E K^CA[ÄÂC FCR \ZG \ZGIK IKGZCR GZCR EOGIEGR \ZÇ@GRVÒZGBCR www.iuofcfcseogiegs.pt
V CFER ER KFGÄÛKR KI8 www.iuofcfcseogiegs.pt/ rkvgste
EZVGDC FGR
www.iuofcfcseogiegs.pt/eog prgikgrcs-eogie
COÉ^KA COÉ ^KA KI8
iegs-prk-`gstcrgbcs/kvcaubecgs-prk-`gstcrgbcs
I[OFC FCR EOGIEGR
EOGIEGR \Z Ruseoe \krkgre k Beracs Deofre
www.iuofcfcseogiegs.pt
C brêogc ì ksqukrfe pkrtkobku e ui pkgxk bci iegs fk 7 iktrcs fk bciprgikotc k bepez fk icrfkr bci iegs fk ; tcokaefes fk pksc. C Fuomakcstkus kre pcfkrcsc k tkiévka, ies oâc rksgstgu iugtc tkipc. E kvcauäâc tgo`e cutrcs paeocs gdueaikotk eijgbgcscs8 cs tujerûks.
Kvcauäâc fcs prgikgrcs
-@GRVÒZGBCR
I[OFC FCR EOGIEGR
E
c acodc fk iga`ûks k iga`ûks fk eocs, c ocssc ocss c iuofc ncg `ejgtefc pcr brgetures øogbes, jgzerres, dgdeotksbes k iedoéngbes.
C kstufc k c kotkofgikotc fkstks eogiegs veg iugtc eaçi fe burgcsgfefk oeturea, pcgs okaes rksgfki es ocsses crgdkos kvcautgves k ncrei okstks pkrécfcs prç-`gstòrgbcs quk sk ncrierei eaduies fes kstrutures jåsgbes fe vgfe, quk egofe `chk sâc utgagzefes, gobausgvk pcr oòs skrks `uieocs. \ere uie ika`cr bciprkkosâc fe vgfe prç-`gstòrgbe k fc ocssc pròprgc bco`kbgikotc scjrk kae, kxgstki eaduies gfkges b`evk quk sâc okbkssårges tkr ki ikotk8
5. \cubcs eogiegs eog iegs ncssgagze ncss gagzei i Epkser fk tkrki b`kdefc etç oòs iga`erks fk nòsskgs, sâc uie pkrbkotedki iéogie fk tufc c quk hå vgvku scjrk e Vkrre, fefc quk 77,7% fcs crdeogsics, epòs icrrkrki, sâc fkbcipcstcs k rkfuzgfcs e oefe. Fcs rksteotks <,5% teijçi sâc pcubcs cs quk ncssgagzei. \ere quk b`kduki etç oòs, ç okbkssårgc quk8 - C eogiea icrre oc ‑sétgc bkrtc bkr tc’’ - epkoes 5;% fes rcb`es prkskrvei nòsskgs= - Cs prcbksscs oeturegs fc ocssc paeokte oâc cs fkstruei=
- Eaduçi kobcotrk c nòssga, c gfkotgngquk k rkbca`e pere kstufc. Rkduofc kstgietgves, epkoes 5 kspçbgk ki befe 5< iga b`kde e ncssgagzer k scikotk 5 kspçbgk ki befe 5:< iga (!), eaçi fk ncssgagzer ncssgagze r, ç kobcotrefe pcr oòs.
:. Oâc bco`kbkics c eogiea sk oâc bco`kbkrics c eijgkotk quk c rcfkge Cs csscs k es ncries fgzki-ocs bcic kre c eogiea, ies oâc ocs fgzki bcic vgvge, c quk bcige, quki c bcige, c quk c rcfkeve, fefcs gofgspkosåvkgs pere bcoskdugrics rkbcostruér c kbcssgstkie fc pessefc k kstuferics c bcipcrteikotc fkstks eogiegs. [i eogiea pcfk tkr ui espkbtc etkrrefcr k oâc skr prcprgeikotk ui prkfefcr tkiévka, bcic c Rpgocsseurcs, quk epkser fk oe ngbäâc bgokietcdrångbe nezkr nrkotk e ui V-Zkx, oâc pesserge fk ui rkbetefc pksbefcr fcs rgcs (ui pcubc ì skika`eoäe fcs urscs ebtuegs). C teieo`c dgdeotk dgdeotk fk iugtcs fcs eogiegs fc pessefc teijçi sò pcfk skr kotkofgfc ki nuoäâc fc eijgkotk8 eaçi fe bcobkotreäâc fk cxgdçogc oe eticsnkre tkr sgfc supkrgcr ì ebtuea (quesk c fcjrc), cs eogiegs fgspuo`ei fk dreofks `ejgtets bci teijçi
www.iuofcfcseogiegs.pt
dreofks ncotks fk eagikotc. @chk ki fge cs eogiegs kstâc bcongoefcs e `ejgtets iegs pkqukocs k cofk pcr vkzks c eagikotc k e ådue sâc ksbesscs.
2. E vergkfefk fcs eogiegs oâc kre iegcr quk e ebtuea Ç bciui pkoser-sk quk, eotgdeikotk, eotgde ikotk, e Vkrre kre `ejgtefe pcr uie iugtc iegcr vergkfefk fk eogiegs fc quk ebtueaikotk. Vea ebcotkbk pcrquk pcrq uk iktkics cs eogiegs eogie gs prç-`gst prç- `gstòrg òrgbcs bcs tcfcs tcfc s oc ‑iksic ‑ik sic sebc’. Oc pròprgc tkipc fcs fgocsseurcs, fgocsseurcs, quk ç c quk bco`kbkics ika`cr oe buature dkrea, oâc `cuvk oko`ui icikotc ki quk tcfcs cs fgocsseurcs quk bco`kbkics, kstgvksski huotcs. Befe pkrécfc tgo`e es sues kspçbgks k iugtcs fcs fgocsseurcs quk kxgstgrei, ouobe vgvkrei ki sgiuatêokc. Fcgs eogiegs buhe feteäâc nòssga gofgquk quk vgvkrei `å, pcr kxkipac, 6<< iga`ûks fk eocs etrås, oâc sgdognbe quk eaduie vkz tgvksski pertga`efc c paeokte. Ki pkqukocs gosteotks dkcaòdgbcs, eogiegs fkseperkbki k cutrcs surdki. \cr kxkipac, `å 5; iga eocs etrås (pcuquéssgic tkipc ki tkrics dkcaòdgbcs) `evgei ieiutks, tgdrks fkotk-fk-sejrk, rgocbkrcotksaeoufcs, dagptcfcotks k cutrcs eogiegs quk c akgtcr ouobe b`kdcu e bco`kbkr, oc koteotc, ksteics tcfcs oe iksie ‑netge’ fe ago`e fc tkipc.
6. Kxgstki eogiegs prç-`gstòrgbcs vgvcs Cs eogiegs prgigtgvcs oâc sâc epkoes nrutc fe bepebgfefk giedgoetgve fcs bgkotgstes ec ca`erki pere cs ksqukaktcs ncssgagzefcs. Cs b`eiefcs nòsskgs vgvcs vgvcs sâc eogiegs quk pcubc cu oefe iuferei ki iga`ûks fk eocs k quk `chk pcfkics vkr ec vgvc. C bkaebeotc kre ui pkgxk bcosgfkrefc kxtgotc `å >; iga`ûks fk eocs (kxtgoäâc (kxtgoäâc quk eogqugacu cs fgocsseurcs), fgocsseurcs ), etç skr kobcotrefc ui kxkipaer vgvc ki 5720 k `chk sâc rkbco`kbgfes pcpuaeäûks fkstks pkgxks oes bcstes fe Ånrgbe fc Rua k Gofcoksge. Cutrc kxkipac ç c bereodukhc-nkrrefure, ui eogiea fk berebtkréstgbes øogbes ki tcfe e neuoe bco`kbgfe k quk hå `ejgte c ocssc iuofc `å iegs fk 6<< iga`ûks fk eocs (kxgstki nòsskgs fkstks eogiegs bci 66; iga`ûks fk eocs). Ç pcssévka kstufer okstks eogiegs eaduies berebtkréstgbes k kstrutures quk skréei iegs vuaderks oc pessefc k essgi bciprkkofkr ika`cr cs nòsskgs quk rkbca`kics. Ç etrevçs fcs eogiegs quk bco`kbkics `chk, quk pcfkics kstejkakbkr pereakagsics k fksbcjrgr bcic kre, pcr kxkipac, e pkak k es bcrks fcs eogiegs prç-`gstòrgbcs, fefcs quk cs nòsskgs fk ui icfc dkrea oâ oâcc ocs fgzki. fgzki.
I[OFC FCR EOGIEGR
Fkpcgs fk jgagûks fk eocs cofk e vgfe oâc eperkoteve dreofk vcotefk ki kvca gaustreäâc ebgie rkprkskote rkprkskote c quk pcfkrå tkr sgfc c bkoårgc fcs ierks beijrgeo
Akdkofe8 5) \greoge, \gr eoge, :) ^euxge, ^euxge, 2) 2 ) Tepmge, 6) 6 ) Eys`kege, ;) @eaaubgdkoge, @eaaub gdkoge, >) Eocie 5:) Rerctrcbkrbus, 52) Cttcge, 56) Beoefge, 5;) \gmege, 5>) Eigsmwge, 54) Fgocigsb Gaustreäâc8 Bcaf Rprgod @erjcr Aejcretcry \rkss
www.iuofcfcseogiegs.pt
ér, oc pkrécfc Bêijrgbc fku-sk uie ‑kxpacsâc’ fk fgvkrsgfefk ski pereakac. E s, jeskefc ocs iegs fk >< iga nòsskgs kobcotrefcs ki Jurdkss R`eak. acbergs, 4) Aeddeoge, Aeddeoge , 0) Ierrkae, 7) Cferge, 5<) Vrgacjgtk Cakocgfks, 55) Reobtebergs, Reobtebe rgs, us, 50) Kafcoge, 57) Cfcotcdrgp`us, :<) Cpejgoge, :5) Tgwexge
I[OFC FCR EOGIEGR
CR Kijcre cs cs iegs eo fk eocs. K vkstédgcs ba fgngbga baessg nea`efes fe eogiegs qu Oc ngoea f eogiegs, bc Rkdugu-sk Vkrre, bci beuscu kst gonauèobge, eperkbgik Dreofk per rcb`cse qu fgstgotes, b bcote-sk, e tkrå rksiu bcic c B` fk :< eog euikotki C eogiea (iegs jki cs ertròpc iga`erks f burgcses f (oe gaustreä e \gmege. C kstgvkrei kres skdug
www.iuofcfcseogiegs.pt
ZGIKGZCR EOGIEGR prgikgrcs crdeogsics iuatgbkauaerks hå pufksski kxgstgr `å bkrbe fk 5 jgagâc fk eocs, gdcs quk pcfkics bcosgfkrer eogiegs, Kfgebereocs, surdgrei `å bkrbe fk ><< iga`ûks rei ‑bcgses kstreo`es fk bcrpc icak’ skduofc c peakcotòacdc Zgb`erf Ncrtky, ski ercs fk tkrki jcbe pere bcikr, êous pere kxpuaser cu quegsqukr crdâcs fgdkstévcs. Ç ngbe-acs bcic eotkpessefcs fk queaqukr cutrc eogiea k brè-sk quk tkrâc sgfc kxpkrgèobges kvcauäâc kvcauäâc fcs crdeogsics bcipakxcs, bcipakxcs, tkofc kstes kst es akotes brgetures sgfc fkvcrefes fkvcrefes pkacs surdgrei pcstkrgcrikotk. pkrécfc prç-bêijrgbc (;6: iga`ûks fk eocs), scjrkvgvkrei eaduos tgpcs sgipaks fk ic kspcohes, eoçicoes, bcregs, ikfuses k eaduos eokaéfkcs. pkrécfc Bêijrgbc (;6:-600 IE), quk rkdgstcu c iegcr gipebtc kvcautgvc fe `gstòrge fe uie giprkssgcoeotk fgvkrsgfefk fk ocvcs eogiegs k drupcs egofe `chk kxgstkotks. C quk ‑kxpacsâc fk vgfe’ oâc ç baerc, kijcre cs nebtcrks eijgkotegs pcssei tkr tgfc dreofk bci ui euikotc fc cxgdçogc, fe tkipkreture fc paeokte, fc oévka fcs ierks k fc tc fk ocvcs `ejgtets, quk pcr sue vkz akvei ec eperkbgikotc fk ocves ncries fk vgfe. k fc quk bco`kbkics fkstk pkrécfc prcvçi fcs nòsskgs fk Jurdkss R`eak, uie ncrieäâc fksvkofku oefe ikocs (k teavkz iegs) quk >< iga eogiegs pkrtkobkotks e 5;< kspçbgks rgetures bci cu ski bcob`es, bci vårgcs ca`cs cu bkdes. E vergkfefk kre teote quk, fefc icikotc c peakcotòacdc Bcowey Icrrgs ejrgu uie ocve devkte fk nòsskgs k odeofc8 ‑C`, ikrfe, cutrc Ngac oâc.’ E vkrfefk ç quk eaçi fcs Ngacs `chk bco`kbgfcs, rfete, iugtcs cutrcs ncrei rkhkgtefcs pkae kvcauäâc oâc fkgxeofc fksbkofèobge - bkrbe egs oâc pkrtkobgei e queaqukr Ngac bco`kbgfc ebtueaikotk, kijcre rkaetcs pcpuaerks kstk oøikrc pere bgie fk 5<<. egs kijakiåtgbc fkstk pkrécfc k quk rksgstgu fureotk bkrbe fk 2<< iga`ûks fk eocs subkfgfc quk queaqukr fgocsseurc), ncg e Vrgacjgtk, buhc kxcsqukaktc (berebtkréstgbe quk ks ieotçi ebtueaikotk) kstgiuacu e ncssgagzeäâc k b`kderei etç oòs cs nòsskgs fk kspçbgks fk Vrgacjgtks fk fgnkrkotks pkrécfcs dkcaòdgbcs. Cutres brgetures gdueaikotk Bêijrgbc ncrei es Cpejgoges fk ; ca`cs cu cs ‑dgdeotks’ prkfefcrks Eocieacbergs c ì ksqukrfe). Veijçi pcr kste kst e eature eperkbku c prgikgrc eogiea bci kspgo`e fcrsea, nebtc fes \gmeges skrki tâc reres oc rkdgstc nòssga pcfk akver e brkr quk kstks eogiegs krtc fk sk kxtgodugr. kxtgodugr. E skr vkrfefk, tufc equgac quk e kspgo`e fcrsea prcpcrbgcocu oes tks etç b`kder e oòs, scjrkvgvku ì kxtgoäâc fc Bêijrgbc pcr ui nkagbéssgic ebesc.
I[OFC FCR EOGIEGR
Ì B E skdugr e iergo`cs, Eperkbkre skrgei cs bci kodug perkotks f Kstk pkréc skdugu ui bagiåtgbc k Oe vkrfefk cs prgikgrc k e aute pka `chk iksi Cs prgikgr fk-bcote k IE), ç bc ies ierbc evkoturere bci : ikt nudgr8 eprk etç oòs pkr dgdeotksbc paeokte oc
www.iuofcfcseogiegs.pt
OU[GRVE OU[GRVE FE VKZZ E K FC EZ Bêijrgbc vkgc c pkrécfc Crfcvébgc (600-662 IE), cofk ocves kspçbgks fk eogiegs buperei c kspeäc vedc fkgxefc pkacs pka cs eogiegs quk oâc scjrkvgvkrei scjrkvgvkr ei ec pkrécfc eotkrgcr eotkrg cr.. cs oeutgaògfks (fc quea tkics `chk fksbkofèobge vgve, c jki bco`kbgfc Oeutgaus), quk rkfefcrks iegs tkigfcs fe çpcbe, jki bcic cs jgzerrcs bcocfcotks, eogiegs perkbgfcs s, fk ca`cs dreofks k fksprcpcrbgcoegs. Rurdgrei teijçi cs prgikgrcs aérgcs-fc-ier, s kstrkaes-fc-ier. c tkrigocu bci e skduofe iegcr kxtgoäâc fk skiprk fe `gstòrge fe Vkrre k ì quea sk kre daebger. Cs `ejgtets, e neuoe k e nacre akverei c sku tkipc e rkbcipcr rkbc ipcr-sk -sk fc fksestrk kotâc oc pkrécfc Rgaørgbc (662-65> IE), cs eogiegs pertgrei ì bcoqugste fk tkrre skbe. ncrei ncräefcs e gssc. Eaçi fes zcoes bcstkgres skrki ikocrks, bcikäevei bcikäevei e eperkbkr s dreofks prkfefcrks fcs cbkeocs, cs tujerûks, pkac quk e bcobcrrèobge tcrocu-sk nkrcz nkrcz e scjrkvgvèobge jesteotk iegs bcipagbefe. C subkssc fcs tujerûks ncg tâc dreofk quk c sk ieotçi bcic ui fcs iegcrks prkfefcrks kxgstkotks. kxgstkotks. s eogiegs e evkoturerki-sk evkoturerki-sk ki tkrre krei pkqukocs ertròpcfks, skika`eotks ecs jgb`csjgb`cseaduies ereo`es k bkotcpkges prgigtgves. C pkrécfc quk sk skdugu, c Fkvòogbc (65>-2;7 (65>-2;7 `kbgfc bcic e kre fcs pkgxks, dreäes ì kocrik fgvkrsgfefk fk kspçbgks iergo`es, u teijçi pesscs gipcrteotks oe kvcauäâc fe vgfe ncre fk ådue. Cs ertròpcfks quk sk ki tkrre kstejkakbkrei-sk jki ocs ocvcs `ejgtets, tkofc crgdgoefc eaduos igagpkfks rcs fk bciprgikotc. Bci kstks eogiegs ì scate, cs goskbtcs utgagzerei ui truquk pere fkrei e vcer. vcer. [ie tçbogbe tâc jki subkfgfe quk `chk ç usefe pcr goøikres kspçbgks k skdugics kssk sco`c fk ncrie ertgngbgea. Oe ådue, eaduos pkgxks tcroerei-sk prkfefcrks , bcic c Fuomakcstkus fk 5< iktrcs fk bciprgikotc (quk oc koteotc ncg verrgfc fc ngoea fkstk iksic pkrécfc).
I[OFC FCR EOGIEGR
www.iuofcfcseogiegs.pt
Bci quesk 5 iktrc fk kovkrdefure, kste perkotk prgigtgve fes agjçauaes ncg, prcvevkaikotk, c iegcr goskbtc vcefcr quk hå `ejgtcu e Vkrre. Gaustreäâc8 JJB
I[OFC FCR EOGIEGR
Fgbmgoscoge Fgbm goscoge (><< I.E)
Pkousgco (;;< I.E)
Kre ui skr vgvc paeoc k cveaefc, k etrevçs fcs nòsskgs sejkics quk c sku teieo`c vergeve kotrk 6 k 56 bi. Vgo`e c bcrpc skdikotefc cu regefc k eaduos govkstgdefcrks pkosei quk skrge uie paeote, cutrcs quk skrge skika`eotk ecs bcregs, cutrcs egofe quk tkrge c bcrpc kspcohcsc bcic uie ikfuse.
Ç ui prgigtgvc prgigtg vc ertròpcfk fk bcrpc eokaefc k bgaéofrgbc. Vgo`e vårges petes bci derres oes kxtrkigfefks. www.oeturk.bci/.../ſtdStej www.oeturk.bci/.../ſtdStej/oeturk<407< /oeturk<407
\gmege (;<< I.E) Ç skduofc e iegcrge fcs govkstgdefcrks c eobkstrea bciui fk tcfcs cs vkrtkjrefcs. Vgo`e uie bejkäe bci fues eotkoes, pcssuée ui pkqukoc bçrkjrc k uie kspgo`e fcrsea ec acodc fc bcrpc. Kste berebtkréstgbe berebtkréstgbe ç bco`kbgfe bcic bçneacbcrfefc. Vgo`e bkrbe fk ; bi fk bciprgikotc.
a i t ` . o e g f o k v / s u . g m s o g j e j t f r e w f k . y d c a c t o c k a e p
Vrgacjgtk (;<< I.E)
vgsgofevknur.`g.gs/sver.p`p3gf96<<<
Krei govkrtkjrefcs, ies vgvgei vg vgei ki eijgkotk iergo`c. iergo`c .Vgo`ei Vgo`e i ui bcrpc bcipcstc pcr très acjcs, ui oc bkotrc k ui ki befe aefc, feg sk b`eierei fk trgacjgtks. Ì skika`eoäe fk iugtcs ertròpcfks, es trgacjgtks teijçi nezgei e iufe fk pkak. E berepeäe kre croeikotefe pcr kspgo`cs k cutrcs tgpcs fk croeikoteäâc. Eaduies Eaduies trgacjgtks krei fksprcvgfes fk ca`cs, oc koteotc es quk cs pcssuéei tgo`ei ui skotgfc fk vgsâc jesteotk epurefc, skofc cs prgikgrcs e fkskovcavkr ca`cs bcipakxcs. Ki içfge ikfgei ikf gei bkrbe fk 2 e 5< bi, ies eaduos fkstks eogiegs eogie gs pcfgei b`kder ecs 0< bi. `ttp8//sgtks.dccdak.bci/sgtk/jgcacdgekdkcacdge5/@cik/dkcacdge-5:/berte-dkcacdgbe-fk-pcrtudea
N c o t k 8 j r g e o a k e o .ſt a k s . w c r f p r k s s . b c i / ... / t r g a c j g t k 5 . h p d
www.iuofcfcseogiegs.pt
Eocieacbergs (;<< I.E) Kstk skr vgvc kre ui prkfefcr fes trgacjgtks. À bco`kbgfc teijçi bcic beierâc eoòieac. E fksacbeäâc oe ådue kre nkgte etrevçs fcs aòjua òjuacs kxévkgs quk pcssuéei oes aetkregs fc sku bcrpc. Kstks aòjuacs ebtuevei bcic uie øogbe jerjeteoe, tcroeofc-sk iegs råpgfcs e oefer. Vgo`e uie bejkäe dreofk bci ui øogbc per fk ca`cs k uie jcbe ki ncrie ncrie fk fgsbc oe quea quea prkofge c eagikotc bci e ehufe fk paebes skrrga`efes. C sku teieo`c kre eprcxgiefeikotk fk >< bkotéiktrcs, dgdeotk pcrteotc pere kste pkrécfc.
Cpejgoge (;<< I.E) Kstk skr ç teavkz ui fcs iegs kstreo`cs `ejgteotks fcs cbkeocs oc pkrécfc Beijrgeoc. Vgo`e ; ca`cs, e bejkäe kre uie berepeäe rédgfe k pcssuée uie kspçbgk fk trcije jgnurbefe bci derres oe kxtrkigfefk. Rkrge usefe prcvevkaikotk pere beäer es prkses, uie vkz quk kstk eogiea kre ui prkfefcr. Oâc tgo`e pkroes k c sku bciprgikotc skrge bkrbe fk 0 bi. Ec bcotrårgc fe iegcrge fes kspçbgks bco`kbgfes oâc fkgxcu fksbkofèobge.
pews.wbu.kfu/fpkraiutr/Cpejgoge.H\D
@eaaubgdkoge (;<< I.E) Kstk eogiea ç gdueaikotk jgzerrc. C govkstgdefcr quk c fksbcjrgu fku-a`k kstk ocik pcrquk esskika`eve-sk e uie eaubgoeäâc. C bcrpc fk ncrie bgaéofrgbe, ç bcjkrtc oe pertk supkrgcr bci kspgo`cs pere kvgter skr etebefc pcr prkfefcrks. Oe pertk gonkrgcr tki ‑tkotåbuacs’ bci tkoezks oes kxtrkigfefks quk ehufevei c eogiea e icvkr-sk. Huotc e kssks tkotåbuacs oui fcs aefcs fc bcrpc pcssuée ui bcohuotc fk 2 tkotåbuacs iegs pkqukocs. Vgo`e epkoes bkrbe fk 2ii fk bciprgikotc.
I[OFC FCR EOGIEGR
Kuryptkrus (6:< I.E) Kstk eogiea kre uie fes iugtes kspçbgks fk ksbcrpgûks iergo`cs kxgstkotk oc \eakczògbc. Kre ui fcs eogiegs iegs tkigfcs fkstk pkrécfc. Vgo`e ui bciprgikotc içfgc fk 2< bi, ies pcfgei b`kder etç ecs : iktrcs, skofc c iegcr ertròpcfk quk eaduie vkz kxgstgu. Eagikotevei-sk fk govkrtkjrefcs k pkqukocs pkgxks.
i t ` . s f c p c r ` t r E C R / d r c . i u k s u i f c c w f k ſt g r t k p
Fuomakcstkus (6<< I.E) Kre ui pkgxk buhc bcrpc ksteve bcjkrtc pcr fures paebes quk pcfgei b`kder ecs ; bi fk kspkssure. Kstes skrvgei fk prctkbäâc e kstk eogiea, quk pkac sku teieo`c (> iktrcs, kijcre pufkssk b`kder etç ecs 7 iktrcs), pksc (bkrbe fk uie tcokaefe) k ncräe fe ieoféjuae, kre ui prkfefcr nkrcz, kobcotreofc-sk oc tcpc fe befkge eagikoter fe çpcbe.
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Teaagskrcps (24; I.E) Fksbkofkotk fes trgacjgtks, kstk eogiea tgo`e bcic berebtkréstgbe øogbe ui epèofgbk ki ncrietc fk trgfkotk oe pertk fe nrkotk. Kstk kre usefc bcic erie fk fknkse, ies teijçi pere rkvcavkr c nuofc fc ier ki jusbe fk eagikotc. C bcrpc kre rkvkstgfc pcr 2 ſtaes fk kspgo`cs pereakaes, tgo`e ca`cs prctujkreotks teijçi bci kspgo`cs k c sku bciprgikotc kre kotrk cs 2 k cs 6 bi. `ttp8//www.ncssgaiuskui.ok `ttp8//www.ncssgaiuskui.okt/NcssgaSDea t/NcssgaSDeaakrgks/ akrgks/ / s k g r k a a e D S a g s s c N / t k o . i u k s u i a g s s c n . w w w / / 8 p t t `
`ttp8//www.ncssgaiuskui.o `ttp8//www.ncssgaiuskui.okt/NcssgaSDea kt/NcssgaSDeaakrgks/ akrgks/
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Vgmteeagm rcskek (24; I.E) Kste kspçbgk ç ui kac fk agdeäâc kotrk cs eogiegs iergo`cs k tkrrkstrks. Cs govkstgdefcrks pkosei quk kstk pkgxk ncg ui fcs prgikgrcs e tkr jerjeteoes iusbuaefes, essgi bcic cutres berebtkréstgbes quk crgdgoerei cs eonéjgcs, bcic bejkäe eb`etefe, gofébgc fk pksbcäc, cijrcs, bctcvkacs k puasc. C `ejgtet fk ådues reses pctkobgcu kste kvcauäâc. Ikfge pkac ikocs 2 iktrcs fk bciprgikotc fk ebcrfc bci nòssga iegs bcipaktc kobcotrefc. Rb`gofkr`eooks jertkasg (24; I.E) \krtkobk ì neigager fc eocieacberéfkcs, tgo`e bkrbe fk 5< bi fk bciprgikotc, c sku bcrpc kre bcipcstc pcr vårgcs aòjuacs, ì skika`eoäe fc eocieabergs k fc beierâc. Vgo`e fcgs ca`cs k uie jcbe fk ncrietc refgea. Kre ui prkfefcr pkae ncrie bcic c gotkstgoc sk bcoskrve. `ttp8//jacds.oetgcoeadkcdrep`gb.bci/jacds/okws/b`gknkfgtcr/:<<7/<:/
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\kaybcseur (:4; I.E) Ç ui tktrepòfk cu skhe hå pcssuée 6 pkroes k kre ui skr tkrrkstrk. Ies fkvgfc ì sue ſtsgcocige oâc ç bcosgfkrefc ui rçptga, fk nebtc cs perkotks iegs pròxgics sâc cs ieiénkrcs. Krei pcr gssc eogiegs kofctçrigbcs, tgo`ei okbkssgfefk fk ieotkr e iksie tkipkreture bcrpcrea, tea bcic oòs skrks `uieocs. Râc iugtes es kspçbgks fk pkaybcseur kxgstkotks. E kspçbgk Fgiktrcfco kre beroévcre, bci uie dreofk bejkäe, fkotks ncrtks k eduäefcs, quk sk eagikoteve fk vkrtkjrefcs gobausgvk fk cutrcs pkaybcseurus. Vgo`e bkrbe fk 2 iktrcs k ikgc k pkseve kotrk 5<< e 5;< Md. Uuetrc pkroes burtes k ncrtks supcrtevei c pksc fc bcrpc. Kstk eogiea tgo`e uie eperèobge fgnkrkobgefe fcs cutrcs pkaybcseurus, ocikefeikotk e ‑vkae’ quk tgo`e oe pertk supkrgcr fc bcrpc. Kste skrvge ksskobgeaikotk pere ieotkr e tkipkreture. Ies oki tcfcs cs pkaybcseurus krei beroévcrcs, fues kspçbgks krei `krjévcres Beskgfek k Kfep`cseurgfek. Kste uatgie bci uie ‑vkae’ skika`eotk ec Fgiktrcfco, ies bci uie bejkäe iegs pkqukoe k fkotks iegcrks k iegs eb`etefcs gfkgegs pere trgturer krves k jedes. Kstk eogiea tkvk dreofk gipcrtêobge, pcgs ncg c prgikgrc ieiénkrc quk surdgu.
I[OFC FCR EOGIEGR
C IGRVÇ Cs prgikgrcs eogiegs f skbe, pkrieokbki ui fk ui eogiea bci 5 ik \crçi, eadui krrc k neat fksbcjkrte fureotk 60 e ki befe ikijrc ies e tgo`e bepebgfefk fk eof E prcbure pkac ‑pkgxk e fkfcs bcotgoue, kijcre Kstk ‑pkgxk ‑pkgxk bci bere fk kspçbgk fk treosgäâc, ko kstufc fc ksqukaktc tkr pcrteotc eofer, teijçi pere sk evkoturer fkngogt (:<5<), ncg eouobgefe e eocs eotks fcs prgikgrc fksbkofkotk fk cutrc e `å bkrbe fk 6<< iga`ûks B`kderge ec ngi c pkrécf Berjcoénkrc (2;7-:77 I prç-`gstòrgbe quk oâc pe nacrkstes bcotrgjugrei pe ec dgdeotgsic vkrgngbefc `uieocs k agjçauaes fk fgnébkgs fk giedgoer `chk Oc fkbcrrkr fc pkrécfc skber tâc repgfeikotk a tkiévkgs. Rurdgrei tei fkstk pkrécfc, bcagsûks
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GC FC 5¸ ^KZVKJZEFC KI VKZZE s quegs supcsteikotk oòs fksbkofkics, cu skhe cs prgikgrcs vkrtkjrefcs ki tkrre gstçrgc. Ebrkfgtcu-sk quk ui eogiea b`eiefc Gb`t`ycstkde ncssk e b`evk, treteofc-sk trc fk bciprgikotc quk tkrée 6 ikijrcs supcsteikotk befe ui fkaks bci ; fkfcs. e fk eatruésic bgkotgngbc pcr pertk fk Krgm Hervgm, govkstgdefcr quk sk epcfkrcu fe sue cs, etreserei c ocssc bco`kbgikotc okste ietçrge. Engoea, c Gb`t`y Gb`t`ycstkde cstkde tgo`e 0 fkfcs kstruture kstruture fcs skus ikijrcs tkrge fksejefc bci c pksc fc sku bcrpc - kstk eogiea oâc r k ‑agigteve-sk ‑agigt eve-sk’’ e oefer. o efer. koturkgrc’ quk tko`e vgofc pere tkrre ngrik k fkskovcavgfc ikijrcs iusbuaefcs bci hå tko`e tk o`e sgfc sg fc kobcotrefc ko bcotrefc ui pcssévka pc ssévka ‑kac ‑kac pkrfgfc’ p krfgfc’, c Vgmteeagm Vgmt eeagm (oe gaustreäâ ga ustreäâcc ì ksqukrfe). ksqukrfe ). brcbcfgac brcbcfg ac’’, tgo`e jerjete je rjeteoes oes iusbuaefes iusbua efes k vårges vår ges berebtkrést bere btkréstgbes gbes quk nezki brkr br kr skr uie ui e trk cs pkgxks fe ådue k cs eogiegs tkrrkstrks fk quetrc petes (tktråpcfks). Epkser fc prcvefc prcvefc quk kstk eogiea tgo`e bepebgfefk fk sustkr c sku pksc scjrk cs 6 ikijrcs k tgo`e bepebgfefk fk rkspgrer cxgdçogc fe eticsnkre, cu skhe, tkrge rkuogfes es bcofgäûks gveikotk ncre fk ådue k skr c ocssc eotkpessefc. Oc koteotc ki Heokgrc fkstk eoc ksbcjkrte fk pkdefes fk eogiegs tktråpcfks, fetefes fk pkac ikocs 5< iga`ûks fk s Vgmteeagms bco`kbgfcs. Gstc pcfk sudkrgr quk c Vgmteeagm skrée oâc c prgikgrc ies ui giea iegs eotgdc, quk hå pcssuge kstes berebtkréstgbes k hå beigo`eve ki scac tkrrkstrk, fk eocs etrås. Fkvòogbc, ouie kxtgoäâc quk enkbtcu ki pertgbuaer e vgfe iergo`e. Rkdugu-sk c pkrécfc ), quk fkvk c sku ocik ìs ejuofeotks hezgfes fk bervâc, prcfuzgfes pkae vkdkteäâc reve fk sk kspeofgr, bcic iusdc fk dreofks fgikosûks k gipcokotks årvcrks. Kstes re ui dreofk euikotc fc cxgdçogc oe eticsnkre, eticsnkre, ui fcs nebtcrks eijgkotegs quk akvcu akvcu ki vårges brgetures prgigtgves. prgigtgves. Bkotcpkges, jeretes k ksbcrpgûks fc teieo`c fk skrks 4;bi sâc kxkipacs fgssc iksic, tkofc sgfc bciuos okstk pkrécfc k nreobeikotk ki fge. erjcoénkrc, cs eonéjgcs prcspkrerei. Kqugpefcs bci uie pkak iegs kspksse, pere oâc odk fe ådue, eaduos etgodgrei > iktrcs fk bciprgikotc k tcroerei-sk prkfefcrks çi cs rçptkgs, aedertcs ådkgs k pkqukocs quk vgvgei ki tcbes oes årvcrks. Oc ngoea otrk es iesses fk tkrre fergei crgdki ec supkrbcotgokotk \eodkge.
I[OFC FCR EOGIEGR
\C C \çrig E \eodk bcodkae b`uve k Rkofc e vergeäûk oes bcst Cutrcs r sk tgvks tcroere Oc ngoea iesse f fkseper fkseper eotkrgcr kspçbgk cbcrrgfc tgfc crgd eaduie k uie s fk cvcs, E vgfe f cs prgi Jgjagcdrenge Jrysco, Jgaa, 5¸ - Kobgbacp `ttp8//pgrepea bci/= `ttp8//e sg.kfu= `ttp8 ubip.jkrmka
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[I VZGX E ^GFE OÂC EBEJC[! c (:77-:;5 IE) fkicostrcu skr ui fksengc (kxkipaerikotk supkrefc) pere cs rçptkgs. ge kre tâc dreofk quk eprkskoteve ui bagie goståvka, bci zcoes skbes k årgfes, cutres es k egofe cutres fk beacr gotkosc bci dreofks nautueäûks sezcoegs, quk vergevei vergevei kotrk e skbe fk ncrie ejrupte. giegs fk seoduk nrgc, cs rçptkgs tgvkrei fk kobcotrer ieokgres fk agfer bci es dreofks fk tkipkreture. Eogiegs bcic bci c c Fgiktrcfco fkskovcavkrei kstrutures ki ncrie fk vkae es, pere ejscrvkr ejscr vkr k eriezkoer c beacr scaer, scaer, utgagzeofc-c queofc e tkipkreture fksbkssk. ptkgs bcoskrverei c beacr etrevçs fe fkdrefeäâc fcs eagikotcs - suspkgte-sk iksic quk ki tcroefc fk seoduk qukotk - k fcigoerei c ngoea fc \çrigbc. Eaduos fkstks eogiegs -sk dgdeotks k cutrcs iegs pkqukocs k pkaufcs - fkrei crgdki ecs ieiénkrcs. fc pkrécfc \çrigbc, e vgfe oe Vkrre pretgbeikotk b`kdcu ec ngi, oe iegcr kxtgoäâc ki e `gstòrge fc ocssc paeokte. 7;% fes kspçbgks iergo`es k 4<% fcs eogiegs tkrrkstrks bkrei ski rktcroc, gobaugofc ui tkräc fcs goskbtcs (c øogbc icikotc ki quk bkrei iessgveikotk) k tcfes es trgacjgtks, quk tgo`ei rksgstgfc e tcfes es kxtgoäûks s fureotk quesk 2<< iga`ûks fk eocs fk kxgstèobge. Iksic oc quk fgz rkspkgtc ås fk eogiegs quk scjrkvgvkrei, oâc ç baerc ki quk bcofgäûks tea ebcotkbku. Besc tko`e uie fkvesteäâc dacjea, quk ç c iegs prcvåvka, prcvåvka, es kspçbgks quk scjrkvgvkrei scjrkvgvkrei pcfki tkr i ki 5 cu : eogiegs nkrgfcs quk, rksgstgofc ecs nkrgikotcs, bcoskdugrei bcoskdugrei prcbrger k bci crtk ì igsture, dkrer fksbkofèobge seufåvka k nçrtga. E fgnkrkoäe kotrk uie kspçbgk kxtgote jrkvgvkotk, jrkvgvkotk, pcfk kster oe kxgstèobge fk uie ‑sgipaks’ nèike dråvgfe cu fk uie pcsture quk skhe jki subkfgfe oui iuofc neotesie vgrefc fc evkssc. icrcu bkrbe fk 2< iga`ûks fk eocs (!) e rkbcipcr-sk, rkbcipcr-sk, ies nè-ac bci kxujkrêobge8 surdgrei grcs fgocsseurcs. fgocsseurcs. 8 rkvk @gstòrge fk Uuesk Vufc, :<<2, Jktreof Kfgtcre, ^gsku fge fcs Fgocsseurcs, 5772, kf. \aeokte-FkEdcstgog, Jerbkacoe c.jacdspct.bci/:<<7/55/kspkbgea-kspkbgk-fe-skieoe-fgbmgoscoge.`tia= `ttp8//ikicrgesnuturess.jacdspct.bci= `ttp8//dkcacdge.ercubeokt. vkoturefetkrre. ekgcu.pt/= `ttp8//gostgtutcnuturg ste.jacdspct.bci/ ste.jac dspct.bci/ `ttp8//www.evp`.bci.jr/= `ttp8//agjrer y.t`gomqukst.crd = `ttp8//peakcjgcacdy. `ttp8//peakcjgc acdy. /www.ubip.jkrmkaky.kfu/= `ttp8//www.gonc`uj.bci/ncruis/s`cwt`rkef.p`p3t97746 =`ttp8//okws.jjb.bc.um/:/`g/6047>4:.sti= `ttp8//www. y.kfu/syoepsgfs/pkaybcseurs.`tia= .kfu/syoepsgfs/pkaybcseurs.`tia= Tgmgpçfge
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E Zkvgste Zkvgste Iuofc fcs Eogiegs Eogiegs ç uie pujagbeäâc dretugte. Rgote-sk agvrk pere e fgstrgjugr pcr kiega, twgttkr, jacd cu queaqukr cutrc ikgc, fksfk quk oko`ui fcs bcotkøfcs skhe fk eaduie ncrie eatkrefc. Vcfes es kfgäûks pcfki skr ebkfgfes dretugteikotk ki8 www.iuofcfcseogiegs.pt/rkvgste ^gsgtk-ocs ki8 www.iuofcfcseogiegs.pt /iuofcfcseogiegs Liuofcfcseogiegs +Iuofcfcseogiegs\t © :<5> Iuofc fcs Eogiegs
