(#28) Culture in the Unhispanized Philippines

Atcxtpd fo xbd Tobfqujof|dh Ubfcfuufodq

Bfqujof Bfq ujof|jx |jxfko fko dwd dwdo o xbk xbktib tib `df `dfoi oi pdl pdldax daxdh dh `v njo njov v yjq j tqd tqdgtc gtc xdpn gkp qabkcjpq qabkcjpq fo hfqxfoitfqbfoi akohfxfkoq kg xbd xbpdd.adoxtpv Qujofqb hknfojxfko fo xbd Ubfcfuufodq gpkn xbd xfnd ybdo qkafkdakoknfa cfgdqxvcd kg xbd Gfcfufok udkucd bjh okx `ddo jggdaxdh/ Xbd fohfidoktq Gfcfufok atcxtpdq fo jpdjq ybdpd xbd Qujofjphq hfh okx ikwdpo pdnjfodh qxfcc/ Xbdv ydpd okx Abpfqxfjof|dh nkpdkwdp `dajtqd xbdv ydpd aknucdxdcv fqkcjxdh gpkn ybjx y jq bjuudofoi ko xbdfp  odfib`ktpq joh xbtq njv `d akoqfhdpj`cv ajccdh –tobfqujof|dh„/ Gfcfufokq cfwfoi fo xbd tobfqujof|dh Ubfcfuufodq hk okx jcckajxd xbd qjnd qkafjc qxptaxtpd/ Akoqdztdoxcv# gktp qkafjc qxptaxtpdq jpd ajxdikpf|dh joh hdqapf`dh jq ybjx xbd joxbpkukckifqxq pdgdp xk jq xbd dxbokipjubfa updqdox/ Acjqqcdqq qkafdxfdq# xbd gfpqx ajxdikpv jpd abjpjaxdpf|dh qk `dajtqd xbdv hfqadpo ok ipktu ybfab drdpxq jtxbkpfxv kp jhwjoxjid kwdp kxbdp ipktuq `v wfpxtd kg juupkwdh kp jaacjfndh qxjxtq/ Xbdqd Xbd qd foa foacth cthdq dq Bjo Bjotokk tokk## Njo Njoivj ivjoq oq fo xbd nkt nktoxj oxjfoq foq kg Nfo Nfohkp hkpk# k# Fck Fckoikx oikxqq kg Otd Otdwj wj Daf Daflj# lj#  Otdwj Wf|ajvj joh Fqj`dcj# xbd Xfptpjv kg Akxj`jxk# xbd Qtckh kg Ujojv# xbd @jxjmq kg Ujcjyjo# xbd Odipfxkq kg Ct|ko# Odipkq# Ujojv joh Nfohjojk# Htnjijx jckoi akjqxq kg Ct|ko# Njijbjx fo Odipkq Kpfdoxjc# Kpfdoxjc# Njnjot Njnjotjj fo bfibcjohq kg Nfohjo Nfohjojk# jk# joh xbd Fmjcjbjo kg Otdwj Wf|ajvj/ Xbdqd qkafdxfdq upkhtad cfxxcd kp ok qtpuctq gpkn xbdfp dowfpkondox/ Qknd cfwd `v ijxbdpfoi gkpdqx upkhtaxq# qknd `v btoxfoi joh ijxbdpfoi# qknd `v drabjoifoi ijnd kp gkpdqx upkhtaxq gkp  gkkhqxtggq= kxbdpq cfwd `v akn`fodh btoxfoi# ijxbdpfoi joh cfnfxdh atcxfwjxfko/ Nkqx hk okx njmd yjp qfoad xbdv hk okx bjwd ydjukopv# ndnkpfdq kg nfcfxjpv wjcktp# kp yjppfkp xpjhfxfkoq/ Vdx kxbdpqq pdnjf kxbdp pdnjfodh odh xk `d xbd nkqx okxkp okxkpfktq fktq bdjhxjmdpq/ bdjhxjmdpq/ Wjpfk Wjpfktq tq cdwdc kg dakoknfa hdwdckundox joh ok aktu.aktoxfoi upjaxfad nfibx `d pdjqkoq gkp xbd drfqxdoad kg yjpq/ Qkafdx Qka fdxfdq fdq fo xbd qdakoh ajxdikpv ajxdikpv jpd xvufgfdh xvufgfdh `v j hfq hfqxfo xfoax ax yjp yjppfk pfkpp acj acjqq# qq# fo ybf ybfab ab ndn`dpqbfu fq yko `v udpqkojc jabfdwdndox# doxjfcq upfwfcdid# htxv joh updqapf`dh okpnq kg  akohtax# joh fq pdztfqfxd gkp aknntofxv cdjhdpqbfu/ Xbd Njok`k kg Jitqjo joh Akxj`jxk# xbd Njohjv Njo hjvj# j# @ji @jik`k k`k joh Xji Xjijmj jmjkck kck kg Hjw Hjwjk# jk# joh xbd @fcjjo @fcjjo kg xbd Hjwjk.Akx Hjwjk.Akxj`jx j`jxk k joh xbd Fqodiqq joh Mjcfoijq kg Okpxb Fqodi Okpxbdpo dpo Ct|ko `dckoi xk xbfq ipktufoi/ ipktufoi/ Jcxbktib dakoknfa hjxj jpd tojwjf toj wjfcj` cj`cd cd gkp jqq jqqdqq dqqfoi foi kwd kwdpjc pjccc upk upkhtax htaxfwf fwfxv# xv# dnu dnufp fpfaj fajcc k`q k`qdpw dpwjxf jxfkoq koq qti qtiidq idqxx xbj xbjxx yjp yjppfk pfkp  p  qkafdx qka fdxfdq fdq ido idodpj dpjccv ccv ukqqdqq ukqqdqq nkp nkpdd fnu fnukpx kpxdh dh xpj xpjhd hd fxd fxdnq nq jq bdf bdfpck pckkn kn ydj ydjcxb cxb xbj xbjo o jov kg xbd qkafdxfdq kg xvud :# joh xbkqd fo Nfohjojk bjwd pfab xpjhfxfkoq kg ndxjcctpiv joh ydjwfoi

todztjccdh fo xbd acjqqcdqq qkafdxfdq/ Cfmd nkqx kg xvud : qkafdxfdq# xbdqd yjppfkpq jcqk hk okx kyo# fobdpfx# nkpxijid# drabjoid# jcfdojxd# kp `dqxky pdjc upkudpxv/ Udxxv uctxkapjafdq# xbd xbfph ajxdikpv jpd ajccdh qk `dajtqd xbdv jpd hknfojxdh qkafjccv joh ukcfxfajccv `v j pdakiof|dh acjqq kg pfab ndo ybk jxxjfo ndn`dpqbfu xbpktib `fpxbpfibx#  upkudpxv# joh xbd udpgkpnjoad kg qudafgfdh adpdnkofdq= joh –udxxv„ `dajtqd xbdfp jtxbkpfxv fq ckajcf|dh# ckajc f|dh# `dfoi drxdohdh `v odfxb odfxbdp dp j`qdox j`qdoxdd dd cjohc cjohckphfq kphfqn n okp xdpp xdppfxkp fxkpfjc fjc qt`lti qt`ltijxfko jxfko// Xbdqd qkafdxfdq jpd gktoh kocv ko xbd Akphfccdpj Adoxpjc kg Okpxbdpo Ct|ko# joh xbd ydjcxbv acjqq fq ajccdh mjhjoivjo fo xbd Fgtijk# @koxka# joh Mjomjojv cjoitjidq# joh `jmojoi  `jmojoi fo fo F`jckv/ Fx fq hfggfatcx xk pdqfqx xbd akoactqfko xbjx xvud 1 qkafdxfdq jpd gkpndp yjppfkp qkafdxfdq ybkqd foxdoqfwd gjpnfo gjp nfoi i kg fpp fppfij fijxdh xdh xdp xdppja pjadq dq bjq upk upkhtad htadh h j cjo cjoh.k h.kyof yofoi oi joh fob fobdpf dpfxfo xfoi i acj acjqq qq ybf ybfab ab xjm xjmdq dq  updadhdoad kwdp nfcfxjpv wdxdpjoq joh ybfab ntqx pjom jq kod kg xbd nkqx qbjpucv hdgfodh acjqqdq fo dxbokipjubfa cfxdpjxtpd/ Upfoaf Upf oafujc ujcfxf fxfdq# dq# xbd gkt gktpx pxb b ajx ajxdikp dikpv v jpd hkn hknfoj fojxdh xdh `v j pda pdakiof kiof|dh |dh jpf jpfqxk qxkapj apjav av yfx yfxb b  `fpxbpfibx acjfn xk ckvjcxv joh aknnfxndox gpkn gkcckydpq ybfab upkhtadq ckajc kwdpckjhq yfxb fohfwfhtjc ukcfxfajc xfxcdq ybk# fo xtpo# pdakiof|d xbd `fpxbpfibx acjfn kg kod jnkoi xbdn xk jhbdpdoad joh gjfxbgtcodqq gpkn jcc xbd kxbdpq kg xbdfp acjqq/ Jcc qkafdxfdq fo xbfq ajxdikpv upkgdqq Fqcjn# gkp ybfab pdjqko xbdv ydpd ajccdh nkpkq fo Qujofqb# joh jpd gktoh kocv fo xbd Qtct Jpabfudcjik# xbd gckkh ucjfo kg xbd Utcjoif Pfwdp wjccdv# xbd Cjojk cjmd pdifko `dxyddo Fccjoj joh Fcfijo @jvq# joh j gdy ktxcvfoi fqcjohq cfmd Ajijvjo hd Qtct/ Xbd dakoknfa `jqd kg xbd xvud 8 qk qkaf afdx dxfd fdqq fq nt ntab ab `p `pkjh kjhdp dp xb xbjo jo xb xbjx jx kg xv xvud ud 1# gk gkp# p# fo jh jhhf hfxf xfko ko xk up upja jaxf xfaf afoi oi qd qdhdo hdoxj xjpv pv jipfatcxtpd# xbdv bjwd tuudp acjqqdq xbjx doijid fo nkpd kp cdqq njpfxfnd xpjhd# joh dolkv j adpxjfo jnktox kg qcjwd cj`ktp/ Vdx xbdfp dcfxd jpd cfxdpjccv hdgfodh jq j ptcfoi acjqq# gkp hjxt gkp hjxt fq xbd pkkx kg xbd wdp`# –xk ptcd„/ Dwdo `dgkpd xbd Qujofjphq ajnd# Gfcfufokq bjh jcpdjhv j afwfcf|jxfko kg xbdfp kyo/ Jo jqqkpxndox kg jqudaxq kg xbfq upkipdqq ajnd ujpxcv gpkn Njcjvq ybk qdxxcdh fo xbd aktoxpv/ Xbd atqxknq joh xpjhfxfkoq# xbd ikwdpondox joh nkhd kg cfwfoi bjwd aknd hkyo xk xbd updqdox joh njv `d gkt gktoh oh fo pdnkxd pdnkxd ptp ptpjc jc jpd jpdjq jq ybf ybfab ab bjw bjwdd qk gjp qtaaddhdh qtaaddhdh fo pd pdqfq qfqxfo xfoi i xbd fnujaxq fnujaxq kg  nkhdpo afwfcf|jxfko/ Jnkoi xbd joafdox Gfcfufokq# xbd njcd joh jo h gdnjcd jxxfpd yjq aknukqdh kg xbd tuudp joh ckydp ujpxq/ Fx qddndh xbjx xbd akcktpq kg xbdfp ljamdxq fohfajxdh xbd qkafdxjc pjom kg xbd ydjpdp/ Ndo# ykndo joh abfchpdo yjcmdh j`ktx `jpdgkkxdh/ Ndo bjh utxkoi  bjh utxkoi jx jx ybfab xbd akckp qbkydh –njocfodqq kg j njo„# gkp jo foqxjoad# j pdh kod qfiofgfdh xbjx xbd ydjpdp bjh mfccdh j njo fo

yjp/ Xbd djpcv Gfcfufokq bjh j ydjmodqq gkp udpqkojc jhkpondox# gkp ykndo joh ndo `tphdodh xbdnqdcwdq yfxb qtab xpjuufoiq jq jpncdxq# udohjoxq# `pjadcdxq# ikch pfoiq# djppfoiq# joh dwdo cdicdxq/ Qfoad ikch yjq j`tohjox aknnkhfxv# fx yjq jcqk tqdh foxk gfccfoiq `dxyddo xbd xddxb/ Xbd joafdox bktqd njhd kg ykkh# `jn`kk# joh ofuj ujcn bjh `jqfajccv ok hfggdpdoad yfxb updqdox  `jppfk bktqd/ Ubfcfuufod qkafdxv yjq hfwfhdh foxk xbpdd acjqqdq< xbd ok`cdq ybk dolkvdh dractqfwd pfibxq# xbd gpddndo "njbjhcfmj "njbjhcfmj&& joh kaatuvfoi xbd ckydqx qxpjxtn ydpd xbd hdudohdoxq "jcfufoq "jcfufoq&/ &/ Hdudohdoxq ydpd dfxbdp  jcfufoi  ojnjnjbjv yfxb bfq kyo gjnfcv joh bktqd# joh xbd jcfufoi   qjififcfh yfxb  qjififcfh  yfxb ok upkudpxv ko bfq kyo joh aktcho‖x njppv yfxbktx njqxdp‖q akoqdox/ Xbdpd ydpd ipjhjxfkoq jnkoi xbdn/ Ykndo dolkvdh tofztd ukqfxfko fo xbd qkafdxv# bjh xbd pfibx xk `d jx ujp  yfxb ndo/ Jq qfio kg hddu pdqud pdqudax# ax# xbd ndo# ybdo jaaknujovfoi jaaknujovfoi ykndo# yjcmdh `dbfoh xbdn/ Njppfjid Njppf jid atqxkn fo ybfab j njo `dckoifoi `dckoifoi xk kod acjqq qbktch qbktch njppv kocv yknjo kg xbd qjnd acjqq yjq okx qxpfaxcv gkcckydh/ J njo‖q cdifxfnjxd yfgd yjq ajccdh jqjyj joh kxbdp ykndo fo pdcjxfko yfxb xbd njo ydpd ajccdh –gpfdohq„/ Cdifxfnjxd abfchpdo ydpd kocv xbkqd ifwdo xbd pfibx xk fobdpfx upkudpxfdq gpkn xbdfp cdifxfnjxd gjxbdp/ Fg xbd njppfdh aktucd `dckoidh xk hfggdpdox acjqqdq# xbdfp abfchpdo ydpd dztjccv hfwfhdh jnkoi xbd ujpdoxq fo qk gjp jq qkafjc qxjxtq yjq akoadpodh/ Xbd `jpjoijv hdpfwdh gpkn xbd Njcjv `jcjoijv "j `kjx&# yjq xbd tofx kg ikwdpondox joh akoqfqxdh kg gpkn 15 xk :55 gjnfcfdq/ Djab `jpjoijv yjq fohdudohdox joh yjq ptcdh `v j abfdgxjfo/ Cjyq ydpd dfxbdp atqxknjpv "bjohdh hkyo kpjccv gpkn idodpjxfko xk idodpjxfko& kp  ypfxx ypf xxdo do "up "upknt kntcij cijxdh xdh `v xbd abfdgxjf abfdgxjfoq oq gpk gpkn n xf xfnd nd xk xfn xfnd&/ d&/ Xbd ndh ndhfdw fdwjc jc Dtp Dtpkudj kudjo o bjh ok nkokukcv kg xbd xpfjc `v kphdjc# gkp xbd joafdox Gfcfufokq upjaxfqdh fx tohdp adpxjfo afpatnqxjoadq xk hdxdpnfod xbd itfcx kg j udpqko pdqkpxdh fo kphdp xk qbky xbjx Ikh yktch gjwktp xbd fookadox/ Xbdv `dcfdwdh fo xbd fnnkpxjcfxv kg xbd qktc joh fo cfgd jgxdp hdjxb/ Xbdv bjh  @jxbjcjoi  Njvmjujc jq Njvmjujc  jq xbdfp hdfxv joh apdjxkp kg xbd djpxb/ Fo `tpfjc# xbd hdadjqdh pdcjxfwd yjq ucjadh fo j ykkhdo akggfo joh `tpfdh tohdp xbd bktqd# aknucdxd yfxb ackxb# ikch# dxa/ Joafdox Gfcfufokq utx wdpv ntab qxkam fo hfwfojxfko# jtitpfdq# joh njifa abjpnq/ Xbdv `dcfdwd fo xbd qtudpojxtpjc joh  upkhtaxfko kg joxfoi  kg joxfoi .joxfoi .joxfoi joh jifnjx  jifnjx `dajnd `dajnd wjqx/ Dakoknfa cfgd htpfoi upd.akckofjc hjvq yjq okx ntab hfggdpdox gpkn xbjx gktoh xkhjv fo njov pdnkxd `jppfkq/ Njov kg djpc djpcv v atqxk atqxknq nq joh upjaxf upjaxfadq adq kg xbd upd.akckofjc upd.akckofjc Gfcf Gfcfufokq ufokq jpd qxfc qxfccc kudpjx kudpjxfwd fwd fo njov ujpxq kg xbd aktoxpv# j afpatnqxjoad xbjx fq# fo j qdoqd# jhwjoxjidktq gkp fx kggdpq jo k`qdpwdp gfpqx bjoh njxdpfjcq gkp xbd pdakoqxptaxfko kg xbd hfqxjox ujqx/ "GPKN TUH.MJQ: PDJHFOIQ&