(3) IPasolink OM Training (Ethernet Functions) (2)

What is new in iPASO iPASO Series Product ?

Latest NEC Radio Product iPASO 1000

Hybrid ( Native Ethernet & TDM) Packet Radio (PWE Inside) VLAN QoS

QoS/Diffserve Policer/Shaper

All IP Clock Synch. OAM

PWE(E1) Sync Ether IEEE1588V2 Ethernet OAM Hot Standby(1+1) RF Link Aggregation

Link Protection

E1 SNCP RSTP Ethernet Ring(G.8032)

iPASO 400

iPASO 200

NEO HP

Hub, Bridge & Switches

Ethernet Frame and MAC Address The Ethernet is the most popular LAN technology, technology, and represents the protocol pr otocol itself as well. Developed by DEC, Intel and Xerox corporations, the Ethernet is standardized by the IEEE 802.3. The most important technologies on the Ethernet are:  Layer 2 based protocol and standards  IEEE 802.3 standard  48 bits MAC is used to identified the nodes  Commonly known as the CSMA/CD protocol.  Currently 4 data rates are defined for operation over optical fiber and twisted-pair cables:

10Base-T Ethernet (10 Mbps) Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps) 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10,000 Mbps)

Terminal “A” MAC=111

DA: Destination Address SA: Origination Address

Ethernet Equipments (HUB / Switch / Bridge)

Ethernet Frame SA DA Data MAC=111 MAC=222

DA SA MAC=111 MAC=222

Data

Terminal “B” MAC=222

Collision Domain

HUB HUB

Host A

Host B

Host C

Host n

Collision Domain

Collision Domain A HUB

Bridge / Switch / Router

Collision Domain B

What is L2 Switch? 

L2 Switch performs the frame forwarding based on Ethernet MAC address of the L2 frame.



Each port of the L2 switch act like a bridge.



Each port of a L2 switch is a collision domain. L2 Switch Hub 1 2 34 5 6 7 8

Hub 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Hub

Hub

12 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 34 5 6 7 8

1 2 34 5 6 7 8

Ethernet Frame and MAC Address

Ethernet Frame Format Preamble (7B)

SFD (1B)

DA (6B)

SA (6B)

Usual untagged Ethernet Frame: Normal PC Max. MTU 1518 Byte

Length (2B)

Data (46 to 1500B)

FCS SFD: Start of Frame Delimiter DA: Destination address SA: Source Address FCS: Frame Check Sequence

MAC Address Format 1bit

1bit

3~24bit

25~48bit

Uni-cast (0) / Multi-cast (1) address Universal (0) / Local (1) address Vender ID Serial Number Broadcast Address: “all 1”, these frames sent out through all ports Multicast Address: these frames goes to some or all ports Unicast Address: these frames goes to only one port

Basic Ethernet Switching Procedure Frame transmission on Ethernet switch is realized by MAC address learning MAC Address Table Forwarding Data Table (FDB) FDB of iPASOLINK is 32K

Port

MAC address

Default FDB Aging Time 300 sec

1

00-00-00-00-00-01

2

3

1

A

00-00-00-00-00-01

4

D

00-00-00-00-00-04

4

00-00-00-00-00-04

What is VLAN?

Advantages of VLAN (Virtual LAN) Enables to make virtual group in LAN – But communication between different VLAN group can be processed by router Enables to divide broadcast domain Broadcast frame is transmitted to all port except port where broadcast frame was – received when VLAN is not used – Broadcast frame is not transmitted to differ ent VLAN group

VLAN setting

Broadcast frame is transmitted to all port except received port

Broadcast frame is not transmitted to different VLAN group

VLAN Architecture Features of VLAN 

Traffic Control In a network where no VLAN is introduced, large amount of broadcast data are delivered to all network devices regardless of their necessity, which easily causes network congestion. Introducing VLANs allows to create small broadcast domains, which can limit communications among devices concerned, thus resulting in higher efficiency of the network bandwidth usage.



Improvement of Security Performance A device that belongs to a certain VLAN can communicate only with devices belonging to the same VLAN. For example, communication between the VLAN of a marketing division and that of a commercial division must go through a router. Since direct communication is not possible between these two divisions, the security performance of the system can be enhanced a great deal.



Easily Replacing and Moving Network Devices Conventional networks require a lot of network administrator’s manpower for replacing and moving network devices. When a user moves to another subnet, it is necessary to reset all addresses of the user’s terminal devices. Introducing VLANs can exempt administrators from this kind of troublesome work for resetting. For example, when moving a terminal in the VLAN of a marketing division to another network port and maintaining the subnet setting, it is sufficient only to change the setting of t he port so as to belong to the VLAN of the marketing division.

VLAN Architecture - 1 The VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a technology to construct a virtual network independent of physical network structure. The conventional LANs centering around hubs and routers take a lot of time and cost because of their physical restrictions encountered during the initial designing or expansion stages. Introducing VLAN m akes it possible to construct or modify the network more easily and flexibly. VLAN2 (Department B)

HUB

VLAN3 (Department C)

VLAN Switch

2nd Floor (Department B)

HUB

2nd Floor

VLAN Switch

VLAN-1(Department A)

1st Floor (Department A)

1st Floor

Just change setting, not physical connections

Need to change physical connections Router

Conventional LAN

Router/L3 Switch

VLAN

Port Based VLAN and Tag Based VLAN Port Based VLAN 1

2 3

4 5

6

7

8 9 10 11 12

VLAN Switch iPASO200 named it as Access VLAN type

VLAN 1

iPASO200 named it as Trunk VLAN type

Tag Based VLAN

(VLAN ID 10)

VLAN SW

(VLAN ID 20)

VLAN 3

VLAN 2

VLAN SW

1 2

1 2

3 4 5 6

3 4 5 6

Tag 10

Tag 20

(VLAN ID 10)

(VLAN ID 20)

Why Jumbo Frame Support is necessary ? Efficient Through-put for application which supports jumbo MTU size (e.g. IP-SAN) Support Ethernet Expansion Frames like VLAN tag, QinQ, MPLS Label etc.. iPASO200 supports frame size of FE ports to 2000 Byte and GbE port to 9600 Byte

Ethernet Header 18Bytes Usual Ethernet Frame

802.1q Ethernet Frame

Q in Q Ethernet Frame

Max 1518 Bytes 1500

Max MTU Size = 1500bytes (Ethernet Standard) Max Frame Size = 1518bytes

18

Max 1522 Bytes 1500

4

Max MTU Size = MTU1500bytes + 4 bytes VLAN Tag Max Frame Size = 1522 Bytes

18

Max 1526 Bytes 1500

4

4

18

Max MTU Size = MTU1500bytes + (2 x 4 bytes VLAN Tag) Max Frame Size = 1526 Bytes

Extended VLAN ( Q in Q) Extended VLAN is standardized by IEEE802.1ad VLAN tag (4byte) is stacked to Ethernet frame iPASO200 named the extended VLAN as Tunnel VLAN Company A VLAN100 Data

VLAN100

100

Data

Data

Company B

Data

100 200 Common Network

Data

100 VLAN100

Company A

100

100 300

Data VLAN100

Company B

100

Ethernet Packet Format Tag VLAN is standardized by IEEE802.1q VLAN tag (4byte) is inserted to Ethernet frame

IFG

Preamble

12 Byte

8 Byte

Destination MAC address

Source MAC address

(DA)

6byte

VLAN tag

Length / type

4byte

2byte

(SA)

Data

FCS

46 - 1500byte

4byte

6byte

Example: traffic assignment 7 (High)

Traffic management

6

Voice

5

Video

4

Control signal

3

Excellent effort

2

Best effort

1

Reserved

0 (Low)

Background

802.1q tag type

TCI field

2byte

2byte

Range: 1 - 4094 (0, 4095 reserved)

Priority

CFI

VLAN-ID

3bit

1bit

12bit

CoS value IFG: Inter Frame Gap CFI: Canonical Format Indicator FCS: Frame Check Sequence TCI: Tag Control Information TOS: Type Of Service

QoS Bit Assignment in Ethernet Frame CFI: Canonical Format Indicator FCS: Frame Check Sequence TCI: Tag Control Information TOS: Type Of Service COS: Class Of Service

802.1q Q-in-Q To MAC Address

Fm MAC Address

TPID

TCI

2Bytes VLAN Tag To MAC Address

VLAN Tag-2(outer)

Fm MAC Address

TCI

Priority bit

8100

IP Header

IP data

FCS

2Bytes Priority bit

8100

TPID

Type

DSCP: Differentiated Services Code Point TPID: Tag Protocol Identifier

TPID

CFI

CFI

VLAN ID

TCI

Type

VLAN ID

8100

Type

IP Header

IP Header

Priority bit

CFI

IP data

VLAN ID

FCS

VLAN Tag-1 (inner)

802.1ad Q-in-Q To MAC Address

Fm MAC Address

TPID

TCI

2Bytes VLAN Tag To MAC Address

VLAN Tag-2(outer)

Fm MAC Address

88a8

TPID

Priority bit

FCS

2Bytes Priority bit

8100

IP data

TCI

TPID

CFI

VLAN ID

CFI

VLAN ID

TCI

Type

8100

Priority bit

IP Header

CFI

IP data

VLAN ID

FCS

VLAN Tag-1 (inner)

Overall view of iPASOLINK L2 Switch Main Board 1.Access

FE1/GbE FE1/GbE

2.Trunk

3.Tunnel

Modem1

L2 SW

FE1/GbE

MC-A4

In-band

Modem2

1. Access Trunk VLAN

2. Trunk

FE1/GbE /GbE

Mod(slot1)

L2 SW

GbE

FE1/GbE

3.Tunnel

Trunk VLAN

Mod (slot N) NMS NE

NMS NE

GbE

iPASOLINK 200 , 802.1q

Main Board

2.Trunk

Modem1

L2 SW

GbE

iPASOLINK 400/1000 , 802.1q

In-band

FE1/GbE FE1/GbE

3.Tunnel

Mod (slot2) Mod (slot3)

GbE

1.Access

In-band

FE1/GbE

iPASOLINK 400/1000 , 802.1ad

Trunk VLAN

MC-A4

In-band

FE1/GbE

GbE

1. C-Access NMS

iPASOLINK 100E , 802.1q

2. S-Trunk

FE1/GbE /GbE

Mod(slot1)

L2 SW

GbE

Mod (slot2) Mod (slot3)

3.C-Bridge Mod (slot N) NMS NE

iPASOLINK 200 , 802.1ad not available

S-Trunk VLAN

VLAN Modes VLAN MODE

Port Type

Direction Ingress

Add C-VID to untagged frames (drop tagged frames)

Egress

Remove C-Tag (outer Tag) from the frame matching the Access port VID

Trunk

Ingress

Transparent for the assigned VLAN IDs (Drop untagged frames)

(Without Untagged Frame assignment)

Egress

Transparent for the assigned VLAN IDs

Ingress

Transparent for the assigned VLAN IDs (Drop untagged frames). Add CVID to untagged frames

Access

IEEE 802.1q

Trunk (With Untagged Frame assignment)

Tunnel

C-Access IEEE 802.1ad

Action

S-Trunk C-Bridge

Ingress Egress

Egress

Transparent for the assigned VLAN IDs Remove C-Tag (outer tag) matching the Access port VID

Ingress

Add C-VID to C-Tag or untagged frames as outer tag

Egress

Remove the C-tag (outer tag) matching the C-VID assigned to the tunnel port

Ingress

Add the S-VID to Untagged and C-tagged frames (as outer tag)

Egress

Remove the S-tag (outer tag) matching the S-VID assigned to C-Access port

Ingress

Transparent for the assigned S-VLAN IDs. (drop untag, c-tag frames)

Egress

Transparent for the assigned S-VLAN IDs

Ingress

Adds S-VID to defined C-Tagged frames

Egress

Remove the S-VID from defined C-Tagged frames

Egress Ether Port

Modem Port

Ingress

Modem ports always Trunk (802.1q) or S-Trunk (802.1ad)

VLAN Setting (1) – Types of VLAN setting at ports Types of VLAN port supported in iPASO200 are named Access, Trunk and Tunnel How to create Access type (port base) VLAN? 1. FE Port set to access port type VLAN

2. Modem port set to trunk type VLAN Default VLAN is 1 , here we set to 10 as example

Send with VLAN 10

Data

Data

10

iPASO200 Data

100

FE Port 1: Access VLAN 10

Modem 1: Trunk VLAN 10

Drop Recommendation: To be used for base station w ith un-tag traffic

VLAN Setting (2) – Types of VLAN setting at ports How to create tag base type (802.1q) VLAN and also supported with un-tag traffic? 1. FE port set to trunk port type VLAN (802.1q) and un-tag frame to be access 2. Modem port set to trunk port VLAN

Data Data

Data

20

100

Data

2

Data

20

FE Port 2: iPASO200 Access LAN 2 Trunk VLAN 20

Send with VLAN 2

Set for Un-tag packet

Send with VLAN 20

Modem 1: Trunk VLAN 2, 20

Drop Recommendation: To be used for base station with VLAN tag interface

VLAN Setting (3) – Types of VLAN setting at ports How to create tunnel type ( Q in Q ) VLAN? FE port set to tunnel port type VLAN (almost 802.1ad or Radio Hop Q in Q) Modem port set to trunk port VLAN

All packets will be sent transparently with additional tag added on

Data Data

20

No packets will be drooped

Data

30

Data

20 30

iPASO200

FE Port3: Tunnel VLAN 30

Add on tag VLAN30 Add on tag VLAN 30

Modem 1: Trunk VLAN 30

Recommendation: To be used when required Q in Q features

VLAN Setting (4) – Setting methods at Modem ports Modem port parameter setting methods

Data

Data

2

Data

2

Data

30

Data

30

Data

20

Data

20

Data

10

Data

10

40

Drop

iPASO200

Modem 1: Trunk VLAN 2,10,20,30

VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of C-Access Port 802.1ad

Only Untagged frames and all C-tag frames are processed on Port 1, and these frames are assumed to belong to S-VLAN ID = 200 any incoming S-VLAN tag frames are dropped

FM- To A B

C-VLAN any

MSG

FM- To- S-VLAN A B 200

FM- To- MSG A B

C-VLAN Y

FM- To- S-VLAN MSG A B 200

P1 (FE) FM- To- S-VLAN A B any

C-VLAN any

MSG

Modem port Type: S -Trunk S -VL AN : 100, 200,300

MSG

VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of S-Trunk Port 802.1ad

A t port 1, Fr ames without a S -Tag will have S-VL AN ID 200 and for warded (both untag g ed and with any C-tag ) Frames with S-VLA N IDs 100,200,300 are only passed. Any othe S-VL AN ID wi ll be dr opped FM- To A B

C-VLAN any

MSG


C-VLAN any

MSG

FM- To- MSG A B

FM- To- S-VLAN MSG A B 200


C-VLAN any

MSG


C-VLAN any

MSG


C-VLAN any

MSG


C-VLAN any

MSG

P1 (FE) FM- To- S-VLAN A B other

C-VLAN any

MSG

Modem port Type: S -Trun k S -VL AN : 100, 200,300

VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of C-Bridge Port In the example s hown:

802.1ad

Only frames with C -VLA N IDs , defined will pass at port1 wi th cor res pondi ng S -VL A N ins erted: C-V LA N 10, 20 will be inserted with S-VL AN 100 and for warded C-V LA N 25, 30 will be inserted with S -VLA N 200 and for warded A ll the other C -VL A Ns are dropped A ny S -VLA Ns are dropped

FM- To A B

C-VLAN 25,30

MSG


C-VLAN 25,30

MSG

FM- To A B

C-VLAN 10,20

MSG


C-VLAN 10,20

MSG

FM- To A B

C-VLAN other

MSG

S -VL A N: 100, 200,300 Modem port Type: S -Trun k


C-VLAN 25,30

MSG

C-VLAN 10,20

MSG


C-VLAN 25,30

MSG


C-VLAN any

MSG


C-VLAN 10,20

MSG

FM- To- S-VLAN A B 300 FM- To- MSG A B

P1 (FE)

Quality of Service

Summary of locations for Policing and Shaping Default Setting Shaping: 4XSP Default Setting of Policing : Nil

Classify/Policing

Scheduling/Shaping

Classify/Policing

Classify/Policing

Scheduling/Shaping Classify/Policing

FE Port

Scheduling/Shaping

Modem Port

Ingress Egress

Scheduling/Shaping

Modem Port

FE Port

QoS Bit Assignment in Ethernet Frame

1) IP Packet

ToS(3bit) DSCP/Diffserve(6bit)

Version

IP ECN

Header Length

TOS

Explicit Congestion Notification

IP address etc.

8bits

To MAC Address

Fm MAC Address

Type

TCI

Type

IP Header

IP data

FCS

2Bytes Priority bit (CoS)

VLAN Tag

CFI

CFI: Canonical Format Indicator FCS: Frame Check Sequence TCI: Tag Control Information TOS: Type Of Service COS: Class Of Service DSCP: Differentiated Services Code Point

VLAN ID

3bits (802.1q CoS)

2) MPLS Packet MPLS Label

MPLS Label

IP Header

IP data

3bits Label

Exp

S

TTL

EXP : experimental bits ( iPASO200 will supports in future)

Ether Functions

Protected

TDM

Packet

TDM Radio Capacity

Radio Capacity

Packet Policing/Shaping according to QoS

TDM

Port Ingress Setting Classification Determine equipment internal priority

Ether

VLAN CoS IPv4 precedence IPv4/v6 DSCP MPLS EXP

Eg ress Queue

Port Egress Setting TDM +

Ingress Policer

Packe

Token

Token

Internal Priority Queuing Policy per ingress Port

Class 3 queue

Sent frames

Packet

Class 2 queue Token bucket

t

QoS

Token bucket

Class 1 queue Two-Rate, (CIR & EIR) Three-Color Metering

Class 0 queue

S cheduling & S haping

User can define TDM bandwidth for each radio modulation

Color B lind metering WTD: Weighted Tail Drop, WRED: Weighted Random Early Detection, SP: Strict Priority, DWRR: Deficit Weighted Round Robin,

iPASOLINK QoS overview iPASOLINK has two QoS mapping profiles. One is classification the other is mapping to egress class queue Both mapping are for the selected ingress port

MODEM Port-1

ETH Port 1

Egress Port

Egress Class Queues

Egress Class Queues Egress Port

Ingress Port

Ingress Policer

Classification

Input frame priority (CoS, DSCP, EXP, etc) CoS 0 CoS 1 CoS 2 : :

Internal Priority (0-7) Internal 0 Internal 1 Internal 2 Internal 3 Internal 4 Internal 5 Internal 6 Internal 7

In Equipment base QoS, uses one profile per equipment. In Port base QoS, enables to prepare mapping profile per port.

MODEM Port-2

Egress Classify

Internal Priority (0-7) Internal 0 Internal 1 Internal 2 Internal 3 Internal 4 Internal 5 Internal 6 Internal 7

Egress Class Queues Class queue (0-3)

Egress Port

Class 0 Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

Enables to prepare total three mapping profiles. Sets profile from three profiles per output port (ETH, MODEM).

Summary of iPASOLINK QoS Functions and Features

•

iPASOLINK series supports fully functioned QoS control

•

Supported classification methods: CoS/IP Precedence/DSCP/EXP

•

Internal Classification: 8 classes (8 classes mapped to 4 classes (default) / 8 classes (option) for Egress Queue)

•

Internal Priority to CoS Mapping

•

Ingress policing: CIR, EIR (Two-Rate Three-Color Marking)

•

Profile based QoS management is supported

•

Scheduling: SP, SP+3DWRR, 4DWRR (default) / SP+7DWRR, 2SP+6DWRR (option)

•

Congestion Avoidance: Weighted Tail Drop / WRED

•

Egress hierarchical shaping (Port + each QoS Class) 31

Classification Modes •

Equipment Based QoS Mode –

•

Profile Based ( one profile for the equipment) Port Based QoS Mode

–

Port (Default Priority for each port can be set)

–

CoS (C-Tag) ( use Port priority or CoS)

–

DSCP IPv4/v6 (set DSCP to internal Priority)

Frame

Classification Mode & Internal Priority Port

Untag

Tagged

CoS (C-Tag)

DSCP IPv4/v6

IP packet

Default Port Priority


DSCP IPv4/v6

Non-IP packet




IP packet


CoS

DSCP IPv4/v6

Non-IP packet


CoS


32

Classification Classification –process of distinguishing one kind of traffic from another by examining the Layer 2 through Layer and QoS fields in the packet

Determine equipment internal priority

VLAN CoS IPv4 precedence IPv4/v6 DSCP MPLS EXP

Profile No.0

(ex) Profile No.1

(ex) Profile No.2

VLAN CoS

Internal priority

IP Precedence

Internal priority

DSCP

Internal priority

7

7

7

7

63

7

6

6

6

6

:

:

5

5

5

5

47

5

4

4

4

4

:

:

3

3

3

3

31

3

2

2

2

2

:

:

1

1

1

1

15

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

Classification profile is configurable.

Equipment based QoS Mode

iPASOLINK Modem (trunk)

Add tag 10 IP packet / Non-IP packet

SA

DA

Port 1

IP packet /

(Access) VLAN-10

Non-IP packet

VLAN 10 CoS X

SA

DA

X=Other setting for non IP frame X= IP Precedence for IP frame

IP packet /

VLAN 20

Non-IP packet

CoS Y

SA

DA

Port 2

(Trunk) VLAN-20

IP packet / Non-IP packet

VLAN 20 Cos Y

SA

DA

Pass with the incoming VLAN tag

IP packet /

VLAN 50

Non-IP packet

CoS Y

SA

DA

Port 3

IP packet /

(Tunnel)

Non-IP packt

VLAN 40 IP packet / Non-IP packet

SA

DA

Inner VLAN 50 CoS Y


Outer VLAN 40 CoS Y

SA

DA

VLAN 40 CoS X

SA

DA

Add outer tag 40 to incoming frame X=Other setting for non IP frame X= IP Precedence for IP frame

Port Based QoS classification – Port Mode (1/3) •

Classifies according to ingress physical port

iPASOLINK Modem

Port type

Internal priority

Policing

Access

DPP-7

DPP-7

Trunk

DPP-6

CoS-0

Tunnel

DPP-5

DPP-0

(trunk) Port mode


IP packet /

VLAN Tag

Non-IP packt

(CoS0)

IP packet /

VLAN Tag

Non-IP packt

(CoS0)

SA

SA

SA

DA

DA

DA

IP packet /

Port 1

(Access)

Port No.

Default Port priority

1

7

2

6

3

5

Port 2

4

4

(Trunk)

MODEM 1

3

MODEM 2

2

MODEM 3

1

MODEM 4

0

Non-IP packet

VLAN Tag

SA

DA

(C oS 7 ) Update CoS value to Default port priority value


VLAN Tag

SA

DA

( C oS6 ) Update CoS value to Default port priority value

Port 3

IP packet /

(Tunnel)

Non-IP packt

Inner VLAN Tag (CoS0)

Outer VLAN Tag

SA

DA

( C oS5 )

Use Default port priority value as CoS value

Port Based QoS classification – CoS Mode (2/3) •

Classifies according to CoS value

Port type

Internal priority

Policing

Access

DPP-1

DPP-1

Trunk

CoS-0

CoS-0

Tunnel

CoS-5

CoS-5

iPASOLINK Modem (trunk) CoS (C-Tag) mode

Default Port priority = 1 IP packet / Non-IP packet

SA

DA

Port 1

IP packet /

(Access)

Non-IP packet

VLAN Tag ( CoS1 )

SA

DA

Update CoS value to Default port priority value


VLAN Tag (CoS0)

SA

DA

Port 2

IP packet /

(Trunk)

Non-IP packet

VLAN Tag ( CoS0 )

SA

DA

No update CoS value


VLAN Tag (CoS5)

SA

DA

Port 3

IP packet /

(Tunnel)

Non-IP packet


Outer VLAN Tag ( CoS5 )

SA

DA

Use input CoS value

Port Based QoS classification - DSCP Mode(3/3) •

Classifies according to DSCP value even if the frame is VLAN tagged frame

Update CoS value to internal priority value of DSCP classification mapping Modem

iPASOLINK IP packet

IP packet

IP header ( DSCP63 )


VLAN Tag (CoS7)

SA

SA

DA

(Access)

(Trunk)


VLAN Tag (CoS7)

SA

Non-IP packet

Non-IP packet

Non-IP packet

VLAN Tag (CoS7) VLAN Tag (CoS7)

SA

SA

DA

DA

SA

DA



SA

DA

Non-IP packet

VLAN Tag ( CoS1 )

SA

DA

Non-IP packet

VLAN Tag ( CoS1 )

SA

DA


SA

DA

IP header (DSCP63)

IP header

Internal priority

63

7

(Tunnel)

:

:

47

5

:

:

Port 1

31

3

(Access)

:

:

15

1

0

0

Classifies by this value

(DSCP47)

VLAN Tag ( CoS5 )

IP packet

DSCP Classification Mapping

Port 3

DA

DA

DSCP IPv4/v6 mode

DSCP IP packet

SA

IP packet

Port 2

DA

VLAN Tag ( CoS7 )

(trunk)

Port 1

Port 2

IP packet

IP header (DSCP31)

(Trunk)

SA

DA

Port 3

(Tunnel)

D

Default Port priority = 1

Non-IP packet


Use default port priority value as CoS value

VLAN ID Based QoS Mode (1/2) •

Determines Internal Priority according to VLAN ID

•

Uses Default Priority value when VLAN ID is not registered to mapping table Port type

iPASOLINK

Modem

Internal priority

Policing

Access

7

7

Trunk

5

0

Tunnel

3

0

(trunk) VLAN ID Based QoS mode

(VID10,20,30)

Default Priority = 1 IP packet / Non-IP packet

SA

DA

Port 1

Ac ces s ) ( ( V ID10 )


VLAN 20 (CoS0)

SA

DA

Port 2 ( T runk )

IP packet / VLAN ID

Internal priority

10

7

20

5

30

3

40

1

Non-IP packet

VLAN 10 ( CoS7 )

Non-IP packet

VLAN 20 (CoS0)


VLAN 20 ( CoS0 )


DA

Port 3 ( Tunnel ) ( V ID30 )

SA

DA

SA

DA

No update CoS value IP packet /

SA

DA

Use internal priority value for outer VLAN ID(*)

( V ID20 )

IP packet /

SA

Non-IP packet

Inner VLAN 20 (CoS0)


(*) If outer VLAN ID which is added is not registered to mapping table, Default Priority is used as internal priority and CoS value.

Outer VLAN 30 ( CoS3 )

SA

DA


SA

DA

Use internal priority value for outer VLAN ID(*)

VLAN ID Based QoS Mode (2/2) •

Determines Internal Priority according to VLAN ID

•

Uses Default Priority value when VLAN ID is not registered to mapping table iPASOLINK

Modem

(trunk) VLAN ID Based QoS mode

(VID60,70,80)

Default Priority = 1 IP packet / Non-IP packet

SA

DA

Port 1 ( Ac ces s ) ( V ID60 )


VLAN 70 (CoS0)

SA

DA

Port 2

(Trunk)

IP packet / VLAN ID

Internal priority

10

7

20

5

30

3

40

1

Non-IP packet

VLAN 60 ( CoS1 )

Non-IP packet

VLAN 70 (CoS0)


VLAN 70 ( CoS0 )


DA

Port 3

Non-IP packet

(Tunnel)

Inner VLAN 70 (CoS0)

( V ID80 ) SA

DA

SA

DA

No update CoS value

IP packet / SA

DA

Use Default Priority value

( V ID70 )

IP packet /

SA


(*) If outer VLAN ID which is added is not registered to mapping table, Default Priority is used as internal priority and CoS value.


SA

DA


SA

DA

Use Default Priority value

What is CIR, EIR?  CIR (Committed Information Rate) -

Minimum BW guaranteed for an Ethernet service.  Policing is enforcement of CIR  Zero CIR means Best effort (no BW is guaranteed)

CIR Conformant Traffic ≤ CIR

 EIR (Exceeded Information Rate)  Service frames colored yellow may be

delivered but with no performance commitment.

EIR Conformant  PIR (Peak Information Rate) -

Traffic ≥ CIR

Maximum rate at which packets are allowed to be forwarded.  PIR = CIR + EIR (greater or equal to the CIR)  Service frames exceeding PIR are red packets and

are unconditionally dropped

No traffic Traffic ≥ PIR

Note: Color Blind and Color Aware Rate Metering ( iPASO200 is color blind system)

Dual Token bucket (TRTCM) Dual rate token bucket with a programmable CIR and EIR, as well as CBS and EBS. It also named as Two rate ,Three-Colour Metering Example: consider the extreme case One bucket is used: CIR=2Mbps, CBS=2KB, EIR=0,EBS=0 Case 1: Two 1518 byte frames coming back to back First frame take 2000-1518 token remain 482 byte, the second frame is immediately Discarded Case 2: One frame 1518 is sent, 8 ms later, another 1518 byte arrive, since token bucket Refill with CIR/8=250Kb/s The token bucket is full again and able to sent the second frame out with green color.

Our Recommendations:

CBS/EBS should be set depend on traffic type 1. Bursty TCP-based traffic 2. UDP based type such as VoIP

Note: Color Blind and Color Aware Rate Metering ( iPASO200 is color blind system)

Ingress Policing Discard Violating Frames

PIR

Exceeding Frames ] c i f f a r T f o t n u o m A [

EIR

Complying Frames

CIR

[Time]

Ingress Policing (per port / per VLAN/priority) Conforming Frames Marking to Green

Rate Check Committed Rate Token Bucket

< Rate Check

> Exceeded Rate Token Bucket High priority Middle priority Low priority

> Drop

Exceeding Frames Marking to Yellow

Yellow

Green

Green

Green

< Violating Frames Marking to Red, and discard

Meters rate of packet stream (CIR and EIR), and marks three colors (green, yellow or red)

Service Provider Business Oriented Parameter in iPASO Business Package:

30 Mb

PIR

30Mbps PIR 20 Mb

15Mbps CIR 15Mbps EIR

Recognize the service according to DSCP/TOS/IP and prioritize it.

EIR 10 Mb CIR 0 Mb

VLAN 20 iPASO400

Video Conf.

Voice

Data / VPN

iPASO200

iPASO400

Scheduling or Queuing Methods

Methods of Scheduling FIFO

Strict Priority

WFQ(WRR)

Elements of QoS - Scheduling /Queuing

Control the output sequence and bandwidth of frames from each queue according to Output condition defined by Marker/Priority M arker/Priority Determination. Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ), Weighted Control (WRR) can be used as queuing method.

ETC System Electronic Toll Collection System

Deficit Round Robin 50

100

75

50 50 50

75

50 50 50

75

150 50

T i m e 50

75

100

75

50 50

25

50 50

25

150

75

100

Credits

150

50 50

100

50 50

100

150

150

7 5 75 75 75

Credits 50 50

Credits

50

100 50 50 50 50 150

Credits

Credit counter: Initially the counter start or reset from zero. For this example, it was set to size value of 75 for all the queue. When W hen the queue is not serve to send any packet, the credit counter will be increased with another 75 1st round: The first and fourth queue packet size is bigger than credit counter value, these two queue will hold back and not sending any packets, but second and third t hird queue sent out 50 packets. And their credit counter reduce to 25. 2nd round: The first and fourth queue counter credit increase to 150 byte The result is Q1 send 150 byte Q2 send 100 byte Q3 send 100 byte Q4 send 150 byte 3rd round: All credit counter with with value 75 byte

Egress Scheduling and Shaping (4 Class queue)

Clas Clas s ify (Ma (Mapping pping ) for Eg ress Queue with internal priority

Class 3

S chedulin ch edulingg and Shaping Sh aping Shaper

Class 2

SP

Shaper

Class 1

Class 0

Shaper

DWRR Shaper

Shaper

Divided throughput by weighted condition

Class 3 absolute priority

Mapping table is Configurable. WTD/WRED discard based on color (Green/Yellow)

“SP” or “1SP + 3 DWRR” or “4 DWRR”

Egress Scheduling and Shaping ( 8 class queue)

Clas Clas s ify (Ma (Mapping pping ) for Eg ress Queue with internal priority

Class 5

S chedulin ch edulingg and Shaping Sh aping

Class 7 Class 6

Shaper

Class 5 Class 4 Class 3 Class 2

Shaper

DWRR Shaper

Shaper

Class 1

Mapping table is Configurable.

SP

Shaper

Class 0

WTD/WRED discard based on color (Green/Yellow)

Divided throughput by weighted condition

Class 7 absolute priority

“1SP + 7 DWRR” or “2SP + 6 DWRR”

Scheduling – How it works? Strict Priority Scheduling :The queue with the highest priority that contains packets is always served (packet from that queue are de-queued and transmitted). Packets within a lower priority queue will not transmit until all the higher-priority queues become empty CoS=7 100Mbps CoS=5 100Mbps CoS=3 100Mbps CoS=0 100Mbps

1000M

Classification CoS 7  Pri 7  Class 3 CoS 6  Pri 6  Class 3 CoS 5  Pri 5  Class 2 CoS 4  Pri 4  Class 2 CoS 3  Pri 3  Class 1 CoS2  Pri 2  Class 1 CoS 1  Pri 1  Class 0 CoS 0  Pri 0  Class 0

250M

CoS=7 100Mbps CoS=5 100Mbps CoS=3 50Mbps CoS=0 0Mbps

4SP

Weighted Round Robin uses a number that indicates the importance (weight) of each queues. W RR scheduling prevents the low-priority queues from being completely neglected during periods of high-priority traffic. The WRR scheduler transmits some packets from each queue in turn. The number of packets it transmits corresponds to the relative importance of the queue. CoS=7 100Mbps CoS=5 100Mbps CoS=3 100Mbps

1000M


DRR Weight Class 3: Class 2: 4 Class 1: 2 Class 0: 1

CoS=7 100Mbps

CoS=3 100Mbps CoS=0 100Mbps

240M

1000M


DRR Weight Class 3: 4 Class 2: 3 Class 1: 2 Class 0: 1

CoS=5 80Mbps = (240-100)*4/(1+2+4) CoS=3 40Mbps = (240-100)*2/(1+2+4) CoS=0 20Mbps = (240-100)*1/(1+2+4)

1SP+3DWRR

CoS=0 100Mbps

CoS=5 100Mbps

CoS=7 100Mbps

SP class is absolute priority traffic. The remaining bandwidth is distributed in other classes according to DRR weight. (e.g. remaining BW = 240-100=140Mbps) CoS=7 80Mbps = 200*4/(1+2+3+4)

200M

CoS=5 60Mbps = 200*3/(1+2+3+4) CoS=3 40Mbps = 200)*2/(1+2+3+4) CoS=0 20Mbps = 200*1/(1+2+3+4)

4DWRR

The port bandwidth is distributed in all classes according to DRR weight.

Elements of QoS ( Discard Control) Determines whether the current frame to be queued or discarded, depending on the packet priority and the state of the queue.

Too Late!!

Comfortable!!

Little slow..

Not connecte d well…

Traffic Concentration h t d i w d n a B

Early detect and restrain Window Size decrease globally Average Utilization Time

h t d i w d n a B

Average Utilization

Time Effective Window size variation

Congestion Avoidance ( Discard Control) iPASO200 support Weight Tail Drop at Release 1.07and later with WRED Congestion avoidance techniques on the egress queues. Both techniques will drop packets when preconfigured thresholds on the egress queues have been reached.

Threshold2 (75%) Threshold3 Threshold1 (100%) (50%)

Weighted Tail Drop (WTD), with thresholds Setting on each queue, for congestion avoidance

Queuing Priority1: 0% discard Queuing Priority2: 0 ％ discard Queuing Priority3: 0% discard Queueing Priority1:100%discard Queuing Priority2: 0 ％ discard Queuing Priority3: 0% discard Queueing Priority1:100%discard Queuing Priority2: 100 ％ discard Queuing Priority3: 0% discard

Operation Administration & Maintenance (OAM)

Ethernet OAM To maintain the service availability and quality for the packet networks, powerful OAM toolset is required. Provide Fault management by Ethernet OAM (ITU-T Y.1731 and CFM or IEEE 802.1ag). Fault Management – CC (Continuity Check) – LB (Loop Back) → It corresponds to “ping” in IP. – LT (Link Trace) → It corresponds to “trace route” in IP.

BTS/Node-B

Provider X Operator A Operator B

BSC/RNC

CC LB LT

Y.1731 Performance Management not yet supported By iPASO200

Ethernet OAM

Function Connectivity Fault Management

Performance Monitor

Y.1731

802.1ag

Fault Detection

Mechanism CCM

Fault verification-Loop back

LBM / LBR

Fault isolation

LTM / LTR

Discovery

LTM / LTR

Fault Notification

-

AIS RDI

Frame Loss

-

CCM, LTM, LTR

Frame Delay

-

DM(1 way) DMM, DMR

Delay Variation

-

DM(1 way) DMM, DMR

CCM : Continuity Check Message LBM: Loopback Message LBR: Loopback Reply LTM: Link Trace Message LTR: Link Trace Reply DM: Delay Measurement DMM: Delay Measurement Message DMR: Delay Measurement Reply

Example of the hierarchical Ethernet OAM Customer Level (MEG level:5-7)

: MEP : MIP

Provider Level (MEG level:3-4) Operator Level (MEG level:0-2)

MEG

Operator Level (MEG level:0-2)



Provider X Customer 1

Operator A 2

3

Operator C

Operator B

4

5

6

8

7

9

LB

11

LB

(MEG level:0)

CC

10

Customer

(MEG level:0)

(MEG level:2)

LT

LB

(MEG level:2)

(MEG level:2)

CC

CC

(MEG level:4)

(MEG level:7)

Several level can be managed at same time in the same network

Example of Maintenance Entities

Provider X Customer 1

Operator A 2

3

Customer

Operator B 4

5

6

8

9

Customer Level (5-7) Service Provider Level (3-5) Operator Level (0-2) Maintenance Entity Points Maintenance Intermediate Points

Maintenance Entities

ETH-CC (Fault Detection)

1

2

3

4

Legend

: MEP : CCM : CCM

Objectives To Establish OAM connections on the Ethernet-based networks. To understand fault detection by sending and receiving ETH-CC frames between MEPs periodically

Operations Each MEP transmits ETH-CC frames periodically If MEP does not receive any ETH-CC frames for 3.5 times of the ETH-CC frame transmission interval, it provide alarm indication (loss of connectivity)

ETH-LB (Fault Verification) 1

2

3

4

Legend : : : :

MEP MIP LBM LBR

Objectives To verify the connectivity between multiple equipments Unicast ETH-LB ： verification between the designated 2 equipments Multicast ETH-LB： verification the existence of the nodes in the same MEG

Operations MEP#1 sends a Unicast ETH-LBM frame to MEP#4 MIP(#2,3) forwards the ETH-LBM frame to the far -end MEP#4 terminates the ETH-LBM frame and reply a ETH-LBR frame MEP#1 receive the ETH-LBR frame

ETH-LT (Fault Isolation) 1

2

TTL=n

3

TTL=n-1

4

TTL=n-2

TTL=n TTL=n-1 TTL=n-2

Legend : MEP : MIP : LTM : LTR

Objectives To verify the route status and localization of the fault

Operations MEP#1 sends a ETH-LTM frame to MEP#4 Each MIP (#2,#3) sends a reply ETH-LTR to MEP#1, and forwards the ETH-LTM frame with the decreased TTL value to the far-end MEP#4 terminates the ETH-LTM frame and reply a ETH-LTR frame MEP#1 receives the ETH-LTR frames which have the different TTL value.

Ethernet OAM functions DOWN MEP/MIP

DOWN MEP/MIP

L2SW

L2SW

UP MEP/MIP

UP MEP/MIP

UP MEP/MIP sends messages in to the Node DOWN MEP/MIP sends messages out of the Node

ETH-CC/LB/LT

LAN

L2SW

MODEM

Reply frame OK Reply frame NG

MODEM

Reply frame NG

supports only Down MEP/MIP Ether OAM reply frame from Switch to LAN/MODEM port outward direction is okay But from LAN/MODEM toward Switch directional is not s upported For this application, ETH-CC/LB/LT reply frame only at MODEM port The MEP should be set only at Modem port

LAN

ETH-CC/LB/LT

ETH OAM Setting Maintenance Domain Name: NEC Short MA name: NEC Meg Level: 7 CCM: Enable ETH CC period : 3.3 ms CCM Priority : 7

iPaso400-F

iPASOLINK200 supports only Down MEP/MIP Ether OAM reply frame from Switch t o LAN/MODEM port outward direction is okay But from LAN/MODEM toward Switch directional is not supported

iPaso200-D

iPaso200-E

H M1

L

ODU-Back 23G Hz 22484 / 21252

ME P1

M1

M2

M2

iPaso400-F

M1

Mep1 Mep3

H

L M1

P2 MIP

L

ODU-Back 23G Hz 22484 / 21252

M1

M2

M2

P1

iPaso200-D

M1

M1

P2 MIP

M2

iPaso1000-C

H

L

M1

ODU-3 7GHz

MIP

iPaso200-E

H

M1

ODU-1 23GH z 22030 / 23038

P1

iPaso400-B

iPaso200-A

ME P2

MIP

iPaso200-A

H

7310/7156

L M1

M2

iPaso400-B

M2

Mep2

ODU-1 23G Hz 22030 / 23038

P1

P2 MIP

MIP

M2 ODU-4 7GHz 7310/ 71560

iPaso1000-C

M2 Mep4

LINK OAM Alarm & Status Discovery Msg (Active)

A flag in the OAMPDUs allows local device to convey failure event to its peer. Link OAM Down :signals that the PHY has determined a fault occurring in the receive direction of the local device iPASOLINK supports only receiving of this message.

Discovery Response (Passive)

Link Fault Msg

Dying Gasp Msg

e.g. CPU restart e.g. Loss of Signal

Cri tical Event Msg

Cr itical Event Msg e.g. Radio link failure

e.g. Module failure

Loopback

Loopback control Ms g

Equipment which is able to monitor Link Event

Event Notification Msg

Ether Ring Protection

G.8032 Ethernet Ring Protection Switching • • • •

Utilizing widely-deployed Ethernet (802.1,3) with OAM (802.1ag/Y.1731) Loop-free protection mechanism Protection Switching Time <50ms Scalable topologies – Single ring, interconnected rings, and logical rings – No. of nodes per ring: no limitation in theory(?) • Administrative operation – Forced switching – Manual switching – Revertive/ Non-revertive

Client #1 Signal Traffic separation with VLAN Tag

ETH-CC

RP L (Ring Protection Link) B locked port

Client #2 Signal

RP L (R ing P rotection Link) B locked port

G.8032 Ethernet Ring Protection 

G.8032 is an ITU Recommendation



Defines the APS (Automatic Protection Switching ) protocol and protection switching mechanisms for ETH layer ring topologies.



Use of standard 802 MAC and OAM frames around the ring



Uses standard 802.1Q , but with xSTP disabled.



Prevents loops within the ring by blocking one of the links



Monitoring of the ETH layer f or discovery and identification of Signal Failure (SF) conditions.



Protection and recovery switching within 50 ms for typical rings.

Unblock blocking Port

Blocking Port

Client Traffic

1) Normal Condition

Submission of FDB Flush, Unblock blocking Port

2) Failure Event

3) Switchover Condition

Failure monitoring •

G.8032 utilizes the following monitoring functions to detect link / node f ailures certainly. –

Physical layer : Link down detected by Ethernet PHY (Optical/Electrical), etc.

–

Link layer

: ETH-CC (Continuity Check) defined on Y.1731/802.1ag between adjacent ring nodes. Messaging interval: 3.33msec at minimum

–

cc

Failure Detection time = 3.33 msec * 3.5 = 11.7msec Unblock blocking Port

MEP-2

cc

MEP-2

MEP-4

MEP-3

MEP-1 LOC

MEP-5 MEP-6

cc

MEP-8

cc

cc cc

MEP-5

MEP-7

LOC

1) Normal Condition

cc

MEP-4

MEP-8 MEP-7

Submission of FDB Flush, Unblock blocking Port

cc

MEP-3

MEP-1

cc

Client Traffic

MEP-6

cc

2) Failure Event

ETH-CC enables to detect failures on several conditions which physical layer monitoring can’t do.

LOC cc

cc

LOC 3) Switchover Condition



Unidirectional link failure



Partial failure in equipment



Decline of signal level (less than Loss of Signal)



In case if no ability to detect a failure is on physical layer

Multiple instances (2/3)

• Flexible placement of RPL – The shortest path per user traffic can be selected in normal condition.

Special reuse for the ring bandwidth can be achieved.

User B User A

•The double capacity can be obtained in normal condition, and the higher prioritized traffic are protected even in case of a failure.

1GbE 1GbE

1GbE Failure

2GbE Double capacity

GbE Ring

1GbE

1GbE

QoS discarding

GbE Ring

Principal benefit of Ethernet Ring Protection • Reduction of the number of link between NEs compared with mesh configuration • Load balancing by multi instance • Provides reliable protection mechanism – protection switching time < 50msec • Minimizes service influence with Manual/Forced switching and administrative reversion when adding NE

blocked port

Failure

blocked port

Multiple instances (2/3) • Multiple instances per physical ring – Logical rings can be configured on a physical ring. – Each logical ring has a group of user VLANs (instances) and a dedicated APS channel. – APS protocol runs independently. • RPL can be placed at a different point respectively • FDB flush operation is performed per logical ring • All logical rings shares the monitoring information of ETH-CC (link layer) and Link Failure (physical layer).

User VLAN group #1 APS channel #1 (Link Monitoring)ETH-CC-1

Physical Instance #1

User VLAN group #2 APS channel #2 (Link Monitoring)ETH-CC-2

Instance #2

User VLAN group #3 APS channel #3 (Link Monitoring) ETH-CC-3

Instance #3

Ring Types

Scenario A - Normal to Protection RPL

Node-A

Node-B

Node-C

Node-D

Node-E

Node-G

RPL Owner

Node-F

1 NORMAL S TA TE

failure

2 3 4

Flush SF

PROTECTION S TA TE

5 6 7

SF Flush

SF SF

Flush

SF

1 . Normal S tate Node-G i s the R PL Owner 2 . Failur e Occurs 3 . Node D and Node C d etect local s ig nal fail condition. After waiting for the Hold-Off timer to end block the failed ports 4 . While the SF condition continues Node C and Node D periodic ally s end S F (s ig nal Fail) Mes s ages on both ring ports 5 . Each node performs a FDB flus h operation after receiving the S F messag e

SF

SF Flush

Flush

SF Flush

Flush

SF

SF

SF

6 . When the R PL owner receives the S F mess age it unblock the RP L link 7 . S table State – S F messag es on the ring . Further S F mes s ag es does not tri g g er fur ther acti on

Message source Client ch block R-APS ch block

5 0 m s

Scenario B recovery Node-A

Node-B

Node-C

Node-D

Node-E

Node-F

Node-G RPL Owner

failure

8

SF SF

9 PROTECTION S TA TE

10 11

SF

SF

SF

SF

recovery NR

NR NR

NR

NR

NR

12

C o n f i r m a t i o n t i m e

13

14 NORMAL S TA TE

NR, RPL Blocked

NR, RPL Blocked Flush

m s

Flush

Flush Flush

15

Flush

NR, RPL Blocked 5 0

NR, RPL Blocked

9 . In Stable S F condition Node C and D continue to send SF mess ages every 5sec. 10 . R ecovery of failure 11 . Node C and D detects clearing of S F condition and start the g uard timer and ini tiate periodic al trans mis s ion of NR mess ag es on both ring ports (g uard timer prevents reception of R -APS mess ag es 12. When R PL owner receives the NR mess age, it starts the Wait to R estore Timer (WTR )

Flush

Flush NR, RPL Blocked

NR, NR Blocked RPL

14. When the Guard timer at Node C and D expire they may s tart receivi ng new R-APS messages 15. At the expiration of WTR timer, R PL owner blocks its end of of the RP L link, sends NR RB mess age 16. Each node after re3ceivng the NR R B mess ag e flushes i ts FD B . 17. When Node c and D receive the NR R B mes s age, they remove the block on their blocked ports 18 . S table normal conditio n all nodes g o to Idle state

Protection Switching Trigger Condition Protection switching trigger conditions: •

Fault C onditions – S ig nal Failure (S F):

local signal failure (local SF) will be submitted to protection trigger module once a failure is detected at endpoint.

– S ig nal Deg rade (S D): local signal degrade (local SD) will be submitted to protection trigger module once a signal degrade is detected

External commands – Manual s witch (MS ):

Maintenance command for temporarily switching normal traffic to working transport entity or protection transport entity, unless a higher priority switch request (i.e., FS, or SF) is in effect .

– Forced s witch (FS ): Maintenance command for temporarily switching normal traffic from working transport entity to protection transport entity, unless a higher priority switch request is in effect .

– Clear: This maintenance command clears all of the externally initiated switch commands listed above clearing the Maintenance command.

Revertive / Non-Revertive operation Non-revertive vs . R evertive Protection Operation Types : • Non-revertive operation – The normal traffic will not be switched back to the working transport entity even after a protection switching cause has cleared. •

R evertive Operation – The normal traffic is restored to the working transport entity after the condition (s) causing the protection switching has cleared. – In the case of clearing a command (e.g., Forced Switch), this happens immediately. – In the case of clearing of a defect, this generally happens after the expiry of a "Wait- to-Restore (WTR)" timer, which is used to avoid chattering of selectors in the case of intermittent defects. WTR (Wait to Res tore) Timer – In the revertive mode of operation, to prevent frequent operation of the protection switch due to an intermittent defect, a failed working transport entity must become stable in a fault -free state. After the failed working transport entity meets this criterion, a fixed period of time shall elapse before traffic channel uses it again. This period is called the wait-to-restore (WTR) period, (1 to 12 Min) In the revertive mode, when the protection is no longer requested, i.e., the failure condition has been cleared, a wait-to-restore state will be activated on the RPL owner node. This state shall normally time out and become a no request state. The wait-to-restore timer is deactivated when any request of higher priority pre-empts this state. In short, This is the number of seconds the RPL owner waits from receiving indication that topology has returned to its pre-failure state untill it actually operates according to that indication, i.e. blocks the RPL-port.

Protection Operation timers G uard Timer – R-APS messages are transmitted continuously. This, combined with the R-APS messages forwarding method, in which messages are copied and forwarded at every ring node around the ring, can result in a message corresponding to an old request, which is no longer relevant, being received by ring nodes. The reception of messages with outdated information could result in erroneous interpretation of the existing requests in the ring and lead to erroneous protection switching decisions The guard timer is used to prevent ring nodes from receiving outdated R-APS messages. During the duration of the guard timer, all received R-APS messages are ignored by the ring protection control process. This allows that old messages still circulating on the ring may be ignored. This, however, has the side effect that, during the period of the guard timer, a node will be unaware of new or existing ring requests transmitted from other nodes. The period of the guard timer may be configured by the operator in 10 ms steps between 10 ms and 2 seconds, with a default value of 500 ms. This time should be greater than the maximum expected forwarding delay for which one R-APS message circles around the ring.

Synchronization in iPASOLINK

Type of Synchronization Timing signalof system A

Frequency Synchronization ：all nodes align in both clock and radio channel frequencies generated by the same frequency source.

T A=1/f A t Timing signalof systemB TB=1/f B

Phase Synchronization ： all nodes have access to a reference timing signal whose rising edges occur at the same instant in time. This process is also referred to as relative-time synchronization or “adaptive frame alignment” in 3GPP mobile system. In phased 1PPS (pulse per second) signal is applied for phase synchronization of 3GPP2(cdmaOne/cdma2000）and WiMAX.

t Timing signalof system A

t Timing signalof systemB

Time Synchronization ： Timing signal of system A 00:00:00 00:00:01

t 00:00:03 00:00:04

System A t Timing signal of system B 00:00:00 00:00:01

00:00:03 00:00:04

System B t

all nodes have access to the information on the reference time. The time synchronization is also referred to as time-of-day synchronization or wall-clock synchronization, where the clocks in question are traceable to a time-base such as UTC. Usually, this can be used as an alternate of phase synch. ToD( time of day) signals are applied for this synch..

Synchronous Ethernet Concept Uses the PHY clock – Generates the clock signal from “bit stream” – Similar to traditional SONET/SDH/PDH PLLs Each node in the Packet Network recovers the clock Performance is independent of network loading

There are four quality levels for clocks in SDH: Primary Reference Clock G.811 SSU Slave clock (local node) G.812

SSU Slave clock (transit node) G.812 SDH network element clock (SEC) G.813

IEEE1588v2 End-to-End Synchronization Concept (1) Boundary Clock (BC) Sync S

Sync

Sync S

M

S

M

PRC (Primary Reference Clock)

Sync S

M

M

CX2200

CX2600

All intermediate node terminates messages link-by-link.

(2) Transparent Clock (TC)

M

:Time synchronization Master

S

:Time synchronization Slave

Defined on version 2

PRC

Sync S

M

CX2200

CX2600 C t 3 = t 2 – t C Forwarding delay = t C

t 2 = t 1 – t B

B

Forwarding delay = t B

t 1 = t – t A

A

Forwarding delay = t A

t Clock (P DU Information) Timestamp = t

Intermediate node doesn’t terminate messages but add delay information node-by-node.

(3) Slave Clock (SC)

Defined on version 2 M

CX2200

CX2600 C S

B

A

PTP Server

Ethernet Cables

Ethernet Specification 10BASE-T 10BASE2 10BASE5 100BASE-X 100BASE-T

100BASE-FX 100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4 100BASE-T2

1000BASE- 1000BASE-LX 1000BASE-X FX 1000BASE-SX 1000BASE-CX 1000BASE-T 10GBASE-X

Speed 10M 10M 10M 100M 100M 100M 100M

Cable Type UTP cable (CAT3) Coaxial cable (50 ohms, diameter of 5mm) Coaxial cable (50 ohms, diameter of 10mm) Fiber optic cable (1300nm MMF) UTP cable (CAT5) UTP cable (CAT3) UTP cable (CAT3)

1000M Fiber optic cable (1300nm MMF) 1000M Fiber optic cable (1300nm SMF) 1000M Fiber optic cable (850nm MMF) 1000M Coaxial cable 1000M UTP cable (CAT5 e/CAT6)

10GBASE-TX1

10GBASE-SR 10GBASE-R 10GBASE-LR 10GBASE-ER 10GBASE-SW 10GBASE-LW 10GBASE-W 10GBASE-EW 10GBASE-LW4

Distance 100m 185m 500m 2000m 100m 100m 100m 550m 5000m 550m 25m 100m

10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm MMF)

300m

10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF)

10km

10G 10G 10G 10G 10G 10G 10G

65m 10km 40km 65m 10km 40km 10km

Fiber optic cable (850nm MMF) Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) Fiber optic cable (1550nm SMF) Fiber optic cable (850nm MMF) Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) Fiber optic cable (1550nm SMF) Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF)

Ethernet - 2 Ethernet Standards The standardization of LAN is conducted by the I EEE（Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers）. It has already standardized many LAN-related technologies that we are familiar with in everyday life. They includes IEEE802.3, standards on the Ethernet, and IEEE802.11a/b/g, standards on the Wireless LAN. Standard

Layer 7 Application Layer Layer 6 Presentation Layer Layer 5 Session Layer

IEEE802.1

Layer 4 Transport Layer

Layer 3 Network Layer LLC

IEEE802.2

Layer 2 Data Link Layer MAC IEEE802.3 Layer 1 Physical Layer

..

Working Group

IEEE802.1

Higher Layer LAN Protocols

IEEE802.2

Logical Link Control

IEEE802.3

Ethernet

IEEE802.4

Token Bus

IEEE802.5

Token Ring

IEEE802.6

Metropolitan Area Network

IEEE802.7

Broadband

IEEE802.8

Fiber Optic

IEEE802.9

Isochronous LAN

IEEE802.10

Security

IEEE802.11

Wireless LAN

IEEE802.12

Demand Priority

IEEE802.14

Cable Modem

IEEE802.15

Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

IEEE802.16

Broadband Wireless Access (W iMAX)

IEEE802.17

Resilient Packet Ring

IEEE802.18

Radio Regulatory

IEEE802.19

Coexistence

IEEE802.20

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)

(3) IPasolink OM Training (Ethernet Functions) (2)

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