7.1 Safety Precautions Aircraft and Workshop Health and Safety - Fire Arrangements - Accident Reporting - Health, Safety and First Aid in the Workplace - Workshop Safety - Hangar Safety - Ramp Safety - Electrical Safety - First Aid - Fire and Fire Extinguishers High-Pressure gases - Aviation Oils and Fuels - Other Chemical and
Health and Safety These health and safety guidelines have been written to make sure that you work in accordance with Corporate and Engineering health and safety standards. ● ● ● ●
Employers Duties Employee's Duties Smoking Emergency Contact Numbers
Health and Safety These health and safety guidelines have been written to make sure that you work in accordance with Corporate and Engineering health and safety standards. ● ● ● ●
Employers Duties Employee's Duties Smoking Emergency Contact Numbers
Fire Arrangements Most buildings have a two stage system: ● ●
An intermittent alarm means alarm means that you should prepare to evacuate. A continuous alarm means alarm means that you should leave the building immediately in an orderly manner by the nearest available exit.
Always
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Leave all belongings behind
Fire Arrangements ●
Escape Routes ○ All fire exits and the paths to them are marked with green signs, some illuminated as necessary. ○ In an emergency use the most direct route and do not use lifts.
Fire Arrangements ● ●
Assembly Points ○ The local assembly point is detailed on the fire evacuation notice. Fire Wardens ○ These are appointed in all areas and are recognised by a yellow tabard and hat. Always abide by their instructions.
Fire Arrangements ●
Action to take on discovering a fire ○ Call for assistance. ○ Raise the alarm by breaking the nearest manual break glass call point. ○ Call the emergency telephone number. Giving the correct location. ○ If safe to do so, attack the fire using the correct fire extinguisher. Do not put yourself at risk. Keep your escape route clear. ○ Close all doors when leaving the area. ○ Leave by the nearest available fire exit.
Fire Arrangements ●
Fire Extinguishers ○ Always make sure that you have had a local health and safety induction in all separate areas that you work in. ○ Never put yourself in danger when tackling a fire.
Accident Reporting ●
Requirements - there is a legal requirement for every accident at work to be reported. If you have an accident, however minor, you must inform your immediate Supervisor/First Aider.
Health, Safety and First Aid in the Workplace ●
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Personal safety starts with being appropriately dressed for the work being undertaken, combined with the correct use of eye and ear protection whenever necessary. Technicians should only operate equipment with which they are familiar and which they can operate safely. Hand tools should be kept in good working order. Pedestrian and fire lanes should be clearly marked and NEVER obstructed. Any spillage of oils, greases and fuels should be immediately covered with
Health, Safety and First Aid in the Workplace For you own safety and that of your colleagues, make certain that you are thoroughly familiar with your surroundings and know the whereabouts of each of the items listed below ● ● ● ●
Telephones First Aid Boxes Power Isolators Fire Alarms Fire Extinguishers (all types)
Health, Safety and First Aid in the Workplace ●
Personal hygiene is always important. In the work area it is essential, not only to your health, but to the safe production of good work.
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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ○ Hard Hats and Bump Caps ○ Safety Glasses and Goggles ○ Full Face Masks ○ Ear Plugs ○ Ear Defenders
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Overalls (including special Fuel Tank Entry ones) Safety Harness High Visibility Tabard Safety Shoes and boots Foul weather clothing (hats,
Workshop Tidiness The floor should be kept clean, free from patches of oil and grease and not littered with equipment over which people may trip and fall. Equipment should be tidily stacked, leaving adequate work space and gangways for escape in case of emergency. General refuse and Special Waste must be placed in the waste bins provided.
Workshop Tidiness Hand Tools
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Files Never use them tools without a sound, tight fitting handle. Hammers Loose-fitting hammer heads are liable to fly off and cause serious injury Screwdrivers Always select the screwdriver that is the right size and shape for the screw head and check that the tip of the blade is in good condition. For electrical work use a screwdriver with an insulated handle
Workshop Tidiness Hand Tools
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Punches Punches with ‘mushroomed’ heads are a danger to users and passersby. Keep the head ground or filed to its original shape; Pliers Pliers are liable to pinch the skin if grasped too near to the close-fitting hinge; grip the plier handles near the end. Spanners Remember that for every size nut or bolt there is a spanner of the correct size - USE it. Whenever possible PULL a spanner rather than push it.
Machine Tools ●
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Before using a powered machine be sure that the appropriate guards or fences are securely in place and that no part of your body or clothing can come into contact with the moving parts. Always protect your eyes when using drilling, milling and grinding machines; The guards and safety covers found on many tools have been put there to protect the operator. Always make sure the cutting tool is sharp and serviceable before you use it. To Ppevent eye injuries, always wear eye protection when using power tools
Welding Welding should be performed only in areas that are designated for the purpose. Welding areas should be equipped with proper tables. ventilation, tool storage. and fire extinguishing equipment. If welding is to be accomplished in a hangar, no other aircraft should be within 35 feet of the hanger
Portable Tools Inspect the connecting cable for damage also ensure that the tool has been electrically checked and has a current approved sticker attached. Portable electrically-operated tools should be regularly and frequently tested, particular attention being paid to the flexible cable and its connections and to the continuity of the earth conductor.
Compressed Air It must be realized that apart from the obvious exposed danger spots, such as the eyes and ears, the air blast from the nozzle can easily penetrate clothing and cause serious injury if the air enters ANY part of the body. pressures as low as 10 to 15 LB per square inch have been known to produce severe internal injury
Hazardous Substances Hazardous Substances are: ●
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Substances classified as VERY TOXIC, TOXIC, HARMFUL, CORROSIVE, IRRITANT, SENSITISING, under Chemical (Hazard Information & Packaging for supply) regulations 2002 (CHIP). Substances assigned an occupational exposure limit (OEL) Biological agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi) Any dust when present in substantial concentrations
Manhandling - Trolleys - Storage racks and Benches Most back injuries are caused by incorrect lifting, that is, failing to keep the back straight and using the leg muscles to take most of the strain. Video - Back Safety and Proper Lifting When using trolleys make sure that the load is securely and tidily stacked and cannot fall off. See that the way ahead is clear.
Material Safety Data Sheet Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) provide information on hazardous materials that are present in the workplace. Material Safety Data Sheet consists of nine basic sections: 1. 2.
Product identification including trade name, and the address and emergency phone number of the manufacturer/supplier. Principal ingredients including percentages of mixture by weight.
Material Safety Data Sheet 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Fire and explosion hazard potential. Reactivity data including stability and incompatibility with other substances. First aid and health hazard data. Ventilation and personal protection gloves, goggles, respirator. Etc. Storage and handling precautions. Spill, leak, and disposal procedures.
Hangar Safety There are two main hazards involved with working at heights: Falls,Falling objects Falls from height are the most common cause of fatal injury. Precautions to be taken when working at height: 1. 2.
Ensure the Ensure the equip equipment ment you are using is servi serviceab ceable le and and fit fit for for the the job; job; Make yours yourself elf aware aware of any any risks risks involv involved ed in the job job you you are doin doing g and what measures are in place to protect you;
Ramp Safety ● ● ● ●
Ramp maintenance areas are particularly hazardous due to the high levels of noise and distraction present. Road traffic is a particular problem. While the normal rules of the road apply, they are seldom policed and irresponsible drivers abound. Falls from open aircraft doors are another problem for both engineers and crew. If you remove steps or walkways, make sure the door is closed or guarded. Never open or close an aircraft passenger door or cargo door without first receiving training on how to do this safety.
Ramp Safety ● ● ● ●
Working in Engine operations is dangerous. Ear defenders must be worn to protect your hearing. Jet engines suck and blow with great force and either end can kill. You must be aware of the danger areas for the aircraft you work on. During engine runs one observer must be in contact with the flight deck crew at all times via the intercom system. Most blades have high-visibility markings, to ensure that they can be seen when they are turning
Ramp Safety Fire Precautions when carrying out maintenance tasks such as engine ground runs, or system function checks, ensure correct fire extinguishing appliances are available, usually a twin cylinder co 2 trolley and a power extinguisher. Blanks and Blanking If removing a component for maintenance purposes that is not going to be replaced immediately, ensure that the component and the aircraft connections, pipe lines, electrical connections, are all blanked. Failure to do this will allow the ingress of foreign materials, which if go undetected, could cause future
Ramp Safety Ground Locks All locks and pins are equipped with a red pennant, with the words “REMOVE BEFORE FLIGHT” printed on it. It is of course essential for flight safety, that all locks are removed before flight. Circuit Breaker If a circuit breaker is pulled to deactivate a system, a safety tag must be attached to it to indicate this to other maintenance personnel. On no account should a circuit breaker be reactivated until the person who isolated it has been consulted.
Ramp Safety Weather Radar The heating and radiation effects of weather radar can be hazardous to life. Personnel should remain a safe distance from the radar if it is in operation.
There should be no fuelling operations in progress during the testing of weather radar.
Electrical Safety Effects of Current Passing Through the Body Up to 0.5 mA
This is the threshold of perception and has no ill effect, aside from a possible unwelcome "tingle" and is independent of the time factor.
0.5 mA - 10 mA
Unpleasant but usually no harmful physiological effect and is the threshold of
Electrical Safety Effects of Current Passing Through the Body 10 mA - 500 mA
In this range the threshold of ventricular fibrillation (a disturbance of the rhythm of the heart upsetting the blood flow and causing rapid deterioration) is more and more likely as the duration of current flow increases. Thus at 500 mA and with electricity flowing for as little as 100 milliseconds (ms) there is a risk of reversible disturbance of the heart function and cardiac arrest.
500 mA and Upwards
The risk of ventricular fibrillation, cardiac and breathing arrest, heavy burns and death, increases with increasing magnitude
Electric Shock
Electricity Safety Precautions Mains Plugs These must be correctly connected, the outer sheath of the cable secured by the cord grip and the correct fuse fitted. Cables to Equipment Should have a rubber grommet where they enter the metal case, to prevent the insulation wearing. Fuses, Circuit Breakers and Single Pole Switches These must be in the live (brown) lead of mains operated equipment.
First Aid First aid is the immediate help given to a person who is injured or has suddenly become ill. Your task in giving first aid is to be able to: 1. 2. 3.
Treat a minor injury. Keep a seriously injured person alive and prevent a worsening of his condition. Obtain expert medical help as soon as possible
First Aid Minor wounds With most small cuts and abrasions the bleeding stops fairly quickly.
All cuts and abrasions are thoroughly cleansed by washing under a running tap. Cover the wound with a sterile dressing, taking care not to touch either the wound or the sterile surface of the dressing.
First Aid Major wounds These injuries need expert medical attention.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Seat the injured person or lay them down. Raise the part that is bleeding, if possible, above the level of the rest of the body and support it. Place a sterile dressing, or clean pad, over the wound and bind it firmly in place. Do not try to remove anything embedded in the wound. If bleeding continues and blood comes through the dressing, add further
First Aid Burns Burns are always extremely painful and are usually accompanied by shock.
For a Dry Burn: 1. 2. 3.
Reduce pain and the spread of heat by immersing the burnt part in clean cold water. Lightly cover the burn with a clean dry dressing. Treat for shock if necessary.
First Aid For a Chemical Burn: 1. 2. 3.
Flush the burn thoroughly using plenty of water, warm if possible. Burnt eyes should be held open and flushed out for at least 15 minutes. Carefully remove contaminated clothing while flushing continues. Send for medical help.
First Aid Electric Shock When a person is shocked: 1. 2. 3. 4.
They are very pale. Their skin is cold yet moist with sweat. Their pulse is weak but fast. Their breathing is rapid but shallow.
First Aid Electric Shock In the meantime DO NOT GIVE ANYTHING TO EAT OR DRINK 1. 2. 3. 4.
Stop any bleeding. Move the patient as little as possible. Lay them down, turn their head to one side and providing his legs are not fractured, raise them above the level of the head. Loosen any tight clothing. Protect them with blankets, coats or rugs.
First Aid - Electric Shock 1. 2.
3. 4.
DO NOT TOUCH THE PERSON WHILE HE IS STILL IN CONTACT WITH THE ELECTRICITY OR YOU WILL RISK ELECTROCUTION YOURSELF Switch off the power. If this is not possible: Standing on a DRY surface push or pull the person clear of the electrical contact using something dry that will not conduct electricity, for example a broom handle. Once the person is clear summon help, shout for assistance and send someone to call an ambulance. As soon as possible, commence Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) (see next page). Whilst continuing with CPR it may be possible for an assistant to deal with other injuries or cover the person and make him comfortable.
First Aid - Unconsciousness In a workshop a person rendered unconscious may have suffered a blow on the head, an electric shock or have been overcome by smoke or the toxic fumes of industrial cleaning fluids. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Stop any serious bleeding. If necessary give artificial respiration. Roll the person over into the semi-prone position supporting any obvious fractures they may have sustained. Put a pillow beneath their head. Clear the mouth of obstructions including false teeth, if any. Loosen clothing at neck, chest and waist. Prot t the ith blanket ts
First Aid - Unconsciousness/ Broken bones DO NOT GIVE ANY FOOD OR DRINK DO NOT SLAP OR THROW WATER OVER THEM DO NOT MOVE THEM UNLESS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY AND THEN ONLY INTO THE SEMI-PRONE POSITION. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO STRAIGHTEN THE INJURED PART. DO NOT MOVE THE PATIENT WITHOUT SUPPORT FOR THE INJURED PART.
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) In this method the First Aider or suitably trained person becomes the beating heart and the lungs of the casualty. By carrying out chest compressions the first aider becomes the casualty’s pumping heart and by giving rescue breaths he/she becomes the casualty’s lungs. The whole procedure can simply be remembered as D.R.S.A.B.C. D for DANGER
A for AIRWAY
R for RESPONSE
B for BREATHING
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
DANGER
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Be aware of the surroundings. Assess for dangers not only to the casualty but also to yourself. For example if the casualty is being electrocuted, isolate the electrical supply or try to move it by the use of a non-conductive pole (wooden broom handle etc).
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
RESPONSE
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Check whether the casualty is conscious. If you know it, call their name, give them a simple command such as “open your eyes for me” A mild stimulus could also be applied at this stage, a pinching of an earlobe or squeezing of a fingernail is a method commonly used.
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
SHOUT FOR HELP
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Get assistance not only to help you with the resuscitation but also to call an ambulance.
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
AIRWAY
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The airway is the mouth, nose and trachea (windpipe). In an unconscious casualty the muscles relax allowing the tongue to fall backwards and block the airway. Food or other foreign objects such as false teeth can also block the airway. Firstly look into the mouth and remove any obvious obstruction. To open the airway lift the chin with two fingers and at the same time place the palm of the other hand on the casualty’s forehead and gently tilt the head back.
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
BREATHING
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To check if the casualty is breathing you must check for 10 seconds, look to see if the chest is rising, listen near to their face for breathing sounds, and feel for a breath on your cheek. In the first few minutes of a cardiac arrest, a casualty may be barely breathing, or taking irregular, noisy gasps. Do not confuse this with normal breathing. If you have any doubts whether the breathing is normal, act as if it is not normal. If you are alone summon emergency assistance first then start Resuscitation
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) CIRCULATION
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If the casualty is not breathing normally, the first aider/suitably trained person must create a circulation for the casualty. Kneel by the side of the casualty, Place the heel of one hand in the centre of the casualty’s chest. Place the heel of the other hand on top of the first and interlock the fingers. Keeping your arms and back straight apply enough pressure to depress the casualty’s chest approximately 4-5cm. Do not remove your hands between compressions. Compress the chest 30 times at a rate of 100 compressions per minute.
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) CIRCULATION
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Ensure the airway is open, pinch the casualty’s nose and with your mouth, make a good seal around their mouth. Breath into the casualty’s mouth, for approximately 1 second. Release the seal and let the casualty’s chest deflate, look to see if the chest rises and falls as you give rescue breaths. Repeat this operation twice and then return to give 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths. You should continue with resuscitation until; Professional help arrives
Fire and Fire Extinguishers Aircraft Maintenance Fire Hazards ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Flammable Liquids Oxygen Naked lights Electrical equipment Cleaning materials Metal Fires Arson
High-Pressure Gases The use of compressed gases requires a special set of safety measures. The following rules apply for the use of compressed gases: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Cylinders of compressed gas must be handled in the same way as any high-energy (and therefore potentially explosive) sources Eye protection must always be worn when handling compressed gases Never use a cylinder that cannot be positively identified When storing or moving a cylinder, have the cap securely in place to protect the valve stem When large cylinders are moved, ensure that they are securely attached to the correct trolley or vehicle
High-Pressure Gases The use of compressed gases requires a special set of safety measures. The following rules apply for the use of compressed gases: 7. 8. 9.
10.
Never direct high-pressure gases at a person Do not use compressed gas or compressed air to blow away dust and dirt, as the resulting flying particles are dangerous Release compressed gas slowly. The rapid release of a compressed gas will cause an unsecured gas hose to whip about and even build up a static charge, which could ignite a combustible gas Keep gas cylinders clean. Oil or grease on an oxygen cylinder can cause spontaneous combustion and explosions
High-Pressure Gases Far too many accidents occur when inflating or deflating tires. Therefore, wheel assemblies being worked on should be placed in a safety cage to minimize injury if the wheel or tire fails during inflation. Make sure that all gas cylinders are properly supported. A common method of securing high pressure cylinders in storage is by chaining them to a building. A cap should be securely installed on any tank that is not connected into a system. This protects the valve from damage. It is extremely important that oxygen cylinders be treated with special care, because, in
Aviation Oils and Fuels Most lubricating oils are flammable, if enough heat is generated Synthetic lubricating oils, methanol and some hydraulic oils may be harmful or even toxic if their vapours are inhaled. Also, if they come into contact with the skin or eyes, they can cause injury or blindness. Oils and fuels also have an adverse effect on paintwork, adhesives and sealants and, thus, may inhibit corrosion-prevention schemes. With gasoline and kerosene there is a much greater chance of fire, so more thorough precautions are required. These start with the basic rules, such as not wearing
