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Elements of Ecology, 8e (Smith/Smith) 8e (Smith/Smith) Chapter 8 Properties of Populations
8.1 Short Answer Questions 1) A group of individuals of the same species inhabiting a given area is called a(n) ________. Answer: population opic: !ntroduction to "hapter 8 #) An individual tree or plant produced b$ se%ual reproduction a nd thus arising from a &$gote is a genetic individual' nown as a(n) ________. Answer: genet opic: Section 8.1 ) he ________ of a population describes its spatial location' the area over which it occurs. Answer: distribution opic: Section 8.# *) As a result of environmental heterogeneit$' most populations are divided into smaller populations' referred to as local ________. Answer: subpopulations opic: Section 8.# +) ________ defines the si&e of a population' the number of individuals in it. Answer: Abundance opic: Section 8. ,) -opulation ________ is the number of individuals per unit area' or per pe r unit volume. Answer: densit$ opic: Section 8. ) /ecause a direct count of all individuals within a population is often impossible' population densit$ is usuall$ estimated b$ one or more methods of ________. Answer: sampling opic: Section 8.* 8) "ounting the total number of individuals within a s0uare or rectangle of nown area' referred to as a(n)________' is a sampling method that is commonl$ used to stud$ plants or other sessile animals. Answer: 0uadrat opic: Section 8.* ) -opulations can be divided into three ecologicall$ important age classes: prereproductive' reproductive' and ________. Answer: postreproductive opic: Section 8.+ 1 "op$right 2 #31# -earson 4ducation' !nc.
13) A graph that compares the relative number of individuals within different age groups of a population is called an age ________. Answer: p$ramid opic: Section 8.+ 11) !n most mammalian populations' the ________ se% ratio at birth is o ften weighted toward males. Answer: secondar$ opic: Section 8., 1#) !ndividuals moving from another location into a subpopulation is referred to as ________. Answer: immigration opic: Section 8. 1) A round5trip movement of an individual from one place to another and bac again is called ________. Answer: migration opic: Section 8. 1*) he primar$ factors driving the d$namics of population abundance are the demographic processes of ________ and ________. Answer: birth6 death birth' death birth death birth and death birth 7 death birthdeath opic: Section 8.8 8.# 9ultiple5"hoice Questions 1) hich of the following is not a feature of a population; A) si&e /) densit$ ") number of species <) distribution Answer: " opic: !ntroduction to "hapter 8 #) A module that is produced ase%uall$ b$ an original genetic individual' which ma$ remain ph$sicall$ lined to the parent or ma$ be separate' is referred to as a A) genet. /) ramet. ") clone. <) bud. Answer: / opic: Section 8.1 # "op$right 2 #31# -earson 4ducation' !nc.
) hich of the following represents a modular organism; A) li&ard /) coral ") dog <) ant Answer: / opic: Section 8.1 *) A group of local subpopulations is called a(n) A) communit$. /) species. ") metapopulation. <) ecogroup. Answer: " opic: Section 8.# +) he area inhabited b$ all individuals of a particular species is nown as this population=s A) geographic range. /) densit$. ") ecos$stem. <) habitat. Answer: A opic: Section 8.# ,) A population=s densit$ is calculated as the A) area over which the population is distributed. /) number of individuals within the population. ") unit of area divided b$ the number of individuals. <) number of individuals per unit area. Answer: < opic: Section 8. ) !n populations of animals that defend an area for their own e%clusive use or in plants that compete intensivel$ for belowground resources such as water or nutrients' the spatial distribution of individuals is usuall$ A) homogenous. /) clumped. ") random. <) uniform. Answer: < opic: Section 8.
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8) An ecologist counts the number of individuals in five samples of e0ual area for four species of organisms. hich of these counts best represents a clumped population; A) #' #1' #+' ##' 18 /) 1' 1#*' 11' 1#8' 11 ") *' 18' ' 1#' #8 <) 1#' 1' 1#' 1' 11 Answer: " opic: Section 8. ) hich of the following sampling techni0ues represents an inde% of abundance rather than an estimate of densit$; A) number of oa trees within a 0uadrat /) number of bear droppings along a trail ") ratio of mared and unmared mice in a field <) number of ducs on a pond Answer: / opic: Section 8.* 13) he age of a tree is best appro%imated b$ A) estimating tree height. /) counting tree growth rings. ") measuring the diameter of a trun at breast height (dbh). <) counting the number of leaves. Answer: / opic: Section 8.+ 11) he demographic age p$ramid of a rapidl$ growing po pulation is A) wide at the base' narrow at the top. /) wide at the top' narrow at the bottom. ") wide at top and bottom' narrow in the middle. <) similarl$ wide from top to bottom. Answer: A opic: Section 8.+ 1#) he movement of individuals in space is called A) distribution. /) migration. ") dispersal. <) densit$. Answer: " opic: Section 8.
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1) An ecologist spent a $ear stud$ing the population d$namics of a species of duc on a lae. At the beginning of the $ear' there were 8, adults. >f these' 1, adults left the lae' 1 # adults arrived on the lae from elsewhere' , chics hatched from eggs' #* chics survived to become adults' and 8 adults died. ?ow man$ individuals emigrated; A) 8 /) 1# ") 1, <) #* Answer: " opic: Section 8. 1*) hich of the following organisms is listed as a @ederal o%ious eed because of its profound negative impacts on ecos$stems of the southeastern Bnited States; A) g$ps$ moth /) corn ") iv$ <) ud&u Answer: < opic: 4cological !ssues: ?uman5Assisted
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) A uniform distribution of individuals within a population occurs if each individual=s position is independent of others= positions. Answer: @ACS4 opic: Section 8. 8) he most common spatial distribution among individuals within a population is clumped. Answer: DB4 opic: Section 8. ) 4cological densit$ is a measure of the number of individuals per unit of available living space. Answer: DB4 opic: Section 8. 13) he densit$ of a population is usuall$ measured b$ counting ever$ individual. Answer: @ACS4 opic: Section 8.* 11) A 0uadrat is usuall$ used to measure densit$ in mobile populations of animals. Answer: @ACS4 opic: Section 8.* 1#) he age of a fish can be determined b$ counting the annual rings of otoliths (ear stones). Answer: DB4 opic: Section 8.+ 1) Small trees are often the same age as large individuals in the canop$. Answer: DB4 opic: Section 8.+ 1*) he se% ratio in a population is usuall$ fi%ed and does not var$ among age classes. Answer: @ACS4 opic: Section 8., 1+) All animals disperse activel$' whereas all plants disperse passivel$. Answer: @ACS4 opic: Section 8. 1,) Bnlie the one5wa$ movement of an individual in emigration and immigration' migration refers to round5trip movements. Answer: DB4 opic: Section 8.
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8.* 4ssa$ Questions 1) 4%plain how the mode of reproduction can mae it difficult to define an individual. -rovide some e%amples of individual and modular organisms. opic: Section 8.1 #)
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