ISGTI 2018 7-8April2018, 7-8April2018, IIT Delhi, India
Potential of Marble Dust to Improve the Physical Behavior of Soil Dr. Arvind Kumar Jha1 Associate Professor, Professor, E-mail:
[email protected] [email protected]; ipal.edu; Contact Contact No.: +8861556432, (Corresponding Author)
Mr. Ankush Kumar Jain1 PhD Student, E-mail: E-mail:
[email protected] [email protected]
Ms. Shivanshi2 PhD Student, E-mail: E-mail:
[email protected] [email protected] Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering, Manipal Manipal University Jaipur Jaipur (MUJ), Jaipur – 302026 302026
ABSTRACT: The production of huge amount of waste byproducts from commercial industries possesses an adverse effect to environment due to lack of proper disposal and utilization. In Rajasthan state of India, 15-20 lac tons of marble waste is producing each year by marble processing units which is indestructible and harm to general public. Hence, the bulk utilization of marble quarry waste needs to be done to embrace sustainable development and safe ecosystem, and mostly for environmental friendly construction operations. Highway construction is an area where marble quarry waste can be utilized in the bulk amount with an advantage. In the present study, various experimental and physico-chemical studies have been carried out to characterize the materials used and to understand the potential of marble dust in improving the physical behavior of poorly graded sand (SP). The liquid limit of soil reduces significantly with an increase in marble dust. Further it is observed that marble dust leads to increase the maximum dry density and optimum water content. The increase in specific gravity of soil, reduction in voids within the soil matrix and pozzolanic reactions between soil-calcium present in soils are the key factors to control the physical behavior of SP. K eywo eyworr ds: Behavior; Behavior; Compaction; Compaction; Marble Dust; Dust; Micro-analysis; Micro-analysis; Improvement Improvement 1.
The formation of marble is due to the exposure of limestone to high temperatures and pressure. The waste marble dust is utilized generally in the production of concrete mix, as fillermaterials forroads and embankments, manufacture of bricks and Portland cement, ceramic tiles, lime, activated calcium carbonate, hollow blocks and wall tiles,and in decorative plastic coating.Further, it has been reported that utilization of marble dust leads to the reduction its environmental impact and is economically beneficial (Singh et al., 2017). However, the environmental impact of using marble dust as construction material needs to be reviewed for its longevity and sustainable utilization.
Introduction
Soil stabilization is the process of altering the properties of a soil by applying some additives to meet specific engineering requirement (Jha and Sivapullaiah, 2015). In road construction, all the naturally available material cannot be utilized as construction materials. The problematic nature and limitations of such soils can be improved by application of stabilizing agents such as chemical stabilizers and waste materials. It has been believed that the application of stabilizing agents can improve the strength, durability and resistance of pavement layer. Various techniques like; mechanical stabilization, chemical stabilization, columnar injection, preloading, asphalt stabilization and use of reinforcing materials have frequently used to suppress the susceptible behavior of these soils (Soosan et al., 2005). However, the most viable option to stabilize the soil is observed with chemical additives alone or, in combination with waste materials. Bulk utilization of waste materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), rice husk, stone quarry dust, marble dust etc. are used to improve the properties of expansive soils economically and also fruitful to embrace sustainable development and safe ecosystem for environmental friendly construction operations (Jha and Sivapullaiah, 2017).
The marble waste/slurry is predominated with calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) and usually contains other impurities such as: clay minerals, micas, quartz, pyrite, iron oxide and graphite (Segadães et al, 2005). The presence of calcium in marble dust is the key component for soil modification and stabilization. The reactions between soil and calcium in the presence of water proceeds through a combination of four basic mechanisms: (i) cation exchange or ion exchange; (ii) flocculation and agglomeration; (iii) pozzolanic reaction and (iv) carbonation. The first two (cation exchange and – term flocculation) are known as short – term reactions which result an increase in the soil workability, shear strength and plasticity (Bell, 1996). The second two reactions are well known as stabilization reactions which are responsible for increase in the strength of soil. Hence, it has been aimed in the proposed work to take advantage of free calcium predominated in the marble waste to improve the properties of different problematic soils for highway construction.
Around 90% of the world's production of marble comes from India and approximately 85% of India's production is received from Rajasthan(Pappu et al., 2006). Rajasthan has more than 4000 marble mines and about 1100 marble gang saws (processing units) which are producing 15-20 lac tons of marble slurry waste which is indestructible waste and harm to general public such as air and water pollution, contamination of surface and ground water, visual impacts, accidents due to unscientific dumping, dry slippery road, wet slippery road, loss to flora & fauna (Celik and Sabah, 2008).
Most of previous researches carried out, particularly in India, are focused on the utilization of waste materials like; fly ash, GGBS, rice husk and stone quarry dust 180
alone or in combination with calcium based stabilizers. However, relatively less research have been done for the effective and bulk utilization of marble waste products (dust and slurry) to stabilize the problematic soils for sustainable and eco-friendly construction. Misra et al. (2009) mentioned that marble slurry waste can be effectively used for sub-grade preparation. The plasticity and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of red tropical soils are improved with marble dust; however, strength development is not enough to suit as base materials (Okagbue and Onyeobi, 1999). Tozsin et al. (2014) suggested that marble waste can be used as soil amendments for the neutralization of acid soils. The fly ash, marble dust and waste sand are fairly good additive materials in road subbase fill and reaction substantially improves their CBR, swelling ratio and water conductivity (Firat et al., 2012). The previous research is focused on the particular type of soils with inconsistency in outcomes. Hence, the potential of marble quarry dust to improve the properties of soils needs to be study consideringall factors such as environmental, physical and chemical.
As per the classification charts of Indian Road Congress (IRC) and Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), soil is classified as a Poorly Graded Sand (SP) having non-plastic behavior. The liquid limit (LL) (IS 2720 Part 5) and specific gravity (IS 2720 Part 3) of soil isobtained to be 44.60% and 2.630, respectively. The Optimum Water Content (OWC) and dry density of soil is 13% and 1.58 gm/cm3, respectively (Fig. 2).The pH test of soil (IS 2720 Part 26) was also obtained 9.71 which shows an alkaline nature. 2.50 2.30 2.20
Compaction Characteristics Curve (MD) Zero Air Void Line (MD)
2.10 2.00
) m1.90 c / m1.80 g ( y 1.70 t i s 1.60 n e D1.50 y r D1.40
3
The present study is aimed to examine the potential of marble dust to modify the physical behavior of soil for further investigation of its engineering behavior and to develop the protocol. To achieve the objectives, the characterization of soil and marble dust is done in detail by performing various experimental tests such as
OWC - MD
OWC - SP
1.30
ρd
1.20
- MD
ρd
- SP
1.10 1.00 0.0
Atterberg’s limits, particle size analysis, compaction
characteristics and micro-analyses (mineralogical and microstructure). Further, effects of varying marble dust on the physical behaviors (specific gravity, liquid limit, compaction characteristics, and void ratio) are examined thoroughly. 2.
Compaction Characteristics Curve (Sand) Zero Air Void Line (Sand)
2.40
5.0
10.0 15.0 20.0 Water Content (%)
25.0
30.0
Fig. 2Compaction characteristics curve of soil and marble dust
Materials used and Methodologies Followed
2.1 Soil and its characteri zation Soilused in the present study was collected from DahmiKalan, Rajasthan-303026, India. The soil was obtained from a depth of approximately 1 – 1.5 m below the natural ground level by open excavation. The particle size analysis (IS 2720 Part 4) of soil confirmed the presence of predominant amount of sand sized particle (i.e. 98.4%) as shown in Fig. 1. 100 90 80 70 60 r e n i 50 F %40
Fig. 3XRD analysis of sand
30 20
Soil
10
Marble Dust
0 0.01
0.10 1.00 Particle Size in mm
Fig. 1 Particle size analysis of soil
10.00
The mineralogical composition of the sand is determined by performing an X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometer by using graphite mono-chromator and Cu-Kα radiation. The sample is scanned for 2θ ranging from 3° to 90°. The presence of various minerals in the sample is identified with the help of the data files developed by the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS, 1999). The X-ray diffractogram, refer to Fig. 3, 181
Potential of marble dust to improve the physical behavior of soil
confirmed the crystalline nature of the sand. With the help of JCPDS data files, the presence of quartz, rutile, and mica minerals are confirmed as predominant minerals.
(a)
2.2 Marble Dust Marble dust is collected from the quarry of marble industry, Kishangarh, Rajasthan. The marble dust passing through 425 µm IS sieve is used for experimental purpose. The particle size analysis (IS 2720 Part 4) of marble dust confirmed the presence of predominant amount of sand sized particle (i.e. 96.5%) as shown in Fig. 1.The specific gravity and liquid limit of marble dust is found to be 2.74 and 17.5%, respectively. The compaction characteristic curve of marble dust (Fig. 2) show the reduction in optimum water content (OWC) to 10% and increase in maximum dry density to 1.85 gm/cm3 with respect to the OWC (i.e. 13%) and dry density (i. e. 1.58 gm/cm3) of soil. cps/eV 12 Si
10
(b) 8
6 Ti O 4
2
Ca Fe K C
Al
Mg
K
Na
Fe
Ca
Ti
0 1
Fig. 4 SEM images of sand a) showing aspect ratio of particles; b) shape of the particles
3
4
5 keV
6
7
8
9
Fig. 5 Chemical composition analysis of sand Table-1 Chemical composition analyses of sands
Themicrostructural examination and chemical composition of soil are performed with Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X – ray Spectroscopy (EDAX). A small amount of oven dried soils are mounted on the aluminum mounting disc (also called SEM stubs) with the help of carbon tape. Prior to SEM examination, the sample was coated with 100 Å thin layer of gold palladium for 38 second using a sputter coater, polaron E5100 at 10 – 3 Torr Vacuum. The gold coating is done in order to avoid charging problem during imaging. Microscopic images of sand [Fig. 4 (a)] illustrate the irregular shape of various aspect ratio, solid and sizes of sand particles. Further, SEM image [Fig. 4(b)] is also captured at higher magnification to observe the texture of sand particle. The texture of sand particle is observed to be rough and the presence of small cavities. Chemical composition of soil is performed by using EDAXto observe the element present in sand and is shown in Fig. 5. It is observed that sand is predominated with Silica (Si) and Aluminum (Al) with minor amount of Calcium (Ca) and Sodium (Na) (Table 1).
2
3.
Element
Atomic %
O Si Al Fe K Mg Ca Na Ti C
71.28 21.24 3.99 1.01 0.72 0.81 0.31 0.50 0.15 0.00
Total
100.00
Results and Discussion
3.1
E ffect of marble dust on the specifi c gr avity of sand Fig. 6shows the effect of varying marble dust content on the specific gravity of sand. It is observed that the specific gravity increases continuously after replacement of sand with different amount of marble dust up to 20%. The increase in
182
specific gravity with addition of marble dust is attributed to the higher specific gravity value of marble dust (i.e. 2.74) than that of sand (i.e. 2.63). 2.75
2.70
) s G ( y2.65 t u v a r G c i f i c e2.60 p S
kaolinite soils (Sridharan and Rao, 1975). For sandy soil, the liquid limit is mainly controlled by shearing resistance between theparticles. Hence, in the present case, the reduction in liquid limit of soil with addition of marble dust may be due to i) the aggregation of soil particles at micro-level due to reaction between aluminium and silica present in soil (Table 1)and calcium present in marble dust, ii) lower liquid limit value of marble dust compared to soil and iii) increase in specific gravity of sand with addition of marble dust. 3.3
E ffect of marble dust on the compaction characteristics (maximum dry density and optimum water content of sand) Influence of marble dust on the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Water Content (OWC) of sand is shown in Fig.8 &9. 2.00 1.90
2.55
) 3
1.80
m c / m g ( y t i s n e D y r D x x a M
Sand (S)-Marble Dust (MD) Mixes
Fig. 6Variation of specific gravity of sand (S) with addition of marble dust (MD) 3.2 E ff ect of marble dust on the liquid limit of sand The effect of replacement of sand percentage with varying marble dust on the liquid limit is shown in Fig. 7.
1.70 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.30 1.20 1.10 1.00
50
45 Sand (S)-Marble Dust(MD) Mixes
Fig. 8Variation of maximum dry density of sand (S) with addition of marble dust (MD)
40
) % ( t i 35 m i L d i 30 u q i L
17.0 15.0
) % ( t n e13.0 t n o C r e11.0 t a W m u 9.0 m i t p O
25
20
15
7.0
Sand (S)-Marble Dust Mixes
Fig. 7Variation of liquid limit of sand (S) with addition of marble dust (MD)
5.0
It is observed that there is a drastic reduction in the liquid limit of sand with increase in the percentage of marble dust. It is reported that liquid limit of soil is ascribed to the void water present both within floccules and between the clay particles comprising the floccules (Terzaghi and Peck, 1967). However, this is insignificant for sandy and
Sand (S)-Marble Dust (MD) Mixes
Fig. 9Variation of optimum water content of sand (S) with addition of marble dust (MD)
183
Potential of marble dust to improve the physical behavior of soil
It is observed that the marble quarry dust shows the higher value of MDD and lower OWC compared to sand. This is primarily due to coarser nature of solid particles and higher specific gravity of marble dust than sand. The initial drop in dry density is observed with addition of MDup to 10% to sand (Fig. 8). The void ratio of within the sand matrix increases initially with lower marble content whereas significant reduction is observed with higher MD content. Hence reduction in dry density may be due to the disturbance in initial soil matrix and increase in pore volume (Fig. 10) with formation of weak agglomerated soil matrix. Further increase in dry density with MD content is attributed to the improvement in gradation of soil and formation of cementitious such as calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and calcium aluminum silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) gel by reactions between calcium and aluminum and silica present in soil.
1. The detailed characterization of materials is essential to elucidate the mechanism of behavior change in the soil-marble dust mixtures. 2. The specific gravity of sand increases with the amount of percentage of marble dust to sand whereas the reduction in liquid limit of sand is observed with addition of marble dust. This may be mainly due to the increase in shear resistance of sand with addition of marble dust. 3. The dry density of sand reduces initially up tolower marble dust content of 10%. However, increase in dry density is observed with further addition of MD. Similar behavior is observed for OWC of sand-marble dust mixes. The improvement in gradation and formation of cementitious compounds with reaction among silica/aluminum-calcium-water are the key factor to control the compaction characteristics of sand-marble dust mixtures.
Similar trend with increase in optimum water content beyond 10% marble dust is observed for different sandmarble dust mixtures as shown in Fig. 8. The OWC of sand reduces with addition of 10% marble dust but increases thereafter with an increase in amount of marbled dust up to 20%. The reduction in OWC at 10% MD may be attributed to the improvement in the gradation of soil. However, increase in OWC beyond 10% addition of marble dust is due to the requirement of additional water to complete the reactions between calcium (in MD) and minerals (Al & Si).
4. Void ratio of within the sand matrix increases initially with lower marble content whereas significant reduction is observed with higher MD content. The present study provides a base to perform further research on engineering behavior the soil-marble dust mixtures and examine its effectiveness in the highway construction. Acknowledgement
0.85
This study is supported financially by the Research and Development (R & D) divisionof Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ) under SEED grant. The authors would like to acknowledge this support. Authors thank to reviewer for their critical review which support to improve the content and qualityof the paper.
0.80 0.75 0.70
) e ( o i t a 0.65 R d i o 0.60 V
References
Bell, F. G. (1996) Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils, Engineering geology, 42(4), 223-237. Bureau of Indian Standards (1980) (second revision) IS 2720, (Part 3/Set 1), Methods of test for soils: Determination of specific gravity, New Delhi, India.
0.55 0.50
Bureau of Indian Standards (1985) (second revision) IS 2720, (Part 5) Methods of test for soils: Determination of liquid limit and plastic limit, New Delhi, India.
0.45 0.40
Bureau of Indian standards (1985) IS 2720 (Part 4) Methods of test for soils: grain size analysis, New Delhi, India. Bureau of Indian Standards (1987) (second revision) IS 2720 (Part 26) Methods of test for soils: Determination of pH value, New Delhi, India.
Sand(S)-Marble Dust (MD) Mixes
Fig. 10Variation of void ratio of sand (S) with addition of marble dust (MD) 4.
Celik, M. Y. and Sabah, E. (2008) Geological and technical characterization of Iscehisar (Afyon-Turkey) marble deposits and the impact of marble waste on environmental pollution, J. Environ. Manage. 87, 106-116.
Conclusions
The effect of varying amount of marble dust on the physical behavior of sand is studied in detail. The major conclusion that can be drawn from the present study, are as follows:
Flrat, S., Yılmaz, G., Cömert, A. T., and Sümer, M.
(2012)Utilization of marble dust, fly ash and waste sand (SiltQuartz) in road subbase filling materials, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 1-9.
184
JCPDS (Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards) (1999) Index to the powder diffraction file, International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newtown Square, PA. Jha, A. K. and Sivapullaiah, P. V. (2015) Mechanism of improvement in the strength and volume change behavior of lime stabilized soil, Engineering Geology, 198, 53-64. Jha, A. K. and Sivapullaiah, P. V. (2017) Physical and strength behavior of lime treated gypseous soil with fly ash - microanalyses, Applied Clay Science, 145, 17 – 27. Misra et al. (2009) A new technology of marble waste utilization in roads, Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 69, 67-72. Okagbue, C. O., and T. U. S. Onyeobi (1999) Potential of marble dust to stabilise red tropical soils for road construction, Engineering Geology 53 (3), 371-380. Pappu, Asokan, Saxena, Mohini, and Asolekar, Shyam R. (2006) Solid wastes generation in India and their recycling potential in building materials, Building and Environment 42, 2311 – 2320 Segadães, A.M., Carvalho, M.A. andAcchar, W. (2005) Using marble and granite rejects to enhance the processing of clay products, Appl. Clay Sci. 30, 42-52. Singh, M., Choudhary, K., Srivastava, A., Sangwan, K. S., and Bhunia, D. (2017) A study on environmental and economic impacts of using waste marble powder in concrete, Journal of Building Engineering, 13, 87-95. Soosan, T. G., Sridharan, A., Jose, B. T. and Abraham, B. M. (2005) Utilization of quarry dust to improve the geotechnical properties of soils in highway construction, Geotechnical Testing Journal, 28(4), 391-400. Sridharan, A., Rao, G. V. (1975) Mechanism of controlling liquid limit of clays, Proceedings of Istanbul Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1, 75 – 84. Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B.(1967) Soil mechanics in engineering practice, 2nd edn., Wiley, New York. 729. Tozsin, G., Arol, A. I., Oztas, T.and Kalkan, E. (2014) Using marble wastes as a soil amendment for acidic soil neutralization, Journal of environmental management, 133, 374-377.
185
