According According to ancient views, views, abnormalities were caused by?
evil spirits
According to to to the the Greeks Greeks and Romans Romans during 500 B.C. to 500 A.D., A.D. , what were humors?
bodily bodily chemicals that influence mental and a nd physical functioning functioning
Although Although asylums asylums were were initially initially created with good intent intentions ions,, they eventually eventually became?
prisons
Behavior Behavior that breaks legal norms is considered to be _______.
criminal
Behavior, thoughts, and emotions that break norms norms of psychological psychological functioning functioning are considered to be ________.
abnormal
Benjamin Rush is considered the father of what?
American psychiatry
Besides the contributions of Emil Kraepelin, what else led to the resurgence of the somatogenic perspective?
new biological discoveries
During what years did the renaissance and mass usage of asylums occur?
1400 to 1700
How many people were institutionalized in mental hospitals in the U.S. during 1955 compared to today?
approximately 600,000, compared to approximately less than 40,000
If a clinician views abnormality as a problem of living, they are likely to view therapists as?
teachers of more functional functional behavior and thought
If a clinician views abnormality as an illness, they are likely to view therapy as what?
a procedure that helps cure the illness
In a study of eccentrics, how many common characteristics did David Weeks develop?
15
In which years was the usage of moral treatment most prevalent?
late 1700's to late 1800's (nineteenth century)
A major issue in defining abnormal behavior is distinguishing between what two types of behavior?
abnormal behavior and eccentric behavior
Norms differ from individual ________.
societies
The psychological perspective did not demonstrate potential until?
studies of hypnosis began
Thomas Szasz believed that deviations from societal norms were not abnormalities, but rather?
problems in living
Two key features of Europe during the middle ages was distrust of _______ and a powerful ______.
science; clergy
What are antidepressant drugs used for?
lift the mood of depressed people
What are antipsychotic drugs used to treat?
correct extremely confused and distorted thinking
What are asylums?
a type of institution that first became popular in the sixteenth century to provide care for people with mental disorders
What are norms?
a society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct
What are psychotropic medications?
drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning
What are state hospitals?
state-run public mental health institutions in the U.S.
What are the "four Ds" which are most common across most definitions of abnormality?
deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger
What are the common characteristics of eccentrics as developed by David Weeks?
nonconformity, creativity, strong curiosity, idealism, extreme interests and hobbies, lifelong awareness of being different, high intelligence, outspokenness, noncompetitive ness, unusual eating and livi ng habits, disinterest in others' opinions or company, mischievous sense of humor, nonmarriage, eldest or only child and poor spending skills
What are the three most common types of psychotropic medications?
antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs and antianxiety drugs
What changed in the 1950's that allowed the somatogenic perspective to payoff for patients?
effective medications were discovered
What did Europeans believe caused deviant behavior during 500 A.D. to 1350 A.D?
satan's influence
What did Hippocrates believe was the causes of abnormal behaviors?
physical (natural) causes
What did Johann Weyer become to the first physician to do? What is abnormal psychology?
specialize in mental illness
the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain and change abnormal patterns of functioning
What is an approximate yearly percentage of U.S. adults who suffer serious psychological disturbances and are in need of clinical treatment?
30%
What is an approximate yearly percentage of U.S. children who suffer serious psychological disturbances and are in need of clinical treatment?
19%
What is culture?
a people's common history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology and arts
What is deinstitutionalization?
the practice of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from mental hospitals (began in 1960)
What is hypnosis?
a procedure that places people in a trance-like mental state during which they become extremely suggestible
What is Johann Weyer considered the founder of?
the modern study of psychopathology
What is meant by feature of danger in defining abnormal behavior?
behavior which could be dangerous for the individual and/or others
What is meant by feature of deviance in defining abnormal behavior?
different, extreme, unusual and even bizarre behavior
What is meant by feature of distress in defining abnormal behavior?
behavior which is unpleasant and upsetting to the person
What is meant by feature of dysfunction in defining abnormal behavior?
behavior which interferes with the person's ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way
What is moral treatment?
a nineteenth-century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that empha sized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment
What is multicultural psychology?
the field of psycholog y that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors on our behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, treatment and nature of abnormal behavior
What is positive psychology?
the study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits and abilities
What is prevention?
interventions aimed at determining mental disorders before the can develop
What is private psychotherapy?
an arrangement in which a person directly pays a therapist for counseling services
What is psychoanalysis?
the theory and treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology
What is the desired affect of treating someone with antianxiety drugs?
reduce tension and stress
What is the first essential feature that all forms of therapy have as theorized by Jerome Frank?
a sufferer who seeks relief from the healer
What is the managed care program?
a system of health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services
What is the psychogenic perspective?
the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological
What is the second essential feature that all forms of therapy have as theorized by Jerome Frank?
a trained, socially accepted healer, whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer and his or her social group
What is the somatogenic perspective?
the view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes
What is the third essential feature that all forms of therapy have as theorized by Jerome Frank?
a series of contacts between the healer and the sufferer, through which the healer tries to produce certain changes in the sufferers' emotional state, attitudes and behavior
What is Trephination?
an ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior
What two things is abnormality dependent upon?
specific circumstances and cultural norms
What type of common medication first came into circulation in the 1950's and is still used today?
psychotropic medications
What was Dorothea Dix's major contribution to mental health in the U.S. from 1841 until 1881?
made humane care a public and political concern in the U.S. by speaking to congress and state legislatures about the horrors she observed in asylums and the need for reform
What was Johann Weyer's belief about mental illness?
the mind was susceptible to illness, just as the body is
What was mass madness during the European middle ages?
large numbers of people sharing delusions and hallucinations
What was the form of almost all outpatient care prior to the 1950's?
private psychotherapy
What was the most common treatment for abnormal behaviors in Europe during the middle ages?
exorcism
What was the purpose of trephination?
to release the evil spirits cause problems within the individuals skull
What were some of the weaknesses of the moral treatment application?
not all patients could be cured by just being treated with dignity, a lack of funding for the lengthy process, overcrowding, and a new prejudice against people with mental disorders
What were the four types of humors according to Hippocrates?
yellow bile, black bile, blood and phlegm
What were the two most commonly used treatments for abnormal behavior in ancient cultures?
trephination and exorcism
Where do societal norms grow from?
culture
Who developed the hypnosis procedure?
Fredrich Anton Mesmer
Who developed the moral treatment approach?
Philippe Pinel and William Tuck
Who developed the theory of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Who is most responsible for the spread of moral treatment in the U.S. from 1745 to 1813?
Benjamin Rush
Why is it so difficult to create one definition for abnormal behavior?
This type of behavior is vague and subjective
Why was Emil Kraepelin influential in the published an influential textbook in 1883, which argued that physical factors (fatigue) rebirth of the somatogenic perspective? are responsible for mental dysfunction