Dated : _______________
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 1
Dated : _______________
Name:_________________________________________ Class: _____________ Section:___________________ Roll No: ____________ Group:___________________
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 2
Dated : _______________
Certified that Miss. / Mr._______________________________
Of class ____________ has carried out the necessary practical work as prescribed by the Board of Intermediate Education / University of Karachi for the year _____________________
__________________________________
Head of the department
Date:__________________
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
______________________________
In charge
Date:______________
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 3
Dated : _______________ S. No
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
11 12 13 14 15 16
P. No
Date
To determine the value of g [ acceleration due to gravity ] by using a Kater’s pendulum. To determine the value of g [ acceleration due to gravity ] by using a compound pendulum. To determine the modulus of rigidity of the material of a given rod by static method. To determine the modulus of rigidity of the material of a given wire by dynamic method. To determine the Young’s modulus of the material of a given wire by dynamic method. To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a liquid by Stoke’s method. To determine the distance between two points by using a sextant. To determine the frequency of A.C supply by Meld’s method using a Vibrograph. To prove that the photo current is directly proportional to the intensity of light falling on photocell photo cell. or Too verify the inverse square law by using a To determine the mechanical equivalent of heat [ Value of J ] by Calander and Barne’s method. To determine the temperature coefficient of resistance of the given wire. To determine the thermal conductivity of non conductor by Lee’s method. To determine the wavelength of sodium light [ D – lines ] by diffraction grating To determine the wavelength of sodium light by Newton’s ring. To determine the surface tension of liquid by Jeager’s method. To determine the surface tension of liquid [ water ] by capillary rise method.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 4
01 05
09 13 17 22 27 30
33
39
43 49 53 56 59 62
Initial
Dated : _______________
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS PRACTICAL [ I ] To determine the value of g [ acceleration due to gravity ] by using a compound pendulum. To determine the value of g [ acceleration due to gravity ] by using a Kater’s pendulum. To determine the modulus of rigidity of the material of a given rod by static method. To determine the Young’s modulus of the material of a given bar by bending of beam method. To determine the Young’s modulus of the material of a given wire by dynamic method. To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a liquid by Stoke’s method.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 5
Dated : _______________
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS PRACTICAL [ II ] To determine the distance between two points by using a sextant. To determine the frequency of A.C supply by Meld’s method using a Vibrograph. To prove that the photo current is directly proportional to the intensity of light falling on photocell photo cell. Or To verify the inverse square law by using a photo cell. To determine the mechanical equivalent of heat [ Value of J ] by Calander and Barne’s method. To determine the temperature coefficient of resistance of the given wire. To determine the thermal conductivity of non conductor by Lee’s method. To determine the wavelength of sodium light [ D – lines ] by diffraction grating To determine the wavelength of sodium light by Newton’s ring. To determine the surface tension of liquid by Jeager’s method. To determine the surface tension of liquid [ water ] by capillary rise method ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 6
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 1 OBJECT:- To determine the value of g [ acceleration due to gravity ] by using a Kater’s pendulum.
APPARATUS:- Kater’s pendulum , Rigid support and Stop watch.
WORKING FORMULA :Accelerati on due to gravity
g 4π2
Slope
1 Slope
T2 L
Where g is the acceleration due to gravity [ g = 980 cm / sec 2 ] is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter [ It is a mathematical constant whose value is 3.142 ] T is the time period [ Time taken to complete one oscillation ] L is the effective Length of the pendulum.
OBSERVATIONS:Least count of stop watch = 0 . 01 sec Metallic End L
( cms )
Time for 10 oscillations ( Sec )
1
2
3
Wooden End
Mean time
Time period
tM
t M / 10
(Sec)
TM
Time for 10 oscillations ( Sec )
1
2
3
80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 7
Mean time
Time period
tW
t W / 10
(Sec)
TW
Dated GRAPH BETWEEN LENGTH & SQUARE OF TIME SCALE: Along X – axis
: _______________
One small division = _________ Cm Along Y – axis One small division = _________Sec
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 8
Dated : _______________ CALCULATIONS : FROM GRAPH
Slope
T L
Slope = _______ = ______ sec / cm
,
g 4π2
1 Slope
g = 4 [ 3.142 ] 2 × ________ g = 4 × 9.872 × ________ g = ________
cm / sec 2
Actual value = 980 cm / sec 2. Percentage Of Error
Percentage Of Error
Percentage of error
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value 980
980
100
100
= ________________ %
RESULT : The value of g [ acceleration due to gravity ] using a Kater’s pendulum is calculated to be __________ cm / sec 2. Percentage of error = ___________________ %
Teacher’s signature ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 9
Dated : _______________ PRECAUTION : Least count of slope watch should be noted and graduation on stopwatch should be studied carefully before starting the experiment. The support should be rigid. Least count of stopwatch should be small. The amplitude of vibration should be small (not exceeding 1/10 th the length of pendulum). First four of five oscillations should not be counted as motion is non linear. The time for oscillation must be noted carefully.
SOURCES OF ERROR :
Non-linearity of the meter scale. The support of pendulum is not rigid. Inaccuracy of stopwatch. Presence of air draughts.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 10
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 2 OBJECT : -
To determine the value of g [ acceleration due
to gravity ] by using a Compound pendulum.
APPARATUS : - Compound or Bar pendulum , Rigid support , Stop watch , WORKING FORMULA : g 4π2
L T2
Where g is the acceleration due to gravity [ g = 980 cm / sec 2 ] is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter [ It is a mathematical constant whose value is 3.142 ] T is the time period [ Time taken to complete one oscillation ] L is the effective Length of the pendulum. OBSERVATIONS : Least count of stop watch = 0 . 01 sec Distance from support to C.G.
L ( cms )
End
[
A ]
End
Time for 10 oscillations ( Sec )
Time period Time t / 10 t
1
(Sec)
2
3
Mean
(Sec)
[
Time for 10 oscillations ( Sec )
1
2
3
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 11
B ] Mean t
Time period t / 10
(Sec)
( Sec )
time
GRAPH BETWEEN LENGTH & SQUARE OF TIME
Dated : _______________
Along X – axis One small division = ______ cm Along Y – axis One small division = ____ seconds
50
40
30
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
20
10
0
10
20
30
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 12
40
50
Dated : _______________ CALCULATIONS : FROM GRAPH
Computed Length L
KM LN 2
g 4π2
L T2
g = 4 [ 3.142 ] 2 ×
----------------
g = 4 × 9.872 ×
----------------
g = ________
cm / sec 2
Actual value = 980 cm / sec 2. Percentage Of Error
Percentage Of Error
Percentage of error
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value 980
980
100
100
= ________________ %
RESULT : The value of g [ acceleration due to gravity ] using a compound pendulum is calculated to be _______cm / sec 2. Percentage of error = ___________________ %
Teacher’s signature
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 13
Dated : _______________ PRECAUTION : Least count of slope watch should be noted and graduation on stopwatch should be studied carefully before starting the experiment. The support should be rigid. Least count of stopwatch should be small. The amplitude of vibration should be small (not exceeding 1/10 th the length of pendulum). First four of five oscillations should not be counted as motion is non linear. The edges K1 and K2 must be sharp.
SOURCES OF ERROR :
Non-linearity of the meter scale. The support of pendulum is not rigid. Inaccuracy of stopwatch. Presence of air draughts.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 14
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 3 OBJECT : -
To determine the modulus of rigidity of the
material of a given rod by static method.
APPARATUS: Torsion apparatus , Slotted weights with hanger , Thread , Meter scale and Screw gauge. WORKING FORMULA : η
R
360 M g L R π2 r4 [ θ θ ] 2 1 C 2 π
Where is the mmodulus of rigidity of the material of a given rod M is the mass suspended g is the acceleration due to gravity [ g = 980 cm / sec 2 ] L is the length of the rod between the two pointers C is the circumference of the pulley. R is the radius of the pulley. is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter [ It is a mathematical constant whose value is 3.142 ] r is the radius of the rod. is the angle of twist produced at pointer No . 1 is the angle of twist produced at pointer No . 2 OBSERVATIONS: 1. Least count of screw gauge LC = 0.0 1 mm = 0. 001 cm. 2. Circumference of the pulley
C
=
______________ cm.
3. Radius of the pulley R
C 2 π
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
Or
R
= ________cm. 2 [ 3 . 142 ]
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 15
Dated : _______________ 4. Length of the rod between the two pointers = L = ____ cm. 5. Radius of the rod r
S NO
MSR
mm
CSR
div
FP = CSR LC
Diameter MSR + FP
Mean Diameter
mm
mm
mm
Radius Radius
r
r
mm
cm
1. 2. 3. POINTER READING
Mass Suspended M
grams 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Load Load Increas Decreas ing ing 1 2 1 2 deg deg deg deg
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
Mean
Mean
1
2
deg
deg
[ 2 – 1]
Twist for 500 gm
deg
deg
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 16
GRAPH BETWEEN MASS & [ 2 – 1 ]
Dated : _______________
Along X – axis One small division = ______ gm Along Y – axis One small division = ____ degrees
0
10
20
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
30
40
50
60
70
80
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 17
90
100
Dated : _______________ CALCULATIONS:
η
η
η
η
360 [ 3 . 142 ] 2 [
360 M g L R π2 r4 [ θ θ ] 2 1
980
] 4 [
360 980 9 . 872
]
= __________ 10 12 Dynes / cm 2 Percentage Of Error Percentage Of Error
Percentage of error
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value
10 12 10 12 = ________________ %
100
10 12
100
RESULT: The modulus of rigidity of the material of the given rod is calculated to be __________ 10 12 Dynes / cm 2 Percentage of error = ___________________ %
Teacher’s signature PRECAUTION: Radius of the rod must be measured accurately. Pointer must be free to rotate over the scale. Twisting of the rod should be uniform through out the length. After changing the suspended weight , wait for a while. SOURCES OF ERROR : Non-linearity of the meter scale. In accurate measurement of the radius of the rod. Pointers may not be free to rotate on the scale. Non uniform twisting of the rod.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 18
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 4 OBJECT: To determine the modulus of rigidity of the material of a given wire by dynamic method. APPARATUS: A hollow tube , Two hollow cylinders and Two solid cylinders of equal length and equal diameter , Long wire , Lamp with Scale arrangement , Stop watch , Screw gauge , Meter scale and Physical balance. WORKING FORMULA : η
8 π l2 L [ m m ] 2 1 4 2 2 r [ T T ] 2 1
Where is the modulus of rigidity of the material of a given wire is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter [ It is a mathematical constant whose value is 3.142 ] l is the half length of the hollow tube. L is the length of the wire m is the average mass of the hollow cylinders. m 2 is the average mass of the solid cylinders. T is the time period for 10 oscillations when the solid cylinders are at the inner position T 2 is the time period for 10 oscillations when the hollow cylinders are at the inner position r is the radius of the wire. OBSERVATIONS: 1. Least count of screw gauge LC = 0 . 0 1 m m = 0. 001 cm . 2. Total length of the hollow tube = 2 l = _____________ cm 3. Half length of the tube = l = __________________ cm 4. Length of the wire = L = ______________________ cm 5. Total mass of the hollow cylinders = m T = ________ gm. ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 19
Dated : _______________ 6. Average mass of the hollow cylinders m
= m T /2 =___ gm
7. Total mass of the solid cylinders = m 1 = _________ gm 8. Total mass of the solid cylinders m
2
= m t / 2 =____ gm
9. Radius of the wire r S NO
MSR
CSR
mm
FP = CSR LC
Diameter MSR + FP
Mean Diameter
mm
mm
mm
div
Radius Radius
r
r
mm
cm
1. 2. 3. S NO
Time period for 10 oscillations when the solid cylinders are at the inner position T Sec
1
2
3
Time period Mean T = t / 10 T Sec Sec
Mean
1. 2. 3. S NO
Time period for 10 oscillations when the hollow cylinders are at the inner position T Sec
1
2
3
Time period Mean T 2 = t / 10 T 2 Sec Sec
Mean
1. 2. 3.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 20
Dated : _______________ CALCULATIONS:
η
η
η
η
] 2
8 3 . 142 [
[ )2
] 4 [(
[
η
8 π l2 L [ m m ] 2 1 4 2 2 r [ T T ] 2 1
8 3 . 142
8 3 . 142
] )2]
(
= __________ 10 12 Dynes / cm 2 Percentage Of Error
Percentage Of Error
Percentage of error
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value
10 12 10 12
100
10 12
100
= ________________ %
RESULT: The modulus of rigidity of the material of a given wire is calculated to be________________________ dynes / cm 2 Percentage of error = ___________________ %
Teacher’s signature
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 21
Dated : _______________ PRECAUTION: Radius of the wire must be measured accurately. The support should be rigid ie the support of the pendulum should not vibrate along with the pendulum. Vibration of the tube must be in one plane. Area of the wire should be uniform through out the length. Surface of the Maxwell’s tube must be small. Amplitude of vibration must be small. There should be no kinks in the wire. SOURCES OF ERROR :
Non-linearity of the meter scale. In accurate measurement of the radius of the rod. Kinks in the wire. Non rigid support. Non uniformity of the radius of wire. Air drag.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 22
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 5 OBJECT: To determine the Young’s modulus of the material of a given bar by bending of beam method. APPARATUS: Given metallic bar , Meter Scale , Spherometer , Slotted weights , Vernier calipers , Cell and Connecting wire. WORKING FORMULA :
Y
M g L3 4 y b d3
Where
Y is the Young’s modulus of the material of a given bar. M is the mass suspended g is the acceleration due to gravity [ g = 980 cm / sec 2 ] L is the length of the bar between the two knife edges. y is the depression produced in the bar b is the breadth of the bar. d is the thickness of the bar.
. OBSERVATIONS: 1. Least count of screw gauge LC = 0 . 0 1 mm = 0. 001 cm 2. Least count of vernier calliper’s LC= 0.05 mm = 0.005 cm. F0R THICKNESS S NO
MSR
CSR
mm
div
FP = CSR Thickness Mean MSR + FP Thickness LC
mm
mm
mm
1. 2. 3. F0R BREADTH S NO
MSR
VSR
FP = VSR LC
Breadth MSR + FP
Mean Breadth
mm
div
mm
mm
mm
1. 2. 3. ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 23
Dated : _______________ Mean Twist Mean Mass Load Load Reading for Twist In Increasing Decreasing y 500 for hanger [ A B ] gm 500 MSR CSR FP TR MSR CSR FP TR M gm 2 y A B y gm cm div cm cm cm div cm cm cm cm cm 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
CALCULATIONS: FROM OBSERVATIONS Y
Y
Y
Y
M g L3 4 y b d3
4
980
980
4
] 3 ] 3
[ [
Y = __________ 10 12 Dynes / cm 2 FROM GRAPH Y
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
M g L3 4 y b d3
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 24
Dated : _______________ Y
Y
Y
4
4
980
] 3 ] 3
[
[
980
Actual value Y = ______ 10 12 Dynes / cm 2 Percentage Of Error
Percentage Of Error
Percentage of error
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value
10 12 10 12
100
10 12
100
= ________________ %
RESULT: 1. The Young’s modulus of the material of a given bar by bending of beam method .is calculated to be _________________ dynes / cm
2
2. Percentage of error = ___________________ %
Teacher’s signature
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 25
GRAPH BETWEEN Dated MASS & DEPRESSION
: _______________
Along X – axis One small division = _______ gm Along Y – axis One small division = _______ cm
0
50
100
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
150
200
250
300
350
400
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 26
450 500
Dated : _______________ PRECAUTIONS: Edges on which the bar is suspended must be sharp and rigid and must be perpendicular to the length of the bar. Load must be changed in regular steps. Load must be suspended at the centre of gravity of the bar and it’s distance must be equal from the two knife edges. The bar must be of uniform thickness. Thickness of the bar must be measured accurately. Positions of the sharp edges must be kept fixed through out the experiment. SOURCES OF ERROR: Edges may not be sharp. In accurate measurement of the Breadth and thickness of the bar. The sharp edges may not be fixed during the experiment. Load may not be changed in a regular steps.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 27
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 6 OBJECT: To determine the coefficient of viscosity by Stoke’s method. APPARATUS: Given liquid , Small ball bearings , Stop watch , Screw gauge , Vernier calipers , Long glass tube fitted to a wooden frame , Meter scale WORKING FORMULA:
V V [ 1 0
2. 4 r R
]
2 π r 2g [ d - D ] η 9 V 0 Where
is the coefficient of viscosity. is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter [ It is a mathematical constant whose value is 3.142 ] r is the radius of the spherical body
g is the acceleration due to gravity [ g = d is the density of the ball bearing. D is the density of the liquid. V0 is the terminal velocity. X is the inner diameter of the glass tube. R is the inner radius of the glass tube. V is the observed Velocity .
980 cm / sec 2 ]
OBSERVATIONS: Density of the ball bearing. = d = 7. 8 gm / cm 3 Density of the given liquid = D = 1. 26 gm / cm 3 Smallest division division on main scale
= a = _____cm.
Total number of divisions on vernier scale = b = _____cm. ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 28
Dated : _______________ Least count or Vernier constant = a = ____________cm. b
Inner diameter of the glass tube = X = 3 . 5 cm Inner radius of glass tube = R = r = d / 2 = 3.5 / 2 = 1. 75 cm Pitch of the screw =
Distance moved on main scale =_____mm Number of rotation
Total number of divisions on circular scale =_______divisions Pitch of the screw Total number of divisions on circular scale
Least count =
Least count =______________mm =_____________cm. Zero error Z =______________mm =_____________cm. Size of balls
M.S.R
C.S.R
Fractional Part
Diameter D = FP + MSR
D T [ Z]
FP = CSR LC
mm
div
Corrected Diameter
mm
mm
mm
Large Medium Small
Size of Distance Ball Covered bearings S
Time taken to cover distance S 1
Large Medium Small
cm 60 60 60
2
3
sec sec sec
Mean t
sec
Observed Velocity V
S t
V (1
2.4r R
cm / sec
CALCULATIONS: ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
Terminal velocity V0 =
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 29
cm / sec
)
Dated : _______________ LARGE BALL BEARING 2.4r V V [ 1 ] 0 R 2.4 V [1 ] 0 V [1 ] 0
V0
=
_________ cm / sec
MEDIUM BALL BEARING 2.4r V V [ 1 ] 0 R 2.4 V [1 ] 0 V [1 ] 0
V0
=
_________ cm / sec
SMALL BALL BEARING 2.4r V V [ 1 ] 0 R 2.4 V [1 ] 0 V [1 ] 0
V0
=
_________ cm / sec
LARGE BALL BEARING
2 π r 2g [ d - D ] 9 V 0 2 3.142 [ ] 2 980 [ 7. 8 - 1. 26 ] 9 2 3.142 980 6 . 54 9 = _________ Poise η
MEDIUM BALL BEARING
2 π r 2g [ d - D ] η 9 V 0 2 3.142 [ ] 2 980 [ 7. 8 - 1. 26 ] 9 2 3.142 980 6 . 54 9 = _________ Poise ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 30
Dated : _______________ SMALL BALL BEARING
2 π r 2g [ d - D ] η 9 V 0 2 3.142 [ ] 2 980 [ 7. 8 - 1. 26 ] 9 2 3.142 980 6 . 54 9 = _________ Poise Actual Value = =
________________ Poise
Percentage Of Error
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value
Percentage Of Error
Percentage of error
100
100
= ________________ %
RESULT: The coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid is calculated be ______________ Poise Percentage of error
= ________________ %
Teacher’s signature
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 31
Dated : _______________ PRECAUTION: Least count of stop watch should be noted and graduation on stopwatch should be studied carefully before starting the experiment. The ball bearings must be released slowly from just above the liquid surface. Temperature of the liquid should remain constant through out the experiment. Ball bearings must be released in the middle of the tube. Liquid should be transparent and free of dust particles. Surface of the ball bearings must be free of dust and grease. Tube must be vertical. SOURCES OF ERROR :
Inaccuracy of stopwatch. Liquid may not be pure. Change of temperature during the experiment. Surface of the balls may not be free of grease The tube may not be exactly vertical
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 32
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 7 OBJECT: To determine the distance between two points by using a sextant. APPARATUS: Sextant , Meter scale and Vertical stand. WORKING FORMULA :
d
L OR d L [ Tan α Tan β ] Cot β - Cot α Tan β - Tan α
Where d is the distance between the two points on the wall. L is the distance through which Sextent is moved. is the angle through which the index arm is turned to coincide the images of two the points. is the angle through which the index arm is turned after moving the Sextent distance L to coincide the images of two the points. .
OBSERVATIONS: Least count of the Sextent = 10 sec S NO
1. 2. 3.
L1
cm 0 50 100
When AA are in St. line
Angle B When AB are in St. line
[B – A]
deg
deg
deg
Angle A
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
Angle
=
L2
cm 50 100 150
Angle Angle C D When AA are in St. line
When AB are in St. line
deg
deg
Angle
Distance
=
L= [D – C] [L2 – L1]
deg
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 33
cm 50 50 50
Dated : _______________ CALCULATIONS:
d
L Cot β - Cot α
d
50 -
d
d
=
___________ cm
d
L Cot β - Cot α
d
50 -
d
___________ cm
d
L Cot β - Cot α
d
L [ Tan α Tan β ] Tan β - Tan α
d
50 -
d
50 [
]
-
=
___________ cm
d
L [ Tan α Tan β ] Tan β - Tan α
d
50 [
]
-
d
d
=
___________ cm
d
=
d
]
-
=
d
d
d
50 [
d
d
d
L [ Tan α Tan β ] Tan β - Tan α
___________ cm
d
=
___________ cm
Actual value = ____________ cm. Percentage Of Error Percentage Of Error
Percentage of error ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value
100
= ________________ %
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 34
100
Dated : _______________ RESULT: The distance between the two points A and B by using the sextant is calculated to be _________________ cm. Percentage of error = ___________________ %
Teacher’s signature PRECAUTION: Least count of the sextant should be determined accurately The points A and B should be in a plane perpendicular to the line joining the lower point A with the sextant. The lower point A must be at the level of the sextant. Sextant should be firmly fixed to the stand. The sextant should be properly leveled. Parallax between directed and reflected images should be removed completely. The sextant should be clamped in vertical position, so that axis of the telescope is horizontal. The telescope should be in level with the lower mark. The two images should overlap and should have equal intensity. Rotate the moveable arm slowly SOURCES OF ERROR : Parallax between direct and reflected images may not have been removed completely. In accurate reading of the instruments. Mirrors of the sextant may not be parallel to each other
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 35
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 8 OBJECT: To determine the frequency of A.C supply by Meld’s method using a Vibrograph. APPARATUS: A.C. main supply , Vibrograph with step down voltage transformer , String , Pan , Adjustable pulley , Two upright pins , Weights and meter scale. WORKING FORMULA : Frequency of string
1 2L
Frequency of A . C main supply
M g μ
or
F s
1 2L
M g μ
Mean F s 2
Where
FS is the frequency of string. L is the distance between two consecutive nodes. [ Length of single loop ] M is the total mass suspended. g is the acceleration due to gravity [ g = 980 cm / sec 2 ] is the linear density of the string. OBSERVATIONS: Mass of pan suspended m1 = ______________ gm. Mass per unit length of the string ( Linear density ) =_____ gm / cm. S. NO
Mass placed in pan
Total mass
M = m 1 + m2
N
m2 gm
Number Of Loops
gm
Length of N loops L
Length of One loops L = l / N
cm
cm
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 36
Dated : _______________ CALCULATIONS: F s
2 1
FS
=
F s
980
2 1 =
F s
F
980
2 1
FS
=
F s
___________ Hz
M g μ
1 2L
980
1
2 1
FS
M g μ
=
___________ Hz
[ MEAN FS ]
980
1
M g μ
1 2L
1
___________ Hz
5
2 1
F
1 2L
M g μ
1 2L
1
FS
FS
___________ Hz
F s
980
1
M g μ
1 2L
=
___________ Hz
( A .C)
( A .C)
F (A.C)
5
Mean FS = _______ Hertz
Mean Fs 2
=
2 __________________ Hertz
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 37
Dated : _______________ Actual value :
50 Hertz
Percentage Of Error
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value
Percentage Of Error
50
Percentage of error
50
100
100
= ________________ %
RESULT: The frequency of A.C supply by Meld’s method using a Vibrograph is calculated to be ________________ Hertz Percentage of error
= ________________ %
Teacher’s signature PRECAUTION: The string should be of uniform area of cross-section. It should have no knots. The string should be stretched horizontally. The string, the vibrator or and the pulley should be in the same straight line. Pan should be suspended freely and must be stationary when readings are taken. The weights should be gently transferred to or from the pan. The wave, set up should be well defined, stationary and of large amplitude. Pulley should be well oiled to reduce friction. While taking the length of N loops the end loops must be omitted as initial and final node is not clear. Pins should be placed at exact position of nodes. The string should have no knots. SOURCES OF ERROR : Non uniformity of linear density of string. Friction at pulley. Large least count of weights. Given linear density and weight. Personal error in measuring the length. ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 38
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 9 OBJECT: To prove that the photo current is directly proportional to the intensity of light falling on photocell photo cell. or To verify the inverse square law by using a APPARATUS: Photo voltaic cell, Micro ammeter , Electric lamp , Meter scale , A – C Main supply and connecting wires. WORKING FORMULA: For inverse square law of radiation Intensity of light E
1 d2
From the experiment Photo electric current I Hence Intensity of light E E
1 d2
Photo electric current I I
Where d is the distance between the source of light and photocell CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 39
Dated : _______________ OBSERVATIONS: Least count of Micro – ammeter ___________ Amps
POWER OF THE BULB = 60 WATTS S.NO.
Distance Current Current
d
I1
I2
cm
A
A
I
1
I
2
2 A
Distance
d2
cm
2
1 d2 cm –
2
1.
100
10000
1.00 × 10–
4
2.
90
8100
1.23 × 10–
4
3.
80
6400
1.50 × 10–
4
4.
70
4900
2.0 × 10–
5.
60
3600
2.77 × 10–
4 4
POWER OF THE BULB = 40 WATTS S.NO.
Distance Current Current
d
I1
I2
cm
A
A
I
1
2 A
I
2
Distance
d2 cm
2
1 d2 cm –
2
1.
100
10000
1.00 × 10–
4
2.
90
8100
1.23 × 10–
4
3.
80
6400
1.50 × 10–
4
4.
70
4900
2.0 × 10–
5.
60
3600
2.77 × 10–
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 40
4 4
Dated GRAPH BETWEEN VOLTAGE & CURRENT Along X – axis One small division = _____ Volts Along Y – axis One small division = ____ Amperes
: _______________
Take a common point on 1 / d 2 and find the corresponding values of I 1 & I 2 and compare them
0 × 10– ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
4
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 41
Dated : _______________ CALCULATIONS: 1.
1
]2
[
1
]2
[
= __________cm – 2
]2
[
= __________cm – 2
]2
[
= __________cm – 2
]2
[
1
= __________cm – 2
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
1
1
]2
[
= __________cm – 2
= __________cm – 2 5.
1
4.
1
1
1
]2
[
= __________cm – 2 4.
1
3.
1
1
1
]2
[
= __________cm – 2
3.
1
2.
1
1
= __________cm – 2 2.
]2
[
1
1
1.
1
5.
]2
[
1
= __________cm – 2
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 42
Dated : _______________ I 1 d 2
1.
[ =
]2
______
A . Cm 2
I 1 d 2
2.
[ =
3.
______
I 1 d 2 [
=
4.
______
A . Cm 2
5.
[ =
______
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
=
=
______
]2 A . Cm 2
I 2 d 2
______
]2 A . Cm 2
I 2 d 2 [
= 5.
]2 A . Cm 2
I 2 d 2
[
]2
I 1 d 2
A . Cm 2
[
4.
A . Cm 2
]2
______
2.
3.
I 1 d 2
______
=
]2
[ =
[
]2 A . Cm 2
I 2 d 2
1.
______
A . Cm 2
I 2 d 2 [
=
]2
______
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 43
]2 A . Cm 2
Dated : _______________ RESULT: The graph between current I and
1 is a straight line which confirm d2
that the photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of light The values of
I 1 d 2 and I 2 d 2 are constant for each bulb.
The value of
I 1 is found to be __________________ I 2
Teacher’s signature
PRECAUTION: Connections must be tight and free from insulating material at the end. The height of lamp and height of photocell should be same. Distance should be measured carefully. Zero error of micro ammeter should be noted. Least count of micro ammeter should be noted. Window of photocell should be opened after the lamp is switched on. Personal movement should minimum so that light is not blocked. SOURCES OF ERROR:
Large least count of micro ammeter. Height of lamp or photocell may not be same. Presence of light in the surroundings. Change in the illumination of light in the surrounding.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 44
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 10 OBJECT: To determine the mechanical equivalent of heat [ Value of J ] by Calander and Barne’s method. APPARATUS: Callender and Barne’s apparatus , Constant pressure head device Ammeter , Voltmeter , Rheostat , Two Thermometer , Accumulator , Physical balance , Stop watch and Connecting wires. WORKING FORMULA:
J
V I t m C ( T T ) F I
Where
V is the the voltage applied across the resistor. I is the current passed through the resistor for t sec. t is the time for which the mass of water is collected. m c is the mass of water collected. TI is the temperature of water [ At Inlet ] TF is the temperature of water. [ At Outlet ]
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 45
Dated : _______________ OBSERVATIONS: 1. Least count of voltmeter
= ___________________________ Volts
2. Least count of Ammeter
= ___________________________ Amps
3. Least count of thermometer
= ________________________ C
4. Mass of empty beaker = m b = _______________________ gm. 5. Mass of beaker + water = M = ______________________ gm. 6. Mass of water collected = m = 7. Specific heat of water
[
M–m b
]
___________ gm.
= S b = 1 Cal / gms °C
8. The voltage applied across the resistor = V = __________ Volts 9. Current passed through the resistor
= I = ___________ Amp
10. Time for which the current is passed = t = ________________ min 11. Initial Temperature of water [ At Inlet ] = TI
= _______°C
12. Final temperature of water [ At Outlet ] = TF
= ________°C
S. NO
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Time ( t )
Voltage (V)
Current (I)
minutes 5 10 15 20 25 30
Volts
Amp
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
Temperature Temperature At Inlet At Outlet ( T 1 ) °C ( T 2 ) °C
°C
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 46
°C
Dated : _______________ CALCULATIONS: Time for which the current is passed = t = _____ min 60 = _____Sec
V I t m C ( T T ) F I 1 [
J J
J
1
]
J Actual Value =
4. 19 Joules / calorie.
Percentage Of Error
Percentage Of Error
Percentage of error
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value 4 . 19
4 . 19
100
100
= ________________ %
RESULT:
The mechanical equivalent of heat [ Value of J ] by Calander and Barne’s method is calculated to be ________ J / cal.
Percentage of error
= ________________ %
Teacher’s signature
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 47
Dated : _______________ PRECAUTION: There should be no air bubbles in the tube. Turns of the resistor wire may not touch each other or side of the tube. Current must be switched on after maintaining a steady flow of water through the tube. The tube must be air tight so that there should be no leakage of water SOURCES OF ERROR : Inaccuracy of stopwatch. There may be air bubbles in the tube. The most important source of error is the loss of heat due to radiation.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 48
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 11 OBJECT: To determine the temperature coefficient of resistance of the given wire. APPARATUS: Meter bridge, Galvanometer, Resistance box, Cell, Thermometer , Given coil , One way key and Connecting wires. THEORY: The resistance of a pure metal wire changes with temperature according to the relation R t = R0 [ 1 + t + t 2 ] Where and are constants R t and R0 are the resistances of the metal at temperatures of t C and 0 C respectively . The constant is very small compared with and for moderate temperature range the above relation can be written as R t = R0 [ 1 + t ] The constant is known as temperature coefficient of resistance. If R t and R0 are the resistances of a metal at t C and 0 C are known the value of can be computed by the relation R - R t 0 R t 0
R
- R t 0 R [ t t ] 1 0 2
However the measurement of resistance R0 at 0can be avoided. If R1 and R2 are the resistances of the metal wire at t1 ( say room temperature ) and t2 ( say boiling point of water ) are measured , then the value of can be determined by the relation.
α
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
R
- R 1 [ R t R t ] 1 2 2 1 2
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 49
Dated : _______________ WORKING FORMULA:
R
- R t 0 R [ t t ] 1 0 2
,
α
R
- R 1 [ R t R t ] 1 2 2 1 2
Where
is the temperature coefficient of resistance of the given wire. R t is the resistances of the metal wire at t C R0 is the resistances of the metal wire at 0 C R1 is the resistance of the metal wire at t1 ( say room temperature ) R2 is the resistance of the metal wire at t2 (say boiling point of water )
T1 is the room temperature T2 is the boiling point of water
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 50
Dated : _______________ OBSERVATIONS: Least count of thermometer = 1 °C S. NO
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Temperature At Inlet T
Known Resistan ce R
LX
°C Room temp 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
Ohm
cm
LR
X R
L L
cm
X
R
Ohm
CALCULATIONS: FROM OBSERVATIONS
α
R
- R t 0 R [ t t ] 0 2 1
R
1 [R t R t ] 1 2 2 1
α
[
]
C
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
- R
2
C
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 51
GRAPH BETWEEN Dated RESISTANCE & TEMPERATURE
: _______________
Along X – axis One small division = _____ C Along Y – axis One small division = _____ Ohms
0
10
20
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
30
40
50
60
70
80
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 52
90
100
Dated : _______________ FROM GRAPH
α
R
- R t 0 R [ t t ] 0 2 1
R
-
[
- R
1 [R t R t ] 1 2 2 1
α
2
]
C
C
Actual Value =
0.00017 / C
[ for Nichrome wire ]
Actual Value =
0.00001 / C
[ for Manganin wire ]
Percentage Of Error
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value
Percentage Of Error
Percentage of error
100
100
= ________________ %
RESULT: The temperature coefficient of resistance of the given wire is calculated to be ______________ per degree centigrade
Percentage of error
= ________________ %
Teacher’s signature
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 53
Dated : _______________ PRECAUTION:
All connections should be neat and tight. Short and thick connecting wires should be used. The jockey must have sharp edge. Avoid the sliding of jockey on the wire rather it should be gently tapped over it. The plugs of resistance box should be tight in their gaps. Care should be taken in handling the apparatus. SOURCES OF ERROR : Loose connections Error due to the sliding of jockey on the wire. Use of long and thin connecting wires may add more resistance in the circuit. Loose plugs in the resistance box . Jockey may not be of sharp edge . Fluctuation of current in the circuit.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 54
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 12 OBJECT: To determine the thermal conductivity of non conductor by Lee’s method. APPARATUS: Lee’s thermal conductivity apparatus , Given circular shaped non conductor , Steam generator , Vernier calipers , Screw gauge , Stop watch , Two sensitive thermometer. WORKING FORMULA:
K
ML C dT A [ T T ] dt 2 1
Where
K is the thermal conductivity of non conductor. M is the mass of metal slab L is the thickness of non conductor [ Card board ] C is the specific heat of metal A is the cross sectional area of non conductor.
dT is the rate of cooling of the metal slab at Steady state dt
T1 is the steady state temperature of metal slab T2 is the temperature of steam chamber. temperature
OBSERVATIONS: 1. Mass of metal slab = M = ___________________________ grams. 2. Specific heat of metal = C =____________________cal / grams C 3. Steady state temperature of metal slab =
T1
= ______________ C
4. Steady state temperature of steam chamber =
T2
= __________ C
5. Thickness of non conductor [ Card board ] = L =__________ cm 6. Diameter of non conductor [ Card board ] = d =___________ cm 7. Radius of non conductor [ Card board ] = r = d / 2 =_______ cm 8. Cross sectional area of non conductor. ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
= A=r
2
_______ cm 2
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 55
Dated : _______________ S. NO
Time Temperature
S. NO
Time Temperature
t
T
t
T
sec
C
sec
C
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
CALCULATIONS:
FROM GRAPH
d T = _____________ K
d t = _____________ min
Rate of cooling of the metal Slab at steady state
K K
K K
=
ML C dT A [ T T ] dt 2 1 [
dT dt
]
____________ cal / sec / cm / C
Actual Value
=
_____________ cal / sec / cm / C
Percentage Of Error
Percentage Of Error
Percentage of error
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
= _______
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value
100
= ________________ %
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 56
100
GRAPH BETWEEN Dated TIME & TEMPERATURE
: _______________
Along X – axis One small division = ________ C Along Y – axis One small division = ______ min
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 57
Dated : _______________ RESULT: The thermal conductivity of non conductor by Lee’s method is calculated to be ______________ cal / sec / cm / C Percentage of error
= ________________ %
Teacher’s signature
PRECAUTION: Least count of stop watch should be noted and graduation on stopwatch should be studied carefully before starting the experiment. Diameter of metallic slab , card board and steam chamber must be equal. Surface of the metallic slab and card board must be smooth so that they come in good thermal contact. SOURCES OF ERROR : Inaccuracy of stopwatch. Diameter of card board may not be equal to diameter of metallic slab and steam chamber. Loss of heat from edges of the slab and the bad conductor. Presence of condensed water in the steam chamber is an important source of error.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 58
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 13 OBJECT: To determine the wavelength of sodium light [ D – lines ] by diffraction grating APPARATUS: Spectrometer , Diffraction grating , Sodium lamp , Sprit level. WORKING FORMULA:
N = d Sin
d Sin θ N
λ
Where is the wave length of sodium light. d is the grating element.
is the angle of diffraction of the sodium light. N is the order of spectrum.
OBSERVATIONS: Least count of stop watch = 1 minute. Number of lines ruled on the grating = ________lines / inch. Grating element = d
S NO
1. 2.
Order Of Image
I II
Lines
1inch
no of lines
Diffraction reading on Right side [A]
Left side [B]
deg
deg
2.54 cm [
= _______cm
]
Difference Of Readings 2 = A – B
Angle of diffraction
Wave length
deg
deg
cm
D1 D2
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 59
Dated : _______________ d Sin θ λ N
CALCULATIONS:
Sin
λ
λ
=
____________ cm
Or
=
o ____________ A
ACTUAL VALUE
=
____________ cm
Actual Value
=
Or
=
o ____________ A
_____________ cm
Percentage Of Error
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value
Percentage Of Error
Percentage of error
100
100
= ________________ %
RESULT: The wavelength of sodium light [ D – lines ] by diffraction grating is calculated to be ______________ cm. Percentage of error
= ________________ %
Teacher’s signature
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 60
Dated : _______________ PRECAUTION: Do not touch or attempt to clean the surface of the grating. Spectrometer must be set properly before using it. Ruled surface of the grating must face away from the collimator. The eyepiece should be focused on the cross wire carefully. The telescope and collimator should be adjust for parallel rays. The grating should be adjusted parallel to the axis of rotation of the table. The grating should be adjusted perpendicular to the collimator with it’s ruled surface away from it. The grating lines should be parallel to the axis of rotation of the table. The silt should be made extremely narrow while taking readings. SOURCES OF ERROR : The grating surface may be touched by fingers. Spectrometer may not be set properly. Ruled surface of the grating may be facing towards the collimator. The cross wire of the telescope may not be focused carefully. The grating may not be exactly perpendicular to the collimator.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 61
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 14 OBJECT: To determine the wavelength of sodium light by Newton’s ring. APPARATUS: Sodium lamp , Sprit level., Convex lens of suitable focal length ( Usually lens of long focal length is used ) Plane glass plate ,Traveling microscope. WORKING FORMULA: wavelength of sodium light by Newton’s ring can be calculated as
Dn2 Dm2 λ 4 R[n - m ] Where is the wave length of light used. th D n is the diameter of n dark ring ( Outer ring ) th D m is the diameter of m dark ring ( Inner ring R is the radius of curvature of the lens. OBSERVATIONS: Least count of traveling micrometer
= ___________cm.
Radius of curvature of lens used = R = _____________cm S NO
Ring Number
Right side [A]
Left side [B]
Difference Of Readings 2 = A – B
cm
cm
cm
Microscope reading on
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 62
Dated : _______________ CALCULATIONS: WAVE LENGTH OF SODIUM LIGHT BY NEWTON’S RINGS
Dn2 Dm2 λ 4 R[n - m ] [ ]2 [ λ 4 [
λ
]2 -
]
4
λ
=
____________ cm
Or
=
o ____________ A
ACTUAL VALUE
=
____________ cm
Percentage Of Error
=
o ____________ A
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value
Percentage Of Error
Percentage of error
Or
100
100
= ________________ %
RESULT: The wavelength of sodium light by Newton’s rings is o calculated to be _______________ cm or = ________ A Percentage of error
= ________________ %
Teacher’s signature ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 63
Dated : _______________ PRECAUTION: A lens of large radius of curvature should be used. The point of interaction of crosswire should coincide with the centre of ring system. One of the crosswire should be perpendicular to the scale of microscope. The microscope should be moved in the same direction while measuring the diameter of a ring to avoid back lash error. The radius of curvature of the surface of the lens in contact with the glass plate should be measured. Lens and the glass plate should be cleaned properly so that no dust particles remains between them at the point of contact, this is necessary for making the center of rings always dark. Screw of the travelling microscope must be rotated as for as possible in one direction The glass plate must be held at an angle of 45 to the light beam so that light must fall perpendicularly on the lens. Travelling microscope readings must be taken accurately. SOURCES OF ERROR :
Lens and glass plate may not be clean. Readings of microscope may not be accurate. Micro scope screw may have slight backlash error. The glass plate may not be held at an angle of 45 to the beam of light.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 64
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 15 OBJECT: To determine the surface tension of liquid by Jeager’s method. APPARATUS: Complete Jeager’s apparatus, contained in a beaker , Traveling microscope.
Given
liquid
WORKING FORMULA: surface tension of the given liquid by Jeager’s method is given by
T
rg 2r [ HD - d ( h 3 2
) ]
Where r is the radius of the jet bore. g is the acceleration due to gravity [ g = 980 cm / sec 2 ] H is the difference of height between the liquid levels in the two limbs of manometer. D is the density of the manometer liquid. d is the density of the experimental liquid ( water ) contained in the beaker. h is the length of the jet tube dipped in to the experimental liquid. OBSERVATIONS: Least count of traveling microscope = LC = ___________cm S Traveling microscope NO readings when origin of it’s cross wires are focused on Right edge
Left edge
[X]
[y]
cm
cm
Diameter of the jet D =Y–X
cm
Mean Radius Diameter of the of the jet jet
cm
1. 2. 3.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 65
cm
Dated : _______________ OBSERVATIONS: Density of the manometer liquid [ water ] = D = 1 gm / cm 3 Density of the experimental liquid [ water ] = d = 1 gm / cm 3 Acceleration due to gravity = g = 980 cm / sec 2 Room temperature = T = ____________________ C S NO
Length of the jet tube dipped in the liquid h
Position of liquid column just before the detachment of an air bubble in the Closed limb Open limb [A] [B]
cm
cm
cm
Difference of height between the two liquid levels H =B–A cm
1. 2. 3. CALCULATIONS:
T
rg 2r [ HD - d ( h 3 2
T
T Actual Value =
980 2 980 2
) ]
[
1 - 1 (
[
1 - 1 (
2 3 2 3
73 dynes / cm.
Percentage Of Error
Percentage Of Error
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value
73
73
100
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 66
100
) ]
) ]
Dated : _______________ Percentage of error RESULT:
= ________________ %
The surface tension of liquid by Jeager’s method.is calculated to be ____________________ dynes / cm. Percentage of error
= ________________ %
Teacher’s signature PRECAUTION: The jet tube must be circular and should be of very small diameter so that the bubbles formed are spherical in shape. Length of the jet tube dipped in the experimental liquid must be measured accurately. Apparatus must be air tight. The experimental liquid should be free from dust. The experimental liquid must be pure. For accurate measurement of liquid levels in manometer the rate of formation of bubbles must be slow SOURCES OF ERROR : Experimental liquid may not be pure. Temperature of the liquid may not be constant. Jet may not be perfectly circular.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 67
Dated : _______________
EXPERIMENT NO . 16 OBJECT: To determine the surface tension of liquid [ water ] by capillary rise method. APPARATUS: Capillary tubes of uniform bore and different diameters, Thin rubber tube band, Sharp pointed needle, Clamping stand, Thermometer , Given liquid, Traveling microscope and An adjustable stand. WORKING FORMULA: surface tension of the given liquid by capillary rise method is given by
T
hr ρ g 2
Where T is the surface tension of the given liquid. h is the height of the liquid column. r is the radius of the tube used. d is the density of the experimental liquid ( water ) used. g is the acceleration due to gravity [ g = 980 cm / sec 2 ] OBSERVATIONS: [ FOR GIAMETER OF THE TUBE ] Least count of traveling microscope = LC = ___________cm S NO
Traveling microscope readings when it’s cross wires are focused on Right Left Upper Lower edge edge edge edge
[A] cm
[B] cm
[C] cm
[D] cm
Diameter of the tube D =B–A
Diameter of the tube D=B–A
D cm
cm
1. 2. 3. Radius of the tube = r = D / 2 ___________cm
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
Mean Diameter of the tube
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 68
cm
Dated : _______________ OBSERVATIONS:
[ FOR HEIGHT OF THE LIQUID COLUMN ]
Temperature of water = T = ____________________ C Density of the liquid [ water ] = = 1 gm / cm 3 Tube No
Microscope reading at Lower meniscus
Lower tip of the needle
[A] cm
[B] cm
Difference of height
Radius of tube
h = A–B
r
cm
cm
T
hr ρ g 2
dynes /cm
1. 2. 3.
CALCULATIONS:
T
hr ρ g 2
T T
2
2
T = _________________ dynes / cm. Actual Value =
73 dynes / cm.
Percentage Of Error
Actual Value Calculated Value Actual Value 73
Percentage Of Error
73
Percentage of error
= ________________ %
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
100
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 69
100
Dated : _______________ RESULT: The surface tension of liquid by Jeager’s method.is calculated to be ____________________ dynes / cm. Percentage of error
= ________________ %
Teacher’s signature PRECAUTION: The capillary tube should be of fine and uniform bore. The tube should be vertical and sufficiently apart. As for as possible use of wax for fixing the tubes should be avoided In stead of use of a thin rubber band be preferred. The container should be full with the water level slightly above it’s edges. The water surface should be free from grease and hence should never be touched with fingers. The lower tip of the needle should be just above the water surface and not dip in to it. The tube should be cut and it’s diameter determined at the level of water meniscus. The diameter of the tubes should be measured in two cross wire positions. Use of distilled water should be avoided. The experimental liquid should be free from dust. The experimental liquid must be pure. SOURCES OF ERROR :
Non uniform capillary tube may be used. Capillary tube may not be exactly vertical. Surface of water may be greasy. Diameter of the capillary tube may not be measured accurately. Experimental liquid may not be pure. Temperature of the liquid may not be constant.
ASIFJAH ZEHRAVI
CELL 0300 – 2568922 & 0341 – 6623062 70
