A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada “Bhaktiv “Bhaktivedan edanta” ta” redirects redirects here. For the college under 1 same name, see Bhaktivedanta see Bhaktivedanta College. College. 1.1 1.1 Abhay Abhay Charanaravinda Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (Bengali (Bengali:: অভয়চরণািরব িভেকবদান সামী -
Bio Bi ogra graphy phy Earl Early y lif life
Born on 1 September 1896, the day after Janmastami Janmastami,,
ভ Abhoy Charonar Charonarobind obindoo Bhoktibed Bhoktibedanto anto Swamy Swamy one of the most important Vaishnava holidays, in a hum ু পাদ ; Abhoy
Probhupad ; Sanskrit Sanskrit:: अभय चरणारिवन् द चरणारिवन् द भक् ितवे भक् ितवे दान् त ble house in the Tollygunge the Tollygunge suburb suburb of Calcutta, he was स् वामी प् रभु पाद, IAST पाद, IAST:: abhaya-caraṇāravinda bhakti- named Abhay Charan, " one who is fearless fearless, having taken vedānta svāmī prabhupāda ; 1 Sept Septem embe berr 1896 1896 – 14 shelter at Lord Krishna's Krishna's feet .” .” Since he was born on the
Nove Novemb mber er 1977) 1977) was was a Gaudiya Vais Vaishnava hnava spiritual teacher (guru) and the founder preceptor (acharya ( acharya)) of the the International Society for Krishna Consciousness [1] (ISK (ISKCON), CON), commo commonly nly known known as the " Hare Kris Krishna hna [2] Movement". Movement ". His mission was to propagate Gaudiya Vaishnavism,, a school of Vaishnavite Vaishnavism of Vaishnavite Hinduism that Hinduism that had been taught to him by his guru, Bhaktisiddhanta guru, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati,, throughout the world.[3] Born Abhay Charan De in vati Calcutta,, he Calcutta he was was educa educated ted at the pres prestitigio gious us local local Scottish [4] Church College. College. Before adopting the life of a pious renunciant (vanaprastha (vanaprastha)) in 1950, [5] he was married with children and owned a small pharmaceutical small pharmaceutical business. business.[6][7] In 1959 he took a vow of renunciation (sannyasa ( sannyasa)) and started writing commentaries commentaries on Vaishnava Vaishnava scriptures.[8] In his later years, as a traveling Vaishnava monk, he became an influential communicator of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology to India and specifically to the West West through his leadership of ISKCON, founded in 1966. [3][9] As the founder of ISKCON, he “emerged as a major figure of the Western estern counterculture counterculture,, initiati initiating ng thousands thousands of young young [10] Americans.” Despite attacks from anti-cult groups, groups, he received a favorable welcome from many religious scholars,, such as J. Stillson Judah, Harvey Cox, scholars Cox, Larry Shinn and Shinn and Thomas Thomas Hopkins, Hopkins, who praised Bhaktivedanta Bhaktivedanta Swami’s translations and defended defended the group against distorted media media images images and misinterp misinterpreta retation tions. s.[11] In respec respectt to his achievements, religious leaders from other Gaudiya Vaishnava movements have also given him credit. [12] He has been described as a charismatic leader, leader, in the sense used by sociologist Max Weber, Weber, as he was successful in acquiring followers in the United States, Europe, India and elsewhere. [13][14][15] After his death in 1977, 1977, ISKCON ISKCON,, thesociety thesocietyhe he foundedbased oundedbasedon on a type type of Hindu Krishnaism Hindu Krishnaism using using the Bhagavata Purana as a central tral script scripture ure,, continu continued ed to grow grow and is respec respected ted in India India,, though there have been disputes about leadership leadership among his followers.[16][17] In February 2014, ISKCON’s news agency reported to have reached a milestone of distributing over half a billion books authored by Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, since 1965. [18]
day day of Nan Nandot dotsa sava va (“the (“the cele celebra bratio tionn of Nanda Nanda,” ,” Krishna’s Krishna’s father, ather, a tradit traditio ional nal festi estiva vall in honor honor of Krish Krishna’ na’ss birth birth)) he was also called Nandulal. Nandulal. His parents, Sriman Gour Mohan De and Srimati Rajani De, were devout Vaishnavas devout Vaishnavas (devotees (devotees of Vishnu of Vishnu). ). In accordance with Bengali with Bengali tradi tradition, his mother had gone to the home of her parents for the delivery, and only a few days later Abhay returned with parents to his home at 151 Harrison Road in Calcutta, where he was brought up and educated. [19] He received a European led education in the Scottish Church Church College. College. This school school was well reputed reputed among Bengalis; many Vaishnava Vaishnava families families sent their sons there. The professors, most of whom were Europeans, were known as sober, moral men, and it is believed that the students received a good education. The college was located cated in north north Calcu Calcutta tta,, not far fromHarrison romHarrisonRoa Roadd wher wheree Abhay’s family lived. During his years in the college, Abhay Charan De (অভয় চরণ েদ) was a member of the English English Society as well as that of the Sanskrit the Sanskrit Society, Society, and it has been suggested that his education provided him a foundation for his future leadership. [6][19] He graduated in 1920 with majors in English, philosophy and economics. [20] However he rejected his diploma in response to Gandhi’s independence movement. [21] At 22 years old Abhay married Radharani Devi, who was 11 years old, in a marriage arranged by their parents. Three years later, Radharani gave birth to Abhay’s first son. 1.2
Religi Religious ous career career
In 1922 1922,, when he first rst met his spiritual spiritual mast master er,, Bhaktisiddhanta Bhaktisi ddhanta Sarasvati Thakura Thakura,, he was requested to spread the message of Chaitanya of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in Mahaprabhu in the English language.[22] In 1933 he became a formally initiated disciple disciple of Bhaktisi Bhaktisiddha ddhanta. nta. In In 1944, (from (from his front front room at Sita Kanta Banerjee, Calcutta), he started the publication publication called Back to Godhead ,[23][24] for which he acted as writer, designer, publisher, editor, copy editor 1
2
1 BIOGRAPHY
From 1950 onwards, he lived at the medieval RadhaDamodar mandir in the holy town of Vrindavan, where he began his commentary and translation work of the Sanskrit work Bhagavata Purana.[30] Of all notable Vrindavana’stemples, the Radha-Damodara mandir hadatthe time thelargest collection of various copies of theoriginal writings of the Six Gosvamis and their followers – more than two thousand separate manuscripts, many of them three hundred, some even four hundred years old. [31][32] His guru, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, had always encouraged him that “If you ever get money, print books”, [33] referring to the need of literary presentation of the Vaishnava culture.[7] 1.3
Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura
and distributor. He personally designed the logo, an effulgent figure of Caitanya Mahaprabhu in the upper left corner, with the motto: " Godhead is Light, Nescience is darkness" greeting the readers. [25] In his first magazine he wrote: Under the circumstances since 1936 up to now, I was simply speculating whether I shall venture this difficult task and that without any means and capacity; but as none have discouraged me, I have now taken courage to take up the work. — A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, Back to Godhead magazine (Vol.1, 1–4, 1944) [25]
In 1947, the Gaudiya Vaishnava Society recognised his scholarship with the title Bhaktivedanta, (bhakti-vedānta) meaning “one who has realised that devotional service to the Supreme Lord is the end of all knowledge” [26] (with the words Bhakti, indicating devotion and Vedanta indicating conclusive knowledge). [27] His later well known name, Prabhupāda, is a Sanskrit title, literally meaning “he who has taken the shelter of the lotus feet of the Lord” where prabhu denotes “Lord”, and pāda means “taking shelter.”[28] Also, "at whose feet masters sit ".[6] This name was used as a respectful form of address by his disciples from late 1967 early 1968 onwards. Previous to this, as with his early disciples, followers used to call him "Swamiji".[29]
Renunciation
Keshavaji Gaudiya Matha was the place where Bhaktivedanta used to live, he had written and studied in the library of this building, here he edited the Gauḍīya Patrikā magazine and this is the place where he donated the murti of Lord Chaitanya who stands on the altar beside the Deitiesof RadhaKrishna (named Śrī Śrī Rādhā Vinodavihārījī ). During his visit in September 1959 he entered the doors of this matha dressed in white, as Abhoy Babu, but would be leaving dressed in saffron, a sannyasi.[8] He received the sannyasa name Swami (स् वामी Svāmi), not to be confused with the title Swami. In this matha, in Mathura Vrndavana, Abhoy Charan Bhaktivedanta took Vaishnava renunciate vows,sannyasa, from his friend and godbrother Bhakti Prajnana Keshava, and following this he single-handedly published the first three volumes covering seventeen chapters of the first book of Bhagavata Purana , filling three volumes of four hundred pages each with a detailed commentary. Introduction to the first volume was a biographical sketch of Caitanya Mahāprabhu. [32] He then left India, obtaining free passage on a freight ship called the Jaladuta, with the aim and a hope of fulfilling his spiritual master’s instruction to spread the message of Caitanya Mahaprabhu around the world. In his possession were a suitcase, an umbrella, a supply of dry cereal, about eight dollars worth of Indian currency, and several boxes of books. [34] 1.4
Mission to the West
Main article: International Society for Krishna Consciousness When he sailed to the United States in 1965, his trip was not sponsored by any religious organization, nor was he met upon arrival by a group of loyal followers.[35] As the Indian freighter Jaladuta neared his destination, the magnitude of his intended task weighed on him. On 13 September he wrote in his diary, “Today I have disclosed mymindto mycompanion, Lord Sri Krishna.”[36] Onthis occasion and on a number of others, he called on Krishna for help in his native Bengali. Examining these compositions, academics regard them as “intimate records of his
3
1.4 Mission to the West
out America with his disciples, popularizing the movement through street chanting ( sankirtana), book distribution and public speeches.
A message from Jaladuta Diary Journal kept by Prabhupada. Between 25 August 1965 and 30 August 1965, the Jaladuta Journal falls silent for six days. On the seventh day, 31 August, the silence is broken with these simple words, “Passed over a great crisis on the struggle for life and death.”
Oneof 108 worldwide temples he openedby 1977, wasdedicated to Krishna-Balarama (pictured above) in Vrindavana , India
Once ISKCON was more established in the USA a small number of devotees from the San Francisco temple were prayerful preparation for what lay ahead” and a view on sent to London, England. After a short time in London “how Bhaktivedanta Swami understood his own identity they came into contact with The Beatles,ofwhom George and mission.”[37] Harrison took the greatest interest, spending a significant time speaking with Bhaktivedanta Swami and producing I do not know why You have brought me a record with members of the later London Radha Krsna here. Now You can do whatever You like with Temple.[40] Over the following years his continuing leadme. But I guess You have some business here, ership role took him around the world some several times otherwise why would You bring me to this tersetting up temples and communities in all of the major rible place? How will I make them understand continents.[16] By the time of his death in Vrindavan in this message of Krishna consciousness? I am 1977, ISKCON had become an internationally known exvery unfortunate, unqualified and most fallen. pression of Vaishnavism.[20] Therefore I am seeking Your benediction so In the twelve years from his arrival in New York until his that I can convince them, for I am powerless final days, he: [36][37] to do so on my own. By journeying to USA, he was attempting to fulfill the wish of his guru, possible only by the grace of “his dear Lord Krishna”.[37] It is in July 1966 “global missionary Vaishnavism” was brought to the West by Bhaktivedanta Swami, “the soul agent”,[1] founding the International Society for Krishna Consciousness in New York City. Bhaktivedanta Swami spent much of the last decade of his life setting up the institution of ISKCON. Since he was the Society’s leader, his personality and management were responsible for much of ISKCON’s growth and the reach of his mission. When it was suggested to him at the time of founding the ISKCON in 1966 that a broader term “God Consciousness” would be preferable to “Krishna Consciousness” in the title, he rejected this recommendation, suggesting that the name Krishna includes all other forms and concepts of God.[38] After a group of devotees and a temple had been established in New York another center was started in San Francisco in 1967.[20][39] From there he traveled through-
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circled the globe fourteen times on lecture tours that took him to six continents[16] initiated many disciples, awarding sannyasa initiations. [41] introduced Vedic gurukul education to a Western audience[42] directed the founding of the Bhaktivedanta Book Trust,[43] which claims[44][45] to be the world’s largest publisher of ancient and classical Vaishnava religious texts founded the religious colony New Vrindavan in West Virginia,[46] authored more than eighty books (with many available online[47] ) on Vedantic philosophy, religion, literature and culture (including four published originally in Bengali)[16][45] introduced international celebrations in the capitals of the world like that of Jagannatha processions[16]
4
2 BOOKS AND PUBLISHING
watched ISKCON grow to a confederation of one of ISKCON’s successor gurus. Both sides produced more than 108 temples, various institutes and farm elaborate studies and position papers meant to counter communities [43] the other side.” [51] Ch 2,p. 31. The GBC produced a paper titled “Not that I am poisoned” [52] in order to Through his mission, he followed and communicated defuse growing concerns about poisoning allegations. A the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and introduced group of individuals named “Bhaktivedanta Investigation “Judge for yourself” mentioned bhakti yoga to an international audience.[16][45] Within Force” produced a paper [53][54] with counter evidence and tesGaudiya Vaishnavism this was viewedas the fulfillment of in above cited book a long time mission to introduce Caitanya Mahaprabhu’s timonies. teachings to the world. [48][49] In his discussion with historian Arnold J. Toynbee inLon2 Books and publishing don, he is quoted as saying: “I have started this Krishna Conscious Movement among the Indians and Americans Swami’s most signifiand for the next ten thousand years it will increase.” [50] It is believed that Bhaktivedanta[55][56][57] cant contribution are his books. Within the final twenty years of his life Bhaktivedanta Swami transAccording to the most recent issue of Back to God- lated over sixty volumes of classic Vedic scriptures (such head magazine, founded by Prabhupada, there are as the Bhagavad Gita and the Srimad Bhagavatam ) into presently over 400 temples and farm communities the English language.[43] For their authority, depth, and listed to visit. The magazine lists only the major clarity, his books have won praise from professors at centers, there are many more homes turned temple colleges and universities like Harvard, Oxford, Cornell, that hold programs as well that aren't close by reg- Columbia, Syracuse, Oberlin, and Edinburgh, [58] and his ular temples (Back to Godhead). Prabhupada’s ini- Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is was published by Macmillan Pubtiated disciples and grand disciples number in the lishers, in 1968 and unabridged edition in 1972, [59][60][61] tens or hundreds of thousands with millions of more and is now available in over sixty languages around the believers who accept his teachings as genuine and world and some other books by Bhaktivedanta Swami bona-fide throughout the world. are available in over eighty different languages.[23][45] In February 2014, ISKCON’s news agency reported to have reached a milestone of distributing over half a billion books authored by Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, since 1965.[18] The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust was established in 1972 to publish his works, and it has also published his multivolume biography, Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta , that according to Larry Shinn will “certainly be one of the most complete records of the life and work of any modern religious figure”.[1][62] Prabhupada reminded his devotees before his death that he would live forever in his books, and through them would remain present as a spiritual master or guru.[63] Bhaktivedanta Swami had instilled in his followers an understanding of the importance of writPrabhupada on a morning walk with Karlfried Graf Dürckheim ing and publishing not only with regard to his works, but in Frankfurt in June 1974. also their own initiatives. His early disciples felt Prabhupada had given them Back To Godhead for their own writings from the very start. [63] 1.5 Circumstances of death A prominent Gaudiya Vaishnava figure, Shrivatsa Goswami, who as a young man had met Bhaktivedanta Bhaktivedanta Swami died on 14 November 1977 in Swami in 1972, affirmed the significance of book pubVrindavan India, his burial remains in Krishna Balaram lishing and distribution in spreading the message of CaiMandir in Vrindavan India. tanya in an interview with Steven Gelberg: [63] Circumstances of his death have been source of allegations for poisoning: Eugene V. Gallagher mentions in Making these Vaisnava texts available is his work Introduction to new and alternative religions in one of Srila Prabhupada’s greatest contributions. Apart from the masses, his books have America: “Supporters of the ritvik movement have also produced evidence suggesting that Bhaktivedanta’s death also reached well into academic circles and was not the result of natural causes but rather of poisonhave spurred academic interest in the Chaiing. The suspect several ISKCON leaders, most notably tanya tradition ... The significance of making •
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5 essential message of dedication to God with love and devotion.[68] Actually, it doesn't matter – Krishna or Christ – the name is the same. The main point is to follow the injunctions of the Vedic scriptures that recommend chanting the name of God in this age. [69] Other typical expressions present a different perspective, where he would point out that “today I may be a Hindu, but tomorrow I may become a Christian or Muslim. In this way faiths can be changed, but dharma" is a natural sequence, a natural occupation or a connection and it can not be changed, because it is permanent, according to him.[43] While the ISKCON theology of personal god is close to Christian theology, both personal and monotheistic, being a preacher of bhakti and a missionary he sometimes would add, that “already many Christians have tasted the nectar of divine love of the holy name and are dancing with karatalas (hand-cymbals) and mridangas (drums).”[70] His approach to modern knowledge is also seen in sectarian Orthodox Judaism, where the skills and technical knowledge of modernity are encouraged, but the values rejected. Bhaktivedanta Swami stated “devotees should not be lazy, idle...we are not afraid to work. Whatever our engagement is, by offering the result to Krishna we become Krishna conscious”.[35] Some of his Photograph of selected books by Prabhupada, published by representations are believed to affect women adversely Bhaktivedanta Book Trust and are male-centred, others are tender and celebratory. Bhaktivedanta Swami himself taught a dualism of body and soul and that of the genders. Similar to many tradithese texts available is not merely academic or tional religions he considered sexuality and spirituality as cultural; it is spiritual.[64] conflicting opposites.[71] Among some liberal male followers there is a positive recognition of his example in applying the spirit of the law according to time, place, 2.1 Copyright claims person and circumstance, rather than literal tracing of the tradition.[72] In 1997, a legal dispute opposing ISKCON Inc. / BBTI (Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International) to the sole trustee of Bhaktivedanta Book Trust (at this time, Hansadutta Swami), ISKCON Inc. supported the posi- 4 Within India tion that Bhaktivedanta Book Trust was not existent.;[65] in 1995 it was claimed by ISKCON that Bhaktivedanta’s Beginning his public preaching mission in India, he work was done as a “Work for hire”. [66] The litigation founded the League of Devotees in Jhansi in 1953. [73] led to amiable arrangement after which books of Bhak- Following the establishment of temples and centres in the tivedanta are being edited in mainly two forms: origi- United States and Europe, he returned to India in 1971, nal work (“Pre 1978”) and work which has, since Bhak- holding many public programs which were well attended. tivedanta’s passing, been further edited, the later being From 1971 onwards, the movement became increasingly the sole endorsed by ISKCON. [67] popular and spread throughout India. He was particularly eager to see the progress at “the impressive temple project in” Mumbai which he and his disciples had fought 3 Views on other religious tradi- very hard to establish,[74] with large temples in Mayapur and Vrindavan to follow in the mid-1970s. To promote tions the vedic education system within the modern Indian education structure, he introduced a chain of Gurukul in Bhaktivedanta Swami considered Moses, Jesus, and various part of India. The Bhaktivedanta Gurukula and Mohamed to be empowered representatives of God, de- International School is one of the most successful schools scribing them within his writings as pioneers of the same in the list.
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6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
— Atal Bihari Vajpayee – April 1998 [77][78][79]
5
Monuments
ISKCON Temple in Delhi , India
ISKCON Prabhupada’s Palace of Gold in West Virginia , USA photo dated 2007
A number of memorial samadhis or shrines to Bhaktivedanta Swami were constructed by the members of ISKCON in his remembrance, the largest of which are in Mayapur, Vrindavan and at the larger sized temples in America. Prabhupada’s Palace of Gold was designed and constructed by devotees of the New Vrindavan commuISKCON Temple in Tirupathi , India nity and dedicated on 2 September 1979. Back in 1972 it was intended to be simply a residence for Bhaktivedanta In 1996, the Government of India recognized his accom- Swami, but over time the plans evolved into an ornate plishments by issuing a commemorative stamp in his hon- marble and gold palace which is now visited by thousands our as a part of Prabhupada Centennial celebrations. [75] of Hindu pilgrims each year, visiting this centerpiece of [76] the community strongly relying upon tourist trade. [46][80] Speaking at theinauguration of ISKCON’s cultural center in New Delhi on 5 April on the occasion of Ramnavmi in 1998, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, then India’s prime minister, 6 Bibliography said: If the Bhagavad Gita, the holy text of the Hindu traditions, is printed in millions of copies and scores of languages and distributed in all nooks and corners of the world, the credit for this great sacred service goes chiefly to ISKCON. For this accomplishment alone, Indians should be eternally grateful to the devoted spiritual army of Swami Prabhupada, the founder of the Hare Krishna movement, and to his followers ... The arrival of Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in the United States in 1965 and the particular popularity his movement gained in a very short span of twelve years must be regarded as one of the greatest spiritual events of the century.
6.1
Translations with commentary
Prabhupada’s Palace of Gold in 1982
7
6.4 Bengali writings
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Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is (1968) ISBN 0-89213-134-9
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Śrī Īśopaniṣad (1969) ISBN 0-89213-280-9
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Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (1972–77) ISBN 84-86883-
07-5 (Vols.)
•
Caitanya-caritāmṛta (1974) ISBN 0-912776-50-1
(Vols.)
•
The Nectar of Instruction (1975) ISBN 0-912776-
85-4[23]
6.2
Summary studies His pushpa Samadhi in Mayapur
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Kṛṣṇa Consciousness: The Matchless Gift (1974)
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Perfect Questions, Perfect Answers (1977)
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Teachings of Lord Kapila , the Son of Devahūtī
6.4 •
Geetār-gan
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Vairāgya-vidyā
•
Buddhi-yoga
•
Bhakti-ratna-boli [23]
His Samadhi in Vrindavana
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Teachings ofLord Caitanya (1969) ISBN0-912776-
07-2
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Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead (1970)
ISBN 0-89213-354-6
•
6.5 •
•
Published posthumously Light of the Bhāgavata (1978) OL 11337662W Teachings of Queen Kuntī (1978) ISBN 0-89213-
102-0
The Nectar of Devotion (1970) ISBN 0-912776-05-
6
Bengali writings
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Life comes from life (1978) OL 8622511W ISBN
0-89213-100-4
6.3
Other works published within Prabhupada’s lifetime
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Easy Journey to Other Planets (1970)
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Kṛṣṇa Consciousness: The Topmost Yoga System
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Search for liberation OL 1998508W (1981)
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Chant and be happy (1982) OL 15397592W ISBN
0-89213-118-7
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Coming back: the science of reincarnation (1982)
OCLC 495474079 ISBN 0-89213-114-4
(1970) •
Beyond Birth and Death (1972)
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Dialectic spiritualism OL 8622518W (1985)
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The Perfection of Yoga (1972)
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Path of perfection (1989) OL 2089579W ISBN 0-
•
•
89213-103-9
Kṛṣṇa, the Reservoir of Pleasure (1972) •
Nārada bhakti sūtra (1991) ISBN 0-89213-273-6
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Mukunda-mālā-stotra (1989) OL 1058156W ISBN
On the Way to Kṛṣṇa (1973)
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Rāja-vidyā: The King of Knowledge (1973)
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Elevation to Kṛṣṇa Consciousness (1973)
0-89213-275-2
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The Hare Krsna challenge OCLC 34455353 (1990)
8
8 FOOTNOTES
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A second chance OL 2089576W (1991)
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The journey of self discovery OL 15143945W
7 •
(1991)
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See also
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Gaudiya Vaishnavism
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International Society for Krishna Consciousness
Laws of nature : an infallible justice (1991) OL
4101128W ISBN 0-89213-272-8
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Renunciation Through Wisdom (1992)
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Quest for Enlightenment (1993)
•
•
• •
The Nectar of Book Distribution (1993)
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The Path of Yoga (1995)
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Message of Godhead (1996?)
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Civilization and Transcendence (1998) ISBN 0-
89213-298-1
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Dharma: The Way of Transcendence (1998)
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Srila Prabhupada Slokas (1998)
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Beyond Illusion and Doubt (1999)
8
Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is
Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead Krishnaism List of ISKCON members and patrons
Footnotes
[1] Goswami et al. 1983, p. 986 [2] Melton, John Gordon. “Hare Krishna”. Encyclopædia Britannica. www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2015. [3] Klostermaier 2007, p. 217 [4] Jones, Constance (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 77–78. ISBN 08160-5458-4.
•
Introduction to Bhagavad-gītā (2005)[23]
[5] Goswami 2002, Vol.1 Chapter 6
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A Shower of Divine Compassion (2008)
[6] Rhodes 2001, p. 178
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•
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•
•
•
•
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Collected Lectures on Bhagavad-gita As It Is (7 volumes)
[7] Goswami 2002, Vol.1 Chapter 4
Collected Lectures on Srimad-Bhagavatam (11 volumes)
[9] Ekstrand & Bryant 2004, p. 23 [10] Klostermaier 2007, p. 309
Collected Teachings of A.C.Bhaktivedanta Swami (7 [11] Vasan & Lewis 2005, p. 129 volumes) [12] Paramadvaiti, Swami B. A. “Branches of the Gaudiya Math”. www.vrindavan.org. Archived from the original Conversations with Srila Prabhupada (37 volumes) on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-30. Srila Prabhupada Siksamrta (3 volumes) [13] “Unrecognized charisma? A study and comparison of four charismatic leaders: Charles Taze Russell, Joseph Srila Prabhupada’s Letters (5 volumes) Smith, L Ron Hubbard, Swami Prabhupada” by George D. Chryssides. Paper presented at the 2001 Interna The Pioneer Years: Back to Godhead, 1944–1960 tional Conference The Spiritual Supermarket: Religious Pluralism in the 21st Century , organised by INFORM and The Jaladuta Diary CESNUR (London, April 2001) The Spiritual Master and the Disciple
•
The Beginning-The 1966 New York Journal
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Sri Namamrta-The Nectar of the Holy Name
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[8] Goswami 2002, Vol.1 Chapter 9
[14] “in an evaluation of the nature of the guru, Larry Shinn, a scholar of religions, utilised Max Weber's analysis of charisma in order to understand Prabhupada and the issue of leadership in ISKCON..."status as charismatic leader” Knott 1997, Chapter: Prabhupada and role of guru
[15] Shinn 1987, p. 49 Srila Prabhupada’s original League of Devotees 'Srimad Bhagwatam' reprint [16] Smith, David Nichol (2003). Hinduism and modernity . Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Pub. p. 178. ISBN 0-63120862-3.
See also: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
[17] Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 64
9 [18] Smullen, Madhava (2014-02-12). “BBT Reaches Half a [42] Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 221 Billion Books Distributed Since 1965”. ISKCON News. [43] Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 25 Retrieved 2014-02-27. [19] Goswami 2002, Vol.1 Chapter 2 [20] Vasan & Lewis 2005, p. 128
[44] “About Bhaktivedanta Book Trust”. www.Krishna.com. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-30. (self published source)
[21] Eggenberger, D. 1989. Encyclopedia of World Biography: [45] “The matrix of principal published translated works. A to F . Bhaktivedanta Book Trust offers a 2006 summary PDF file showing which books translated in which languages” [22] Goswami 1984, page xv (PDF). www.krishna.com. Archived (PDF) from the [23] Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 34 original on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-30. [24] Goswami 1984, page xviii [25] Goswami 2002, Vol.1 Chapter 5 [26] Bhaktivedanta 2003, Ending Glossary
[46] Shinn & Bromley 1987, p. 124 now a tourist attraction. “New Vrindavan in West Virginia, on the other hand, is a close-knit community, has a strong sense of common purpose.”
[27] A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Satsvarupa dasa [47] “Bhaktivedanta VedaBase Online”. vedabase.com. Goswami (1998) The Secrets of Transcendental Love , ISBN 0-89213-273-6, p. 73:"The spiritual harmony of [48] Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 5 knowledge and devotion is well expressed in the phrase [49] Maharaja, Sridhar. “Branches of the Gaudiya Math”. bhakti-vedānta" www.vrindavan.org. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-30. [28] Aparna Chattopadhyay (2004). Pearls of Spiritual Wisdom. Pustak Mahal,India. p. 37. ISBN 81-223-0858-9. [50] Gosvāmī, Satsvarūpa Dāsa (1983). Let There Be a Tem[29] Goswami 2002, Vol.1 Chapter Planting the Seed ple: India Around the World, 1971–1975. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 0-89213-119-5. OL 8622579W. Ch. [30] Charles S. J. White (2004). A Catalogue of Vaishnava Lit6, p. 161 erature on Microfilms in the Adyar Library . Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-2067-3. [51] Eugene V. Gallagher. Introduction to new and alternative religions in America - History and Controversies 1 . Uni[31] Mukherjee, T.; Wright, J.C. (1979). “An Early Testamenversity of California Press. ISBN 978-0-275-98712-1. tary Document in Sanskrit”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London . 42 (2): [52] Governing Body Commission. “Minutes of the annual 297–320. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00145859. JSTOR general meeting of the ISKCON GBC Body Society Sri 615020. Dham Mayapur, March 2, 2000”. [32] Goswami 2002, Vol.1 Chapter This Momentous Hour of [53] Bhaktivedanta Investigation Force. Judge For Yourself Need (PDF). [33] Goswami 2002, Vol.1 Chapter 4 "Āmār icchā chila kichu bai karānā: “Standing by Rādhā-kuṇḍa and beholding his [54] Eugene V. Gallagher. Introduction to new and alternative religions in America - History and Controversies 1 spiritual master, Abhay felt the words deeply enter his own Ch 2,p. 43. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0life – “If you ever get money, print books.” 275-98712-1. [34] Knott 1997, “Bhaktivedanta Swami, by journeying to America, was attempting to fulfill the wish of his guru, [55] Sharma 1981, p. 971 possible only by the grace of his dear Lord Kr ishna.” [56] “I think the best feature of the Hare Krishna movement is that it is providing scholars with excellent translations of [35] “Charisma and Religious Innovation: Prabhupada and the the rarest books on Krishna-bhakti [love of Krishna].” – Founding of ISKCON”. ISKCON Communications JourDr.Larry Shinn, President of Berea College, Kentucky. nal. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-31. (self published) [57] “Scholars reviews of Srila Prabhupada’s books”. www. acbspn.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. [36] Goswami 2002, Vol 1. Ch 1 Retrieved 2008-05-31. [37] Knott 1997, Introduction [58] “Summary, Academic reviews of Srimad-Bhagavatam”. [38] Ekstrand & Bryant 2004, pp. 120–122 www.krishna.com. Retrieved 2008-05-31. [39] Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 22 [59] Maheswar Neog Professor Maheswar Neog Felicitation Volume (1990) [40] Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 23 [41] “Babaji initiation, Chicago, July 11, 1975”. prabhupad- [60] Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1968). The Bhagavad-gita abooks.com. Retrieved 2008-10-19. As It Is, first edition. New York: Macmillan.
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[67] “BBT Only”. [68] Schmidt, Peter (2002). Krishna meets Jesus : A. C. Bhak-
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8311-3570-3. OCLC 313729431. p.146 (self published) •
[69] Bhaktivedanta 2003
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[76] “Centennial 1996 Events”. afn.org. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-31. [77] “Speech by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, April 18, 1998.” (Press release). Vaishnava News Network. 11 Apr 1998. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-31. the website, however, gives the speech a wrong date −1988 instead of 1998.) [78] Intelligencer (Newspaper), 5 April 1998, Doylestown, Pennsylvania “Today, Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee will open the newest Hare Krishna complex, which includes a temple and a cultural center.” [79] Daily Herald (Newspaper), 6 April 1998, Chicago, Illinois, Hare Krishna center makes debut in India, NEW DELHI, India’s prime minister inauguration. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee said the message of Bhagavad Gita.
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[80] “Prabhupada’s Palace of Gold”. www.palaceofgold.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
Cole, Richard; Dwayer, Graham (2007). The Hare Krishna movement: forty years of chant and change . London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-407-8. Goswami, Satsvarupa dasa (1984). Prabhupada:
Harvey Cox; Larry D. Shinn; Thomas J. Hopkins; A.L. Basham; Shrivatsa Goswami (1983). Gelberg, Steven J, ed. Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: five distinguished scholars on the Krishna movement in the West . New York: Grove Press.
[73] League of Devotees article prabhupadaconnect.com
[75] “prabhupada.krishna.com”. www.krishna.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 2014-0108. see “Commemorative Stamp” section, including image
Vasan, Mildred; Lewis, James P. (2005). Cults (contemporary world issues) . Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-618-3.
(abr ed.). Los Angeles: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 0-89213-133-0.
[72] Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 223
[74] Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 27
Rhodes, Linda (2001). The challenge of the cults and new religions. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-23217-1.
he built a house in which the whole world can live
[70] Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 6 [71] Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 224
Ekstrand, Maria; Bryant, Edwin H. (2004). The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant . New York: Columbia Univer-
[64] Cox et al. 1983, p. 247 [65] ISKCON Inc. “Complaint for declaratory judgement regarding validity of assignment and existence of trust” (PDF).
Goswami, Satsvarupa dasa (2002). Srila Prabhu pada Lilamrta Vol 1–2 (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 0-89213-357-0.
Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2000). Hinduism: a short history. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 185168-213-9. Klostermaier, Klaus K (2007). A survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). NewYork: StateUniversityof New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-7081-4. Bhaktivedanta, A. C. (2003). The Science of selfrealization . Los Angeles: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 91-7149-447-2. Shinn, Larry D (1987). Bromley, David G, ed. “The future of an old man’s vision. ISKCON in the twenty-first century”. The Future of New Religious Movements : 123–140. ISBN 978-0-86554-238-9. Knott, Kim (1997). “Insider and outsider perceptions of Prabhupada”. ISKCON Communications Journal : 5: 1. Knott, Kim (2005). “Insider/outsider perspectives in the study of religions”. In Hinnells, John. The Routledge companion to the study of religion . Routledge. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-415-33311-5. Shinn, Larry D. (1987). The dark lord: cult images and the Hare Krishnas in America . Philadelphia: Westminster Press. ISBN 0-664-24170-0. OCLC 15017927. OL 2737873M.
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Goswami, Srivatsa; Dasa Goswami, Satsvarupa; Cox, Harvey; Hopkins, Thomas J.; Judah, J. Stillson (1983). “Review: Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta”. Journal of Asian Studies. 42 (4): 986–988. doi:10.2307/2054828. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2054828. Sharma, Jagdish Saran, ed. (1981). Encyclopaedia Indica. OCLC 8033900. OL 13760440M. Shinn, Larry D; Bromley, David G (1989). Krishna consciousness in the West . Lewisburg [Pa.]: Bucknell University Press. ISBN 0-8387-5144-X.
External links Official online multilingual library of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
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11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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