L EC ECTU TU RER : E L E N A A N WA WA R
In general, tourism can be defined in behavioural terms as individuals who travel away from their normal residential region for a temporary period of at least one night. Tourist experiences and their meanings vary from person to person. Knowledge about tourist behaviour is useful for practicing managers of tourism industries would involve a consideration of various important issues regarding current tourism trends.
Demographic Social Economic Cultural Geographic Psychographic Behavioral
NORTH AMERICA
CENTRAL AMERICA , THE CARIBBEAN & SOUTH AMERICA AMERICA
AFRICA
THE MIDDLE EAST
ASIA
AUSTRALASIA & THE PACIFIC RIM
ANTARCTICA
1829 – 1829 – City centre hotels began to develop later, with the first recognized such hotel being the Tremont in Boston 1920 – 1920 – It dates back in the USA 1830 - Opened up the ‘ Wild West ‘ to settlers, commercial travellers and curious tourist 1888 – 1888 – The development of US tourism was also stimulated by the creation of travel agency chains, beginning with ‘ Ask Foster ‘ 1980s – 1980s – the motel concept did not extend to Europe 1914 – 1914 – there were already 2 million private cars on the roads
1960 - The region received 749,000 international arrivals, according to the World Tourism Organization. 1970 - Had risen to 2.9 million. 1989 - Had risen more than 7 million. 1990 – 1990 – There were major difference in the place of origin of tourists visiting different countries with in the region, Mexico.
1958 – 1958 – Cuba was the most successful Caribbean destination with a tourism industry primarily controlled by US. Gambling was perhaps the major motivation for these tourists. Attracted three types of tourism; cruises, beach holidays, holidays, VFR.
1950 and 1960 – 1960 – The number of international arrivals grew only from 410,000 to 426,000. 1960 – 1960 – It did not really grow dramatically. 1970 – 1970 – 2.4 million arrivals. 1989 – 1989 – It was up to around 8 million arrivals. Cruises were a major product and air travel developed rapidly in the region between the First and Second World Wars.
1920s and 1930s – 1930s – The two regions which attracted foreign visitors, apart from Egypt. 1960s to 1980s – 1980s – A number of African countries began to attract foreign tourist. * Tunisia Tunisia and Morocco became popular summer sun destination * Wildlife holidays were being offered in Tanzania and Botswana. 1980s – 1980s – was to become a popular winter sun destination for British tourists.
1962 - This is clearly illustrated by an advertisement placed by the British airline BOAC. Which described Beirut as an ‘international playground’ 1962 and 1970 – 1970 – Israel is still seeing its tourism arrivals growing on its Red Sea coast in resort. 1962 and 1973 – 1973 – The war in Israel and her neighbours. 1970s and 1980s – 1980s – The civil war in Lebanon
1980s and 1990s – 1990s – In countries like Thailand and the Philippines inbound tourism Began with visiting sailors, followed by the arrival of package tourism. 1990s – 1990s – Some countries in Asia have begun to attract foreign tourists in significant numbers, including China and Burma. One of the most spectacular growth rates in international arrivals have been seen in Vietnam. 1986 – some 5.5 million Japanese were taking foreign holidays 1970 – 1970 – 628671 arrivals 1980 – 1980 – 1858801 arrivals 1986 2818292 arrivals
1960s to the 1990s - Australia and New Zealand, though they have relatively small population, have a long tradition of outbound tourism, particularly among the younger population of both countries. 1965 – 1965 – 161,692 departures 1975 – 1975 – 911,815 departures
1950 - The region did not being to attract tourist , while while numbers numbers are still small , the growth rate has been dramatic. 1957 - Hall and Johnston in an edited work on Polar tourism , present the following following picture of the growth of arrivals in Antarctica during the period. 1957 – 1957 – 58 – 58 – 194 arrivals 1967 – 1967 – 68 – 68 – 147 arrivals 1977 – 1977 – 78 – 78 – 845 arrivals 1987 – 1987 – 88 – 88 – 2782 arrivals 1992 – 1992 – 93 – 93 – 7037 arrivals
Visiting friends and relatives Business tourism Religious tourism Health tourism Social tourism Educational tourism Cultural tourism Scenic tourism Hedonistic tourism Activity tourism Special interest tourism
The concept of tourist behaviour can be explained in relation to topics associated with consumer behaviour. behaviour. The purpose of consumer behavior models is to attempt to give a simplified version of the relationship of the various factors that influence consumer behavior. behavior. Various models have been develop to described consumer behavior with the intention of trying to control the behavior patterns.
Initial Framework Conceptual alternatives Fact gathering Definition of assumptions Design of stimulus Forecast of consequences Cost benefits of alternatives Decision Outcome FIGURE 1
: A linear model of the tourism decision making process.
