A more pragmatic Web 3.0: Linked Blockchain Data

D ejra prdhedtlk Xa` ;.6> Clgoam @cjkokbdlg Mdtd _–[AEDG]LK @CJKOKBDLG― - []DP]LGH VJLG]U

Esk. Bìktjr A. Qhdrta P. Pbalglskba Irlamrlkb-Xlcbaces-Qglvarsltít @jgg - Haredgy Nuga 4, 0648

[aedgtlk Xa` ls wlmacy usam dgm pjpucdr jg tba dkdmaelk D`strdkt”Cl goa m Mdt d ls pr jkc dle am ds tba [ae dgt lk Xa` mjga rlhbt. ]ba [aedg tlk Xa` ls dg lgkj epcat a mrade sj idr , wjrcm, ùt vary elsugmarstjjm dgm ugmarastledtam jg tba ùslùt d bje jha gaj us ravjc utl jgd ry pcd tijre ds d gat wjro gass ji agvlrjgeagt, avag lg 0669, @argars-Caa dgm kjccadhuas @cj kokbdl gs kju cm à tba sjc utl jg tj tbl s gjt jpt led c radcl ty. –]bls slepca lmad raedlgs cdrhacy ugradclzam― _4U. ]bl s rasad rkb pdp ar lgt rj muk as sje a lgltld c blgts dgm lmastdtam> ds d`j ut bjw d iut url stl k Lgt argat tbdt elh bt à kje pjs am dgmGavartbacass slgka @cjkokbdlg ls d gaw pdrdmlhe tbdt kdg pjw aram `y @cj kok bdl gs gat wjros wjucm à kjg str ukt am dgm sarva ds tba kjra irdeawjro ji tba Xa` ;.6, lt ls radclstlk tj maslhgam tj lgtarkjggakt mdtd dgm eadglgh, tbus dccjw radsjglgh. tblgo tbdt wa kdg sbdra dcc jr pdrt ji lts mdtd irje mliiaragt Dg lgmustrld c dppclkdtlj g wbara @cjkokbdl g dgm Clgoam Mdtd cavacs ji tba prjtjkjc uslgh sjea takbgjcjhlas dcradmy prjfflts par iaktcy ds d [up pcy Kbdlg edg dha eag t sys tae ls dcs j pjsam `y tba [aedgtlk Xa` kjeeuglty. Iurtbarejra, lt dcsj rasadrkbam. Oaywjrms> @cjkokbdlg, Clgoam Mdtd, [aedgtlk Xa`, [aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg, @CJGMlA, [uppcy Kbdlg, @ltkjlg, Atbaraue, LVI[.

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@cjkokbdlg (d.o.d. Mlstrlùtam Camhar) ls d gaw pdrdmlhe àlgh usam cdtacy ds tba kjra ji mliiaragt makagtrdclzam kryptjkurragklas pcdtijres dgm ds d tragm jg tba Ilg]akb (Ilgdgkldc ]akbgjcjhy) lgmustry. ]ba jrlhlgdc dgm stdrtlgh ravjcutljgdry prjnakt ls @ltkjlg4 . Xblca @ltkjlg ls usam wlmacy ds d sukkassiuc makagtrdclzam fflgdgkldc trdgsdktljg systae, jtbar prjpjsam pcdtijres dra trylgh tj kjvar jtbar usa kdsas ejra tbdg nust tba kryptj-kurragky. ]basa pcdtijres wlcc agd`ca pcagty tblrm-pdrty prjnakts tbdt dejgh jtbar tblghs raqulra tba usa ji stdgmdrms ijr mdtd axkbdgha. ]le @argars-Caa (tba kradtjr ji tba wjrcm wlma wa`) dgtlklpdtam jg tba avjcutljg irje d Xa` ji mjkueagts tj d Xa` ji mdtd. ]ba rasuctlgh takbgjcjhy ls kdccam –]ba [aedgtlk Xa`―, wbara d sat ji stdgmdrms ijr mdtd axkbdgha dra mafflgam. Bjwavar, sjea rasadrkbars kcdle tbdt ls leprdktlkdc dgm tbajratlkdccy lepjssl`ca tj tjtdccy dkblava wbdt lt prjpjsas. Lg idkt, tj bdva dcc tba kurragt Lgtargat kjgtagt saedgtlkdccy clgoam ls d utjpld, wbara edgy jtbar takbgjcjhlas tj bdgmca @lh Mdtd uslgh Mdtd Elglgh dgm Edkblga Cadrglgh takbglquas axlst. *]bls wjro wds gjt suppjrtam `y dgy jrhdglzdtljg ]wlttar> bttps>//twlttar.kje/baktuhdrjn Ejra wjro jg tba [aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg> bttps>//saedgtlk`cjkos.wjrmprass.kje/ ””””””””””””””””””4 bttps>//www.`ltkjlg.jrh/

rasucts lepjrtdgt tj dmjpt takbglquas dgm axlstlgh saedgtlk prlgklpcas ijr tba adrcy drkbltaktura maslhg ji ejra edtura iuturlstlk [aedgtlk @cjkokbdlgs. ]basa gaw gatwjros pjwaram `y [edrt Kjgtrdkts kjucm à tba kjra takbgjcjhy ijr drtlfflkldc lgtacclhagt dhagts wltb radsjglgh d`lclty. Ditar radmlgh tbls pdpar, rapcdka –[aedgtlk Xa`― wltb –@cjkokbdlg― àttar wltb tbdt –[aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg―) lg tba gaxt qujta (jr dgmavag yju wlcc radclza lt fflts pariaktcy> ””””””””””””””””””””””””” –...L bdva d mrade ijr tba Xa` _lg wblkb kjeputarsU àkjea kdpd`ca ji dgdcyzlgh dcc tba mdtd jg tba Xa`> tba kjgta gt, clgos, dgm trdgsdktljgs àtwaag pajpca dgm kjeputars. D ‒[aedgtlk Xa`“, wblkb sbjucm edoa tbls pjssl`ca, bds yat tj aearha, ùt wbag lt mjas, tba mdy-tj-mdy eakbdglses ji trdma, ùradukrdky dgm jur mdlcy clvas wlcc à bdgmcam `y edkblgas tdcolgh tj edkblgas. ]ba ‒lgtacclhagt dhagts“ pajpca bdva tjutam ijr dhas wlcc fflgdccy edtarldclza...― ”””””””””””””””””” ]le @argars-Caa

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@DKOHPJQGM

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@cjkokbdlg

D @cjkokbdlg ls nust d mdtd struktura, tbdt kdg lgkradsa lts slza dgm ls sbdram `y mliiaragt kclagts tbdgos tj tba paar-tj-paar (V0V) drkbltaktura. @ut, slgka kryptjhrdpblk tjjcs dra usam, lt ls gjt pjssl`ca tj ejmliy sjea mdtd wltbjut tba prjpar prlvdta oays. Avag ejra, dgy ejmlfflkdtljg wlcc à stjram lg tba kbdlg dgm à pu`clk ijra var. Lt ls strukturam ds d kbdlg ji `cjkos (clgoam clst), wbara adkb `cjko bds d sat ji trdgsdktljgs tbdt

Ilh. 4. [lepclfflam `ltkjlg @cjkokbdlg struktura _0U

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jkkurram murlgh d spaklfflk parljm (tlea-stdepam). Ds kdg à saag lg Ilhura 4. Mafflgltljg 4. @cjkokbdlg. ]ba cjghast pdtb irje tba hagasls `cjko (rjjt ji d traa) tj tba cadi ls kdccam @cjk okbdlg. ]ba @cjkokbdlg dkts ds d kjgslstagt trdgsdktljg blstjry jg wblkb dcc gjmas avagtudccy dhraa _;U.

[edrt Kjgtrdkts

Glko [zd`j kjlgam tba tare [edrt Kjgtrdkt tj mafflga d tjjc tj dutjedta buedg lgtardktljgs _1U. Jgcy slgka tba dppadrdgka ji @ltkjlg dgm gjt àijra, tbara axlsts d pcdtijre tj prjhrde tbae ds dg dchjrltbe tbdt kdg saci-axakuta, saci-agijrka, sacivarliy, dgm saci-kjgstrdlgt tba parijredgka ji tba kjgtrdkt _9, p.49U.

Mafflgltljg 0. @cjko. D `cjko ls d mdtd struktura usam tj kjeeuglkdta lgkraeagtdc kbdghas tj tba cjkdc stdta ji d gjma. Clstlgh 4. Atbaraue [edrt Kjgtr dkt Axdepca _8U Lt kjgslsts ji d clst ji trdgsdktljgs, d raiaragka tj d pravljus 4 kjgtrdkt ejrtdc { `cjko dgm d gjgka _;U.

dmmrass jwgar? iugktljg ejrtdc() { jwgar 5 esh.sagmar? } /* Iugktljg tj rakjvar tba iugms jg tba kjgtrdkt */ iugktljg olcc() { li (esh.sagmar 55 jwgar) sulklma(jwgar)? }

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Mafflgltljg ;. ]rdgsdktljg (`ltkjlg). D trdgsdktljg ls d mdtd ; struktura tbdt maskrlàs tba trdgsiar ji `ltkjlgs irje spagmars = 1 tj raklplagts _;U. [jea ji tba àgafflts dgm uglqua iadturas ji tbls gaw pdrdmlhe dra> •

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Jwgarsblp ji mdtd. Jwgarsblp ji mlhltdc, pbyslkdc rakjrms dgm dssats ji dgy olgm kdg à prjvam. Qglquagass dgm prjji ji uglquagass. ]ba uglquagass ji d mlhltdc, pbyslkdc rakjrm dgm dssat ls hudrdgtaam. Leeutd`lclty. [jea mdtd stjram jg d @cjkokbdlg ls dkkaptam ds vdclm dgm kdggjt à ejmlfflam. Kagsjrsblp raslclagt. ]ba axlstagka ji kagsjrsblp cloa fflrawdccs `cjkolgh dkkass tj mdtd ls gjt pjssl`ca. Vu`clk trdgspdragky dgm trdkad`lclty. Dgyjga kdg saa tba kjgtagt ji tba trdgsdktljgs dgm dumlt tbae. ]rust-cass dgm lgkjrruptl`ca. @cjkokbdlg dccjw us tj ùlcm trust-cass systaes uslgh V0V, sukb tbdt kjgtrdkts kdg à agkjmam wltbjut trustam tblrm pdrtlas. Kjst-aifflklagt. Kjsts dra ramukam slgka tbara dra gj axtargdc dktjrs dgm tbara ls d uglqua bjejhagajus pcdtijre ijr mliiaragt tdsos. Hudrdgtaam kjgtlgulty. ]ba kjgtlgulty ji tba systae ls hudrdgtaam ds idr tbara dra gjmas rugglgh tba kbdlg.

]basa iadturas dccjw tba @cjkokbdlg tj à d pjtagtldc pdtb ijr drtlfflkldc lgtacclhagka (DL) _=U, iugmdeagtdc ijr dg jptledc radclzdtljg ji tba –Lgtargat ji ]blghs― dgm jtbar Lgmustry =.6 takbgjcjhlas. Lg tba njurg ay aearha d cjt ji rasadrkb tj à mjga lg tba kjgvarhagka ji edkblga cadrglgh dgm mlstrlùtam camhars. Ijr lgstdgka, d skagdrlj uslgh Maap Cadrglgh dgm Gaurdc Gatwjros pjwaram `y d mlstrlùtam camhar.

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@ltkjlg par sa ls tba fflrst [edrt Kjgtrdkt avar mavacjpam. D pcdtijre tj kjma, axakuta dgm sbdra tbls olgm ji kjgtrdkts ds ]urlgh-kjepcata prjhrdes ls Atbaraue 0 (axdepca lg Clstlgh 4). Byparcamhar ; , d parelssljgam ùslgass jrlagtam @cjkokbdlg irdeawjro, kdccs tbae ds –Kbdlg kjma―. Irdeawjros cloa tbasa twj dgm edgy jtbars agd`ca tba pjssl`lclty tj ùlcm makagtrdclzam dppclkdtljgs (ÖDpps) pjwaram `y [edrt Kjgtrdkts.

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Clgoam Mdtd

Dkkjrmlgh tj ]le @argars-Caa, Clgoam Mdtd ls –tba [aedgtlk Xa` mjga rlhbt, dgm tba Xa` mjga rlhbt―. Xbag lgijredtljg ls prasagtam ds Clgoam Mdtd, jtbar racdtam lgijredtljg kdg à adslcy mlskjvaram dgm gaw lgijredtljg kdg à adslcy clgoam tj lt. Lt ls `dsam jg tbasa = rucas _2U> l) Qsa QPLs (Qglijre Pasjurka Lmagtlfflars) ds gdeas ijr tblghs. ll) Qsa B]]V QPLs sj tbdt pajpca kdg cjjo up tbjsa gdeas . lll) Xbag sjeajga cjjos up d QPL, prjvlma usaiuc lgijr edtljg, uslgh tba stdgmdrms. (PMI, [VDPTC) 0 ;

bttps>//www.atbaraue.jrh/ bttps>//www.byparcamhar.jrh/

lv) Lgkcuma clgos tj jtbar QPLs. sj tbdt tbay kdg mlskj var ejra tblghs.

LL-K4 PMI ]ba Pasjurka Maskrlp tljg Irdeawjro (PMI) ls d idelcy ji X;K spaklfflkdtljgs, –lt ls d ijugmdtljg ijr prjkasslgh eatdmdtd― _ l) Pasjurkas. ]ba tblghs tbdt wbara PMI axprassljgs dra usam tj maskrlà tbae. ll) Vrjpartlas. ]ba spaklfflk maskrlptljg ji d rasjurka, lt kdg à dg dttrlùta jr d racdtljg. lll) [tdtaeagts. ji prjparty. d rasjurka, d gdeam prjparty dgm ]ba tba kjgnugktljg vdcua ji tbdt ]basa tbraa acaeagts ijre tba PMI stdtaeagt ji d spaklfflk rasjurka. ]bay dra axprassam lg tba ijre ji su`nakt, pramlkdta, j`nakt dgm kjeejgcy kdccam –trlpcas―. ]rlpcas kradta d `dslk hrdpb struktura ji mdtd. Mafflgltljg =. PMI trlpca. Dg PMI trlpca t ls mafflgam ds d trlpca t 5 (s,p,j) wbara s ∂ Q ∮ @ ls kdccam tba su`nakt, p ∂ Q ls kdccam tba pramlkdta dgm j ∂ Q ∮ @ ∮ C ls kdccam tba j`nakt. wbara> Q ([at ji dcc QPLs), C ([at ji dcc cltardcs) dgm @ ([at ji dcc `cdgo gjmas) _46U.

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[VDPTC

[VDPTC (rakurslva dkrjgye ijr [VDPTC Vrjtjkjc dgm PMI Tuary Cdghudha) ls d X;K rakjeeagmam saedgtlk quary cdghudha ijr mdtdsats, lt ls edma ijr ratrlavlgh dgm bdgmclgh mdtd stjram lg PMI ijredt. ]bus, tba quarl as dra wjrolgh jvar d hrdpb struktura mafflgam `y tba PMI mdtd, wbara tba rasuct wlcc dcsj à d hrdpb jr d su`sat ji lt. Mafflgltljg 1. [VDPTC mdtdsat. D [VDPTC mdtdsat M 5 {HM , (u4 , H4 ), ..., (ug , Hg )} ls d sat ji hrdpbs wbara u 4 ...ug dra mlstlgkt QPLs dgm HM , H4 ,..,H g dra PMI hrdpbs . _46U

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Xa` ;.6

]ba avjcutljg dgm lgtardktljg ji pajpca jg tba Lgtargat aearham jg d kcdsslfflkdtljg ji tbls ravjcutljgdry takbgjcjhy. Adrcy wa`sltas ijre am wbdt ls gjw ogjwg ds Xa` 4.6 tba –wa` ji mjkueagts―, mjkueagts sarvlgh ds lgijredtljg pjrtdcs wltb `dslk d`lclty tj clgo wa`sltas. Cdtar tba Xa` 0.6 aearham ds tba –wa` ji pajpca―, lt lgtrjmukam usars tj kjccd`jrdta wltb kjgtagt kradtljg dgm dctardtljg. Ijr tba kjelgh Xa` ;.6 tbara ls d ma`dta d`ju t wbdt ls tba prjpar mafflg ltljg ji lts kbdrdktarlstlks. Ijr sjea hrjup, tba Xa` ;.6 ls pjwaram `y tba [aedgtlk Xa`, wbara pajpca kdg dkkass tj clgoam lgijredtljg idst dgm adsy. @ut gjw, wltb tba aearhagka ji d makagtrdclzam wa` pjwaram `y @cjkokbdlg takbgjcjhy dgm slgka lt agd`cas ugeamldtam trdgsdktljgs, tbara ls d gaw ijkus jg tba Xa` ;.6 `dsam jg tbrjuhb tba trustiuc gdtura ji tba `cjkokbdlg. Lt ls tba –radm-wrlta-jwg wa`―. Bara, tba usar jwgs dgm pdrtlklpdta lg jwglgh tba prjtjkjc. Lt ls `jtb paar tj paar dgm edkblga tj edkblga. Dgm lt ls dppclkd`ca tj pajpca, kjepdglas dgm dutjgjejus agtltlas _4=U. Ijr lgstdgka, tba tare Xa` ;.6 ls usam `y Atbaraue lg d mliiaragt kjgtaxt tbdg tba suhhastam `y @argars-Caa. Lt ls prjpjsam ds tba sapdrdtljg ji kjgtagt irje tba prasagtdtljg `y raejvlgh tba gaam tj bdva sarvars dt dcc _41U. [tapbag ]udc, Atbaraue“s KKJ“s, mafflgas tbdt wbdt edoas Atbaraue mliiaragt tbdg Xa` 0.6 ls tbdt –tbara dra gj wa`-sarvars, dgm tbaraijra gj elmmcaedg tj tdoa kjeelssljgs, stadc yjur mdtd jr jiiar lt tj tba G[D, dgm ji kjursa gjtblgh tj MMj[― _49U.

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@CJGMlA> @cjk okbdlg Jgt jcjhy wltb Mygdelk Axtagsl`lclty

Jgtjcjhlas dgm JXC

Dg jgtjcjhy ls d sat ji axpclklt ijredc spaklfflkdtljgs ji tba tares (kcdssas jr kjgkapts) lg d mjedlg dgm racdtljgs (prjpartlas jr rjcas) àtwaag tbae _44U. Xbag d sat ji lgmlvlmudcs (lgstdgkas) ls dvdlcd`ca, lt ls ogjwg ds d ogjwcamha `dsa. Jgtjcjhlas mafflga d kjeejg vjkdùcdry ijr rasadrkbars tbdt wdgt tj sbdra lgijredtljg lg d mjedlg dgm tbay lgkcuma edkblgaradmd`ca mafflgltljgs ji `dslk kjgkapts dgm lts racdtljgs _40U. Xa` Jgtjcjhy Cdghudha (JXC) ls d cdghudha edma tj raprasagt kjepcax dgm rlkb ogjwcamha d`jut tblghs, sats ji tblghs dgm axlstlgh racdtljgs àtwaag tbae. JXC mjkueagts jr JXC jgtjcjhlas dra usudccy pu`clsbam jg tba XXX dgm edoa raiaragka jr à raiarram irje jtbars JXC mjkueagts. JXC ls d kjeputdtljgdc cjhlk-`dsam cdghudha eadglgh tbdt

Dg lepjrtdgt lgltldc quastljg tj dgswar ls> –Xby tj mavacjp dg jgtjcjhy:―. Dkkjrmlgh tj Gjy dgm EkHulgass _40U, sjea ji tba ejst racavdgt radsjgs dra> ]j sbdra kjeejg ugmarstdgmlgh ji tba struktura ji lgijredtljg dejgh pajpca jr sjitwdra dhagts. ]j agd`ca rausa ji mjedlg ogjwcamha. ]j edoa mjedlg dssueptljgs axpclklt. ]j sapdrdta mjedlg ogjwcamha irje tba jpardtljgdc ogjwcamha. ]j dgdcysa mjedlg ogjwcamha. @CJGMlA ls dg JXC jgtjcjhy ijr maskrl`lgh tba @cjkokbdlg gdtlva struktura dgm racdtam lgijredtljg. Lg lts

ogjwcamha ejmacam lg lt kdg à axpcjltam `y kjeputar prjhrdes, a.h. tj edoa lepclklt ogjwcamha axpclklt dvdlcd`ca _4;U. Lt bds d rlkb sat ji jpardtljgs cloa ugljg, gahdtljg, lgtarsaktljg, atk. Lts cjhlk dc ejmac dccjws tba usa ji radsjgars tbdt dra kbakoars ji kjgslstagky àtwaag jgtjcjhy acaeagts.

kurragt varsljg (6.=), lt kjvars tba twj ejst racavdgt kryptjkurragklas lg tba ejeagt> @ltkjlg dgm Atbaraue. Ds dg lgltldc stap, ijr lgstdgka, li wa raprasagt mdtd irje @ltkjlg dgm Atbaraue wltb PMI, lt wlcc à pjssl`ca tj clgo d parsjg wltb bls dkkjugts (Ilhura 0).

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Ilh. 0. IJDI dgm @CJGMlA usd ha axdepca

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Paprasagtdtljgdc Paqulraeagts

]bara dra twj edlg hjdcs tbdt wa wdgt tj dkblava> Ilrst, tj mavacjpam d skbaed ijr d quaryd`ca ogjwcamha `dsa tbdt stjras lgijredtljg irje tba @ltkjlg dgm Atbaraue @cjkokbdlgs gdtlva struktura dgm jtbar racdtam lgijredtljg dgm sakjgm, tj lgkcuma ùslgass lgtacclhagka lg tba ogjwcamha rapjsltjry tbdt rugs jg pjwariuc saedgtlks tj dgswar quarlas irje tba usars d`jut tba @ltkjlg dgm Atbaraue mlstrlùtam camhars. ]bara ls d gdturdc gaam tj `rjwsa tba kjgtagt ji axlstlgh @cjkokbdlg irdeawjros cloa @ltkjlg dgm Atbaraue, wa` dppclkdtljgs wltb tbls d`lclty dra ogjwg ds @cjkokbdlg `rjwsars, ejst ji tbasa axlstlgh tjjcs usa racdtljgdc mdtd`dsas jr oayvdcua mdtd`dsas dgm gjt hrdpb mdtd`dsas iuccy kjepdtl`ca wltb d edkblga radmd`ca ijredt ds PMI. [jea kjepatagka quastljgs tbdt jur ogjwcamha `dsa sbjucm dgswar dra> •

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KT4. Xbj wds tba elgar ji adkb `cjko: KT0. Xbdt ls tba balhbt ji adkb `cjko: KT;. Bjw edgy trdgsdktljgs wara lgkcumam lg d `cjko: KT=. Ls d trdgsdktljg kjgfflream jr ugkjgfflream: KT1. Bjw edgy tjtdc kjlgs wara trdgsiarram jg d `cjko:

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Mjedlg Kdptura

Dg jvarvlaw ji racavdgt kjgkaptudc agtltlas dgm typas ji racdtljgsblps ls mjga lg tbls saktljg. ]ba strukturdc lgijredtljg ji @ltkjlg dgm Atbaraue @cjkokbdlgs dgm racdtam kcdssas ds tbay dra axprassam lg tba jifflkldc mjkueagtdtljgs _48U _42U ls hdtbaram. Cdtar wa kjccakt jtbar lgijredtljg dkkjrmlgh tj jur pravljus dgdcysls. Jur mjedlg kdptura ls prasagtam lg Ilhura ; lg tba ijre ji dg Axtagmam Agtlty-Pacdtljgsblp mldhrde.

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Pasuct dgm jtbar jgtjcjhlas

]ba rasuct ji jur mavacjpeagt ls tba @CJGMlA jgtjcjhy ijredttam jg tba fflca `cjgmla.jwc dvdlcd`ca jg tba Hltbu` rapjsltjry= . Lg @CJGMlA 6.= wa mafflgam 04 kcdssas, 44 j`nakt prjpartlas dgm 16 mdtdtypa prjpartlas.

Jg Adrcy 064=, d mrdit ijredccy uggdeam jgtjcj hy 1 wds pu`clsbam `y Eacvlg Kdrvdcbj. Lt ls edma tj à iugktljgdc ijr kryptjkurragklas cloa @ltkjlg, @ltedro, Plppca, dctkjlgs dgm jtbars, ùt ijr lts slepclklty, cleltdtljgs dgm gjt kjgslmar tbdt adkb kryptjkurragky kdg bdva mliiaragt prjpartlas dgm kcdssas, lt mjas gjt saae tj à vary prdktlkdc dgm iugktljgdc ijr raprasagtlgh kjepcatacy strukturdc mdtd irje tba @cjkokbdlg. ]bls jgtjcjhy usas PMI[ ds mdtd ejmacclgh cdghudha ijr maskrl`lgh PMI mdtd. ]ba pu`clsbam jgtjcjhy ls maskrlàm ds àlgh lg mavacjpeagt. Lt maskrlàs 8 kcdssas dgm ;4 prjpartlas. Gjga ji tba prjpartlas bdva mjedlgs jr rdghas spaklfflam lg PMI[, lt ls cdkolgh lg d ijredc mjku eagtdtljg dgm gj radc dppclkdtljg uslgh lt ls ogjwg. @CJGMlA ls edma tj à axtagsl`ca ijr jtbar jgtjcjhlas, sj, lgtahrdtljg tj jtbar wjros ls adsy. Pakagtcy d ejra spaklfflk Atbaraue jgtjcjhy kdccam AtbJg9 wds mavacjpam. Lt ls mafflgam ds dg Atbaraue jgtjcjhy tbdt ls kcjsacy dclhgam wltb tba Atbaraue yaccjw pdpar _42U. Lt ls d vary lgtarastlgh wjro tbdt dejgh jtbar usa kdsas dccjws tj saedgtlkdccy dggjtdta kjgtagt prjvlmam `y Atbaraue `dsam tjjcs dgm ÖDpps. ]bara axlst jtbar wjros ejra jrlagtam tj tba fflgdgkldc lgmustrlas tbdt lg sjea kdsas kjgslmar sjea prjpartlas dcclhgam tj tba mlstrlùtam camhars. IL@J (Ilgdgkldc Lgmustry @uslgass Jgtjcjhy)8 ls d kjra jgtjcjhy ijr tba Ilgdgkldc [arvlkas mjedlg, IL@J bds ejra tbdg 966 kcdssas, sjea ji tbae dra racavdgt ijr tba @cjkokbdlg. Lt kdg à dclhgam dgm edtkbam wltb Jgtjcjhlas cloa AtbJg, fflgmlgh kjrraspjgmagka àtwaag tba AtbJg kjgkapts dgm IL@J kcustars. Lg tbdt wdy, d `rlmha tbdt idklcltdtas dgdcysls dgm systae maslhg ls kradtam _4
LY

1 9

bttps>//hltbu`.kje/bamuhdrj/@CJGMlA/

bttps>//hltbu`.kje/eacvlgkdrvdcbj/kryptj-kurragky-jgtjcjhlas bttps>//hltbu`.kje/Kjgsag[ys/AtbJg

8 bttp>//www.amekjugklc.jrh/fflgdgkldcùslgass 2

=

Clgolgh @cjkokbdlgs

Jg d hagardc pjlgt ji vlaw, tba Xa` ls d buha hcj`dc hrdpb ji kjggaktam bypartaxt mjkueagts `y byparclgos. Jg d slelcdr wdy, tbara dra sjea prjnakts wjrolgh lg tba lmad ji kjggaktlgh mliiaragt @cjkokbdlgs. Xbara tba edlg hjdc ls tj kradta –tba Lgtargat ji @cjkokbdlgs―. [lgka pdyeagts dra mliiaragt irje pcdga lgijredtljg, lt kdg à kjplam dgm rapclkdtam, ùt ejgay eust gjt à. ]ba lgtarcamhar prjtjkjc (LCV) 2 ls ijr pdyeagts dkrjss pdyeagt systaes. LCV ejmacs tba wjrcm ji fflgdgka ds d hldgt hcj`dc hrdpb ji camhars kjggaktam `y clqulmlty. ]ba systaes prjvlmlgh tbls clqulmlty dra kdccam kjggaktjrs dgm d oay iadtura ji LCV ls tbdt tbasa kjggaktjrs mj gjt gaam tj à trust am, eadglgh dgyjga kdg kradta jga _04U. Kurragtcy, kagtrdclzam axkbdgha pcdtijres dra usam tj axkbdgha jga @cjkokbdlg-`dsam kurragky ijr dgjtbar. Kjsejs< ls d gatwjro ji @cjkokbdlgs, jrhdglzam jg bu`s dgm zjgas. ^jgas pcuhham lgtj d kagtrdc bu` dgm adkb zjga edlgtdlg lts adkb hjvargdgka. Dccjwlgh tba makagtrdclzam axkbdgha ji tjoags irje jga @cjkokbdlg tj dgjtbar _00U.

<

bttps>//lgtarcamhar.jrh/ bttps>//kjsejs.gatwjro/

Ilh. ;. Axtagmam Agtlty-Pacdtljgsblp Mldhrde ji @CJGMlA

@cjkokbdlg maslhg. ]balr dpprjdkb kdg dlm lg tba mavacjpeagt ji [edrt Kjgtrdkts tbdt axakuta jg tba @cjkokbdlg. ]bay kjea up wltb d prjji-ji-kjgkapt uslgh Atbaraue dgm ]JYA ]rdkad`lclty Jgtjcjhy. ]bls lgtarastlgh lmad kdg à rapclkdtam ijr jtbar jgtjcjhlas tjj. @attar mdtd stdgmdrms, ùslgass prdktlkas dgm prjkassas ijr mavacjplgh dgm jpardtlgh @cjkokbdlg dra dkblavam. Lt dcsj dlms lg tba ijredc spaklfflkdtljg ijr dutjedtam lgiaragka dgm varlfflkdtljg lg tba jpardtljg ji d @cjkokbdlg _01U.

Y-@

Plkdrmldg Kjgtrdkts

]ba Plkdrmldg kjgtrdkt ls d eatbjm ji rakjrmlgh d mjkueagt ds d kjgtrdkt dt cdw dgm clgo lgh lt sakuracy tj jtbar systaes sukb Ltdsbjcms dkkjugtlgh ijr tba kjgtrdkt ds dg lssudgka ji vdcua _09U. tbraa prjpartlas> l) rjùst> usa ji lmagtlfflkdtljg `y Kryptjhrdpblk bdsb iugktljg. ll) trdgspdragt> usa ji radmd`ca taxt ijr cahdc prjsa. lll) aifflklagt> usa ji edro-up cdghudha tj axtrdkt assagtldc lgijredtljg. Ilh. =. ]ba Clgolgh Jpag Mdtd kcju m mldhrde _06U

Vjcodmjt46 ls d gaw gatwjro tbdt dles tj prjvlma lgtarjpard`lclty àtwaag prlvdta dgm pu`clk @cjkokbdlgs. Dccjwlgh axtagsl`lclty dgm skdcd`lclty. Lt mafflgas d batarjhagajus euctl-kbdlg, prjvlmam tj dg d`sjcuta elgleue ji sakurlty dgm trdgspjrt. [kdcd`lclty ls dmmrassam tbrjuhb d mlvlma-dgmkjgquar dpprjdkb. ]ba batarjhagajus gdtura ji tbls drkbltaktura agd`cas edgy blhbcy mlvarhagt typas ji kjgsagsus systaes lgtarjpardtlgh lg d trustcass, iuccy makagtrdclzam –iamardtljg―, agd`clgh jpag dgm kcjsam gatwjros tj bdva trust-iraa dkkass tj adkb jtbar _0;U. ]wj ejra slelcdr prjnakts dra @cjkogat 44 dgm [upargat 40 . Dcc tbasa prjnakts sbjw avlmagt gaam ji saedgtlk aepjwareagt. ]ba sdea gaam tbdt tba wa` stlcc bds tj radccy nuep irje dg jgcy –[ygtdktlk Xa`― (Xa` ji mjkueagts) tj d –[aedgtlk Xa`― (Xa` ji mdtd). Xblc a bjw dgm wbara tj cjkdta dgm agd`ca saedgtlk mdtd ls gjt kjepcatacy kcadr, lt ls j`vljus tbdt [aedgtlk Xa` fflts ds d prjelgagt sat ji takbgjcjhlas tj à usam bara. Lg Ilhura =, wa prasagt mdtdsats tbdt bdva àag pu`clsbam lg Clgoam Mdtd ijredt `y kjgtrlùtjrs tj tba Clgolgh Jpag Mdtd kjeeuglty prjnakt dgm jtbar lgmlvlmudcs dgm jrhdglzdtljgs. Lg d slelcdr wdy, @cjkokbdlgs-`dsam systaes dgm lts kjrraspjgmlgh mdtdsats kdg à pu`clsbam dgm clgoam.

Y

[aedgtlk [edrt Kjgtrdkts

Y-D

Jgtjcjhy-@dsam Kjgtrdkts

Mdtd ejmacs dra usam jg Jgtjcjhy-@dsam J`nakt-Jrlagtam Agtarprlsa _0=U.tbdt Lg jgtjcjhlas d slelcdr edggar, Ole dgm Cdsojwsol Ejmacclgh _01U prjpjsa kdg kjgtrlùta tj 46 bttp>//pjcodmjt.lj/

44

40

bttp>//`cjkogat.kj/ bttps>//supargat.jrh/

–D Plkdrmldg Kjgtrdkt kdg à mafflgam ds d slghca mjkueagt tbdt ls d) d kjgtrdkt jiiaram `y dg lssuar tj bjcmars, `) ijr d vdcud`ca rlhbt bacm `y bjcmars, dgm edgdham `y tba lssuar, k) adslcy radmd`ca `y pajpca (cloa d kjgtrdkt jg pdpar), m) radmd`ca `y prjhrdes (pdrsd`ca cloa d mdtd`dsa), a) mlhltdccy slhgam, i) kdrrylgh tba oays dgm sarvar lgijredtljg, dgm h) dcclam wltb d uglqua dgm sakura lmagtlfflar― _09U. ]ba kbjsag ijredt ijr tba taxt ji tba kjgtrdkt kdg usa [aedgtlk Xa` vdclm agkjmlgh eatbjms ds N[JG-CM, wbara bjw tj leprjva tba radmd`lclty ijr dvardha usars bds tj à kjgslmaram dgm rasadrkbam. ]bara ls d gdturdc lgtarsaktljg àtwaag Plkdrmldg Kjgtrdkts dgm [edrt Kjgtrdkts. D [edrt Kjgtrdkt kdg axakuta d Plkdrmldg Kjgtrdkt. –]ba [edrt Kjgtrdkt ls radccy tba edkblga tj parijre tba kjgtrdkt― _08U. Clstlgh 0. Jpag@dzddr“s Plkdrmldg Kjgtrdkt struktura _02U 4. Kjgtrdkt tares - [accar“s gye - Kjgtrdkt gjgka (uglqua lmagtlilar) - [accar“s `ltkjlg puòay (ijr euctlslh trdgsdktljgs) - Earkbdgt Mdtd - Xbdt ls tj à sjcm - Vrlka par uglt - Dmmltljgdc kjgmltljgdc matdlc ugijrsaag lg tbls prjpjsdc - Kjgtrdkt axplrdtljg mdta - [accar“s VHV pu`clk oay 0. Dcc ji tba d`jva ls mlhltdccy slhgam wltb tba saccar“s prlvdta VHV oay

]bara dra savardc axpclklt axtdgt lepcaeagtdtljgs ji tba Plkdrmldg kjgtrdkt maslhg pdttarg dgm tbara dra sjea prjnakts wblkb mj sj lepclkltcy dgm jtbars wblkb dra badmlgh lg tbdt mlraktljg. Jpag@dzddr4; ls d prjnakt mavacjplgh d prjtjkjc ijr a-kjeearka trdgsdktljgs lg d iuccy makagtrdclzam edroatpcdka 4;

bttps>//jpag`dzddr.jrh/

uslgh @ltkjlg. Jpag@dzddr usas Plkdrmldg Kjgtrdkt ds d eadgs ji trdkolgh tba cld`lclty ji jga pdrty tj dgjtbar wbag sacclgh hjjms tj adkb jtbar. ]ba struktura ls prasagtam lg Clstlgh 0.

Y-K

]rust Kjgtrdkts

Atbaraue“s [edrt Kjgtrdkts dra `dsam jg ]urlgh-kjepcata cdghudha (d`ca tj dgswar kjeputd`ca prj`cae hlvag agjuhb tlea dgm spdka ). Qslgh d iaas eakbdglse kdcca m –Hds― ls hudrdgtaam tbdt lt wlcc gjt rug ijravar, ùt sjea rasadrkbars kcdle tbdt tbls kdg `rlgh sjea prj`caes. Vdro at dc. _0
]D@CA L @ L]KJLG M D]D [ ]JPDHA _;1U Ea t b jm

Ydcua

Idoa Dmmrassas

Ydglty Dmmrassas

4 ji G Euctlslh Dmmrass

JVZPA]QPG

Lgput [aquagka

YL

Makagtrdclzam [tjrdha dgm PMI

Kjlg`dsa

M a s k r l p t l jg Agkjma mdtd lg tba gueàr ji sdtjsbls àlgh sagt tj dg dmmrass. Agkjma mdtd lg tba Dmmrass ltsaci. @akdusa tba Dmmrass agkjmas mdtd ji,yjur kbjlka lt kdggjt bdva àag tba rasuct ji d marlvdtljg irje d,prlvdta oay (wltb axtraeacy blhb prj`d`lclty) dgm tbus dgy kjlgs sagt tj,sukb dmmrassas dra cjst (jr "ùrgt"). @ruta ijrka tbrjuhb oays ugtlc yju hat dg dmmrass tbdt agkjmas yjur,mdtd, axtraeacy rasjurka lgtagslva dgm leprdktlkdc ijr dgytblgh `lhhar,tbdg d kjupca ji `ytas. ]basa dra ejra kjepcax @ltkjlg dmmrassas tbdt raqulra jga oay jut ji G,tj ramaae.

Xa kdg usa jgcy jga oay ds d radc oay (cloa wltb d stdgmdrm,dmmrass) dgm agkjma ;0 `ytas ji mdtd lg tba raedlglgh G-4 oays. JVZPA]QPG ls d kjeedgm lg tba @ltkjlg skrlptlgh cdghudha tbdt wds,spaklfflkdccy dmmam tj dccjw tba lgkcusljg ji eatdmdtd jg tba @cjkokbdlg.,Kurragtcy 26 `ytas ji lgijredtljg kdg à dmmam tj d trdgsdktljg uslgh,JVZPA]QPG. ]bls ls dg ugusam ;0 `lt lgtahar. Elgars kdg lgkcuma up tj 466 `ytas wjrtb ji mdtd lg d kjlg`dsa trdgsdktljg.

]ba @cjkokbdlg kdg dcsj à usam ds d PMI rapjsltjry. Avag tbjuhb lt ls gjt kcad r li tbls dpprjdkb ls tba ejst jptle dc. Cleltdtljgs jg spaam dgm slza ji edkblga-radmd`ca fflcas gaam tj à rasadrkbam. Jg tjp ji tba @ltkjlg @cjkokbdlg, tbara dra savardc wdys tj stjra mdtd, tbay dra sueedrlzam lg ]d`ca L.

Ilh. 1. LVI[ hrdpb jg `lh fflcas _;6 U

Dkkjrmlgh tj tba X;K àst prdktlkas ijr mdtd jg tba wa` _;4U, lt ls lepjrtdgt tj –edoa mdtd dvdlcd`ca jg edkblgaradmd`ca dgm prjkassd`ca ijredt jg tba wa`―, ]bls dccjws tba kradtljg dgm kje`lgdtljg ji mdtd sats `y usars, dgm tba kdpd`lclty tj lgtarprat mdtd dvdlcd`ca lg sultd`ca ijredts dgm dppclkdtljgs _;0, p.=U, nust ds tba sdea wdy tbdt ls usaiuc tj edoa mjkueagts buedg radmd`ca dvdlcd`ca. Ijr mdtd tba clghud irdgkd ls PMI _;;U. N[JG-PVK ls d raejta prjkamura kdcc prjtjkjc tbdt ls agkjmam lg N[JG ijredt. ]bls slepca prjtjkjc mafflgas d iaw sat ji mdtd typas dgm kjee dgms. Lt dccjws sagmlgh mdtd tj d sarvar tbdt mjas gjt raqulra d raspjgsa dgm euctlpca kdccs wblkb edy à dgswaram jut ji jrmar. Hatb, tba ejst pjpucdr Atbaraue kclagt, jiiars d N[JG-PVK agmpjlgt. Qslgh tba N[JG-PVK kjeedgm> atbZhat@cjko@yBdsb, lt ls pjssl`ca tj varliy tba axlstlgh struktura ji d `cjko. ([aa Clstlgh ;). 4=

bttps>//www.`jskjlg.lj/

Jg Atbaraue, àkdusa lt bds d spakldc struktura dgm axlstlgh prjpartlas sukb ds pdylgh iaas wltb Hds, lt rasucts racavdgt tj rasadrkb mliia ragt pjssl`ca wdys tj stjra mdtd lg hagardc, dgm lg pdrtlkucdr PMI trlpc as. Lg Ilhura 9 wa prasagt tba irdeawjro acaeagts. Ejst wdccats usa N[JG ds ijredt tj stjra mdtd, tbls mdtd kdg adslcy à kjgvartam tj PMI. Dcsj Makagtrdclzam Dppclkdtljg“s Irjgt-agm ls hagardccy edma wltb B]EC takbgjcjhlas, wbara wa kdg usa axlstlgh ijredts tj aeàm mdtd jg tba wa`slta lgtaridka ds Elkrjijredts, PMId, B]EC1 Elkrjmdtd, N[JG-CM, atk. ]ba ejst racavdgt pdrt ji tbls rasadrkb ls tba stjrd ha ji mdtd jg tba @cjkokbdlg ltsaci. ]ba jgcy prjparty tbdt d `cjko badmar jiiars tj stjra jtbar mdtd mliiaragt tbdg tba lgtrlgslkdccy gaamam ls tba –axtrdMdtd― prjparty. Lt dccjws us tj stjra mdtd ji ;0 `yta slza dgm tbls ls mafflgam `y tba wlggar elglgh gjma ji tbls `cjko. ]ba mliiaragt eatbjms tj stjra mdtd lg Atbaraue trdgsdktljgs dra sueedrlzam lg ]d`ca LL. Ilgdccy, slgka tbara axlst cleltdtljgs ji stjrdha dgm iaas tj pdy lg tba Atbaraue @cjkokbdlg, lt ls maslrd`ca tj usa d kjepdkt PMI sarldclzdtljg ijredt (ijr axdepca Badmar-Mlktljgdry-]rlpcas). Mliiaragt prjpjsdcs dgm stumlas kjvarlgh lt axlst, ùt slgka tbdt ls gjt tba dle ji rasadrkb ji tbls pdpar, wa wlcc gjt ijkus jg tbdt dspakt.

4 0 ; = 1 9 8 2 < 46 44 40 4; 4= 41

Clstlgh ;. Atbaraue @cjko [trukt ura Axdepca _;=U { "lm">4, "nsjgrpk">"0.6", "rasuct"> { "gueàr"> "6x4`=", // =;9 "bdsb"> "6xa986ak9=;=4884969a11m9`=kd;1d4d9`81aa;m14=1d< "6x<9=9010à<106i9a84;; "6xa6=m0<9m0=96ki`2=80di0k1im61`1d04=46 "6x4mkk=ma2mak81m8dd`21`198`9kkm=4dm;40=14`<=2d8=4;i6d4=0im=6m=<;=8", "cjhs@cjje"> "6xa986ak9=;=4884969a11m9`=kd;1d4d9`81aa;m14=1d< "6x19a24i484`kk11d9ii2;=1a9<0k6i29a1`=2a64`<<9kdmk664900i`1a;9;`=04", "stdtaPjjt"> "6xm1211a`62`;;28k6di;81a "6x=a91imd041<190d=<9i "6x608i68", // 49;1<4 "tjtdcMliilkucty"> "6x608i68", // 49;1<4

49 48 42 4<

"axtrdMdtd"> "6x6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666", "slza"> "6x608i68", // 49;1<4 "hdsClelt"> "6x "6x "6x1=a;=a2a" // 4=0=420<09 "trdgsdktljgs"> _{...},{ ... }U "ugkcas"> _"6x4969a1...", "6xm14=1d<..."U

06 04 00 0; 0=

} }

[ ]JPLGH PM I

MD]D JG

]D@CA LL A ]BAPAQE ]PDG[DK]LJG[

Xd y

[ b j r t a x pc d g d t l j g

D mvdg tdh a s

]rdgsdktljg Mdtd Vrjparty

Vrjparty axlstlgh lg adkb trdgsdktljg jg Atbaraue

- Gjt fflxam slza - Kdggjt à ejmlfflam

Kjgtrdkt [tjrdha

Kjgtrdkt stdta ffaxl`ca mdtd`dsa. Oay-vdcua stjra

- Gjt fflxam slza - Adslcy dkkasl`ca

Avagt Cjhs

Blstjrlkdc rdw mdtd

Axtargdc [tjrdha (LVI[)

[tjrlgh lt axtargdccy dgm oaaplgh tba lmagtlfflar uslgh jga ji tba d`jva eatbjms

- Kbadp

- Qgcleltam slza

YL-4 LVI[ ]ba LgtarVcdgatdry Ilca [ystae (LVI[) ls dg jpag sjurka prjnakt lgltldccy maslhgam `y Nudg @agat. Lt ls d V0V mlstrlùtam fflca systae tbdt "saaos tj kjggakt dcc kjeputlgh mavlkas wltb tba sdea systae ji fflcas tj axkbdgha LVI[ j`nakt" _;8U. Dg j`nakt ls nust d mdtd struktura. LVI[ kdg à saag ds dg dedchde ji mliiaragt lgtargat takbgjcjhlas cloa Mlstrlùtam Bdsb ]d`cas (MB]), tba Hlt varsljglgh systae dgm @lttjrragt. Dcc tba j`nakts kjgstltuta d Earoca Mlraktam Dkykclk Hrdpb (MDH) tbdt ls d kryptjhrdpblkdccy varlfflam mdtd struktura _;6U. Lg Ilhura 1, d hrdpb wbara adkb gjma raprasagts dg j`nakt dgm dcc ji tbae

[QEEDP\

_;9U

M ls dmvdg td h a s - Axpagslva - [tjram jg baxdmakledc ijredt - Ls gjt [VY irlagmcy - Axpagslva - Lgijredtljg ls ejmlffld`ca - Gjt dkkasl`ca ijr sedrt kjgtrdkts. - Mdtd hagardtam `y tba [edrt Kjgtrdkt

- Gjt hudrdgtaam tbdt mdtd wlcc gjt à raejvam

@cjkokbdlg.

YLL

Makagtrdclzam Lmagtlfflars

Dkkjrmlgh tj ^jjoj Xlckjx-J“Badrg trldghca mldhrde, tbara dra tbraa prjpartlas tbdt dra kjgslmar maslrd`ca ijr gdeas pdrtlklpdgt lg d gatwjro prjtjkjc _;2U> l) Buedg-eadglghiuc> Eadglghiuc dgm eaejrd`ca (cjwagtrjpy) gdeas dra prjvlmam tj tba usars. ll) [akura> Dgy agtlty lg tba systae kdg dkt edclkljuscy, lgkcumlgh tba ednjrlty ji tba agtltlas jr tba dvdlcd`ca kjeputdtljgdc pjwar.

kjgstltuta d uglqua fflca mlvlma jg kbugos ls prasagtam. Adkb j`nakt ls lmagtlfflam `y d bdsb clgoamji tjmdtd tba stdrtlgh j`nakt.

lll) Makagtrdclzam> ]bara ls stlcc jgcy jga, uglqua dgm spaklfflk agtlty tj wblkb d gdea rasjcvas.

LVI[ ls kurragtcy àlgh usam ds d wdy tj racdta `lh fflcas tj Atbaraue ÖDpps. PMI mdtd fflcas kdg à stjram uslgh LVI[ dgm nust stjra d bdsb pjlgtlgh tj tbls LVI[ rasjurka jg tba

Ba kjgnakturam tbdt gj slghca olgm ji gdea kdg dkbla va ejra tbdg twj prjpartlas. Ijr axdepca @ltkjlg dmmrassas dra sakura dgm makagtrdclzam ùt gjt buedg-eadglghiuc. @ut

Ilh. 9. Atbaraue irdeawjro acaeagts, ejmlfflam irje _;<, p.49U

rakagtcy, sjea systaes wltb tba tbraa prjpartlas ji ^jjoj“s trldghca bdva àag kradtam. Ijr lgstdgka, Glko [zd`j“s pdpar _=6U lccustrdtas tbdt dcc tbraa prjpartlas kdg à dkblavam. D Qglijre Pasjurka Lmagtlfflar (QPL) ls d strlgh ji kbdrdktars usam tj lmagtliy d rasjurka. Ijr axdepca, Xa`LM tbdt ls dg jpag stdgmdrm ijr lmagtlty dgm cjhlg, usas B]]V-QPLs. D Xa`LM prjfflca ls strukturam wltb PMI dgm usas IJDI vjkdùcdry ds d stdgmdrm. D vucgard`ca kdsa ls wbag tba prjfflca ls stjram jg d parsjgdc mjedlg gdea, dgm tba mjedlg ls racadsam @akdusa MG[ (Mjedlg Gdea [ystae) ls d kagtrdclzam kjepjgagt. Jga dctkjlg tbdt hdlgam pjpucdrlty yadrs dhj ls GdeaKjlg 41 . Lt lepcaeagts d makagtrdclzam gdeaspdka (.`lt mjedlg), tbaraijra d makagtrdclzam MG[. Idlskd dgm Pjhdm j _=4U prjpjsa dg agm tj agm dutba gtlkdtljg eakbdglse `dsam jg Xa`LM (tj raprasagt parsjgdc lgijredtljg), N[JG Xa` ]joags (tj agkjma parsjgdc racdtam lgijredtljg) dgm tba @cjkokbdlg (GdeaKjlg). D –makagtrdclzam saedgtlk lmagtlty prjpjsdc― tbdt usas LVI[ tj stjra usar prjfflcas.

YLLL

[aedgtliylgh tba @cj kokbdlg

YLLL-D

[aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg

Xa bdva dcradmy saag tbdt tbara ls d gaam ijr saed gtlk radsjglgh jg tba mlstrlùtam camhar. ]ba gdturdc gdea ijr tbls gaw dmmjg ls –[aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg―. ]ba @cjkokbdlg ls 41

bttps>//gdeakjlg.jrh/

tba pariakt pcdtijre tj edoa [aedgtlk wa` prlgklpcas wlmacy usam dgm tj dmm tj mdtdsats d gaw prjparty tbdt ls –trust―. @cjkokbdlg cjhs tba trutb , jr dt cadst tba dkkap tam trutb `y trdgsdktljgs jr [edrt Kjgtrdkts lgtardktljg, tbus tbasa gaw mdtdsats dra kjepcatacy trustd`ca. Dcsj tba @cjkokbdlg jiiars d bjejhagajus pcdtijre tj kradta tba gaw Xa` ;.6 ds jppjslta ji tba kurragt batarjhagajus wa`.

]bls gaw lmad tbdt dppclas [aedgtlk wa` takbgjcjhlas jg @cjkokbdlg-`dsam pcdtijres dgm/jr vlka-varsd, ls kurragtcy àlgh ugmar rasadrkb `y iaw kjeputar sklagtlsts dgm rasadrkbars drjugm tba wjrcm. Xa prjpjsam tbraa mliiaragt mafflgltljgs ji [aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg> Mafflgltljg 9. [aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg. [aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg ls tba usa ji [aedgtlk wa` stdgmdrms jg @cjkokbdlg-`dsam systaes. ]ba stdgmdrms prjejta kjeejg mdtd ijredts dgm axkbdgha prjtjkjcs jg tba @cjkokbdlg, edolgh usam ji tba Pasjurka Maskrlptljg Irdeawjro (PMI). Mafflgltljg 8. [aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg. [aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg ls d mlstrlùtam mdtd`dsa tbdt edlgtdlgs d kjgtlgujuscy-hrjwlgh

Ilh. 2. Qglvarsa dgdcjhy

Ilh. 8. [ae@cjkPjutar drkbltaktura

clst ji stdgmdrmlzam mdtd rakjrms, uslgh Pasjurka Maskrlptljg Irdeawjro (PMI), bdrmagam dhdlgst tdeparlgh dgm ravlsljg. Mafflgltljg 2. [aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg. [aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg ls tba raprasagtdtljg ji mdtd stjram jg tba mlstrlùtam camhar uslgh Clgoam Mdtd.

YLLL-@

[aedgtlfflkdtljg prjkass

Lg idkt, tbara ls d `lh spdka ji rasadrkb tj edoa lg tba fflacm ji –[aedgtlk @cjkokbdlgs― jr –[aedgtlk Mlstrlùtam Camhars―, dgm bjpaiuccy lt wlcc dcsj lepdkt jg tba lgmustrldc wjrcm. Ijr tbdt tj bdppag, lt rasucts krukldc tj stdrt mavacjplgh dppclkdtljgs dgm irdeawjros tbdt earha tbasa 0 wjrcms. ]braa pjssl`ca wdys ji edgy tj saedgtliy tba @cjkokbdlg dra> l) @dslk edpplgh ji tba @cjk okbdlg mdtd tj PMI edolg h usdha ji vjkdùcdrlas, jgtjcjhlas dgm raejta prjkamura kdccs. ll) [bdra PMI mdtd mlrak tcy jg tba @cjk okbdlg, ds saag jg tba saktljg YL, @cjkokbdlg mdtd stjrdha ls axpagslva, ùt edyà sdvlgh jgcy bdsbas pjlgt lgh tj mdtd sats ls tba sjcutljg. lll) Kradtljg ji saedgtlk-radmy @cjkokbdlgs, wbara dcc jr tba kjra lgtargdc mdtd axkbdgha prjtjkjcs dra `dsam jg PMI. [ae@cjkPjutar ls d prjtjtypa tbdt wjros ds d By`rlm dppclkdtljg (Kagtrdclzam dgm Makagtrdclzam), pjwaram pdrtldccy `y [edrt Kjgtrdkts, wbara hagardtam PMI mdtd ls slhgam `y lts jwgar dgm fflca bdsbas dra sbdram jg tba gatwjro dvjlmlgh iurtbar mdtd ejmlfflkdtljgs. Lt usas Jrdkcas ijr kjeeuglkdtljg wltb trustam lgijredtljg jutslma tba @cjkokbdlg. ]ba fflcas dra stjram jg LVI[ dgm jgtjcjhlas ds @CJGMlA dgm VPJY dra aepcjyam. Lt ls dg lgstdgt edppar ji @cjkokbdlg pcdtijres tj PMI dgm jiiars dcsj d quaryd`ca [VDPTC agmpjlgt (saa Ilhura 8).

LR

kjepjsam ji tbjusdgms rugglgh @cjkokbdlgs, racdtam dgm lgtarkjggaktam ijrelgh d buha gatwjro. Adkb jga wltb tbjusdgms jr elccljgs ji ÖDpps (saa Ilhura 2). ]bls skagdrlj ls slelcdr tj bjw tba uglvarsa ls strukturam wbara hdcdxlas dra kjepjsam ji systaes dgm adkb systae ji pcdgats. D @cjkokbdlg ls dg Drtlfflkldc Clia (DC) dhagt, clia edma `y edg rdtbar tbdg `y gdtura, wbara rucas dra mafflgam cloa lt bdppags jg Cdghtjg“s Dgt, Kaccucdr Dutjedtd, YjgGauedg saci-rapclkdtlgh dutjedtjg, Clgmagedyar [ystaes, atk. (saa Ilhura <).

[aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg Gatwjro

]ba @cjkokbdlg ls pdrt mdtd`dsa, pdrt mavacjpeagt pcdtijre, pdrt gatwjro agd`car. Lt kdg tdoa edgy ijres ji lepcaeagtdtljgs _=0U. Lt ls gjt krdzy tj tblgo tbdt tba wjrcm wlcc à

Ilh. <. Blstjrlkdc @ltkjlg trdgsdktljgs vlsudclzdtljg. Mjga `y> Leparldc Kjccaha Kagtra ijr Kryptjkurragky Pasadrkb dgm Aghlgaarlgh

]ba usdha ji Clgoam Mdtd prlgklpcas lg tba mliiaragt cdyars ji tba prjtjkjc rasucts krukldc lg tbls skagdrlj. D skagdrlj wbara tba ijccjwlgh dssartljgs àtwaag jtbars sbjucm à dkkjepclsbam> l) Adkb @cjkokbdlg bds tj à lmagtlfflam dgm lt sbjucm à uglqua. ll) Adkb ÖDpp (lgkcumas d sat ji [edrt Kjgtdkts) ls uglquacy lmagtlfflam. lll) Kjgtagt irje d [edrt Kjgtrdkt ls dvdlcd`ca dcsj lg edkblga-radmd`ca ijredts (ds PMI).

lv) Xbag raquastam, PMI mdtd irje d spaklfflk @cjkokbdlg ls dvdlcd`ca tj jtbar. v) [VDPTC quarlas kjeprjelslgh mliiaragt @cjkokbdlgs sbjucm à pjssl`ca.

R

[uppcy Kbd lg skag drlj> Maka gtrdclzam [uppcy Kbdlg Dppclkdtljg (Ma[KD)

Jg = Nuga 4<20, Oaltb Jclvar kjlgam tba tare –suppcy kbdlg― _=;U. [tjko dgm @jyar _==U mavacjpam d qudcltdtlva stumy tj mafflga suppcy kbdlg edgdhaeagt ([KE), sueedrlzlgh lt ds –tba edgdhaeagt ji d gatwjro ji racdtljgsblps wltblg d fflre dgm àtwaag lgtarmapagmagt jrhdglzdtljgs dgm ùslgass uglts kjgslstlgh ji edtarldc suppclars, purkbdslgh, prjmuktljg idklcltlas, cjhlstlks, edroatlgh, dgm racdtam systaes tbdt idklcltdta tba ijrwdrm dgm ravarsa ffjw ji edtarldcs, sarvlkas, fflgdgkas dgm lgijredtljg irje tba jrlhlgdc prjmukar tj fflgdc kustjear wltb tba àgafflts ji dmmlgh vdcua, edxlelzlgh prjffltd`lclty tbrjuhb aifflklagklas, dgm dkblavlgh kustjear sdtlsidktljg― _==U. Clgoam Mdtd ls dcsj àlgh usam lg [uppcy Kbdlg Edgdhaeagt. ]bara axlst sjea jgtjcjhlas ds ]ba Vrjmukt ]ypas Jgtjcjhy49 dgm HjjmPacdtljgs48 > –]ba Xa` Yjkdùcdry ijr Acaktrjglk Kjeearka― tbdt sarva tj axprass mdtd racdtam tj a-kjeearka ijccjwlgh tba stdgmdrms tbdt tba [aedgtlk Xa` mafflgas. Dcsj, tbara ls dg lepjrtdgt wjro mjga lg tba lgmustrldc spdka `y tba jrhdglzdtljg H[4 tbdt usas Clgoam Mdtd stdgmdrms lgltldtlvas jg axtagmam pdkodhlgh, trustam sjurka ji mdtd _=1U. Kurragt [uppcy Kbdlg Edgdhaeagt systaes dra batarjhagajus. ]bara ls d blhb mlvarslty ji sjcutljgs tbdt cdko lgtarjpard`lclty àtwaag tbae. Cjkdc jgtjcjhlas edy à kjgslmaram ds agtarprlsa eassdha ejmacs _=9U. @cjkokbdlg par sa ls d fflxar ji tbls radclty. Li d @cjkokbdlg takbgjcjhy jr dg lgtarkjggaktam gatwjro ji @cjkokbdlgs ls usam ijr suppcy kbdlg edgdhaeagt, dg bjejhagajus pcdtijre wlcc aearha wltb uglqua prjpartlas. Lg d hagardc pjlgt ji vlaw, @cjkokbdlg-`dsam systaes kdg à vlawam ds tjoag systaes. wbara lt ls d mdtd`dsa wltb dg jpardtljg> mamukt R uglts irje D dgm prjvlma R uglts tj @. D bds tj dpprjvam tbls trdgsdktljg dgm bds dt cadst R uglts. ]ba tjoags systaes, lg hagardc, kdg à ugmarstjjm ds [uppcy Kbdlg jpardtlgh systaes. Dgy tjoag ls d uglt ji lgvagtjry dgm dg dkkjugt ls dg lgvagtjry-oaaplgh cjkdtljg, ijr axdepca d rahucdr stjra, mlstrlùtljg kagtar jr truko trdlcar. ]bus, d suppcy kbdlg @cjkokbdlg dppclkdtljg, kdg à adslcy usam tj rakjrm `dcdgkas dgm trdgsiars ji lgvagtjry dkrjss d mlstrlùtam suppcy kbdlg gatwjro. 49 48

bttp>//www.prjmuktjgtjcjhy.jrh/ bttp>//www.bappgatz.ma/prjnakts/hjjmracdtljgs/

Ma[KD ls d prjtjtypa edma tj à ds ejst hagardc ds pjssl`ca dgm slepclstlk. ]ba edlg j`naktlva ls tj rakjrm tba ffjw ji dg ltae dkrjss tba mliiaragt pdrtlklpdgts ji d suppcy kbdlg uslgh tba @cjkokbdlg drkbltaktura wbara mdtd ls dcsj rapclkdtam lg PMI ijredt.

R-D

Vrjvagdgka

X;K Vrjvagdgka Xjrolgh Hrjup mafflga prjvagdgka ds d "rakjrm tbdt maskrlàs tba pajpca, lgstltutljgs, agtltlas, dgm dktlvltlas lgvjcvam lg prjmuklgh, lgffuagklgh, jr maclvarlgh d plaka ji mdtd jr d tblgh" _=8U. ]ba usa ji tba @cjkokbdlg ds d prjvagdgka prjtjkjc ls d kjeejg idktjr ji dcc usa kdsas, lg `jtb skagdrljs pjst-trdmlgh fflgdgkldc dssats jr pbyslkdc agtltlas _=2U. [jea axlstlgh prjnakts wjrolgh jg prjvagdgka wltb @cjkokbdlg takbgjcjhlas dra dvdlcd`ca jg ]d`ca LLL. ]D@CA LLL @ CJKOKBDLG - @D[AM VPJNAK][ XJPOLGH JG V r jn a k t Avarcamhar Kjcu Dskrlà Ejgahrdpb [tdepary Qprjjv Vrjvagdgka

VPJYAG DGKA

[ k jp a

@ c jk o k b d l g M ldejgms Arls [tdko + @ltkjlg Mlhltdcdssats @ltkjlg Kradtlva mlhltdc wjros @ltkjlg Kradtlva mlhltdc wjros @ltkjlg Kjeeuglkdtljg, prjkassas dgm mdtd @ltkjlg Vbjtjs, vlmajs dgm dumlj rakjrmlghs @ltkjlg Vbyslkdc prjmukts @ltkjlg, Atbaraue

]ba kjepdgy prjnakt Vrjvagdgka Ctm 42 , `dsam jg Cjgmjg dgm cam `y Nassl @doar usas @cjkokbdlg takbgjcjhy ijr agd`clgh sakura trdkad`lclty ji kartlfflkdtljgs dgm jtbar sdclagt mdtd lg suppcy kbdlgs. Lt dccjws pbyslkdc prjmukts tj kjea wltb d mlhltdc pdsspjrt prjvlgh dutbagtlklty dgm jrlhlg `y kradtlgh dumltd`ca rakjrms ji tba njurgay àblgm pbyslkdc prjmukts. ]bay tdoa lgtj kjgslmardtljg dt adkb pjlgt ji tlea ijur kjra prjpartlas kjgkarglgh dcc edtarldcs dgm kjgsued`cas> ]ba gdtura (wbdt lt ls), tba qudclty (bjw lt ls), tba qudgtlty (bjw eukb ji lt tbara ls), tba jwgarsblp (wbjsa lt ls dt dgy ejeagt) _=
bttps>//www.prjvagdgka.jrh/ bttp>//www.avarcamhar.lj/

Ilh. 46. [edrt Kjgtrdkt lgtardktljg _;9U

Ejradu bds cam mliiaragt prjnakts racdtam tj lt sukb ds KJCCD@EDV dgm Ijjm Vrjvagdgka _16U. Ejradu at dc. dcsj kradtam tba jgtjcjhy VPJY-J 06 tbdt sarvas tj raprasagt dgm lgtarkbdgha prjvagdgka lgijredtljg tbdt kdg à usam lg mliiaragt kjgtaxt. Jtbar axlstlgh jgtjcjhlas wjrolgh wltb prjvagdgka dra tba clhbtwalhbt VDY jgtjcjhy04 . Kbrlstjpbar @rawstar ls stumylgh tba usa ji saedgtlk wa` jg dhrlijjm suppcy kbdl g _14U. Ba ls jga ji tba fflrst prjp jslgh tba usa ji @cjkokbdlgs ijr tbls olgm ji dppclkdtljg, lg d irdeawjro tbdt dccjws bjcmlgh saedgtlk mdtd jg tba @cjkokbdlg.

R-@

[ystae Drkbltaktura

Lg tba sjitw dra drkbl taktura, wa wdgt tj ejmac tba edlg strukturas raprasagtlgh tba sjitwdra systae dgm tba edggar lts kjepjgagts kjeeuglkdta dejgh tbae. ]ba prjtjtypa mavacjpam ls kdccam Ma[KD> Makagtrdclzam [uppcy Kbdlg Dppclkdtljg ls dg Atbaraue ÖDpp. Lg Ilhura 44 tba gdtl va Atbaraue“s ÖDpps drkbltaktura ls mlspcdyam. Ds axpcdlgam Atbaraue ls d V0V irdeawjro, tba gdturdc mlvlsljg ls edma jg Irjgt-Agm dgm @dko-Agm acaeagts. ]ba @dko-Agm ls tba @cjkokbdlg par sa, dmmltljgdccy, wa kjgslmar Ndvd[krlpt dgm NTuary cjhlk tj bdgmca Irjgt-Agm acaeagts bara. [lgka wa dra dcsj uslgh LVI[, lts kjra ls dcsj rugglgh lg tba @dko-agm. D Kclagt rugglgh dg upmdtam dgm clva gjma cat us lgtardkt wltb tba cdtast stdta ji tba @cjkokbdlg. ]ba kjeeuglkdtljg àtwaag tba kclagt dgm tba Irjgt Agm kdg à mjga uslgh axlstlgh Ndvd[krlpt cl`rdrlas. ]ba Irjgt Agm ls mjga uslgh wa` takbg jcjhlas sukb ds B]EC dgm K[[ tbdt wjro ds axpaktam tbdgos tj Ndvd[krlpt dgm NTuary kjma. ]bls kjma ls stjram lg wbdt wa dra kjgslmarlgh tba @dko-Agm. Ylsudc acaeagts dra bdgmcam `y B]EC dgm K[[ uslgh tba cl`rdry @jjtstrdp. 06 04

bttps>//www.w;.jrh/]P/prjv-j/ bttp>//pdv-jgtjcjhy.hltbu`.lj/pdv/

Ilh. 44. Atbaraue Drkbltaktura _10U

R-K

[edrt Kjgtrdkt Lgtardktljg

Dcc tba kjra cjhlk ji tba makagtrdclzam dppclkdtljg raslmas lg tba [edrt Kjgtrdkt kjmam jg [jclmlty. Lt ls iuccy pjssl`ca tj lgtardkt wltb tba [edrt Kjgtrdkt uslgh d kclagt cloa Hatb dgm spaklfflk kjeedgms, rasuctlgh tbdt tba lepcaeagtam usar lgtaridka ls nust d glkar dgm ejra usar irlagmcy wdy tj lgtardkt wltb lt (saa Ilhura 46).

Xjrosbjp―00 . Edgy uglvarsltlas dgm rasadrkb kagtars dra ijkuslgh jg leprjvlgh dgm uphrdmlgh tba @cjkokbdlg takbgjcjhy dgm d iaw ji tbae dra rasa drkblgh jg tba lgta hrdtljg wltb Clgoam Mdtd. ]ba edlg hjdc ji tbls wjro ls tj sbjw tbdt [aedgtlk Xa` prlgklpcas kdg à usam jg d iuturlstlk Lgtargat tbdt kjucm à kjepjsam ji @cjkokbdlg gatwjros. Ilrst, wa stdrtam prasagtlgh jur wjro mjga jg aghlgaarlgh dg jgtjcjhy, @CJGMlA maskrlàs lgbaragt @cjkokbdlg struktura dgm racdtam lgijre dtljg. Xa dcsj maskrlàm tba AtbJg dgm IL@J jgtjcjhlas. Cdtar, wa stdtam tbdt clgolgh @cjkokbdlgs pcdtijres ls assagtldc dgm wa maskrlàm sjea prjnakts ds LCV dgm Kjsejs. Dcsj, wa rasadrkbam d`jut tba lgsartljg ji saedgtlk kjgtagt jg [edrt Kjgtrdkts, dg jvarvlaw ji Plkdrmldg Kjgtrdkts wds hlvag dgm wa kjgkcumam tbdt jgtjcjhlas kdg bacp Ilh. 40. Qsar lgtaridka saktljgs

R-M

Qsar Lgtaridka dgm [kagdrlj

]ba usar lgtaridka ji tba prjtjtypa ls prasagtam lg Ilhura 40. 4) ]ba edlg eagu, wbara twj pjssl`ca usar rjcas dra dvdlcd`ca (Dmelglstrdtjr dgm Pahucdr Qsar), 0) tba cjkdc eagu dkkjrmlgh tj tba sacaktam usar, ijr Dmelglstrdtjr> Edgdha Qsar dgm [bjw Vrjvagdgka, ijr Pahucdr Qsar> Kradta Ltae, ]rdgsiar Ltae dgm [bjw Vrjvagdgka. ;) ]ba raspaktlva ijres tj fflcc dgm prjkaam wltb tba sacaktam tdso. D vary slepca dgm iugktljgdc skagdrlj tj tast Ma[KD ls tba ijccjwlgh> Arlk Kdrtedg ls d àhlgglgh idrear tbdt hrjws ram dppcas jg bls idre kdccam –Mdls y Blcc Vuppy Idre― ba saccs bls dppcas tj tba kjepdgy –Qe`raccd Kjrp.― cadmam `y Accla Xlccldes `y sdkos ji 166 dppcas adkb. Qe`raccd Kjrp. kcadg, kcdssliy, tdh dgm pdko tba dppcas `y 40 dppcas par sedcc `jxas. ]bay dcsj sacc tba dppca `jxas tj d cjkdc stjra kdccam –Owlo-AEdrt― jwgam `y Dpu Gdbdsdpaaedpatlcjg dgm tbay axbl`lt tba dppcas lg tbalr stjra. Ilgdccy Elcbjusa Ydg Bjutag d rahucdr kustjear ji tbdt stjra ùys d `jx ji dppcas dgm tdoa lt tj bls bjea. Dcc tba prjkassas dgm trdgsdktljgs dra rahlstaram jg tba systae. ]ba mdtd ls dcsj stjram lg PMI ijredt, wbara tbara dra 0 pjssl`lcltlas> d) ]j stjra mdtd mlraktcy jg tba @cjkokbdlg, jr `) tj stjra mdtd jg LVI[, dgm sbdra d pjlgtlgh bdsb jg tba kjgtrdkt stjrdha. Ilgdccy, jgka dcc trdgsdktljgs dra rahlstaram, tba fflgdc kjgsuear dgm dgy parsjg kdg varliy tba rahlstaram prjvagdgka ji tba dppcas. ””””””””””””””””””‛ MAEJ> bttps>//yjutu.à/NlXM\@yO1zj ””””””””””””””””””‛

RL

KJGKCQ[LJG[

]bara dra mjzag s ji prjnakts drjugm tba hcjà racdtam tj [aedgtlk Xa` dgm @cjkokbdlg dt mliiaragt cavacs, sjea ji tbae wara prasagtam jg tba –X;K @cjkokbdlgs dgm tba Xa`

jg tba maslhg ji [edrt Kjgtrdkts. Ditar tbdt, ]rust Kjgtrdkts dra lgtrjmukam ds dg dctargdtlva tj à usam lgstadm ji ]urlghkjepcata jgas. ]ba gaxt tjpl k tj rasadrkb ls wbara tj stjra PMI mdtd . @ltkjlg dgm Atbaraue dccjw us tj stjra sjea mdtd jg lts @cjkokbdlg. ]basa eatbjms dra sueedrlzam lg tbls pdpar. Dcsj, wa tdcoam d`jut LVI[ ds dg lepjrtdgt makagtrdclzam stjrdha prjnakt. Gaxt, wa rasadrkbam d`jut makagtrdclzam lmagtlfflars wbara LVI[ bdsbas, @ltkjlg dgm Atbaraue dmmrassas dra lmadc jptljgs bara. ]ba lmad ji [aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg ls dcsj mlskussam dgm prasagtam, wbara tba prjkass ji saedgtlfflkdtljg ls pjssl`ca jg kurragt mlstrlùtam camhars, [ae@cjkPjutar ds dg axdepca ls lgtrjmukam. ]ba [aedgtlk @cjkokbdlg Gatwjro ls prjpjsam ds d gatwjro ji [aedgtlk @cjkokbdlgs wltb pjwariuc iadturas. Ilgdccy Ma[KD (Makagtrdclzam [uppcy Kbdlg Dppclkdtljg) ls axpcdlgam wbara wa mlskuss tba lepjrtdgka tj bdva d makagtrdclzam suppcy kbdlg edgdhaeagt dppclkdtljg lg kjepdrlsjg tj axlstlgh kagtrdclzam batarjhagajus sjcutljgs. Ma[KD parelts tba lgsartljg dgm stjrdha ji PMI mdtd tbdt kdg à radm dgm clgoam tj jtbar mdtd sjurkas.

Dkogjwcamhaeagts ]bls rasadrkb pdpar sueedrlzas sjea ji ey wjro mjga dt tba Qglvarslty ji @jgg (@CJGMlA, [ae@cjkPjutar, Ma[KD, atk. dra 466% ey wjro) dgm lt wds lgtagtljgdccy edma tj gjt à pdrt ji dgy njurgdc jr sjeatblgh cloa tbdt. [jrry ijr tba elstdoas, typjs, atk. Ji kjursa wrltlgh lt tjjo tlea, sj L de nust hrdtaiuc tj ey idelcy dgm dcc tba pajpca eagtl jgam dgm kltam bara ijr rasadrkblgh d`jut dedzlgh dgm pjwariuc takbgjcjhlas. L kjgslmar tbdt tbls rasadrkb pdpar ls nust d fflrst stap lg tba lgtahrdtljg àtwaag tbasa twj pjwariuc takbgjcjhlas. [ukb lgtahrdtljg bds d kjcjssus pjtagtldc dgm tbara ls d buha wjro tj à mjga tbdt ls pratty kbdccaghlgh ùt dt tba sdea tlea ejtlvdtlgh. Cloa Gdtbdg Mrdoa sdlm> –\ju nust kjugt tj fflva dgm pucc tba kjrm. Bjw bdrm kjucm tbdt à: DBBBBBB! Jgatwjtbraaijurfflva!―. 00

bttps>//www.w;.jrh/0649/6=/`cjkokbdlg-wjrosbjp/

Paiaragkas _4U G. [bdm`jct, ]. @argars-Caa, dgm X. Bdcc, –]ba saedgtlk wa` ravlsltam,― LAAA Lgtacclhagt [ystaes, vjc. 04, gj. ;, pp. <9‛464, Ndg 0669. _0U `ltkjlg.jrh, –@ltkjlg mavacjpar hulma.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps> //`ltkjlg.jrh/ag/mavacjpar-hulma _;U P. Xdttagbjiar, ]ba sklagka ji tba `cjkokbdlg . Q[D> Lgvartam Ijrast Vu`clsblgh, 0649. _=U E. [wdg, @cjkokbdlg > `cuaprlgt ijr d gaw akjgjey . [a`dstjpjc, Kdcli> J“Palccy, 0641. _1U G. [zd`j, –Ijredclzlgh dgm sakurlgh racdtljgsblps jg pu`clk gatwjros,― 4<<8. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//szd`j.àst.vwb.gat/ijredclza.btec _9U ]. [wdgsjg, Hradt Kbdlg ji Gueàrs> D Hulma tj [edrt Kjgtrdkts, [edrt Vrjparty dgm ]rustcass Dssat Edgdhaeagt , 064=. _8U Atb araue, –Kradta d mlhltdc hraatar.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps> //www.atbaraue.jrh/hraatar _2U ]. @argars-Caa, –Clgoam mdtd.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//www.w;.jrh/ . MaslhgLssuas/ClgoamMdtd btec –Pasjurka maskrlptljg irdeawjro(rmi) _ bttp>//atbmjks.jrh/ ag/cdtast/lgmax.btec _46U D. Bjhdg, –Clgoa m mdtd dgm tba saedgtlk wa` stdgmdrms,― lg Clgoam Mdtd Edgdhaeagt (Aearhlgh Mlraktljgs lg Mdtd`dsa), 4st am., D. Bdrtb, O. Bjsa, dgm P. [kbagoac, Ams. Kbdpedg dgm Bdcc/KPK, 1 064=, kb. 4, pp. ;‛1=. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//dedzjg.kje/j/D[LG/4=99120=61/ _44U ]. P. Hruàr, –D trdgscdtljg dpprjdkb tj pjrtd`ca jgtjcjhy spaklfflkdtljgs,― Ogjwc. Dkquls. , vjc. 1, gj. 0, pp. 4<<‛006, Nug. 4<<;. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//mx.mjl.jrh/46.4669/ogdk.4<<;.4662 _40U G. I. Gjy dgm M. C. Ekhulggass, –Jgtjcjhy mavacjpeagt 464> D hulma tj kradtlgh yjur fflrst jgtjcjhy,― ]akb. Pap., 0664. _4;U JXC Xjrolgh Hrjup, –Jwc.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//www.w;.jrh/ JXC/ _4=U Dmde ]lgwjrtb, –Gaxt49> @cjkokbdlg wlcc ùlcm wa` ;.6, sdys ndela ùroa.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//gaxtkjgi.au/0649/6 bttps>//`cjh.atbaraue.jrh/064=/62/42/ùlcmlgh-makagtrdclzam-wa`/ _49U [. ]udc, –Bjw tj hat stdrtam> yjur fflrst mdpp, ugmar jga bjur.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//ijrue.atbaraue.jrh/mlskussljg/4=60/bjwtj-hat-stdrtam-yjur-fflrst-mdpp-ugmar-jga-bjur _48U [. Gdodejtj, –@ltkjlg> D paar-tj-paar acaktrjg lk kdsb systae,― 0662. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//www.`ltkjlg.jrh/`ltkjlg.pmi _42U H. Xjjm, –Atbaraue> D sakura makagtrdclsam hagardclsam trdgsdktljg camhar bjeastadm mrdit,― 0649. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//hdvwjjm.kje/ Vdpar.pmi _4 bttp>//fflgrahjgt.kje/0648/60/04/atbaraueZffl`jZdclhgeagt/ _06U D. Dàca dgm N. EkKrda, –]ba clgolg h jpag mdtd kcjum mldhr de,― 0648. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//cjm-kcjum.gat/ _04U [. ]bjeds dgm A. [kbwdrtz, –D prjtjkj c ijr lgtarcamhar pdyeagts,― 0649. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//lgtarcamhar.jrh/lgtarcamhar.pmi _00U N. Owjg dgm A. @ukbedg, –Kjsejs d gatwjro ji mlstrlùtam camhars,― 0648. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//hltbu`.kje/kjsejs/kjsejs/ `cj`/edstar/XBL]AVDVAP.em _0;U H. Xjjm, –Vjcodmjt> Ylsljg ijr d batarjhagajus euctl-kbdlg irdeawjro mrdit 4,― 0649. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//hltbu` .kje/pjcodmjt-lj/ pjcodmjtpdpar/rdw/edstar/VjcodMjtVdpar.pmi _0=U \. Xdgm dgm K. Xjj, –Jgtjcjhy-`dsam rucas ijr j`nakt-jrlagtam agtarprlsa ejmaclgh,― 4<<<. _01U B. E. Ole dgm E. Cdsojwsol, –]jwdrms dg jgtjcjhy-mrlvag `cjkokbdlg maslhg ijr suppcy kbdlg prjvagdgka,― KjPP, vjc. d`s/4946.60<00, 0649. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//drxlv.jrh/d`s/4946.60<00 _09U L. Hrlhh, –]ba rlkdrmldg kjgtrdkt,― lg Vrjkaamlghs ji tba Ilrst LAAA Lgtargdtljgdc Xjrosbjp jg Acaktrjglk Kjgtrdktlgh , sar. XAK “6=. Xdsblghtjg, MK, Q[D> LAAA Kjeputar [jklaty, 066=, pp. 01‛;4. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//mx.mjl.jrh/46.446 bttp>//ldgh .jrh/pdpars/ lgtarsaktljgZrlkdrmldgZsedrt.btec _02U Jpag@dzddr, –Plkdrmldg kjgtrdkts lg jpag`dzddr,― 0649. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//hlst.hltbu`.kje/mrwdsbj/d1;261==k486`m```dm2

_0 bttps>//staaelt.kje/kryptjkurragky/ F`jskjlg/tba-`jskjlg-wblta-pdpar _;6U K. Cugmovlst, –Lpis lgtrjmuktljg `y axdepca.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//www.w;.jrh/Vrjvlmar/[tyca/Mdtd.btec _;4U X;K, –Mdtd jg tba wa` àst prdktlkas.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//www.w;.jrh/]P/mw`p/ _;0U I. @duar, Clgoam jpag mdtd> tba assagtldcs > d qulko stdrt hulma ijr maklsljg edoars. Xlag> am. ejgj/ejgjkbrje, 0640. _;;U ]. @argars Caa, –Vrjvlm lgh mdtd jg tba wa`.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//www.w;.jrh/Vrjvlmar/[tyca/Mdtd.btec _;=U Atbaraue, –Nsjg rpk.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//hltbu`.kje/atbaraue/ wlol/wlol/N[JG-PVK _;1U Kjcjram-Kjlgs, –Mdtd stjrdha eatbjms - mdtd stjrdha jg tba `cjkokbdlg,― 0649. _;9U B. Qhdrta, –[trdtahlas ijr lgtahrdtlgh saedgtlk dgm `cjkokbd lg takbgjcjhlas,― 0649. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//as.sclmasbdra.gat/bamuhdrj/ strdtahlas-ijr-lgtahrdtlgh-saedgtlk-dgm-`cjkokbdlg-takbgjcjhlas _;8U N. @agat,(mrdit –Lpis;),―- 0649. kjgtagt _JgclgaU. dmmrassam,Dvdlcd`ca> varsljgam,bttps>//lpis p0p fflca systae .lj/ lpis/TeP8H[TE<;Kx1aDh9d9yPzGma4ITv8uC9R4j=o8zrNd;CR/ lpis.mrdit;.pmi _;2U ^. Xlckjx-J“Badrg, –Gdeas> Mlstrlùtam, sakura, buedg-radmd`ca> Kbjjsa twj.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//wa` .drkblva.jrh/wa`/ 066446064<4946/bttp>//zjjoj.kje/mlstgdeas.btec _; ugcjkolgh mlhltdc kryptjkurragklas. [a`dstjpjc, KD> J“Palccy, 0641. _=6U G. [zd`j, –[akura prjparty tltcas wltb jwgar dutbjrlty.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//gdodejtjlgstltuta .jrh/sakura-prjparty-tltcas/#sacaktljg44.6-44 .46 _=4U N. H. Idåskd dgm N. T. Pjhdmj, –Makagt rdclzam saedgtlk lmagtl ty,― lg Vrjkaamlghs ji tba 40tb Lgtargdtljgdc Kjgiaragka jg [aedgtlk [ystaes , sar. [AEDG]lK[ 0649. Gaw \jro, G\, Q[D> DKE, 0649, pp. 488‛ 426. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//mjl.dke.jrh/46.44=1/0<<;;42.0<<;;=2 _=0U X. Ejuhdydr, ]ba @uslgass @cjkokbdlg> Vrjelsa, Vrdktlka, dgm Dppclkdtljg ji tba Gaxt Lgtargat ]akbgjcjhy, 4st am. Xlcay, 1 0649. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//dedzjg.kje/j/D[LG/444<;66;40/ _=;U V. Bakoedgg, M. [bjrtag, dgm B. Aghac, –[uppcy kbdlg edgdhaeagt dt 04 tba bdrm rjdm tj dmuctbjjm.― _==U N. P. [tjko dgm [. C. @jyar, –Mavacjplgh d kjgsagsus mafflgltljg ji suppcy kbdlg edgdhaeagt> d qudcltdtlva stumy,― Lgtargdtljgdc Njurgdc ji Vbyslkdc Mlstrlùtljg & Cjhlstlks Edgdhaeagt , vjc. ;<, gj. 2, pp. 9<6‛844, 066<. _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//mx.mjl.jrh/46.4462/ 6<9666;6<46<<9;0; _=1U E. Bdrrlsjg, –[aedgtlk wa` takbgjcjhlas lgtrjmuktljg dgm racavdgka tj hs4 kjeeuglty,― 0641. _=9U E. ^mrdvojvl½k, E. ]rdndgjvl k½ , dgm B. Vdgattj, –Cjkdc jgtjcjhlas ijr saedgtlk lgtarjpard`lclty lg suppcy kbdlg gatwjros,― 0644. _=8U C. Ejradu dgm V. Elsslar, –Vrjv-me> ]ba prjv mdtd ejmac.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//www.w;.jrh/]P/064;/PAK-prjvme-064;6=;6/#mig-prjvagdgka _=2U L. Dcclsjg, –Vrjvagdgka bds d `lh yadr dbadm maclvarlgh suppcy kbdlg trdgspdragky wltb `ltkjlg dgm atbaraue.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//www.l`tleas.kj.uo/prjvagdgka-bds-`lh-yadr-dbadmmaclvarlgh-suppcy-kbdlg-trdgspdragky-`ltkjlg-atbaraue-41;80;8 _= tba sjcutljg ijr trdgspdragky lg prjmukt suppcy kbdlgs.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttps>//www.prjvagdgka.jrh/wbltapdpar _16U C. Ejradu, –Agd`clgh prjvagdgka jg tba wa`. stdgmdrmlzdtljg dgm rasadrkb quastljgs.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//lgtargat-kjgi.jrh/wpkjgtagt/upcjdms/0641/46/cukejradu-prjvagdgka-0641.pmi _14U K. @rawstar, –[aedgtlk `cjkokbdlgs lg tba suppcy kbdlg.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp>//www.sclmasbdra.gat/kbrlstjpbar`rawstar/06416948-tgj _10U H. Xjjm, –]ba atbaraue axparlagka.― _JgclgaU. Dvdlcd`ca> bttp> //www.sclmasbdra.gat/atbaraue/tba-atbaraue-axparlagka

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