is the most famous spot in the country, where an international event takes place each year, pulling in para-gliding enthusiasts from all over the world. The Dhauladhar range, 20,000 ft above sea level and the Kangra valley below create an ideal location for high altitude and cross-country gliding. This location is special because when you take off from the top, the fall is about 1 km. An average flight which, once you take off, lasts an exhilarating25-30minutes. Regular sites for paragliding are - Bundla Dhar near Bilaspur, in the Kullu valley and at Intkali in the Pabbar valley near Rohru.
MOUNTAINEERING: Mountaineering which can be fused with rock climbing is fast becoming the preferred adventure sport in Himachal Pradesh. The mountainous regions that are ubiquitous with Himachal Pradesh are the spots where one can indulge in this adventurous sport. Mountains in Manali are the gung ho destinations for mountaineering in Himachal Pradesh. Some of the most popular ranges for this sport in Manali are Chandra Bhaga ranges the Pir Panjal and Dhalaudhar ranges. For the beginners who have a little experience can try their mountaineering skills in the Beas Kund region and lower reaches of the Hanuman Tibba, the Manali and Shitidhar peaks around the source of the river Beas, and the Deo Tibba area. Due to the fact that Himachal Pradesh is a mountainous region, this sport is possible everywhere.
Tread for Himachal Pradesh tourism during the months of April to November, when you will get the chance to enjoy the rocky sport of rock climbing. Having Himalayas, the greatest
mountain stretch in the world in vicinity, it becomes inevitable that there is tremendous scope for this sport in Himachal Pradesh. Though these sports are enjoyed best in summers but the options of indulging in these adventures during the month of December to March, has its own charm
ROCK-CLIMBING: Rock climbing is an adventure sport that requires strength and endurance. It always helps if you are trained in climbing rocks or have at least tried this sport once. In Himachal Pradesh, the rocks in natural surroundings are rugged and steep. Safety equipments are provided by those who organize these climbs. However, you are required to have a keen observation and a fine sense of judgment when it comes to choosing the right crevices and gaps for finding a foothold.
Rock climbing is slowly gaining the fame and popularity that it long deserved in India. Several mountaineering clubs and institutes have launched courses for novices, amateurs and professionals who are interested in rock climbing. Beginners should start rock climbing on gentle slopes and then proceed to steeper gradients. Himachal Pradesh is blessed with both gentle and steep terrain; ideal for an amateur and professional respectively. The most popular rock climbing sites in Himachal Pradesh are located in Manali. Some popular names of sites are given below. •
Beas Kund Region
•
Hanuman Tibba
•
Shitidhar Peaks (Origin of River Beas)
•
Deo Tibba
MOUNTAIN-CAMPING: A mountain camping adventure is an absolute must for nature lovers, while on tours to Himachal Pradesh in India with Taj Mahal Tourism packages. Enjoy mountain camping at Himachal State Tourism camps at Sangla, Kalpa, Sarchu and Kaza. Special camping haunts are located near Kullu – Manali and Dalhousie in Himachal Pradesh, India.
ParaGliding: The Pabbar and Kullu valleys are hotspots for para gliding enthusiasts. Bundla Dhar, close to Bilaspur is another great Paragliding destination in Himachal Pradesh, India.
RiverRafting: The snow-fed Himalayan rivers of Himachal Pradesh invite you to come and enjoy adventure river rafting to your hearts content. Experience a glorious amalgamation of adventure, thrill, danger and fun while river rafting on Himachal adventure tours with Taj Mahal Tourism packages.
Economic Benefits of Adventure Tourism: Adventure tourism has many benefits to the economies in which the businesses are located. Adventure travel companies provide significant opportunities for people all over the world, often in places where economic development is stunted because of lack of investment, education and access.
Ease of Development ○
The adventure tourism industry benefits from low capital start-up costs for entrepreneurs, enabling the development of new markets in virtually any economic area. These new developments often create opportunity for foreign and local investments.
Job Creation ○
Adventure tourism and new companies that support it bring development projects and new jobs, increasing the financial gains for local people in that location.
Environmental Awareness ○
Adventure travel fuels environmental awareness. Adventure tourism companies lead initiatives that raise awareness of activities and practices that have a low environmental impact.
Better Land Management ○
Adventure tourism gives communities a financial reason to take a second look at land usage.
Increased Education and Health Benefits ○
In addition to increased employment, local people benefit from the educational and health benefits that a sustainable economy brings. According to the Adventure Travel Trade Association's 2008 Development Index Report,
Advantages of Adventure Tourism: .
Adventure tourism started out small, but has gained market share throughout the world. This is due in part to vacationers who want something different, to be able to use their time to make a difference, or they may be looking to combine travel with their favorite sport or activity. Whatever the reason, economically depressed areas and emerging markets can capitalize on the opportunity presented by adventure tourism.
1. Added Jobs ○
Adventure tourism infuses money into the local economy. This happens in many ways, from hosting travel groups, to support services such as food and
transportation. If an economically depressed area brings adventure tourism, jobs in transporting, housing, feeding, and entertaining visitors are created.
2. Environmentally Friendly ○
Leaders in the adventure tourism industry are dedicated to making this tourism segement as sustainable as possible. Xola, a company that partners with new and existing adventure tourism operators, conducts industry research on the environmental impact of this type of travel. One of their reports is "Brazil, Russia, India, China and Mexico: Balancing Adventure Travel Potential with Climate Change and Water Scarcity."
3.
Support Local Communities ○
Adventure tourism can bring humanitarian aid to areas that needs it. Adventure Aid is a company that combines a traveler's desire to make a difference with a community in need. If visitors help provide clean water or other needs, it not only benefits the community, but strengthens the community's ability to provide for future travellers. The more tourists, the more economic growth.
4.
Creating Entrepreneurs: ○
Adventure tourism is a relatively inexpensive industry to for a community to start. There are companies that specialize in helping emerging adventure tourism operators market their product. Partnering with an established company can help burgeoning markets gain credibility faster, since they can avoid the mistakes that others made before them.
IMPACTS OF ADVENTURE TOURISM WITH ASPECTS:
Tourism and its link with other economic sector :
The distinctiveness of tourism in global trade is that it ‘moves people to the product rather than transporting the product of the people,’ Tourism is also linked to other areas of the economy: agriculture, land and labour. Tourism not only creates jobs in the tertiary sector, it also encourages growth in the primary and secondary sectors of industry. This is known as
the multiplier effect which in its simplest form is how many times money spent by a tourist circulates through a country's economy. Money spent in a hotel helps to create jobs directly in the hotel, but it also creates jobs indirectly elsewhere in the economy. The hotel, for example, has to buy food from local farmers, who may spend some of this money on fertilizer or clothes. The demand for local products increases as tourists often buy souvenirs, which increases secondary employment. The multiplier effect continues until the money eventually 'leaks' from the economy through imports - the purchase of goods from other countries. Tourism has a variety of economic impacts. Tourists contribute to sales, profits, jobs, tax revenues, and income in an area. The most direct effects occur within the primary tourism sectors --lodging, restaurants, transportation, amusements, and retail trade. Through secondary effects, tourism affects most sectors of the economy. A simple tourism impact scenario illustrates. Let’s say a region attracts an additional 100 tourists, each spending Rs.100 per day. That’s Rs.10, 000 in new spending per day in the area. If sustained over a 100 day season, the region would accumulate a million rupees in new sales. The million rupees in spending would be distributed to lodging, restaurant, amusement and retail trade sectors in proportion to how the visitor spends the Rs.100. Perhaps 30% of the million rupees would leak out of the region immediately to cover the costs of goods purchased by tourists that are not made in the local area. The remaining Rs.700, 000 in direct sales might yield Rs.350, 000 in income within tourism industries and support 20 direct tourism jobs. Tourism industries are labor and income intensive, translating a high proportion of sales into income and corresponding jobs. The tourism industry, in turn, buys goods and services from other businesses in the area, and pays out most of the Rs.350, 000 in income as wages and salaries to its employees. This creates secondary economic effects in the region. While hypothetical, the numbers used here are fairly typical of what one might find in a tourism economic impact study. A more complete study might identify which sectors receive the direct and secondary effects. There are several other categories of economic impacts. For example: 1} Changes in prices -- tourism can sometimes inflate the cost of housing and retail prices in the area, frequently on a seasonal basis. 2} Changes in the quality and quantity of goods and services – tourism may lead to a wider array of goods and services available in an area (of either higher or lower quality than without tourism).
3} Changes in property and other taxes – taxes to cover the cost of local services may be higher or lower in the presence of tourism activity. In some cases, taxes collected directly or indirectly from tourists may yield reduced local taxes for schools, roads, etc. In other cases, locals may be taxed more heavily to cover the added infrastructure and service costs. 4} Economic dimensions of “social” and “environmental” impacts - There are also economic consequences of most social and environmental impacts that are not usually addressed in an economic impact analysis. These can be positive or negative. For example, traffic congestion will increase costs of moving around for both households and businesses. Improved amenities that attract tourists may also encourage retirees or other kinds of businesses to locate in the area. A standard economic impact analysis traces flows of money from tourism spending, first to businesses and government agencies where tourists spend their money and then to: 1} other businesses -- supplying goods and services to tourist businesses, households – earning income by working in tourism or supporting industries, and 2} government -- through various taxes and charges on tourists, businesses and households. 3}
Impact of Tourism on the economy of India : Impact of tourism on the economy of the country: Tourism emerged as an industry in recent past. This new industry is developing as the biggest industry of the world. And now the technical boom helps
tourism to be in the main driving seat of any countries economy. According to the survey of World Tourism Organization tourist movement throughout the world can touch the 1600 million mark within 2020. And that’s why the specialists of this industry think that “it is a new economic phenomenon, a new business, a new industry of vast dimension and magnitude.” The biggest feature of this industry is that it can generate maximum employment opportunity. And it’s simply because of the number of subsidiary industries. Adventure Tourism is one of the driving force which helps regional development and economic development. The Government of India understood the importance of tourism as an industry . So tourism is a late-started industry in this country. Recent study shows that the
globalization and open economy helped tourism to emerge as one of the biggest FOREX earner of this country. It brings the opportunity of infrastructure development. The overall development of any country depends specially on the improvement of road, vehicles, communication, water supply, airports, and railway stations. Economic progress and industry development depends completely on the overall development of country. And tourism plays a major role on this overall infrastructural advancement. Directly and indirectly tourism helps agriculture and other industries. Few examples can show the importance of tourism in Indian economy. 1) Tourism industry can generate 5 million job opportunity. 2) Foreign tourists buy handicrafts of almost of one thousand crore Rs. in a year. 3) Total income from this smokeless industry in this country is almost 20000 crore Rs. and that is again without any factory. 4) Regions like Aurangabad in Maharastra, Khajuraho in MP, Jammu & Kashmir, Raghurajpur in Orissa etc emerged with the help of tourism only.
The Economic and Social Impacts of Tourism : The Economic and Social Impact of Tourism Today, tourism is one of the largest and dynamically developing sectors of external economic activities. Its high growth and development rates, considerable volumes of foreign currency inflows, infrastructure development, and introduction of new management and educational experience actively affect various sectors of economy, which positively contribute to the social and economic development of the country as a whole. According to recent statistics, tourism provides about 10% of the world’s income and employs almost one tenth of the world’s workforce. All considered, tourism’s actual and potential economic impact is astounding. Many people emphasize the positive aspects of tourism as a source of foreign exchange, a way to balance foreign trade, an “industry without chimney”. But there are also a number of other positive and negative sides of tourism. The Positive and Negative Social and Environmental Impacts of Tourism Socially tourism has a great influence on the host societies. Tourism
can be both a source of international amity, peace and understanding and a destroyer and corrupter of indigenous cultures, a source of ecological destruction, an assault of people’s privacy, dignity, and authenticity. Here are possible positive effects of tourism: • Developing positive attitudes towards each other • Learning about each other’s culture and customs • Reducing negative perceptions and stereotypes • Developing friendships • Developing pride, appreciation, understanding, respect, and tolerance for each other’s culture • Increasing selfesteem of hosts and tourists • Psychological satisfaction with interaction So, social contacts between tourists and local people may result in mutual appreciation, understanding, tolerance, awareness, learning, family bonding respect, and liking. Residents are educated about the outside world without leaving their homes, while their visitors significantly learn about a distinctive culture. Local communities are benefited through contribution by tourism to the improvement of the social infrastructure like schools, libraries, health care institutions, internet cafes, and so on. Besides, if local culture is the base for attracting tourists to the region, it helps to preserve the local traditions and handicrafts which maybe were on the link of the extinction. On the other side tourism can increase tension, hostility, and suspicion. Claims of tourism as a vital force for peace are exaggerated. In this context economic and social impacts on the local community depend on how much of the incomes generated by tourists go to the host communities. In most all-inclusive package tours more than 80% of travellers’ fees go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies, not to local businessmen and workers. On the other hand large hotel chain restaurants often import food to satisfy foreign visitors and rarely employ local staff for senior management positions, preventing local farmers and workers from reaping the benefit of their presence. Tourism has the power to affect cultural change. Successful development of a resource can lead to numerous negative impacts. Among these are overdevelopment, assimilation, conflict, and artificial reconstruction. While presenting a culture to tourists may help preserve the culture, it can also dilute or even destroy it. The point is to promote tourism in the region so that it would both give incomes and create respect for the local tradition and culture. There are also both negative and positive impacts of tourism on the local ecology. Tourism often grows into mass-tourism. It leads to the over consumption, pollution, and lack of resources. Conclusion Thus, the preceding paragraphs show that the impact of tourism on local communities can be both positive and negative, whether it comes to economic, social, or environmental effects. It depends to which extent tourism is developed in a particular region. Every region has its bearing capacity, that is to say the limit of the incoming influence that does not harm the host community. If we overcome that limit negative impacts of tourism will follow.
Impacts of Environment on Tourism Business : Natural disasters Catastrophes like floods, earthquakes, wildfires, volcanoes, avalanches,
drought and diseases can have a serious effect on inbound and domestic tourism and thus on local tourism industries. The outbreak of the foot and mouth disease epidemic in England (2001), for instance, has severely affected Great Britain's inbound tourism market. Climate change Tourism not only contributes to climate change, but is affected by it as well. Climate
change is likely to increase the severity and frequency of storms and severe weather events, which can have disastrous effects on tourism in the affected regions. Some of the other impacts that the world risks as a result of global warming are drought, diseases and heat waves. These negative impacts can keep tourists away from the holiday destinations. Global warming may cause: 1. Less snowfall at ski resorts, meaning a shorter skiing season. 2. Harm to vulnerable ecosystems such as rainforests and coral reefs because of rising temperatures and less rainfall. The Great Barrier Reef, which supports a US$ 640 million tourism industry, has been experiencing coral damage for the last 20 years. 3. Rising sea levels, the result of melting glaciers and polar ice. Higher sea levels will threaten coastal and marine areas with widespread floods in low-lying countries and island states, increasing the loss of coastal land. Beaches and islands that are major tourism attractions may be the first areas to be affected. 4. Increased events of extreme weather, such as tornadoes, hurricanes and typhoons. These are already becoming more prevalent in tourist areas in the Caribbean and South East Asia. Hurricane Mitch in 1998, for instance, heavily affected tourism in the Caribbean. HOW TOURISM CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION The
tourism industry can contribute to conservation through: Financial contributions Direct financial contributions:- Tourism can contribute directly to the conservation of sensitive
areas and habitat. Revenue from park-entrance fees and similar sources can be allocated specifically to pay for the protection and management of environmentally sensitive areas. Special fees for park operations or conservation activities can be collected from tourists or tour operators. Contributions to government revenues:- User fees, income taxes, taxes on sales or rental of recreation equipment, and license fees for activities such as hunting and fishing can provide governments with the funds needed to manage natural resources. Such funds can be used for overall conservation programs and activities, such as park ranger salaries and park maintenance. Improved environmental management and planning Sound environmental management of tourism facilities and especially hotels can increase the benefits to natural areas. Planning helps to make choices between conflicting uses, or to find ways to make them compatible. By planning early for tourism development, damaging and
expensive mistakes can be prevented, avoiding the gradual deterioration of environmental assets significant to tourism. Environmental awareness raising Tourism has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with nature and the environment. This confrontation may heighten awareness of the value of nature and lead to environmentally conscious behavior and activities to preserve the environment. Protection and preservation Tourism can significantly contribute to environmental protection, conservation and restoration of biological diversity and sustainable use of natural resources. Because of their attractiveness, pristine sites and natural areas are identified as valuable and the need to keep the attraction alive can lead to creation of national parks and wildlife parks. Tourism has had a positive effect on wildlife preservation and protection efforts, notably in Africa but also in South America, Asia, Australia, and the South Pacific. Numerous animal and plant species have already become extinct or may become extinct soon. Many countries have therefore established wildlife reserves and enacted strict laws protecting the animals that draw natureloving tourists. As a result of these measures, several endangered species have begun to thrive again.
Impacts of Tourism on the Environment : The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. However,
tourism's relationship with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance. TOURISM'S THREE MAIN IMPACT AREAS Negative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local
populations to compete for the use of critical resources. Water resources Water, and especially fresh water, is one of the most critical natural resources. The tourism industry generally overuses water resources for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses and personal use of water by tourists. This can result in water shortages and degradation of water supplies, as well as generating a greater volume of waste water. In dryer regions like the Mediterranean, the issue of water scarcity is of particular concern. Because of the hot climate and the tendency of tourists to consume more water when on holiday than they do at home, the amount used can run up to 440 liters a day. This is almost double what the inhabitants of an average Spanish city use. Golf course maintenance can also deplete fresh water resources. In recent years golf tourism has increased in popularity and the number of golf courses has grown rapidly. Golf courses require an enormous amount of water every day and, as with other causes of excessive extraction of water, this can result in water scarcity. Local resources Tourism can create great pressure on local resources like energy, food, and other
raw materials that may already be in short supply. Because of the seasonal character of the industry, many destinations have ten times more inhabitants in the high season as in the low season. A high demand is placed upon these resources to meet the high expectations tourists often have (proper heating, hot water, etc.). Land degradation Important land resources include minerals, fossil fuels, fertile soil, forests, wetland and wildlife. Increased construction of tourism and recreational facilities has increased the pressure on these resources and on scenic landscapes. Direct impact on natural resources in the provision of tourist facilities can be caused by the use of land for accommodation and other infrastructure provision, and the use of building materials. Forests often suffer negative impacts of tourism in the form of deforestation caused by fuel wood collection and land clearing. For example, one trekking tourist in Nepal - and area already suffering the effects of deforestation - can use four to five kilograms of wood a day. POLLUTION Tourism can cause the same forms of pollution as any other industry: air emissions, noise, solid waste and littering, releases of sewage, oil and chemicals, even architectural/visual pollution. Air pollution and noise Transport by air, road, and rail is continuously increasing in response to the rising number. One consequence of this increase in air transport is that tourism now accounts for more than 60% of air travel and is therefore responsible for an important share of air emissions. One study estimated that a single transatlantic return flight emits almost half the CO2 emissions produced by all other sources (lighting, heating, car use, etc.) consumed by an average person yearly. (Mayer Hillman, Town & Country Planning magazine, September 1996.) Transport emissions and emissions from energy production and use are linked to acid rain, global warming and photochemical pollution. Air pollution from tourist transportation has impacts on the global
level, especially from carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions related to transportation energy use. And it can contribute to severe local air pollution. Some of these impacts are quite specific to tourist activities. For example, especially in very hot or cold countries, tour buses often leave their motors running for hours while the tourists go out for an excursion because they want to return to a comfortably air-conditioned bus. Noise pollution from airplanes, cars, and buses, as well as recreational vehicles such as snowmobiles and jet skis, is an ever-growing problem of modern life. In addition to causing annoyance, stress, and even hearing loss for it humans, it causes distress to wildlife, especially in sensitive areas. For instance, noise generated by snowmobiles can cause animals to alter their natural activity patterns. Solid waste and littering In areas with high concentrations of tourist activities and appealing natural
attractions, waste disposal is a serious problem and improper disposal can be a major despoiler of the natural environment - rivers, scenic areas, and roadsides. For example, cruise ships in the Caribbean are estimated to produce more than 70,000 tons of waste each year. Today some cruise lines are actively working to reduce waste-related impacts. Solid waste and littering can degrade the physical appearance of the water and shoreline and cause the death of marine animals. In mountain areas, trekking tourists generate a great deal of waste. Tourists on expedition leave behind their garbage, oxygen cylinders and even camping equipment. Such practices degrade the environment mainly in remote areas that have few garbage collection or disposal facilities. Some trails in the Peruvian Andes and in Nepal frequently visited by tourists have been nicknamed "Coca-Cola trail" and "Toilet paper trail". LOSS OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Biological diversity is the term given to the variety
of life on Earth and the natural patterns it forms. The effects of loss of biodiversity: It threatens our food supplies, opportunities for recreation and tourism, and sources of wood, medicines and energy. It interferes with essential ecological functions such as species balance, soil formation, and greenhouse gas absorption. It reduces the productivity of ecosystems, thereby shrinking nature's basket of goods and services, from which we constantly draw. It destabilizes ecosystems and weakens their ability to deal with natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and hurricanes, and with human-caused stresses, such as pollution and climate change. Tourism, especially nature tourism, is closely linked to biodiversity and the attractions created by a rich and varied environment. This loss of biodiversity in fact means loss of tourism potential. Introduction of exotic species Tourists and suppliers - often unwittingly - can bring in species (insects, wild and cultivated plants and diseases) that are not native to the local environment and that can cause enormous disruption and even destruction of ecosystems.
Investment Opportunities : There is a plan to develop an entirely new tourism city equipped with all modern amenities. Rajgarh Valley in Sirmour District is an ideal place for it because of its proximity to the plains. This complex would be an integrated project with facilities for adventure sports, game recreation health club amusement parks, spas, film city, conference halls etc. Because of its proximity to Chandigarh, this avenue could emerge as a hot destination for conferences and corporate get-togethers. This is an ideal place for private sector investment. On its part, government will provide all necessary assistance including procurement of land. This is a major project, which will involve investment of approximately Rs. 100 crores in terms of facilities and infrastructure.
Major Facilities: The State Government has several proposals for investment in Maharana Pratap Sagar Bilaspur-Una-Hamirpur-Kangra sector by private sector. Land has been identified adjoining Gobind Sagar and Maharana Pratap Sagar lakes. This area is ideal for setting up of amusement parks, herbal gardens, lake resorts and floriculture. The entire belt is dotted with numerous religious places which can be developed for tourists. This area is also ideally suited to adventure sports, water sports, wild life and eco-tourism. The Judge's Court in Pragpur, in this sector, has been declared a Heritage Village; and Masroor, a site of ancient rock-cut temples are located in this sector. Similarly, Bilaspur, Una, Hamirpur and Kangra are also doted with places like Baba Barbagh Singh and Deot-Sidh, along with Shaktipeeths like Naina Devi, Chintpurni, Jwalamukhi and Chamunda Devi.
International Standard Facilities for Tourists in Tribal Areas : The tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh are known for natural beauty and have recently been opened up to foreign tourists. Foreigners can visit this area in groups of four or more. Focus has been shifted to provide clean international standard facilities for tourists visiting this area. This area has also been opened up for private sector investors for creation of facilities for tourists. Ancient Buddhist Monastery of Tabo in Spiti famous for its fine paintings has been declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Ropeways&SkiResorts : Another area which has been opened for large investments, is the development of ski-resorts,
lakes and ropeways. A ski-resort is proposed near Chanshal range, which is one of the largest ranges for skiing in the country. Another beautiful area identified for ski-resort alongwith a couple of ropeways is the area above Solang in Kullu Valley. The state government is committed to provide all assistance in terms of clearances including forest clearance. Of course, our emphasis is to develop tourism facilities in such a way so that the fragile ecology of the State is preserved and is not tampered with. There are many other ropeway projects identified in Himachal Pradesh. These are Kullu to Bijli Mahadev (in Kullu), Mandi to Tarna (in Mandi town), Dharamkot to Triund (in Dharamshala), Narkanda to Hattu Peak and Tara Devi to Shimla (in Shimla). These are ready for private sector investment.
Heritage Properties :
Himachal has an enormous range of heritage properties. Many of these are ancient forts and some of these are colonial mansions and palaces from an era gone by. A stamp of opulent life style of pre-independence elites who once occupied them are still evident. Many of these heritage properties have been converted into hotesl and other commercial properties. Some others are still being developed. Big hotels chain may be interested in some of these properties are for being developed. Some colonial buildings in places such as Kasauli and Dalhousie too have a potential for development as Heritage hotels on the lines of Rajasthan
where heritage properties have been developed with active participation of private sector. Adventure Sports: Himachal Pradesh has excellent scope for adventure tourism. Rafting, para-gliding, hang gliding, white water rafting, mountaineering and trekking are some of the options available. There are 270 identified treks in Himachal which are utilised by domestic and foreign tourists. Trekking equipment is also made available by the tourism department to interested tourists. Regional branch of Himalyan Mountaineering Institute, Dharamshala is also playing important role in this. National and international organised groups such as Excursion from London send tourists for trekking to Himachal Pradesh. Himachal is full of beautiful places many of them are totally unexplored and unknown and hold immense interest for the tourists. Private sector can also play a big role in the provision of appropriate transport arrangements for tourists.
Civil Aviation: Civil Aviation is very important area for private sector investment. At present the state is
offering three airports for private sector participation. These airports are Banikhet in Chamba district, Paonta Sahib in Sirmaur district and Sunder Nagar in Mandi district. In addition, the private sector is also welcome to give proposals for starting helicopter services within and outside the state The endless scope of adventure tourism in India is largely because of its diverse topography and climate. On land and water, under water and in the air, you can enjoy whatsoever form of adventure in India you want. It is one opportunity for you to leave all inhibitions behind and just let yourself go. The mountainous regions offer umpteen scope for mountaineering, rock climbing, trekking, skiing, skating, mount biking and safaris while the rushing river from these mountains are just perfect for river rafting, canoeing and kayaking. The oceans are not behind in any manner as well. The forest and the desert region have their own distinct place in providing scope for adventure tourism in India. You can enjoy animal safari, jeep safari, bird watching, wild camp, wildlife safari and jungle trail in the forest region while jeep safari and camel safari are the most favoured adventure sports in the desert region. After all this, if you think the list of adventure sports in India has ended, think again.. Many a times in process of having fun, an entirely new aspect of life manifests itself before you and an awareness and appreciation about the surroundings emanates somewhere from deep within your heart
Tourism in Manali Manali is a popular Himalayan tourist destination and accounts for nearly a quarter of all tourist arrivals in Himachal Pradesh. Manali's cool atmosphere provides a contrast to hot Indian summers. Manali is famous for adventure sports like skiing, hiking, mountaineering, paragliding, rafting, trekking, kayaking, and mountain biking. Yak skiing is a sport unique to this area Manali also featured in Time magazine's "Best of Asia" for its "Extreme Yak Sports". Manali also offers hot springs, religious shrines and Tibetan Buddhist temples.
Manali has become the favorite destination for honeymooners in last years. Statistics show that around 550 couples reaches Manali daily for honeymoon in season (May, June, December, January) and around 350 couples reaches Manali daily in rest time.
Rafting in Manali White Water river- rafting facilities are offered by private operators at Pirdi near Kullu where a water sports centre has been set up to provide one stop water sports adventure solutions for the tourist. Rafting on stretches of the River Beas, where rapids of high grades can be negotiated, provides an exhilarating interlude fro enthusiasts. kayaking is possible at Pandoh Dam on the way to Mandi. White water rafting in Kullu valley is done on river Beas from Pirdi (4 kms ahead of Kullu town) down to Jhiri, a stretch of approximately 14 kms. (Period Apr 15th-Jun end). The journey takes nearly one & half hour consisting of rapids from grade II & III.
Rafting begins at around 10 o' clock in the morning at Pirdi. Pirdi is 45 kms from Manali and hence, recommended starting time from Manali is 8 o'cloc
Paragliding in Manali: Riding the thermals and sailing the blue sky like the Himalyan Eagle can be thrilling experience. Paragliding facilities are available at Solang Nallah and Marhi. Tourist are advised to undertake the sport only through the operators who are registered with the Tourism Department. Also insist on the pilot showing you his registration license issued by the District Administration. Paragliding is organized in Kullu valley throughout the year at Solang Valley, located 14 kms from Manali and other locations like Marhi, Fatru, Bijli Mahadev etc. There are generally two kind of flights:
1. Short flights : The client is taken 100 - 150 mts up the slope and takes a flight along with
the pilot in the two seater paraglider. The flight lasts for approximately 60 - 90 seconds.
2. High flying : Approximately 20-30 minutes flight and arranged at Fatru, Kothi and Bijli
Mahadev. Mainly for experienced pilots who have done short flights.
Trekking : Comfortable walking shoes with a good grip on the ankles. Water proof warm jacket.Woolen / tennis scocks and stockings. Sunglasses, headgear, rucksack and other bags too if you plan to hire porters and ponies. Water- Bottle, Swiss army Knife, Sleeping Bag and foam ground sheet, Gloves, umbrella, rope, Medical and first aid equipment. Photographic Equipment, Torch and batteries, tent, Compass, Binoculars, cooking Equipments, food and rations.Fresh Fruits, vegitables, meat and milk are rarely in short supply along the trails apart from higher reaches and parts of the trans Himalyas.
Famous Trekking Routes
Barabangal, Batal-Chandertal , Beas Kund Bhrigu Lake,Chandertal-Baralacha La, Deo Tibba Base, Hampta Pass-Chandertal, Hampta Pass, Lahaul Valley Malana, Manali-Phirtse La Circular, Pin Parvati Pass, Spiti Circular, Taintu Pass via Kalath
Skiing in Manali: Skiing is one of the most popular adventure sports in Manali and skiing facilities are available at Rohtang Pass and Solang Nullah. The area around Manali forms the core of mountaineering in Himachal and the Mountaineering Institute and Allied Sports at Manali is
very famous for providing good training ground for mountaineers. On your adventure tours to Manali, you can also indulge in paragliding on the slopes of Solang Nullah as well as kayaking and rafting on the Beas River. There are some excellent hikes from Manali like the 12-km hike up the western banks of the Beas to the Solang Valley. Yak skiing is a unique sport practiced in the region. On your trekking expeditions from Manali, you will pass through some exquisite unspoiled lands and will experience the awe-inspiring beauty of the Himalayan region. Manali is also a hot spot for Heli Skiing organised by Himachal Heli Skiing (HHS) since 1989. Hanuman Tibba, Deo Tibba, Chanderkhani Pass and Rohtang Pass near Manali are known for their high peaks, thus forming a perfect destination for Heli-skiers with experience. Powerful helicopters including Bell 407, AS 315B Lama and AS 350B3 Squirrel carry the skiers to the top of a 14000 feet high snow draped slope within ten minutes. They are accompanied by internationally-certified heli-ski guides who are experts in snow safety, rescue techniques and mountain travel. After the ascend by helicopter Skiers and Snowboarders can have a thrilling ride down to the deep valleys through changing terrain, steep slopes and through trees in a wide variety of conditions. Mostly Skiing is done in high valley floors over 2000 mts through Cedar forests and long rolling ridges over four thousand metres high, in clearings between birch and oak forests. The terrain offers skiing facilities sometimes as high as 5000 mts with vertical averaging between nine hundred metres and twelve hundred metres.
Camping in Manali : Away from the hectic city life, Manali is having the dense woodlands, cedar forests, the crisp mountain air beckon the nature lovers to this enchanting land. Camping in Manali at once means relaxation in the lap of Mother Nature. The serene beauty with the balmy breeze takes away the exertion that one feels from the monotonous daily chores. The Beas river has its source in Rohtang pass where Beas Kund Camp is a popular camping destination. Raison, and Shoja also have a beautifull camp sites for the experienced and high altitude campers the glacier of ladakhi Manali is an irresistible attraction. For inexperienced the Solang valley, Kothi and Manali camp offers luxury camping amidst the Apple Orchids. This apart there are various camping grounds accessible from Manali including the Malana, Pulga, Kheer Gangain in Kullu also. Equipments, training, safety precautions as well as experienced educators and guides are also available in Manali with different Tour operators.
Manali camping can also be arranged by package tour providers who have arrangements for
tent accommodation in particular camping grounds. The packages as options from many of the Manali adventure tours may include food, lodging, adventure activities, bonfires and a host of other amenities and services. The best months of the year for camping in Manali are from April to middle of June and from the middle of September to the first half of October. Warm clothes are highly recommended.
Mountaineering in Manali : Mountaineering Institute in Manali is located 3 kms. from down-town on the Left Bank of River Beas. It provides training facilities for basic and advance climbing both for Indian nationals and foreigners Mountaineering Institute in Manali organizes basic & advance training courses in, trekking, mountaineering, skiing and water sports. Skiing and trekking equipments can be hired from Mountaineering Institute by booking in advance. Tourists can visit an interesting showroom of Mountaineering Institute. This institute also conducts other adventurous sports activities like high altitude trekking, minor mountaineering, rockclimbing, skiing, and high altitude rescue and relief courses. The institute has sufficient lodging and boarding arrangements and equipment can be hired for trekking purposes.
Adventure Tourism in Manali Introduction:
Manali (alt. 1,950 m or 6,398 ft), in the Vyas River valley, is an important hill station in the mountains of Himachal Pradesh, India, near the northern end of the Kullu Valley. Manali is administratively a part of the Kullu district, with population of approx. 30,000. The small town was the beginning of an ancient trade route to Ladakh and, from there, over the Karakoram Pass on to Yarkand and Khotan in the Tarim Basin. Manali and the surrounding area is of great significance to Indian culture and heritage as it is said to be the home of the Saptarshi, or Seven Sages.
Geography:
Manali is located at 32°10′N 77°06′E / 32.16°N 77.10°E / 32.16; 77.10[1]. The town ranges in elevation from 1,800 m (5,900 ft) to, in the uppermost "Old Manali" section, 2,000 m (6,600 ft).
Demographics: As of 2001[update] India census, Manali had a population of 6265. Males constitute 64% of the population and females 36%. Manali has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 63%. In Manali, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age. Climate:
The climate in Manali is predominantly cold during winters, and moderately cool during summers. The temperatures range from 4 °C (39 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F) over the year. The average temperature during summer is between 14 °C (57 °F) and 20 °C (68 °F), and between −7 °C (19.4 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F) in the winter. Monthly precipitation varies between 24 mm (0.94 in) in November to 415 mm (16.3 in) in July. In average, some 45 mm (1.8 in) of precipitation is received during winter and spring months, increasing to some 115 mm (4.5 in) in summer as the monsoon approaches. The average total annual precipitation is 1,520 mm (60 in). Snowfall in the region, which usually took place in the month of December, has been delayed over the last fifteen years to January or early February.
Etymology:
Manali is named after the Brahmin lawgiver Manu. The word Manali literally means “the abode of Manu”. Legend has it that sage Manu stepped off his ark in Manali to recreate human life after a great flood had deluged the world. Manali is known as the "Valley of the Gods". The Old Manali village has an ancient temple dedicated to sage Manu. History: In ancient times, the valley was sparsely populated by nomadic hunters known as 'rakshas'. The next arrivals were the shepherds who arrived from the Kangra Valley and settled to take up agriculture. Some of the earliest inhabitants of the region are the 'naur' or 'nar', which is a caste unique to the Kullu valley. Only a few naur families are known to exist now. A naur
family in the village Soyal near Haripur on the west bank of Manali was famous for the vast land they owned and their practice of having 'rakshas' as their labourers.
The British introduced apple trees and trout, which were not native to Manali flora and fauna. It is said that when apple trees were first planted the fruits were so plentiful that often branches, unable to bear the weight, would collapse. To this day, apple—along with plum and pear—remains the best source of income for the majority of its inhabitants. Tourism in Manali received a boost after the rise of militancy in Kashmir in the late 1980s. This once quiet village was transformed into a bustling town with many hotels and restaurants.
Transport : Manali is well connected by road to Delhi through NH-21 and NH 1, which goes on to Leh and is claimed (incorrectly) to be world's highest motorable road. Leading up to Manali from New Delhi are the towns of Panipat and Ambala in Haryana, Chandigarh(Union Territory), Ropar in Punjab, and Bilaspur , Sundernagar , and Mandi in Himachal. Overnight Bus Services, both private as well as of himanchal tourism are available from Delhi to Manali everyday Manali is not easily approachable by rail. The nearest broad gauge railheads are at Chandigarh (315 km (196 mi)), Pathankot (325 km (202 mi)) and Kalka (310 km (190 mi)). The nearest narrow gauge railhead is at Joginder Nagar (135 kilometres (84 mi)) The nearest airport is at Bhuntar , which is about 50 km (31 mi) from Manali. Currently, Kingfisher Red operates daily nonstop services from Delhi, Air India provides twice a week nonstop services and MDLR Airlines provides services to Delhi six days in a week.
Analysis and interpretation This part deals with the analysis of data collected with the help of questionnaires related to the profile Sr. No
State
No. of respondents
Percentage
1
Punjab
13
29.55
2
Delhi
9
20.45
3
Haryana
2
4.55
4
West Bengal
6
13.64
5
Gujarat
4
9.09
6
Utter Pradesh
2
4.55
7
Himachal Pradesh
8
18.18
of tourist at Kullu, Manali and Solang Nala.
Profile of tourist according to their Origin :
The study reflects that most of the tourists who visits Manali are from Punjab( 29.55%) followed by Delhi( 20.45%), Himachal Pradesh (18.18%), West Bengal (13.64%), Gujarat (9.09%), Utter Pradesh and Haryana (4.55%).
Age wise distribution Of Respondents: \
Sr. No
Age
No. of respondents
1
Below 25
9
2
25-40
23
3
40-55
9
4
55&above
3
Total
44
Above graph shows that the majority of tourists visiting Manali is of age group 25-40. Destination is also famous among age group 40-55 and above 55.
Gender profile Sr. No
Gender
No. of Respondents
1.
Male
27
2.
Female
17
Total
44
Through the study of data collected it has been found that out of total respondents 61% are males and rest 39%are females. Thus it is clear from the data collected that males dominate in total tourist. The male to female ratio is 63:37. Pie diagram indicates that males and female visiting the area.
Classification according to occupation Sr. No
Occupation
No. of tourist
Percentage
1
Business
10
23%
2
Public sector
5
11%
3
Private sector
13
29%
4
Student
9
20%
5
Others
7
15%
The above data reflects that most of the tourist is from in private sector. The places are favourite among students for the excursion .Employees in private sector get opportunities to visit the places owing to company incentive tours. Self owing business man follows back to back as they contribute 22.7%of total visitors. The no. students are also impressive with 20 % of total visitor.
Distribution as per Educational status: Sr. No
Educational status
No. of Respondents
Percentage
1
Below Metric
O
0%
2
Graduate
19
43.18%
3
Post Graduate
11
25%
4
Professional
8
18.18%
5
Vocational
6
13.63%
For analyzing educational status of the tourist response we sought as illiterate under metric, Graduate, Post graduate, and Professionals. The table shows that 43% representing maximum number of the respondents are graduate. This shows that destination is also popular among the educative class Also.
Most suitable destination for adventure tourism:
Sr.
Destination
No. of Respondents
Percentage
1.
Manali
12
27.27%
2.
Shimla
10
22.72%
3.
Uttrakhand
7
15.90%
4.
Others
15
34%
Above graph reflects that 27.27% of the total respondents have choosed Manali as most suitable destination for adventure activities. 22.72% respondents choosed Shimla, 15.90% have choosed Uttrakhand and 34% choosed other place as adventure destination.
Purpose of visit:
Sr. No
Purpose
No.of respondents
Percentage
1.
Pleasant Weather
15
34%
2.
Scenic Beauty
14
31.8%
3.
Easy access
4
9%
4.
Adventure
11
25%
Above graph reflects that 34% of tourists visit Manali because of its pleasant weather. 32% get attracted by its scenic beauty.There are 25% of tourists who visit Manali for adventure purpose.
Most likely adventurous activity:
Sr.
Activity
No.of respondents
Percentage
1
Skiing
13
29.54%
2
Paragliding
11
25%
3
River rafting
8
18.18%
4
Mountaineering
12
27.27%
Above graph reflects that 30% of total respondents likes skiing as most likely adventure activity. 27% of respondents like mountaineering, 25% like paragliding and 18% of respondents like river rafting.
Classification according to the budget spent on adventurous activities: Sr. No
Budget
No. of respondents
Percentage
1
0-2000
30
68%
2
2000-5000
7
15%
3
5000-1000
5
11.36%
4
Above 10000
2
4.55%
After observing the above chart it is well evident that maxi mum of t ourist spent only 0-2 thousand for adventurous activities this is due to the fact that most of tourists coming to these places for sighting only they don’t have any pre plan for the adventure activities and which spent more than 10 thousand they are professional and they have their pre planed itinerary.
Most famous spot for adventure in Manali :
Sr. No
Spot
No. of respondents
Percentage
1.
Solang Nala
14
31.81%
2.
Rohtang Pass
16
36.36%
3.
Marhi
4
9%
4.
Raison
10
22.27%
Above graph reflects that 36.36% out of total respondents have chooses Rohtang Pass best for adventure activity in Manali followed by Solang Nala 31.81%, Raison 22.27% and Marhi 9%.
Rating of Manali as Adventure Destination: Sr. No
Rating
No. of respondents
1.
Good
19
2.
Satisfactory
11
3.
Very good
14
4.
None of all
0
Factor for growth of adventure tourism in Manali: Sr. No
Factors
No. of respondents
1.
Local community
7
2.
Marketing
13
3.
Travel agencies
16
4.
Govt. institutes
8
Satisfaction from adventure related services: Yes
34
No
10
After observing above pie graph it is evident that maximum of tourists i.e. 77% were satisfied with the adventure related services available in Manali. Only 23% of total respondents were dissatisfied.
Conclusion of Research study As per the research study done by me following are the finding of study: 1)
Manali attracts maximum of domestic tourist from Punjab which is 29% followed by Delhi and West Bengal with being 20%and 13.4% respectively. High percentage of tourist coming from northern states of India.
2) Regarding the gender of tourist, 61% of the total domestic tourists are male while 39% of tourists are female. 3) Out of total tourist visiting Manali, 52% of the tourists belongs to age group 25-40
years. 4) Most of domestic tourist visiting these destinations is from private sector followed
by business class people and then student constituting 20% of total domestic tourist traffic to Manali. 5) Expenditure profile of domestic tourist reveals that majority of tourist allocate their
0-25% budget on the transportation, 25-50% on shopping and F&B. 6)
Among domestic respondents nearly 68% of respondents are influenced by their friends and relatives to visits Manali.
7) Regarding the length of stay of tourist it is found that majority of them stay for 3-4 days. 8) Regarding the expenditure of tourist spent on adventure activity on these
destinations. Manali is better known for its adventure potential and 25% of its total budget spent on adventure activity. But it also faces the seasonal problem.
Opinion
Opinion of tourists regarding the quality of various tourist facilities
1) Majority of tourist feels that the quality of transport and road condition is satisfactory but not very good and can be improved. Although common opinion is that Manali has good accessibility as it is well connected to other part of the state.
2) Majority of tourist have found that destinations like Rohtang pass, Solang Nala, Dhundi have lack of infrastructure.
3) In view of domestic tourist the accommodation quality and range are good in the Manali. 4) Most of tourist feels that adventure tourism in this destination are seasonal dependent.
Opinion regarding problem faced:
1) Majority of tourist have no problem in booking of various tourism services. 2) Majority of tourist have found the hosts friendly and helpful. 3) Water and sanitation have been posing a majority problem for tourist almost in all destinations. 4) Regarding traffic problem, tourists have not any of such problems. 5) Problem of overcrowding is agreed by respondents.
Recommendation and suggestion: 1) Breaking the seasonality factor.
Adventure Tourism in Manali suffers from seasonality. Tourism need to be diversified so as to maintain a consistency in the tourist arrival through the year.
2) Making Manali be responsible of local community participation. It should be responsible of local community to make their guest feel at home. They should be Welcomed. Promoting tourism is desirable to encourage local involvement and when entire community is working hand in hand towards common goal, it would definitely a success. 3) Promoting adventure tourism.
Steps need to be taken to promote sustainable adventure tourism. Each Tourism destination carries the seeds of its own destructions if not properly planed and developed. 4) Developing new infrastructure for adventure activities.
New infrastructure should be developed for the benefit for the adventure tourism in these destination some destination have lack of quality accommodation just like Rohtang Pass, Solang Nala, Dhundi. 5) Exploring new adventure sports destination.
New
destinations
having
potential
for
adventure
sports
should
explored so as to avoid over crowdedness in already explored destinations.
be
Annexure Appendix 1: Questionnaire
Questionnaire: Dear respondent, Information given by you will be highly valuable for us, will keep secret strictly used for project purpose only. General Information: Name: _________________Country ____________Place__________ Gender____ Age _____ Education: ________
1. Do you like adventure
(a)Yes
(b) No
1. What destination do you feel most suitable for adventure tourism
(a)Shimla (b) Uttrakhand 1.
4.
(c) Manali (d) Any other
Does Manali Match with your expectations
(a)Fully satisfied
(c) Up to some extant
(b)At par
(d) Not Satisfied
How many times have you visited Manali?
(a)One
(c) Two
and will be
(b)Three
(d) More than three
5. Why do you prefer to visit Manali?
(a)Pleasant Weather (b)Easy Access 6.
(c) Scenic beauty (d) As an adventure destination
How much time you spent at these destinations (Solang Nala,Rohtang Pass,
Marhi). (a) 1 hour
(b) 2-3 hour
(c) 3- 5 hour
(d) more than five hour
7. Have you ever visited any of the given spots in Manali famous for adventure activities?
(a)Solang Nala (b)Marhi
(c) Rohtang Pass (d ) Pirdi
8. How do you rate Manali as adventure destination?
(a)Good
(c)Satisfactory
(b)Very Good
(d)None of all
9. Your mode of Transportation to Manali.
(a)Train
(c) Bus
(b)Motor-Car
(d) Bike
10. Do you think Manali is the best destination for adventure activities?
(a)Agree
(c)
Disagree
(b)Partially Agree
(d)
No Idea
11. Which type of activity you like the most
(a)skiing (b) River rafting
(c) Paragliding (d)Mountaineering
12. Do you think adventure tourism is helpful for employment generation in Manali?
(a)Yes
(b)
13. What is the budget of your journey (in thousands).
(a)0-5
(c) 5-10
No
(b)10-20
(d)above 20
14. How much of you spent on adventure activities out of your total budget (in thousands).
(a)0-2
(c)
2-5
(b)5-10
(d)
10-12
15. What is the most important factor for inclusive growth of adventure tourism in Manali.
(a)Local Community (b)Travel Agencies
Participation
(c)Marketing (d)Public Private Partnership
16. How will you rate your participation for adventure tourism Promotion?
(a)Negligible
(c)
Good
(b)Very Good
(d)Don’t know
17. Do you think that adventure tourism can make a key role for the economy of the State? (a)Yes
(b) no
18. Are you Satisfied with the facilities available in Manali : (a) Yes
(b) No
Bibliography
Proff. S.P. Bansal , “Tourism in new Millennium”.New Delhi Abhishake Publishing house,
2003 Amar Chand, “Economic Potential Of Tourism With Special Refrence To Kullu And
Manali Region”, Distertion ,1982 D.R. Gupta, “Tourism in Himachal Pradesh” Vol. 3 V.K Bhatia, “Scope Of Adventure tourism in Himachal Pradesh A Case study of Manali
and Shimla.” C.R. Kothari, “Research Mathodology ,” New Delhi , Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.1978 Raj Kumar , “A Study Of Tourism in Himachal Pradesh” 1992 Archana Tyagi , “A Case Study Of Devlopment Of Tourism In HImachal Pradesh”
Dissertation 1984
