1.
Apparently there is a significant ---- between activity in a specific area of the brain and individual differences in temperament..
6.
The US government demands ---exemptions from a worldwide ban on the use of methyl bromide, a pesticide that damages the ozone layer..
A) association A) responsive
B) revelation
B) eager
C) combination
C) indefinite
D) indication
D) susceptible
E) reference
E) major 2.
High-energy cosmic rays, which are more ---in space than on Mars or Earth, could deliver dangerously high radiation doses..
7.
Few would ---- that corporations, especially the multinational ones, are enormously powerful..
A) impressive A) involve
B) compulsive
B) resume
C) fragile
C) promise
D) innovative
D) disdain
E) prevalent
E) deny 3.
The origins of stress vary from person to person, and people ---- differently to stressful events..
8.
A) refer
4.
B) rely
A) nearly
C) adopt
B) initially
D) react
C) fairly
E) appeal
D) fully
Africa's deserts are spreading ---- owing to cycles of drought together with over-farming and overgrazing..
E) completely 9.
A) influentially
5.
The local officials had ---- wanted a steel bridge to span the river, but finally agreed to a reinforced concrete one..
Biochemical engineers are key players in the great biomedical ---- that lie ahead including the preparation of an HIV vaccine..
B) successfully
A) challenges
C) fundamentally
B) consultancies
D) continuously
C) components
E) conveniently
D) ingredients
Anthony Powell, the contemporary British novelist, shows in his writing great familiarity with the work of Proust while avoiding much direct ---- to him..
E) options 10.
The majority of obsolete pesticide stocks in Africa originate from local producers, or have been the result of ---- purchasing policies..
A) interest B) dependence C) quotation D) reference E) obsession
A) impressive B) conspicuous C) repulsive D) inappropriate E) influential
11.
The lawyer submitted to the court several documents to ---- his point of view..
16.
I couldn't follow the section on quantum computers, but the rest is ---- easy to understand..
A) support A) comparatively
B) overcome
B) permanently
C) refrain
C) consequently
D) improve
D) sensibly
E) alienate
E) comprehensibly 12.
During the 1960s the agronomist and food technologist Norman Borlaug launched what was called 'the Green Revolution', which ---reduced hunger in underdeveloped countries, by creating high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice..
17.
In the future, surgeons may perform operations that we can only dream of today, such as inserting genes into single cells or correcting ---before a child is born.. A) incisions
A) diversely
B) remedies
B) plausibly
C) defects
C) currently
D) devices
D) adversely
E) forces
E) greatly 18. 13.
Diets rich in whole grains, legumes, vegetables and fruits seem to be protective against cancer, but identifying the specific foods or ---- of foods that are responsible is difficult..
It is now realized that forest sizes have a --- influence on the climate.. A) reliable B) compulsive
A) levels
C) significant
B) benefits
D) controversial
C) rates
E) sensitive
D) agencies E) components 14.
In many parts of the world mains electricity is still ---- or even nonexistent..
A spirometer can be used to ---between obstructive and restrictive forms of lung disease.. A) adjust
A) convenient
B) distinguish
B) aggressive
C) indicate
C) deliberate
D) interfere
D) unreliable
E) induce
E) impressive 15.
19.
Airway inflammation is a pivotal event in the development of asthma and appears to ---- its severity..
20.
Iodine remains a mysterious substance; and ----, the iodine in the sea is in a constant state of chemical change.. A) comprehensively
A) target
B) comparably
B) determine
C) conditionally
C) undermine
D) apparently
D) obstruct
E) excessively
E) encourage
21.
The findings indicate that there is a lower ---of cancer among vegetarians..
26.
Through the ages, drugs have been enormously --- in relieving suffering and in preventing and treating diseases..
A) incident A) current
B) disturbance
B) persistent
C) decline
C) beneficial
D) reversal
D) excessive
E) replacement
E) profound 22.
With a gestation period of six months, bats are the slowest reproducing mammal for their size and therefore especially ---- to extinction..
27.
Malnutrition and under nutrition are not ---to the Third World; they also occur in affluent societies..
A) applicable A) exposed
B) reliable
B) permitted
C) variable
C) restricted
D) sizeable
D) disposed
E) vulnerable
E) convinced 23.
24.
25.
All patients with chronic bronchitis should be ---to give up smoking so as to have a better prognosis..
28.
No model is ever perfect, and scientists are --- trying to refine their models..
A) urged
A) uniformly
B) limited
B) formerly
C) discouraged
C) mentally
D) distressed
D) constantly
E) established
E) equally
The probable resources of petroleum cannot be estimated as ---- as can those of coal..
29.
He was discharged from hospital but was advised to return after a month for further ---..
A) considerably
A) treatment
B) ultimately
B) recovery
C) essentially
C) admission
D) suitably
D) diagnosis
E) accurately
E) expansion
During the worldwide malaria epidemic of 1992, it was observed that the disease had developed a ---- to certain drugs that had once been effective..
30.
Cloud seeding, a technique which attempts to make precipitation by dispersing silver iodide particles into clouds, remains ---- because it is quite difficult to prove whether it actually works..
A) resistance B) reserve C) denial D) separation E) condition
A) valuable B) confidential C) essential D) fascinating E) controversial
31.
32.
Scientists are ---- biotechnology to develop highly effective drugs in the fight against currently incurable diseases..
36.
The quartet's rendering of Mozart is ---- good, but l have mixed feelings about the Schubert collection..
A) invading
A) exceptionally
B) justifying
B) sensitively
C) exerting
C) preferably
D) retaining
D) impulsively
E) utilizing
E) impartially
His forecast turned out to be ---accurate considering how little information he had to work on..
37.
When considering eye colour in birds, it is important to make a ---- between the eye wattle, which is the coloured skin around the eye, and the iris colour..
A) lately A) consideration
B) effortlessly
B) contribution
C) intentionally
C) replacement
D) surprisingly
D) distinction
E) heavily
E) significance 33.
Fossilized bones are fragile and can easily be damaged by ---- to the air..
38.
A) exposure
34.
Quartz is one of the most abundant rockforming minerals and the most ---- to weathering..
B) compression
A) resistant
C) resistance
B) reliable
D) appearance
C) convenient
E) restoration
D) reluctant
With their ---- knowledge of astronomy and mathematics, the Mayan civilization was one of the greatest cultures of the ancient world..
E) indifferent 39.
In the past, too, people relied on plant substances to ---- a wide range of illnesses..
A) primitive A) recover
B) advanced
B) cure
C) small
C) infect
D) desirable
D) undermine
E) inefficient
E) restrain 35.
The body ---- most of the carbohydrates we eat either into glucose or into glycogen.. A) removes
40.
In the past 30 years, our knowledge of the ancient Maya civilization has increased ---- as a result of the decipherment of a newly discovered script..
B) deduct C) converts D) destroys E) unites
A) significantly B) alternatively C) suspiciously D) persuasively E) conditionally
41.
Reef scientists have compiled, what could be the most compelling ---- yet, that farming is harming the Great Barrier Reef..
46.
The book is surprisingly lucid and manages to make the controversial field of evolutionary psychology ---- to the average intelligent reader..
A) circumstance A) susceptible
B) proposal
B) conducive
C) evidence
C) available
D) discussion
D) indulgent
E) controversy
E) exclusive 42.
You should have attended that lecture on durability testing of fibres; it really was most ----..
47.
The idea of changing CO2 into petrol was certainly an attractive one, but it was soon ---..
A) irrelevant A) repeated
B) stimulating
B) discredited
C) dull
C) deceived
D) reluctant
D) implied
E) feasible
E) inferred 43.
In years when nut and berry crops are poor, birds may be forced to ---- their territories and search for food elsewhere..
48.
A) locate
44.
Pharmaceutical firms are wary of devoting money to new antibiotics whose sales can be ---limited by the development of resistance in the target microbes..
B) reach
A) accurately
C) abandon
B) adequately
D) reserve
C) severely
E) exclude
D) complacently E) confidently
If he wants the contract, he must let us know by Tuesday; we can't keep the offer open ----.. 49. A) infinitely
It seems strange to us now that miners and others employed in dangerous work should not have demanded the provision of ---- headgear..
B) decisively A) forceful
C) conclusively
B) obstructive
D) reluctantly
C) relentless
E) indefinitely
D) protective 45.
Animal ---- that live in large communities are much more dependent on each other than was previously believed..
E) intensive 50.
A) instincts
Unless you use your computer ----, you can't expect it to function well..
B) patterns
A) surely
C) relatives
B) particularly
D) species
C) recently
E) habitats
D) properly E) soundly
1.
Older employees often find it difficult to ---- their younger colleagues..
6.
In some cities in the United States, traffic lights --- distinctive sounds so that a blind person will know when it is safe to cross an intersection..
A) try out A) set up
B) look for
B) give off
C) cut down on
C) show off
D) keep pace with
D) get out
E) make up
E) make up 2.
Some historians believe that human destiny is mostly shaped by the efforts of people to ---climate change, migration, disease, etc..
7.
A) cope with
3.
It seems to me that technology ---- too much time and I'm wasting more and more precious time trying to get out of the mess technology creates..
B) hand in
A) turns over
C) go over
B) looks for
D) make up
C) gives up
E) lay down
D) puts out
Ideally, the production of any given commodity will be ---- at the point of minimum costs..
E) takes up 8.
A) found out
The city center of Ibiza is relatively easy to ----, because it’s quite compact and many of its sightseeing attractions are within walking distance with one another..
B) brought up A) get around
C) made over
B) make over
D) carried on
C) set up
E) looked for
D) get on 4.
As Egypt ---- its biggest irrigation project, the Pharaohs' dream of spreading their kingdoms into the deserts coming true..
E) go with 9.
A) puts off B) embarks on
5.
When you drink alcohol, your liver has to work on metabolizing that, and sometimes it ---- some of the enzymes and some of the chemical reactions needed to metabolize other things..
C) breaks up
A) tells off
D) tries on
B) puts in
E) shows up
C) finds out D) uses up
Various treaties and conferences have ---the prohibition of chemical warfare.. A) looked down B) put up with
E) goes around 10.
Life has become so mechanical, materialistic and competitive that the tension and stress ---- as a result of this is enormous..
C) turned off D) filled in E) dealt with
A) setting out B) building up C) going out D) coming in E) reaching up
11.
There are many sub-fields of criminal justice that students can choose to study, and each field can ---- different types of careers..
16.
Proteins are ---- smaller building blocks called amino acids, joined together in chains.. A) swept away
A) keep up
B) kept away
B) bring over
C) broken down
C) lead to
D) looked after
D) show off
E) made up
E) find out 17. 12.
Pollination is important because it ---- the production of fruits we can eat, and seeds that will create more plants..
B) made up
B) makes up
C) run out
C) breaks down
D) taken after
D) leads to
E) turned up Police allowed unnotified processions in the city to ---- and failed to arrest those involved in organising and taking part.. A) put on
A) given in
B) get off
B) kept on
C) catch up
C) set out
D) take place
D) switched off
E) settle down
cut off
19.
Baseball will never ---- in Europe, because European players simply don't play baseball..
Because the supply could not ---- the demand, the cost could rise.. A) make up for
A) catch up
B) keep up with
B) play up
C) account for
C) turn over
D) run out of
D) wait on
E) give up
E) look back 15.
18.
When someone chokes on food, it is because the food has slipped into the air passage and ---breathing..
E) 14.
A) broken down
A) holds up
E) puts out 13.
The membrane enclosing a cell is ---- of two lipid layers called a "bilipid" membrane..
The region has to ---- how to narrow the gaps in educational attainment, income, and employment between white and minority residents in order to remain prosperous..
20.
Women need more iron than men to ---- the amount of iron they lose in their menstrual period.. A) make up for B) point out to
A) figure out B) go for C) connect with D) set up E) make up
C) keep up with D) cut down on E) take up with
21.
There are certain signs of improvement in his general condition so the doctors feel he is going to ----..
26.
Actually I would have completed it much more quickly had I not stopped to ---- so many words!. A) make up
A) break down
B) turn over
B) pull through
C) look up
C) make up
D) get off
D) bring off
E) take up
E) clear out 27. 22.
The Internet has recently become a global common platform where organizations and individuals communicate among each other to --- various activities..
Dogs don't hold grudges like humans do; they usually ---- pretty quickly.. A) run through B) move around
A) turn off
C) turn down
B) use up
D) come through
C) take in
E) settle down
D) carry out E) pick up 23.
An attacker may ---- an ‘operational pause’ to consolidate his position before continuing the attack..
Owing to the great distance between the four states that ---- the Federated States of Micronesia, there has not yet been a competition between clubs from different states..
A) work out
A) keep away
C) turn up
B) tie up with
D) get off
C) make up
E) give off
D) set down
24.
28.
B) resort to
E) take on
29.
Intake of excessive alcohol during pregnancy, might ---- a health condition known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)..
I couldn't ---- why the logo was made the way it was..
A) bring down B) play up
A) set up
C) lead to
B) keep up
D) give off
C) rely on
E) keep up
D) make out E) put off 25.
The society that puts equality before freedom will ---- neither..
30.
Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that ---- in eighteenth-century England.. A) relied on
A) do without
B) took place
B) hang around with
C) wiped out
C) end up with
D) kept abreast of
D) go up against
E) gave rise to
E) make out for
31.
32.
The challenge in vaccine development consists in devising a vaccine strong enough to ---- infection without making the individual seriously ill..
36.
Only after a great deal of pressure had been ---the registrar did he agree to give up the recovery ward in favour of a second operating theatre..
A) use up
A) weighed up
B) look after
B) taken to
C) slow down
C) put on
D) ward off
D) brought down
E) set out
E) turned over
Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Becquerel, who noticed that salts containing uranium ---- radiations..
37.
Despite the gusty wind they were able to put out the fire before it ----.. A) fell off
A) got off
B) was taken into account
B) held up
C) was held out
C) sent off
D) got out of hand
D) came up with
E) broke up
E) turned away 38. 33.
In non-literate societies, valuable information about the past is often enshrined in oral tradition – poems, hymns or sayings ---- from generation to generation by word of mouth..
Before I send this article to the editor, I’d be grateful if you could ---- it for me.. A) watch out B) look up
A) taken off
C) break through
B) handed down
D) take over
C) thrown up
E) go through
D) kept off E) rooted out 34.
Following the bomb explosion in the shopping centre, the police have been warning people to --- any suspicious-looking parcel..
Among the Maori of New Zealand, each community has developed its own way of ---crimes and has chosen a number of different punishments to match them..
A) rely on
A) holding up
C) take over
B) coming along
D) watch out for
C) dealing with
E) send for
D) paying for E) taking over 35.
39.
B) run through
40.
The tragedy would never have happened if they had not ---- from the main group..
People who think they are overweight try to ---the problem by giving up various foods..
A) run out
A) keep up
C) taken over
B) look after
D) turned off
C) put aside
E) broken away
D) deal with E) get off
B) cut out
41.
42.
He was rather ---- when he learned that his proposal had been turned down..
46.
A hundred years ago the chestnut ---- a quarter of the hardwood trees in America..
A) hurried on
A) turned down
B) sent away
B) got through
C) found out
C) made up
D) seen to
D) made out
E) put out
E) put down
I don’t know how the nurse ---- the constant demands of that elderly patient..
47.
A) thinks over
The first two paragraphs ---- the particular requirements of the digital environment as the source of data and as a means of producing maps and other visualisations..
B) changes over A) lay emphasis on
C) puts up with
B) run out of
D) wakes up
C) break through
E) turns on
D) stop short of 43.
As soon as the leak in the boiler was noticed, one of the engineers was naturally ----.. A) taken after
E) look down on 48.
B) run down
44.
C) made out
A) make for
D) sent for
B) take upon
E) turned up
C) care for D) bring about
In the first half of the 20th century many scientists ---- liquid crystals as chemical impurities with no scientific or practical merit..
E) lock into 49.
A) put down
45.
As managing director he is expected to ---himself the sole responsibility for launching the campaign..
His doctor ---- advising him to take it easy for a while and stop all over time but he didn't listen..
B) wrote off
A) made up
C) let go of
B) kept on
D) took care of
C) ran through
E) left out
D) left out
Fashion often repeats itself, as certain styles ---again and again and are revived with much publicity..
E) played down 50.
After the refugee crisis, the two governments ---diplomatic relations..
A) turn down B) get away C) make up D) put on E) come up
A) came away B) passed away C) looked after D) broke off E) kept up
1.
2.
Snakes do not have ears outside the head as we do, ---- do they have ear openings or eardrums..
6.
---- certain genes become damaged, the cell may not know how to stop making more cells..
A) nor
A) Even if
B) so
B) While
C) much as
C) Unless
D) the more
D) If
E) not only
E) Although
When sunlight hits a raindrop, it does not move as fast through the water as it does through the atmosphere, and ---- it bends a little..
7.
---- people began to travel around, different societies came into contact with each other.. A) As
A) consequently
B) However
B) nevertheless
C) Whereas
C) still
D) While
D) however
E) In case
E) contrarily 8. 3.
Being in a classroom is different from being at home; that’ why we will need to develop classroom rules ---- we can operate in a democratic and efficient manner..
Japan will not be able make any long-term trade agreements with Peiping ---- the embargo imposed by the fret world on shipping strategic materials to Red China is lifted.. A) whereas
A) how
B) while
B) so that
C) because
C) unless
D) in case
D) moreover
E) unless
E) in case 9. 4.
The old system had its flaws, but ---- it was preferable to the new one..
In immunodeficiency disorders, the immune system doesn’t function adequately, ---infections are more common, recur more frequently and last longer than usual..
A) in case A) so
B) on the contrary
B) but
C) moreover
C) even if
D) whatever
D) although
E) nevertheless
E) as if 5.
---- proving helpful in treatment of some of these conditions these drugs, ---- many prominent researchers acknowledges, have also been shown to create problems in the jaw..
10.
They were immensely pleased with their find, ---, although the crater’s size is not particularly noteworthy, its structure is unique..
A) Although / because
A) nevertheless
B) Since / while
B) but
C) While / as
C) however
D) As long as / even if
D) for
E) Once / whether or not
E) unless
11.
12.
13.
14.
Every rock, ---- copper-veined, silver-clad, or black-glazed, tells a story about the Earth as a whole..
The testimony of the second witness didn’t surprise me at all; ---- the account he gave was more or less what I had expected from him..
A) both
A) on the other hand
B) also
B) as a matter of fact
C) whether
C) conversely
D) all
D) consequently
E) that
E) nevertheless
---- English contains a vast lexical inheritance from Latin, Persian has absorbed a great number of Arabic loan words..
17.
Under these circumstances he should never have been allowed to take charge of the operation ---he was the most senior of the officers available..
A) As long as
A) whyever
B) Because
B) whether
C) Even if
C) even though
D) Just as
D) whenever
E) Whether
E) so that
Living conditions in a poor village are obviously unhygienic, ---- life in a sophisticated city is also potentially dangerous. .
18.
Many more people would doubtless have attended the debate ---- they had known in advance who the principal speakers were..
A) since
A) if only
B) but
B) while
C) as
C) since
D) moreover
D) after
E) even though
E) until
His scheme, with all its short comings, will inevitably be pushed through ____ we can produce one, by Tuesday, which is obviously much more feasible..
19.
---- hard he works, he’ll never be the equal of his father, he’s just not capable of it.. A) So
A) how
B) However
B) so that
C) As
C) unless
D) Whatever
D) moreover
E) Just as
E) in case 15.
16.
---- he gives the appearance of sincerity and reliability, just remember that you can’t trust him an inch..
20.
---- the manager looks shy, youthful and mild, he is in fact a rare combination of discipline, energy and intellect.. A) So that
A) Though
B) Even so
B) That
C) Although
C) As far as
D) Therefore
D) Nevertheless
E) In case
E) So
21.
---- well one may think of him, one must admit that he’s too old for the job..
26.
---- astronomers have so far found no Earthlike planets, this does not mean that there are none..
A) So A) While
B) Although
B) As
C) Even
C) Even though
D) However
D) As if
E) As
E) Unless 22.
The government is determined to improve the communications system ---- the costs involved will be a serious burden on the budget..
27.
---- the semester is over, Dr Baines will supervise the sinking of the shaft as it seems likely that they’ll strike oil..
A) so that A) In order that
B) while
B) As a result
C) despite
C) If only
D) as if
D) Once
E) even though
E) In case 23.
I was lucky enough to get home ---- the thunderstorm was beginning..
28.
A) till
24.
---- how effective and fool proof a diet and exercise program can be, something's bound to go wrong if the plan is not followed correctly..
B) so as to
A) Such as
C) in time for
B) No matter
D) up to
C) Even if
E) just as
D) So that
Perfectionism constricts people just when the fast-moving world requires more flexibility, and ---, it turns them into success slaves..
E) In case 29.
A) consequently
Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, ---- others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical wellbeing..
B) nevertheless A) if
C) still
B) since
D) however
C) even so
E) contrarily
D) while 25.
Every year, more than 15, 000 scuba dives are performed off the coral reefs of Cayman Islands, ---- these sites can actually support only 5, 000 dives per year without any damage to the reefs.. A) since
E) unless 30.
The world faces a future of 'water wars' ---action is taken to prevent international water shortages and sanitation issues escalating into conflicts..
B) but C) if D) just as E) in case
A) as long as B) whether C) since D) unless E) if
31.
Parents normally do not have the fear that, in marrying their daughter or son, they are losing their child to someone else ---- a son-in-law or daughter-in-law arrives..
36.
A) in case
32.
Over this period, according to a report recently issued by the Hispanic Studies Center in Los Angeles, Mexicans received 14.5 billion US dollars from relatives working in the United States, which is almost ---- Mexico earned from foreign oil sales..
B) until
A) as
C) as if
B) just as
D) so that
C) as well as
E) whether
D) as much as E) as far as
Thailand has lost half of its forests ---- its population has ---- doubled in recent decades.. 37. A) as / more than
The true ecologist need not be a specialist at all, ---- his views should reflect the practical wisdom of ordinary people..
B) just as / mostly A) for
C) so as / soon
B) where
D) in case / quite
C) whether
E) because of / much
D) in case 33.
Originally the sonnet was an Italian poetical form which attained great popularity in the Renaissance, and ---- it was natural, ---- not essential for Shakespeare and his contemporaries to use it..
E) that 38.
---- far reaching the benefits of the new policy may be, the country quite simply cannot afford it..
A) hence / if A) Whatever
B) while / though
B) However
C) since / however
C) Whatsoever
D) furthermore / rather than
D) Wherever
E) already / even
E) Whenever 34.
Geographical Information System tools provide specialized functions for spatial data input, processing, analysis and output, ---Database Management System tools provide more advanced functions for storing and managing large spatial databases..
39.
The writers of this article seem to assume that nuclear plants conform with safety requirements ---- the fact that violations are constantly being reported.. A) in case
A) that
B) although
B) due to
C) against
C) while
D) concerning
D) whether
E) despite
E) in that 40. 35.
---- they are accessible by boat only, these islands are still largely undeveloped..
Well-developed industry technology ensures that national regulations are met ---- any hazardous wastes can be handled in a way that poses no risk to human health or the environment..
A) Even B) As if C) Although D) Consequently E) Since
A) if ever B) in case C) such as D) even though E) so that
41.
Dinosaurs may have terrorized other creatures during their time on Earth, ---- now it has emerged that some species had a taste for the flesh of their own kind.
It is thought to be basically a Hittite settlement --- there are some traces of earlier civilizations.. A) in spite of
A) unless
B) even so
B) whether
C) instead
C) because
D) even though
D) even if
E) in case
E) so that 42.
46.
47.
The interiors of planets are totally inaccessible, --- what we know about them comes from indirect measurements and analysis..
Trade-union membership in Germany, ---- in the rest of Europe, is shrinking.. A) so B) whether
A) so
C) though
B) whereas
D) as
C) even though
E) unless
D) since E) so as 43.
48.
Why can’t you admit that ---- hard he works, he will never manage to achieve what his elder brother has achieved?.
Many teenagers suffer from acne, which is triggered by hormonal changes at puberty, ---- it usually clears up as they reach their 20s.. A) thereby B) but
A) unless
C) if
B) whatsoever
D) because
C) though
E) once
D) whenever E) however 44.
49.
---- he was campaigning for re-election last year, he promised that ---- re-elected, he would undertake to restructure the party..
Optimists know that life is never going to be easy, fair and predictable; ----, they expect life to be unfair and unpredictable most of the time!. A) nevertheless B) in fact
A) Wherever / lest
C) even so
B) Because / while
D) but
C) As / since
E) as a rule
D) While / unless E) When / if 45.
---- willingly he seems to have accepted the new job, I don’t really think he likes the working conditions..
50.
---- economic development projects in developing countries are carefully thought out and implemented, they can actually contribute to 'environmental deterioration'.. A) Provided that
A) However
B) Unless
B) Although
C) Since
C) So
D) So long as
D) Even
E) Whenever
E) Since
1.
This part of Africa is growing greener again ---that families who fled to wetter coastal regions are starting to go home..
6.
A) so far
2.
B) to such an extent
A) Due to
C) even so
B) Firstly
D) as a result
C) Despite
E) even more
D) In case of
Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline engines ---- the fact that a larger proportion of the fuel used is burned..
E) Like 7.
A) consequently
3.
---- Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, a French painter who was happy to design posters and to illustrate books, many modern artists have found it necessary to supplement their incomes in various ways..
---- providing luxury on every imaginable level, a five-star hotel should also have the ability to take you by surprise..
B) following
A) With a view to
C) owing to
B) In excess of
D) contrary to
C) Consequent on
E) so that
D) In need of
The age at which puberty begins seems to be influenced by a child‘s general health and nutrition ---- by socioeconomic and hereditary factors..
E) In addition to 8.
Unfortunately, ---- stamping out the drugs' trade, these programmes are simply forcing drug growers to move into more inaccessible regions..
A) also A) besides
B) so long as
B) rather than
C) as well as
C) in addition to
D) both
D) due to
E) either
E) as for 4.
---- concentrating on creating training opportunities, their government ought to turn its attention to creating more jobs..
9.
A) Far from
5.
Activists are those in a political movement who insist on taking active steps towards their objectives ---- merely putting forward an action program..
B) More than
A) in order to
C) Instead of
B) rather than
D) In accordance with
C) as far as
E) In case of
D) in that E) so long as
Even in the middle of the last century, education was the exception ---- the rule.. 10. A) according to B) except for
Today, ---- rapid transportation and communications, the whole world is becoming one community with common economic interests..
C) with regard to
A) as long as
D) rather than
B) in spite of
E) as well as
C) just as D) because of E) such as
11.
The theory posits that Earth’s climate changes --- cyclic variations in the way it orbits the sun..
16.
The environment in which we live changes continuously ---- 'natural causes' over which we have little control..
A) in place of A) in spite of
B) in case of
B) due to
C) so as to D)
C) thus
in view of
D) hence
E) as a result of
E) however 12.
---- providing energy, proteins provide the raw materials for building the body’s tissues and regulating its many activities..
17.
Multinational companies account for ---- 60 per cent of trade in manufactured goods in the developed world..
A) According to A) so much
B) As regards
B) rather than
C) Despite
C) as far as
D) In addition to
D) by no means
E) Contrary to
E) no less than 13.
14.
Roentgen, which is the unit of radiation exposure, is defined ---- the number of ions produced in one cubic centimeter of air by the radiation..
18.
No pharaoh is more famous than Tutankhamen but, ---- his fame, very little is actually known about him..
A) in view of
A) even If
B) as well as
B) In case of
C) due to
C) in excess of
D) in terms of
D) In order to
E) on behalf of
E) despite
---- what is generally assumed, the number of animals remaining in a threatened species may actually rise as it approaches the brink of extinction..
19.
Thanks to a newly developed battery-charging device called the Chargepod, ' we will no longer have to use different chargers ---- recharge different mobile gadgets, like cell phones and iPods..
A) Besides A) with reference to
B) Contrary to
B) due to
C) Whereas
C) in order to
D) Just as
D) with regard to
E) As though
E) according to 15.
---- simply transmitting voice, the Joint Tactical Radio System (JRTS) as the Pentagon refers to it, will also simultaneously carry video and data transmissions..
20.
---- had so many people complained so loudly for so little cause.. A) Only once
A) Rather than B) According to C) Due to D) In contrast to E) In spite of
B) For the first time C) At the beginning D) Up to this time E) From the start
21.
Animals such as raccoons and foxes eat almost anything edible that they come across ---specializing in one type of food..
26.
--- what was once believed, it is now generally agreed that marijuana use is far from benign.. A) In case of
A) just as
B) According to
B) as regards
C) Contrary to
C) rather than
D) Due to
D) owing to
E) As far as
E) in terms of 27. 22.
Geopolitics provides various ways of looking at the world and is highly visual, readily embracing maps, tables, and photographs ----..
Despite their delicate appearance, orchids are found from the Arctic to the tropics in almost every kind of habitat ---- desert.. A) more than
A) from now on
B) rather
B) as a consequence
C) except
C) at most
D) as much
D) instead
E) ) too much
E) sooner 28. 23.
Group work gives students a chance to develop the ability to work as part of a team ---- as an individual..
During the last Ice Age, humans were pushed to the edge of extinction, possibly ---- famine and drought.. A) alike
A) rather than
B) despite
B) even more
C) what
C) so much
D) instead of
D) so far
E) due to
E) moreover 29. 24.
---- the war, many Iraqis who live in Syria prefer to stay, because they consider the killings in Baghdad to be more..
Owing to its unique qualities, gold has been the one material that is universally accepted ---goods and services.. A) for the sake of
A) Despite
B) in line with
B) Obviously
C) in addition to
C) Although
D) in exchange for
D) Pertaining to
E) in accordance with
E) Nevertheless 30. 25.
The government’s intention is to share a comprehensive list of resources available to those in our community who were ---- either heat or shelter..
The country's ethnic composition has dramatically changed ---- the recent civil war.. A) except for B) inasmuch as
A) without B) including C) so as D) therefore E) whether
C) with a view to D) as a result of E) providing that
31.
The Orient has often been associated with lush landscapes, mystery, and fierce military campaigns in Western literature ---- art..
36.
It seems, from the Chinese experience, that an authoritarian state can open its economy to international forces ---- either collapsing or becoming more democratic..
A) in addition A) without
B) despite
B) including
C) same as
C) so as
D) due to
D) therefore
E) as well as
E) whether 32.
33.
34.
35.
---- Pluto and its satellite Charon, the Moon is larger than any other satellite as compared to the body it orbits..
37.
To the Romans, any culture sufficiently ---- theirs was a "barbarian" society..
A) With the exception of
A) whereas
B) Due to
B) because
C) Because
C) unlike
D) As regards
D) even if
E) Rather than
E) in order to
---- composing countless large-scale stage works, Carl Orff’s fame rests almost entirely on just one, the hugely successful Carmina Burana..
38.
---- the fact that fossil fuel will be exhausted one day, there is a huge market potential for renewable energy..
A) In spite of
A) consequently
B) Owing to
B) following
C) In case of
C) owing to
D) As well as
D) contrary to
E) Instead of
E) so that
---- what the name suggests, 'romanticism' has very little or almost nothing to do, with the modern interpretation of the word 'romantic'..
39.
Scientists are studying the brain circuitry of old snails ---- understand how the human brain changes with age..
A) In addition to
A) for fear of
B) In favour of
B) so that
C) Whether
C) in case
D) Contrary to
D) so as to
E) Regardless of
E) otherwise
South Asia has achieved impressive economic growth and poverty reduction in the past decade, mainly ---- economic reforms in the 1990s.. A) thanks to
40. As computer sciences emerged during the 20th century, the concept of data mining methods developed ---- overcome hidden patterns in large swaths of collected data. .
B) so that C) as D) the same E) as far as
A) in an effort to B) on account of C) irrespective of D) because of E) so as
41.
46. Socialism relies on governmental planning, ---the marketplace, to distribute resources. .
43.
B) Nevertheless
B) except for
C) As though
C) rather than
D) According to
D) fairly
E) In addition to
---- the continuing economic recession, a huge deficit in the budget seems inevitable..
---- the French, who tend to adopt grandiose public projects with enthusiasm, the British take a long time to accept any new idea, large or small..
A) As a result of
A) Besides
B) Given that
B) When
C) Despite
C) Unlike
D) In advance
D) Just as
E) Regardless of
E) Owing to
Those who are against polygamy, or plural marriage, believe it is an unhealthy living arrangement, due ---- to headlines and news stories that reflect the most extreme cases..
47.
48.
Education system is nowadays undergoing some substantial changes ---- students.. A) in addition to
A) just
B) because
B) already
C) since
C) particular
D) in favour of
D) instead
E) afterwards
E) in part 44.
A) Compared to
A) instead
E) despite 42.
---- American poet Robert Frost, writing free verse is like playing tennis without a net..
49.
---- hydrogen, every atomic nucleus in normal matter is made of both protons and neutrons; the only question is how many of each there are..
Our army took all precautions ---- the fact that our country might be attacked by the enemies.. A) so that B) despite
A) In order to
C) because
B) More than
D) in view of
C) Except for
E) in case
D) Notwithstanding E) Despite 45.
People who suffer from autoimmune diseases like lupus or HIV have what are called inappropriate immune responses, where the body’s immune system attacks the body, ---attacking foreign cells..
50.
It is generally thought that animals love us ---who or what we are.. A) so long as B) no matter C) provided that
A) in case of
D) because of
B) rather
E) for the sake of
C) instead of D) despite E) with regard to
1.
In its broadest sense the term ‘consumption‘ includes ---- capital consumption, or the using up of goods such as factory machines and tools in the production of other goods, and nonproductive consumption, or the using up of goods for nonproductive purposes..
3.
4.
The main university library and contains such rare works as Charles Dickens's first editions, and a Galileo first edition with handwritten corrections by Galileo himself.. A) so / that
A) both
B) more / than
B) either
C) as / than
C) neither
D) such / as
D) whether
E) even / for
E) not only 2.
6.
Poetry surrounds us everywhere, but putting it on paper is, alas, not ---- easy ---- looking at it..
Blinded studies are done so that ---- the researchers' ---- the participants' expectations about the experimental treatment can influence the study results..
A) such / that
A) whether / or
B) so / as
B) as / as
C) so / that
C) much / than
D) more / than
D) neither / nor
E) too / for
E) how / that
Seating capacity of vans varies greatly among the various models, with some passenger models seating ---- many ---- 12 passengers..
7.
8.
Diesel engines are ---- efficient ---- gasoline engines owing to the fact that a larger proportion of the fuel used is burned..
A) not only / but
A) not only / but also
B) both / and
B) rather / that
C) as / as
C) as / as
D) either / or
D) more / than
E) so / so
E) whether / or
Water can absorb ---- heat per weight ---- almost any other material on earth..
9.
Remember always that you have ---- the right to be an individual, ---- you have an obligation to be one..
A) more / than A) both / or
B) as / as
B) enough / too
C) such / that
C) hardly / ever
D) not only / but also
D) as / such
E) either / or
E) not only / but also 5.
Water and salt help ---- to eliminate the inflammation ---- to end the pain.. A) as / as
10.
In democratic countries, the economic strength of the tobacco industry is ---- great ---- measures taken by governments to protect the rights of non-smokers cannot be applied effectively..
B) either / nor C) much / than D) such / that E) both / and
A) such / that B) as / as C) so / as D) the same / as E) so / that
11.
---- the earth's human population grows, ---difficult it becomes to satisfy basic human needs..
16.
As scientific evidence clearly shows, Schizophrenia is a widespread and serious mental illness that is amenable ---- to drug treatment ---- to other therapies..
A) The larger / the more A) not just / but also
B) Both / and
B) both / or
C) Such / that
C) so / so
D) Much / most
D) more / than
E) Rather / than
E) such / that 12.
Since at least the end of the 19th century, Mars has been considered the most obviously hospitable place in the solar system beyond Earth ---- for indigenous life to have developed --- for human exploration and habitation..
17.
The volunteers who were willing to take part in the experiment were ---- inclined to act politically ---- those who did not volunteer.. A) so / as
A) as / as
B) far / less
B) whether / but
C) much / or
C) both / and
D) more / than
D) so / that
E) so / that
E) nor / as 18. 13.
It is unethical to use placebos as every human has right to get ---- chance of getting better ---everyone else..
A) not only / but also
A) not only / but also
B) more / than
B) as / as
C) as / as
C) so / that
D) so / that
D) the same / as
E) both / and
E) neither / not 14.
Collecting ---- taxes ---- is absolutely necessary is legalized robbery..
19.
To maintain a joyful family requires much from --- the parents ---- the children..
In some cultures when a woman decides who she wants to marry, the intended ---- has to build a new home ---- come to live in the wife's home.. A) more / but
A) both / and
B) either / or
B) as / as
C) such / than
C) not only / nor
D) so / as
D) whether / how
E) rather / than
E) no sooner / than 20. 15.
Those who took the common painkiller ---infrequently ---- once a month had twice the normal risk of developing the Tylenol..
---- methane comes from fossil fuel reservoirs ---from bioconversions, it is certain to provide useful energy for many years to come.. A) Whether / or
A) not only / but also B) whether / or C) the more / the more D) as / as E) so / that
B) As / as C) Neither / nor D) Such / that E) So / as
21.
Supercomputers are ---- powerful ---- they can provide researchers with insight into phenomena that are too small, too big, too fast, or too slow to observe in laboratories.. A) very / even B) as / as C) either / or D) more / than E) so / that
22.
Tropical rainforests are sometimes called the “lungs of the Earth,” because they play ---- a vital role in absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing the oxygen ---- humans and animals must have to live.. A) such / that B) as / as C) both / and D) so / that E) not only / but also
23.
In the 1850s, aluminum — a newly discovered metal at the time — was ---- rare ---- it was considered more valuable than gold.. A) neither / nor B) as / as C) so / that D) the more / the more E) such a / that
24.
Photography has been important in the arts for years, but the question has often been raised as to ---- it is an art ---- just a new form of documentation seen by the eye instead of the mind.. A) whether / or B) why / which C) as / as D) whenever / that E) not only / but also
25.
George Bernard Shaw is the only person ever to receive ---- an Academy Award ---- a Nobel Prize.. A) both / and B) whether / or C) such / that D) ever / since E) as / if
1.
With the establishment of permanent human settlements by great numbers of people, pollution ---- a problem and ---- one ever since..
6.
There ----many efforts to eradicate racism, but very little success ----.. A) were / had been achieved
A) becomes / has remained
B) had been / would have been achieved
B) will become / remained
C) have been / has been achieved
C) was becoming / had remained
D) are / was achieved
D) became / has remained
E) may be / will have been achieved
E) has become / will remain 7. 2.
Prior to the invention of an accurate chronometer, navigators ---- easily their latitude, but longitude ---- more difficult..
The earliest bacteria that scientists ----, in fossil remains in rocks, probably ---- about 3.5 billion years ago.. A) had discovered / lived
A) determined / has been
B) were discovering/ may have lived
B) were to determine / is
C) have discovered / lived
C) had to determine / may be
D) discover / has lived
D) can determine / will be
E) is discovering / had lived
E) could determine / was 8. 3.
4.
It seems likely that, by the end of the week, the costs involved in the construction of the bridge --- by the Ministry..
He ---- his paper by saying that the entire history of human race ---- by transfers of cultural and technological advance from one civilisation to another..
A) would have been announced
A) concluded / had been marked
B) would be announced
B) concludes / would have been marked
C) are being announced
C) has concluded / was marked
D) will have been announced
D) had concluded / is marked
E) have been announced
E) will conclude / was being marked
Proponents of ---- animals in zoos claim that there is much ---- in terms of science, conservation, and even the long term welfare of the animals themselves..
9.
The methods ---- to rid birds from a property must be permanent solutions, cost effective, easy ---- and not harmful to the birds.. A) are used / installing
A) kept / gaining
B) using / being installed
B) keep / to gain
C) to use / installed
C) being kept / being gained
D) use / to be installed
D) to keep / gained
E) used / to install
E) keeping / to be gained 10. 5.
Originally, international law ---- unaccepting of treaty reservations, rejecting them unless all parties to the treaty ---- the same reservations..
Children ---- several languages simultaneously as long as the principles ---- still active and they are exposed to sufficient language samples.. A) could learn / have been
A) had been / has accepted B) will be / is accepted C) was / accepted D) has been / accepts E) will have been / has accepted
B) learn / would be C) might be learned / will be D) can learn / are E) could have learned / had been
11.
The history of the Venetian Republic ---- to an end in 1797 when Venice ---- over to Austria by Napoleon..
16.
Whereas in the early days, a person diagnosed with HIV ---- only a few years to live and AIDS was always fatal, now people ---- longer and longer without progressing to AIDS..
A) was coming / would have been handed A) had had / has been living
B) had come / has been handed
B) has / live
C) comes / had been handed
C) has had / will live
D) came / was handed
D) had / is living
E) would come / was being handed
E) may have / have lived 12.
13.
One of the first examples of a codification of laws that ---- references to individual rights ---- the tablet of Hammurabi..
17.
In recent decades, the efficiency of the United Nations ---- by a growing number of countries..
A) contained / will be
A) will have been questioned
B) were containing / may be
B) was questioned
C) contain / is
C) had been questioned
D) is containing / will have been
D) would be questioned
E) had contained / would be
E) has been questioned
As far as we ---- the Constitution of the United States of America ---- to Congress unlimited powers for legislation..
18.
Of the many attempts that ---- to regulate language one way or another, very few ----.. A) were made / had succeeded
A) know / does not grant
B) have been made / have succeeded
B) knew / will not grant
C) are made / succeeded
C) had known / didn\'t grant
D) could have been made / will succeed
D) have known / isn\'t granting
E) are being made / may have succeeded
E) would know / hadn\'t granted 19. 14.
In early societies, wood or other biological fuels --- the main energy source, but, today in many non-industrial societies, they continue ---widely..
A) took / easing
A) were / to be used
B) takes / to be eased
B) have been / using
C) has taken / to ease
C) will be / being used
D) is taking / eased
D) were being / to have been used
E) was taking / being eased
E) are / to use 15.
Russia ---- a series of diplomatic steps in an apparent effort ---- tensions with the West over the conflict in Georgia..
He recommended that I ---- the letters of Pliny the Younger if I ---- curious to hear a survivor's story..
20.
We are attracted to this mysterious woman but we ---- at a distance as if she ---- divine.. A) could stay / had to be B) are to stay / might be
A) should look up / might be B) may look up / may be C) looked up / must be D) will be looked up / am E) look up / was
C) can stay / is D) stayed / was E) have to stay / were
21.
22.
23.
During the past few decades South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong ---- the fastest rates of economic growth the world ----..
26.
Thesiger's passionate belief that traditional societies around the world ---- against the modern on slaught ---- fierce criticism..
A) have achieved / has seen
A) were protected / will attract
B) achieved / had seen
B) have been protected / had attracted
C) is achieving / will see
C) are being protected / was attracting
D) should achieve / was to see
D) ought to be protected / has attracted
E) is to see / will have seen
E) would have been protected / would attract
Pollution ---- mankind ever since groups of people first congregated and remained for a long time in any one place..
27.
Since there ---- nothing in the way of pay rises or bonuses for two to three years, the new taxes ---a great deal of distress..
A) had accompanied
A) had been / caused
B) accompanied
B) has been / had caused
C) has accompanied
C) will be / would have caused
D) will accompany
D) would have been / are going to cause
E) has accompanying
E) will have been / are causing
Over the last few years, consumer interest in organic agriculture ---- up dramatically, and demand ---- currently ahead of supply..
28.
Over the past three years, the US economy --- badly hurt by unforeseen events, but housing ---- to move up to set sales records in both 2001 and 2002..
A) has shot / is A) would be / would have continued
B) shot / was
B) had been / has continued
C) had shot / had been
C) has been / continued
D) is shooting / has been
D) was / continues
E) was shooting / would be
E) is being / would continue 24.
25.
Approximately 500,000 children ---- annually in Somalia ---- against five potentially fatal diseases in childhood..
29.
When properly ----, an automobile ---- great fuel efficiency..
A) bearing / has been vaccinating
A) designing / achieves
B) to bear / are vaccinated
B) designed / can achieve
C) born / will be vaccinated
C) to be designed / achieved
D) to be born / vaccinated
D) having been designed / will achieve
E) having been born / were vaccinating
E) to design / has achieved
Extraverts ---- willing to try to communicate even if they ---- sure they will succeed..
30.
Any new homeland for immigrants ---- hardships for the existing population, if the former ---- the latter..
A) would be / has not been B) had been / might not have been C) had to be / may not be D) were / must not be E) will be / are not
A) cause / will displace B) has caused / could displace C) would cause / displaced D) had caused / will have displaced E) could have caused / had displaced
31.
32.
Some scientists ---- us that the thermal blanket around the globe ---- the average temperature of the earth to rise..
36.
Indeed, on both sides, it ---- that the decisive battles ---- on the plains of Flanders and Northeast France..
A) were warning / has caused
A) has to be foreseen / has been fighting
B) have been warning / was causing
B) has been foreseen / has been fought
C) have warned / may cause
C) could have been foreseen / will fight
D) had warned / caused
D) had been foreseen / would be fought
E) warn / will have caused
E) will be foreseen / could be fought
In the past few months, our company director ---more mettle than most industrialists ---- in an entire career..
37.
As the decade ---- to wind down, Mark Morris ---as our century’s youngest great choreographer.. A) has begun / had stood
A) had shown / have done
B) will begin / is standing
B) showed / would do
C) was beginning / has stood
C) shows / did
D) begins / stands
D) was showing / may have done
E) is beginning / has been standing
E) has shown / do 38. 33.
Although the metropolitan theatres ---- a monopoly there for a long time, recently several private theatres ----..
B) are encountered / will hit
B) had hold / had been opened
C) have been encountered / had hit
C) were holding / will be opened
D) had been encountered / was being hit
D) held / have been opened
E) will be encountered / hits 39.
Schools and families ---- by continuing to encourage kids ---- healthy lifestyle habits..
Carbohydrates ---- more complex molecules when ---- with other molecules.. A) can form / linked
A) can help / to adopt
B) is formed / linking
B) helped / adopting
C) is to form / to link
C) help / adopted
D) has been forming / to be linked
D) are helping / being adopted
E) was forming / to have been linked
E) will have helped / to have adopted 35.
A) would have been encountered / will hit
A) would hold / are being opened
E) have held / were opened 34.
The report presents a general overview of the problems that ---- when a disaster ---- nation..
If you ---- around, said Sergio, one of the many guides who take visitors through the ruins, you --- that everything we have now, they had in 79 A.D..
40.
If microchips ---- back in the late 1950s, computer technology ---- as advanced as it is today.. A) weren’t developed / isn’t B) hadn’t been developed / wouldn’t be
A) looked / may see B) look / will see C) had looked / should have seen D) is looking / see E) have to look / saw
C) wouldn’t have been developed / weren’t D) wouldn’t be developed / wouldn’t be E) weren’t being developed / won’t be
41.
This is not a new theory; quite a lot of scientists ---- on it for several decades..
46.
A) would have worked
42.
B) had worked
A) had taken / has already cost
C) have been working
B) had taken / were already costing
D) would work
C) were taking / are already costing
E) have to work
D) took / had already cost
The advent of nuclear power ---- the trend to use water-power on a large scale, and hydroelectric installations ---- in all industrial countries with power potential..
E) were taken / already cost 47.
A) has not halted / are being built
43.
When governments finally ---- measures to control the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in March 2003, the infection --- more than 580 lives in 29 countries..
Psychologists, psychiatrists and neuroscientists --- for years over how much of our behaviour ---driven by our genes versus the environment in which we grow up and live..
B) did not halt / are built
A)
C) would not halt / will be built
B) used to argue / would be
D) will not halt / were being built
C) have argued / is
E) had not halted / would be built
D) argue / would have been
Latin American and Caribbean nations ---regional integration as a tool to enhance democracy and ---- economic growth in the region..
had argued / had been
E) argued / will be 48.
Japanese researchers ---- that tomato juice ---prevent emphysema, a smoking-related lung disease. .
A) were embracing / have encouraged A) will say / may have helped
B) embraced / will have encouraged
B) said / will have helped
C) had embraced / will encourage
C) say / had helped
D) have been embracing / had encouraged
D) have said / could help
E) have embraced / encourage
E) had said / will help 44.
Stem cells ---- huge potential for ---- treatments and cures to a vast array of diseases..
49.
Many farms in the US ---- cows with growth hormones ---- high milk production..
A) is to provide / to be found A) provide / to maintain
B) are providing / to find
B) is provided / maintaining
C) have provided / found
C) may provide / maintained
D) provide / finding
D) provided / to be maintained
E) provided / being found
E) is providing / having maintained 45.
If we only ---- how many protons krypton has, we ---- out how many neutrons it has..
50.
If yellow diamonds ---- so rare, they ---- so much money..
A) know / will figure B) should know / may figure C) knew / could figure D) would know / can figure E) has known / might have figured
A) weren\'t / wouldn\'t cost B) aren\'t / won\'t have cost C) won\'t be / don\'t cost D) wouldn\'t be / didn\'t cost E) hadn\'t been / haven\'t cost
1.
The World watch Institute reported last year ---approximately four of the five McDonald‘s restaurants that opened every day in 2005 were outside the United States..
6.
An empire is a political construct ---- one state dominates over another state, or a series of states.. A) in which
A) if
B) whose
B) as
C) whereby
C) while
D) whom
D) when
E) when
E) that 7. 2.
For more than a decade, economists have maintained ---- the dollar was too expensive and its devaluation was unavoidable..
A) whereas
A) whereas
B) whereby
B) because
C) whether
C) that
D) that
D) since
E) as
E) as 3.
A mixture is a material ---- can be separated by physical means into two or more substances..
8.
The physical features of a country strongly influence ---- the people of that country live..
Archaeological excavations indicate ---- Central Turkey has been continuously settled since the earliest times.. A) in case
A) whether
B) if
B) that
C) even though
C) although
D) so that
D) where
E) that
E) in which 9. 4.
5.
Hobby can be any type of activity ---- people do during their leisure time..
His Collected Essays continues to reveal ---George Orwell understood the basic conflicts of the modern world..
A) where
A) just as
B) when
B) so well
C) that
C) if ever
D) whom
D) how well
E) whose
E) even so
Renewable energy is derived from natural processes ---- are replenished constantly..
10.
She needs a change; she should take a holiday; but she is pretending ---- she can’t afford one..
A) by which
A) that
B) that
B) if
C) who
C) whereas
D) whereby
D) as ever
E) whose
E) that is
11.
Management must learn to determine market conditions in the countries ---- it is doing business..
16.
Human rights is a concept ---- has been constantly evolving throughout human history.. A) what
A) where
B) how
B) what
C) if
C) as for
D) but
D) of which
E) that
E) so that 17. 12.
The development of each organ of the body is regulated by a large number of genes ---interact in complex ways..
14.
15.
A) whom
A) that
B) that
B) when
C) why
C) as
D) where
D) so that
E) whether
E) even though 13.
Stress is a feeling ---- is created when we react to particular events..
Anaemia is a condition ---- there is a deficiency in the quality of the blood..
In a capitalist economy the level and rate of consumer spending greatly affects that of business investment, ---- in turn affects the level of employment and the general prosperity..
A) as if
A) who
B) that
B) that
C) which
C) which
D) in which
D) where
E) so that
E) when
Metabolism refers to the highly integrated network of chemical reactions ---- living cells grow and sustain themselves..
18.
19.
Consumption often is regarded by economists as the end of the productive process, the purpose --- all production is undertaken..
A) by which
A) on which
B) that
B) through which
C) who
C) in which
D) why
D) for which
E) what
E) by which
It was in ancient Greece ---- the concept of human rights began to take a greater meaning than the prevention of arbitrary persecution..
20.
A lot of food ---- we eat today contains genetically modified ingredients and usually without our knowledge..
A) when
A) where
B) where
B) when
C) why
C) that
D) during which
D) whose
E) which
E) why
21.
22.
23.
The science of medicine ---- progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the sciences..
A) and
B) when
B) whom
C) why
C) by whom
D) both of which
D) who
E) whom
E) so
Tests of language aptitude have proven extremely effective in predicting ---- learners will be successful in learning..
27.
The Caucasus is a strategically vital region ---could play a critical role in the European Union‘s future energy security..
A) where
A) whereas
B) whoever
B) who
C) which
C) as
D) who
D) whereby
E) whom
E) that
Since 1996, ---- an international treaty banned the culprit chemical refrigerants and propellants, the size of the seasonal tear has been shrinking and scientists predict it may stop forming by the end of this century..
28.
Studies in humans and other mammals show that mothers produce different breast milk 'recipes' depending on ---- baby is a boy or girl.. A) which
A) that
B) if
B) for which
C) whatever
C) when
D) how
D) whether
E) whether 29.
Usability testing is a means for measuring ---well people can use some human-made object such as a computer, a document, or a device for its intended purpose..
The ADAAA made major changes to the definition of disability, leading employers to question how to determine ---- an employee now has a disability.. A) so far as
A) whether
B) so long as
B) how
C) while
C) whose
D) since
D) which
E) whether
E) in which 25.
Gossip is defined by scientists as social information spread about a person ---- is not present..
A) in which
E) both 24.
26.
The major problem in taking energy resources from the sea is ---- they tend to be diffused over a large lateral area..
30.
It's unclear ---- tai chi, a Chinese martial art, affects the immune system, but a recent study suggests it may help prevent a painful skin condition.. A) which
A) that B) if C) who D) what E) but
B) what C) where D) how E) whose
31.
During the 1770s, Taos was repeatedly raided by Comanches, who at that time lived in the plains of ---- is now eastern Colorado..
36.
As a result of the continued professionalization of zoos and zoo keeping, several international associations have developed codes of ethics ---member zoos must abide..
A) where A) which
B) what
B) by which
C) that
C) who
D) which
D) that
E) how
E) how 32.
More importantly, Dobson's book is a reminder of ---- powerful and radical green thinking can be..
37.
I didn’t realize ---- it would take me to get there on foot..
A) ever so A) so far
B) how far
B) how much
C) wherever
C) how far
D) much more
D) so long
E) just how
E) how long 33.
34.
Considering there are millions of hungry people in the world, it shouldn’t be difficult to appreciate ---- important it is for us to find new sources of food..
38.
Niccolo Machiavelli, a great philosopher of the Renaissance, was born in Florence, Italy, at a time ---- the country was in political upheaval..
A) just
A) even
B) why
B) during
C) what
C) since
D) that
D) when
E) how
E) then
For some people, the reason why they migrate to cities from rural areas is ---- their children do not want to live deprived of the facilities of a large city..
39.
Having the support of a friend can change our perception of ---- difficult an obstacle is to overcome.. A) how
A) whether
B) what
B) where
C) whatever
C) whom
D) when
D) that
E) whichever
E) if 40. 35.
Solving world hunger in the conventional sense will not tackle poverty ---- leads to hunger in the first place..
There are countless studies which show ---natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, droughts and typhoons occur..
A) who
A) who
B) why
B) which
C) where
C) whose
D) that
D) how
E) when
E) while
41.
There's a theory ---- the kind of lullabies that people hear in infancy may determine the whole course of a nation musicality..
46.
A recent survey from the outpatient department of a mental health centre revealed ---- 40 percent of the patients abused alcohol, but only 2 percent carried a diagnosis of alcoholism..
A) that A) that
B) what
B) who
C) which
C) where
D) because
D) what
E) when
E) which 42.
43.
Despite the uncertainty on ---- life began, it is clear that prokaryotes were the first organisms to inhabit Earth, approximately 3–4 billion years ago..
47.
The troposphere, the lowest 9 miles of the Earth's atmosphere, is the layer ---- nearly all weather activity takes place..
A) the fact that
A) in which
B) whether
B) that
C) whom
C) what
D) how
D) how
E) what
E) whether
There's a limit to ---- well religion can suppress violence when there are no limits to the amount of oppression the rich can inflict on the poor..
48.
As nanotechnology is an emerging field, there is great debate regarding to ---- extent nanotechnology will benefit or pose risks for human health..
A) what A) who
B) which
B) that
C) how
C) what
D) that
D) why
E) whether
E) where 44.
Unlike conventional computers, ---- operate in linear fashion, taking on tasks one at a time, DNA computers could perform calculations simultaneously..
49.
Federal research funds were prohibited for embryonic stem-cell research until August 2001, ---- Bush approved spending for research using only already-existing cell lines..
A) where A) whose
B) which
B) where
C) that
C) when
D) whose
D) that
E) in which
E) which 45.
There are very few honest reporters and news rooms these days ---- helps explain the general public's mistrust of the press..
50.
Team success depends on the cooperation and collective efforts of human beings ---- may or may not even like each other..
A) which B) where C) when D) why E) whose
A) whose B) in which C) who D) by whom E) whether
1.
Recent findings have suggested that, in ancient times too, man was capable ---- causing rapid and decisive changes ---- the genetic makeup of staple crops..
6.
The most common system divides the world ---biomes based on the dominant plant life that occurs ---- a certain climate.. A) at / with
A) in / for
B) in / after
B) to / of
C) into / within
C) of / in
D) on / under
D) from / over
E) around / of
E) with / into 7. 2.
---- sociology, behavioral research focuses mainly ---- the behavior of people in large groups and social institutions, such as businesses, churches, governments, hospitals..
A) by / upon
A) About / under
B) through / in
B) Of / like
C) from / against
C) With / over
D) out / for
D) In / on
E) with / on
E) On / of 3.
8.
Every year there are changes ---- climate in different parts ---- the world.. A) over / through
4.
There are costs associated ---- high-yield methods, including a heavy reliance ---pesticides and fertilizers..
National and international mechanisms and programs for the defense and protection of children should be strengthened in line ---- the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which has been ratified ---- almost every country in the world..
B) in / of
A) with / by
C) on / between
B) under / for
D) among / on
C) over / at
E) at / around
D) on / across
There is little doubt that an individual's success or failure ---- controlling potentially stressful situations can have a profound effect ---- his ability to function..
E) with / into 9.
The major emerging threat to coral reefs ---- the last decade has been coral bleaching and mortality associated ---- global climate change..
A) in / on A) at / by
B) about / of
B) within / against
C) for / under
C) after / through
D) through / upon
D) above / over
E) without / onto
E) in / with 5.
Although his medical ideas were controversial, Rush made many important contributions ---- the development of medicine ---- the United States.. A) of / at
10.
Exit visas are frequently required ---- countries in which unfavorable political, social, or economic conditions have resulted in a marked rise ---emigration..
B) for / for
A) for / at
C) into / with
B) from / of
D) from / among
C) across /for
E) to / in
D) by / in E) through / among
11.
---- 2 percent of people in the United States suffer ---- panic disorder during any given year, and the condition affects more than twice as many women as men..
A) below B) to
B) On / under
C) in
C) Over / in
D) by
D) About / from
E) off 17.
Death rates have fallen sharply in response ---improvement ---- health services..
The Union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland finally came ---- force ---- 1 January 1801.. A) with / through
A) from / along
B) at / at
B) to / in
C) by / until
C) with / around
D) into / on
D) for / about
E) on / in
E) of / on 13.
As he failed to reply in time, the organisers took his name ---- the list..
A) Of / for
E) With / of 12.
16.
18.
The works of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates commonly known as the 'Hippocratic Collection', consist ---- about 70 works, ---- which only a relatively small number are possible by him..
While many people tend to visualize acid rain as an occurrence marked ---- pure acid falling from the sky, it is a pure misconception ---- their behalf.. A) for / of B) by / on
A) of / of
C) in / about
B) in / for
D) over / with
C) for / in
E) without / into
D) at / about E) by / within 14.
With increase ---- pollution levels, acid rain has become a major threat ---- human beings, vegetation and water bodies..
Although it is clear that a close correlation exists ---- carbon dioxide and air temperature, it is still not known whether increases ---- carbon dioxide cause temperature increases or vice versa..
A) over / for
A) among /on
C) on / from
B) at / of
D) into / about
C) off / from
E) in / to
D) into / out E) between / in 15.
19.
As to the possibility ---- the less-developed countries themselves influencing prices, circumstances vary from commodity ---commodity..
B) at / against
20.
In the Franco - Prussian war, balloons were used to maintain the city's contacts ---- the outside world ---- the siege of Paris.. A) from / over B) for / at C) through / in
A) from / with B) for / along C) of / to D) about / into E) over / on
D) out of / under E) with / during
21.
22.
23.
Societies ---- written records preserved their history through stories and myths passed orally --- one generation to another..
26.
A) in / through
A) about / with
B) on / beyond
B) for / at
C) without / from
C) by / through
D) from /under
D) in / by
E) off /about
E) of / in
Agricultural economies with very little industry are subject to instability caused ---- such factors as the changes ---- the nature..
27.
A) with / to
B) from / on
B) from / in
C) by / in
C) over / among
D) against / of
D) for / of
E) through / for
E) on / between
Underdeveloped agricultural countries are extremely vulnerable ---- changes ---- the international commodity prices..
28.
Hesitations and repetitions in speech are normal ---- the ages of two to four, as speech is developing; they are usually gone by the age of six, except ---- occasional episodes that may recur during times of stress..
B) against / about
A) through / with
C) to / in
B) among / from
D) over / from
C) from / for
E) on / among
D) between / on
Oil consists of a closely related series of complex hydrocarbon compounds that range ---- gasoline ---- heavy solids..
E) at / onto 29.
A) of / under
25.
In Denmark, compensation ---- injuries at work and occupational illnesses is entirely the responsibility ---- employers..
A) with / at
A) for / over
24.
Some of these new drugs, capable ---- curing a variety of diseases, are sometimes hazardous ---use or disposal..
Phobic anxiety is distinguishable ---- other forms of anxiety only in that it occurs specifically in relation ---- a certain object or situation..
B) for / over
A) on / with
C) on / off
B) into / over
D) with / into
C) from / to
E) from / to
D) for / under
Twenty-nine percent ---- parents whose children had allergies said their children suffer ---- a lack of sleep.. A) about /over
E) of / along 30.
Recent research by the U.S. Agricultural Department suggests that high concentrations --- salt make life difficult for the bacteria that are responsible ---- spoiling food..
B) by / in C) in / with D) among / for E) of / from
A) on / from B) with /in C) about / by D) of / for E) among / at
31.
32.
The first indications of anorexia nervosa are concern ---- body weight, even ---- those who are already thin..
36.
Superconductivity occurs only ---certain materials, for example lead, and only, then ---- very low temperatures..
A) about / among
A) with / at
B) in / in
B) at / in
C) of / with
C) in / by
D) for / from
D) for / from
E) to / for
E) by / for
People who wish to improve their athletic performance need to be aware that it can be achieved ---- physical conditioning combined ---high energy food intakes..
37.
Dust and other particles suspended in the atmosphere come in a bewildering range of sizes, ---- minuscule particles of partially burned fuel ---- relatively massive grains of pollen..
A) by / with A) with / from
B) with / for
B) of / over
C) in / by
C) from / to
D) through / to
D) at / by
E) of / into
E) into / of 33.
---- 1992 and 1998, total lung cancer deaths in the United States declined 1.6% per year, but almost all of this decline was due to a decrease --- 2.7% annually for men..
38.
To underline its confidence ---- the venture, one space company is already developing a US based space port to be ready ---- the first flights in 2005..
A) During / in A) with / against
B) Through / at
B) of / with
C) Over / about
C) for / by
D) Among / under
D) at / into
E) Between / of
E) in / for 34.
---- what extent does this article deal ---the problem of water pollution?.
39.
A) To / with
35.
Dwindling oil reserves and concerns ---exhaust emissions have heightened the search --- more sustainable sources..
B) On / to
A) into / with
C) With / about
B) through / into
D) For / in
C) about / at
E) At / by
D) over / for
There is talk ---- sending a bacterium, genetically engineered to digest atomic waste, --- space missions to Mars.. A) about / over
E) for / by 40.
The World Commission on Dams found that, ---average, large dams exceed their budget ---56%..
B) of / on
A) of / up
C) for / with
B) in / off
D) for / after
C) for / under
E) over / from
D) by / from E) on / by
41.
42.
Such information is not being used in engineering applications ---- present, but it is --- much importance to the food and beverage industry..
44.
Last January, 'Hygens', a space probe built by the European Space Agency, landed ---- Titan, Saturn's largest moon, and began to deliver its data ---- waiting scientists..
A) at / of
A) above / from
B) in / with
B) in / with
C) by / to
C) on / to
D) on / about
D) off / about
E) from / for
E) to / by
Sunspots, a barometer ---- solar activity in general, seem to have been unusually numerous ---- the last century.. A)
43.
46.
47.
for / at
The strategy for dealing ---- a fire in a tunnel used to be ---- the train to continue until it had left the tunnel.. A) from / through
B) of / over
B) at / by
C) within / by
C) to / with
D) for / about
D) over / to
E) above / from
E) with / for
There’s a broad range of opinions ---- the biological consequences of being exposed ---- the contaminated environment near Chernobyl..
48.
Each of these mini antennas is capable --- absorbing energy ---- shortwavelength electromagnetic radiation..
A) for / of
A) of / from
B)
B) to / off
in / with
C) on / to
C) for / out of
D) about / at
D) in / with
E) through / from
E) at / through
The United States government is about to start monitoring the air ---- major cities for biological weapons ---- looking for bacteria and viruses in the air filtres that now monitor pollution..
49.
He believes that the best scientists are curious --- everything, and not solely focused ---- a single discipline.. A) about / on
A) of / on
B) for / at
B) at / towards
C) of / by
C) out of / with
D) over / through
D) in / by
E) into / over
E) from / through 50. 45.
Exploration of the Arctic began with the search --- the Northwest Passage as a short cut ---- the Far East..
The prohibition ---- exporting animals and plants prevents workers ---- collecting any thing by any means.. A) over / over
A) for / to B) in / in C) by / for D) on / with E) from / of
B) in / to C) of / by D) from / through E) on / from
1.
Many human characteristics are quantitative traits; ----, they represent some measurable quantity ---- height..
6.
Some ancient societies believed the heart was the source of everything, and they ---- discarded the brain when mummifying corpses, considering it unimportant..
A) for example / just as A) yet
B) on the other hand / like
B) no sooner
C) moreover / as
C) even
D) that is / such as
D) either
E) in other words / as regards
E) as well 2.
The problem with antiseptics is that ---- killing germs they ---- kill the surrounding tissues..
7.
A) far / from
3.
B) so far as / too
A) what
C) as much as / both
B) that
D) besides / as well
C) which
E) as well as / also
D) whose
Beethoven’s seventeen string quartettes hold ---the same position in chamber music ---- his symphonies hold in the orchestral repertoire..
E) whose 8.
A) as / that
4.
The impact of human activities on the Yangtze River's ecology is ---- to kill its remaining plant and wildlife species within five years..
B) much / as
A) worse than
C) quite / whether
B) so bad
D) just / what
C) the worst
E) thus / than
D) such bad E) bad enough
He did ---- better in the interview ---- any of the other applicants.. 9. A) much / as B) rather / than
5.
The longest known bird migration is ---- of the Arctic Tern which migrates from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year..
Today the United States, still by far ---prosperous country in the world, is increasing its working hours ---- creating a more positive balance between work and leisure time. .
C) as / for
A) the more / as well as
D) still / with
B) most / in spite of
E) far / from
C) more / than D) the most / instead of
---- by making an internal analysis can a company set the overall rationale for its international activities.. A) Still B) While
E) the / just as 10.
When blood enters a capillary network, it is under ---- high pressure, ---- some plasma is forced out of the capillaries and into the tissues..
C) Only
A) as / that
D) Until
B) quite / in case
E) Just as
C) rather / so D) such / so as E) so / hence
11.
The damage caused by earthquakes and volcanoes is usually great because ---- event is predictable..
16.
No nation or group of nations is strong ---- to conquer any other nation or group of nations.. A) enough
A) neither
B) well
B) either
C) fairly
C) any
D) too
D) some
E) however
E) both 17. 12.
13.
Bacteria are ---- small that they can ---- be seen under a microscope..
Local authorities have always given ---importance to the improvement of recreational facilities..
A) very / rather
A) any
B) too / hardly
B) some
C) as / thus
C) too
D) so / only
D) quite
E) much / just
E) many
The research project he had undertaken was ---related to the problems of adolescence and ---concerned with those young children..
18.
A lot of people want to become surgeons but ---make the grade.. A) few
A) less / more
B) not much
B) too / any
C) very little
C) so / rather
D) any
D) such / so
E) all
E) to most / the least 19. 14.
Physicists certainly know more about the universe now than ----, but if anything they are ---- puzzled..
Do you really believe that the party programme ---- it now stands, is democratic ---- to influence the vote in our favour.. A) as / enough
A) once more / so
B) since / also
B) once before / too
C) where / as well
C) ever before / even more
D) such as / too
D) at such times / as much
E) that / even
E) ever since / the more 20. 15.
Compared to land mammals' milk, the milk produced by aquatic mammals is ---- richer in fats and other nutrients..
Designed as a palace and fortress for the Moorish monarchs of Granada, the Alhambra is surrounded by a heavily fortified wall ---- a mile in perimeter..
A) less
A) except for
B) so
B) apart from
C) more
C) just as
D) a lot
D) so long as
E) how
E) more than
21.
Fish farming in the world seems to be destined to expand, but it is ---- early to predict the likely extent of growth in this field.. A) as well B) enough C) too D) as E) so far
22.
The belief that anyone can aspire to anything is --- America’s greatest gifts to the world.. A) as much as B) some of C) one of D) another E) the other
23.
A drug of this kind is ---- dangerous to be sold without a prescription.. A) as B) just C) too D) so E) enough
24.
Children who have received special attention from trained teachers typically have ---- IQs ---do children who have not.. A) higher / than B) so high / that C) very high / but D) both high / and E) the highest / or
25.
I’ve given up expecting them to act sensibly but their behaviour on this occasion was ---irrational than usual.. A) the most B) so much C) even more D) ever so E) the more
Absorption of food (I) ---- the small intestine occurs principallyin the middle section, or jejunum; however, the duodenum, (II) ---- theshortest portion of the small intestine, has an extremely important role. Theduodenum receives not only chyme saturated with gastric acid but pancreatic andliver secretions (III) ----. It is in the duodenum that the intestinal contentsare rendered isotonic with the blood plasma; i.e., the pressures and volumes ofthe intestinal contents are the same as (IV) ---of the blood plasma, so thatthe cells on either side of the barrier will neither (V) ---- nor lose water. 1.
B) on
C) were faced
C) by
D) had faced
D) from
E) would face 7.
II.
II. A) causing
A) because
B) having caused
B) nevertheless
C) caused
C) moreover
D) to cause
D) although
E) be caused 8.
III.
III. A) indispensable
A) rather
B) unleashed
B) as well
C) unsurpassed
C) quite
D) alarming
D) though
E) affective
IV.
9.
IV. A) is reaching
A) that
B) will have reached
B) these
C) reaches
C) ones
D) had reached
D) others
E) will be reaching
E) those 5.
A) are facing B) could have faced
E) beside 4.
I.
A) with
E) thus 3.
6.
I.
E) at 2.
Many experts agree that one of the most important problems that we(I) ---- is the gradual warming of the earth's atmosphere (II) ---- mainly bythe build-up of carbon dioxide. The consequences of this gradual warming arelikely to be significant. Weather experts maintain that an (III) ---- increaseis expected in temperatures in the coming years. Some predict that by 2090, thetemperature in southern Britain on a typical summer's day (IV) ---- 30 C, whichis 6 C more than (V) ---- was recorded in 1998.
V.
10. V. A) which
A) invest
B) it
B) allocate
C) that
C) prevail
D) whose
D) gain
E) what
E) upset
Childhood obesity (I) ---- a life-threatening condition in the longrun as the problems will only become severe with growing age. (II) ---- anymedical condition, the best way to deal with this problem is to (III) ---- ahealthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and physical activity. As parents, youshouldn’t force your children (IV) ---- food when they are full, and neverbribe them with sweets and chocolates. If required, consult a doctor ordietician for advice (V) ---- a healthy diet plan. 11. I. A) had turned into
The relationship (I) ---- diet and breast cancer is unclear.High-fat diets have been suspected of (II) ---- to breast cancer, based oninternational correlations between fat intake and breast cancer rates, as wellas animal studies. (III) ----, large prospective studies have not confirmedthis connection, even though a diet high in fat (IV) ---- inadvisable for otherreasons. Similarly, a diet high in fruits and vegetables is certainly healthfulbut provides no known protection against breast cancer. Alcohol intake is associatedwith breast cancer, but the increased risk appears related (V) ---- to heavydrinking. 16. I.
B) can turn into
A) for
C) has turned into
B) among
D) was turning into
C) below
E) would have turned into
D) between
12. II. A) With the help of
E) behind 17. II.
B) No matter
A) increasing
C) In the absence of
B) depicting
D) With regard to
C) contributing
E) Thanks to
D) ranging
13. III. A) take off
E) avoiding 18. III.
B) look up
A) However
C) set up
B) Since
D) resort to
C) Whether
E) make off with
D) In case
14. IV. A) to eat
E) Provided that 19. IV.
B) to be eaten
A) would have been
C) to have eaten
B) had better be
D) eating
C) has to be
E) eaten
D) will have been
15. V. A) to
E) may be 20. V.
B) of
A) many
C) on
B) so
D) in
C) as if
E) from
D) only E) such
Building upon recent discoveries of (I) ---- the AIDS virus enterscells, scientists have now found that some people, perhaps 1 percent of thewhite population, harbor genetic mutations that make them resistant (II) ----HIV infection. The defects occur in a gene for an immune cell protein (III)---- asCC-CKR-5. The most common strains of HIV commandeer that protein inorder to infect cells. The mutations appear to explain some puzzling cases (IV)---people exposed to the deadly virus remain uninfected. The discovery alsostrengthens the hypothesis that drugs which (V) ---- with the interactionbetween HIV and CCCKR-5 can safely slow the spread of the virus in infected individuals. 21. I.
Among the goals of medical education is the production of physicianssensitive to the health needs of their country, (I) ---- of ministering tothose needs, and aware (II)---- the necessity of continuing their owneducation. It therefore follows that the plan of education, the medicalcurriculum, should not be the same in all countries. (III) ---- there may bebasic elements common to all, the details should vary from place to place andfrom time to time. (IV) ---- form the curriculum takes, ideally it will beflexible (V) ---- to allow modification as circumstances alter, medicalknowledge grows, and needs change. 26. I. A) available
A) where
B) capable
B) how
C) inevitable
C) whereby
D) irreversible
D) why
E) dispensable
E) what 22. II.
27. II. A) from
A) to
B) without
B) for
C) at
C) with
D) over
D) on
E) of
E) at 23. III.
28. III. A) Since
A) to know
B) Furthermore
B) having known
C) As if
C) to be known
D) Although
D) known
E) Despite
E) knew 24. IV.
29. IV. A) However
A) which
B) Whatsoever
B) whose
C) Whenever
C) when
D) Wherever
D) who
E) Whatever
E) in which 25. V.
30. V. A) enough
A) support
B) much
B) coincide
C) too
C) interfere
D) as
D) enhance
E) rather
E) trigger
Light is made of electromagnetic waves. These are electric andmagnetic fields (I) ---- wiggle perpendicular to each other and to a lightray's direction. Many invertebrates have (II) ---- eyes that can detect wavelengthsof light invisible (III) ---- humans. Some, (IV) ---- bees, can alsodistinguish linearly polarized light. That's when a light ray's electric fieldwiggles not in varying directions, but (V) ---- in one precise direction thatforms a right angle to the ray. 31. I. A) where
Phenology may not be a word that trips off your tongue, but it may be one you want to consider adding to your vocabulary. It has the same root (I) ---- phenomena, and in fact deals with biological (II) ---- linked to climate, suchas bird migrations and plant germination. The University Corporation forAtmospheric Research has (III) ---- a program to collect data from the publicon the first appearances of buds,leaves, seeds, and fruits in everything (IV) ---- trees to weeds. These events will help map (V) ---- changing climate is affecting terrestrial ecology. 36. I.
B) what
A) as
C) in which
B) just
D) that
C) like
E) when
D) with
32. II. A) sophisticated
E) for 37. II.
B) adhesive
A) benefits
C) constant
B) events
D) tedious
C) concerns
E) fertile
D) necessities
33. III. A) by
E) regrets 38. III.
B) from
A) brought up
C) to
B) come out
D) at
C) accounted for
E) with
D) set up
34. IV. A) included
E) seen off 39. IV.
B) being included
A) with
C) to include
B) by
D) including
C) for
E) to be included
D) below
35. V. A) many
E) from 40. V.
B) much
A) why
C) another
B) when
D) few
C) how
E) rather
D) what E) that
Usually,it (I) ---- that the first humans came from Siberia into the Americas sometime (II) ---- 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. (III) ----, in southern Mexico recently,scientists apparently found 40,000-year-old evidence of human occupation, (IV) ---- a footprint. This shocked the scientific world — but then, more accurate dating methods revealed that the evidence was actually 1.3 million years old. The first modern humans did not appear (V) ---- at least 200,000 years ago, so it is doubtful that the "footprint", or the other evidence, is actually human. 41. I.
Theletter "W" has finally been given its own section in the officialdictionary of the Swedish language. There are only (I) ---- words speltwith the letter "W" in Swedish, and these words — such as"whisky" and "web" — are borrowed from (II) ---- languages."W" and "V" are pronounced (III) ---- in Swedish,and so they have often been considered to be the same. (IV) ----, words speltwith the rarer "W" (V) ---- under the "V" section ofthe dictionary. 46. I. A) a little
A) had thought
B) a few
B) has thought
C) whole
C) would be thought
D) a great deal of
D) was thinking
E) either
E) is thought 42. II.
47. II. A) some others
A) about
B) another
B) between
C) the others
C) for
D) others
D) over
E) other
E) among 43. III.
48. III. A) identically
A) Although
B) undoubtedly
B) As if
C) particularly
C) However
D) considerately
D) Because
E) formerly
E) In spite of 44. IV.
49. IV. A) In order that
A) to be included
B) Nevertheless
B) including
C) As a result
C) having included
D) Since
D) included
E) Whereas
E) to include 45. V.
50. V. A) must have listed
A) after
B) will be listed
B) until
C) have listed
C) while
D) would have listed
D) as soon as
E) used to be listed
E) by the time
1.
You will feel right at home with Florida’s outrageous broadcasts ----..
5.
A) whereas analogue sound has higher fidelity than digital sound
A) under the legislation in effect in the US, the adopted child assumes the same rights accorded any natural, legitimate child of the petitioners
B) if you are accustomed to the sensationalism of cheap daily newspapers
B) in the US these practices worked well enough until the early 19lh century
C) although they give you direct access to many TV channels
C) by the mid-1950s the demand for healthy infants began to exceed the number available for adoption
D) whether you have to choose from a wide variety of radio channels
D) today many countries have enacted adoption legislation
E) as though your favourite song was on air all day long 2.
3.
E) no such laws existed in England prior to the middle of the 19thcentury
Nutritional problems can emerge ----.. A) in case a vitamin is an organic nutrient that we must obtain from our diet
6.
Though the Maya were never a homogeneous group, ----..
B) whereby vegetarians have to know how to get all the essential nutrients
A) they believed the same creation myth and worshipped many of the same gods
C) whether the key to being a healthy vegetarian is to eat a variety of plant foods
B) artisans sculpted strikingly lifelike clay figurines
D) when people have to rely on a single type of food
C) apparently, they tied boards around their babies\' heads, making the skulls grow flat or elongated
E) so that minerals are simply inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts
D) they were several disparate groups with their own languages
It is important to realize ----..
E) their jewellery and artefacts have been photographed with care
A) even if some prospective parents are aware they have an increased risk of having a baby with a genetic disease
7.
As computer systems grow even more complex ---..
B) although human characteristics are more influenced by genes than by the environment
A) this could have been a boon for information technology (IT) services firms
C) since a person’s blood count of red and white cells varies quite a bit, depending on a wide range of factors
B) they have to be managed by information technology (IT) consultancies C) they were still focusing primarily on performance and new features
D) because the growing number of genetic tests available to the public has raised concern about how they are used
D) they will have tackled some of the most complex problems imaginable
E) that the individual features of any organism arise from a combination of genetic and environmental factors 4.
Although adoption is mentioned in the legal codes and writings of many ancient peoples, ----..
---- that Hispanics had become the largest minority group in the US, surpassing African Americans.. A) it was in those cities and districts where they had been the most highly concentrated B) The demographic statistics were being received C) As far as I know D) The most striking outcome of the 2000 Census was E) Most demographers will have been alarmed by the fact
E) the automatic destruction of computer viruses is another one 8.
---- unless the costs are drastically reduced.. A) The Olympic Committee did not approve of such extravagant schemes B) London plans an inexpensive system for the 2012 Olympics C) Paris and Madrid were both eager to host the Olympics D) The continents of South America and Africa have never held the Olympic Games E) Poorer cities will never be able to serve as hosts in the Olympics
9.
---- a burglary can occur even in a low crime neighbourhood..
14.
A) As every insurance agency is pleased to point out
A) NASA engineers are hoping to cut take off weights by half
B) Though the statistical evidence was far from convincing
10.
As space shuttles are designed to work in a vacuum, ----..
B) about 85 per cent of its weight is fuel
C) Since the necessary precautions have still to be taken
C) the method is obviously inefficient but better ones have yet to be found
D) Unless some very underhand work has been going on
D) they have to carry not only fuel but the oxygen to burn it
E) If better alarm systems come onto the market
E) such craft could accelerate to about ten times the speed of sound
Because the water we use may be polluted, ----.. 15. A) the government has encouraged investments
Even today, few people outside the scientific world know the name of the Scottish physicist ----..
B) it is unnecessary to purchase a water filter A) who discovered the physics of radio, TV and light itself
C) the authorities have been assured of its quality D) we should not have wasted it
B) whose research into the nature of light had still to be confirmed
E) we must first analyze it in the laboratory 11.
C) since he never lived to see the triumphant vindication of his work
---- as they have different survival needs..
D) though a law governing the behaviour of atoms would be called Maxwellian Distribution
A) Sensory processes involve the sense organs and the neural pathways that emanate from them
E) if he were one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century
B) Each of our sense organs is tuned to receive a particular range of stimuli C) Different species have different ranges of sensitivity
12.
16.
The Earth is thought to be 4.6 billion years old ---..
D) There is no sharp break between the initial uptake of stimulus information by the sense organs and the brain’s subsequent use of that information
A) because rocks dating back to the early geological ages have been discovered in some parts of California
E) Our eyes see the world, our ears hear it, our noses smell it, our mouths taste it, and these provide us with most of our knowledge
B) even though almost half the Earth is still wilderness
As soon as he saw the picture ----..
D) though until recently few geological traces have been found that date back further than 3.6 billion years
C) so that astronomical observations and measurements could be made far more accurately
A) the trees and the flowers are so lovely
E) since at the beginning it was a lifeless planet still being bombarded by asteroids and comets
B) he is impressed by the depiction of light and shade C) he realized it was a fake D) it is the portrait of a girl
17.
Atomic clocks keep time by tracking the waves which atoms emit ----..
E) the technique couldn’t have been worse A) as they oscillate between different energy levels 13.
---- because each type behaves differently and has a different effect on human health.. A) On a global scale, most particulates come from natural sources B) Solid particulates include grit from building sites and soot from industrial chimneys C) Fortunately larger particles do not pose a health risk D) Field experiments on wind-borne sand and dust had already been carried out E) The study of particulates is an arduous one
B) though there are other viable ways to improve it C) because they lose only 1 second in 150 million years D) before they can replace the clocks which are currently in use E) while researchers have been working on an alternative
18.
----, it might be able to perform far more complex tasks than today's machines..
22.
A) As the device is still in the early stages of development
A) A new species of marine reptile has been identified from a 70 million-year old fossil
B) Even though no such computer as yet exists
B) Japanese researchers have begun testing a scale model of a future supersonic passenger plane
C) Once the theory has been adequately tested
C) Salyut I, the world’s first space station, was sent into orbit in 1970
D) Unless there is fresh evidence to the contrary
19.
E) If such a computer could be made
D) Scientists have identified the part of the brain that helps us remember events from sounds and smells
By the early 1960s, geologists were discovering ---..
E) A new supersonic aircraft could take to the skies
A) according to which theory the continents of the Earth had once all been joined together
23.
B) since continental drift actually meant the continents were moving further away from each other
B) we cannot look forward to a healthy and prosperous future C) which is a vast and unexplored storehouse of biological treasures
D) so that continental drift is now regarded as absolute fact
D) man is undoubtedly the planet’s most successful predator
E) if the shapes of South America and Africa do indeed fit like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle
E) we are under an obligation to do so as soon as possible
Even if it is not the job of scientists to make ethical decisions about their work, ----.. 24. A) they have always treated humans as if they were machines
B) that the lives of thousands of people were at risk from a similar incident
C) future drugs will be better targeted and more effective
C) why concrete has constantly received a negative press
D) I can see how far we have moved forward, and the direction we are taking
D) though, with the introduction of reinforced concrete, problems of this nature have been overcome
E) it is certainly their job to tell others where it is leading
E) why a chunk of concrete wall fell in a rail tunnel recently in Japan
Though the strategic value of submarines was demonstrated in World War I, ----.. 25. A) a submarine cannot stay submerged indefinitely B) the success of the German submarines prompted America to enter the war C) it was only in World War II that they played a really key military role D) the first nuclear-powered submarine was named \'USS Nautilus\' E) conditions on a submarine even in peace time are enough to crush most people
The sudden collapse of the concrete slab roof of a multi-storey car park led to fears ----.. A) even if the event caused no serious injuries
B) the results of the work could be used in other entirely unhealthy ways
21.
Unless we step up our efforts to protect the environment, ----.. A) there would probably have been no future at all to look forward to
C) that hot molten rock was seeping up from inside the Earth in giant cracks under the oceans
20.
--- if tests in the Australian desert prove successful..
A discarded rocket from the Apollo 12 Moon Mission had been orbiting the sun for many years, ----.. A) while several large optical surveys continue to scan the skies for asteroids B) since any asteroid coming our way would either hit us or miss us completely C) so that the scientists at the Planet Centre may work out a plan to capture it D) before it changed course and started to orbit the Earth E) although it is the first man-made object known to have orbited the Sun
26.
---- extra dimensions will have to be accepted as fact, not conjecture..
31.
A) The sea freezes at temperatures below the normal freezing point of water
A) If future experiments confirm these predictions B) Once the theory had been conclusively proved correct
B) She tries to avoid such types of food C) In polar regions glaciers frequently flow down into the sea
C) Though certain aspects of the theory weren’t fully developed
D) The warmer the air the more moisture it can carry
D) As measurements of the strength of gravity will be taken at different locations E) Whether gravity appears to be so much weaker than electromagnetism 27.
---- as it contains salt..
E) Snowflakes, like other form of water vapour, nearly always possess a crystal structure 32.
---- why no one warned him to check the pressure in the tank constantly..
The new sports car has a glass windbreaker ----.. A) Surely someone could have thought of it A) as if acceleration were its best feature
C) It's just another example of irresponsibility
C) if this weren\'t one of the standard features
D) The instructions state expressly
D) which keeps cabin wind to a minimum
E) It should have been a matter of common sense
E) once it goes into production in the autumn 28.
B) I simply cannot comprehend
B) since driver and passenger could talk without shouting
33.
The collapse of a British company developing genetically engineered vaccines in plants has raised fears ----..
A) which can be used, for instance, to monitor and control pressure, temperature and motor speed B) that the error sensor is a basic component
A) why the public has shown so much hostility to genetically modified plants
C) that they have the ability to control physical variables
B) that medical biotechnology may also be adversely affected
D) by whom the difference between the actual and desired value can be reduced to zero
C) if industry analysts had been intimidated by rival companies
E) which had been capable of fulfilling a number of functions
D) unless all such plants are grown in glass houses and not in open fields E) though it failed to raise adequate funds to finance the next stage of vaccine development programme 29.
34.
Why didn't you remind him ----?. A) not to have overlooked the possibility of a breakdown in the electric circuit
More attention is being given to improved efficiency in the use of fuel ----..
B) having stabilized the pressure to reasonable extent C) to check the temperature of the solution at regular intervals
A) because they cause environmental pollution B) if prices continue to rise at this rate C) as the cost of fuel increases
D) the printer will be checked for compatibility with the microcomputer
D) whether cleaner methods are forthcoming
E) to have got rid of all the outdated equipment
E) which should have been discovered earlier 30.
In many industrial processes, human operators can be replaced by control systems ----..
There are seasons of plentiful water and others of scarcity ----.. A) when water has to be used sparingly B) though irrigation schemes were introduced C) since these outlets are designed to deliver supplies of water automatically D) where traditional methods of irrigation still remain in use E) so flow irrigation is best suited to a flat countryside
35.
Insect-eating plants have devices ----.. A) from which stickiness an insect can never make its escape B) so that they are able to live in most parts of the world but chiefly in warm regions C) if their prey is to be enticed into a trap D) which enable them to catch insects and digest them with the aid of enzymes E) of which the pitcher plant that produces pepsin is an example
36.
Even if we have a lot of work, ----..
41.
A) we have some difficulties in making our future plans clear
A) Since house prices were falling
B) we do not usually complain about being busy
B) While consumers will be paying much more for heating
C) there are various conditions that affect our behaviour
37.
C) If the budget deficit were to increase
D) we never tend to pay attention to relationships
D) As global supplies of refined petroleum are limited
E) some details can remind us of our early experiences
E) Although there has been an increase in consumer spending
Most of the Japanese car companies make money through sales abroad ----..
42.
A) since the prices consumers were prepared to pay were still rising
B) so they need to gain a lot of work experience C) because they generally love to socialize
C) when demand for new models increased rapidly D) only when the yen is weak
D) as their retirement is a reward for years of hard work
E) as China has become the fastest-growing market
E) despite their failure to change their habits
If you require any more information or help, ----..
43.
A glacier is an enormous ice mass ----..
A) you will receive more details in a separate statement
A) since a mountain valley carved out by a river is usually steep
B) please contact us at our website
B) as long as the surrounding rock is scoured by the ice and sediment
C) a transaction statement has also been enclosed
C) that results from more snow falling and accumulating in winter than melts in the summer
D) major government bond yields have continued to decrease
D) while the sun rays are not as strong during these times
E) corporate earnings are expected to remain healthy 39.
People lose one of the most obvious ways in which they can identify their place in society ----.. A) when they leave the workforce permanently
B) because loans have become increasingly risky
38.
----, the cost of petrol is unlikely to fall dramatically in the near future..
E) which shows that our mild climate is only an interval between ice ages
----, it was possible to travel from the Adriatic coast to Syria, on wide, wellconstructed, stone roads.. 44. A) As the Roman way of life was dominant
----, real wages in Mexico today are lower than they were a decade ago..
B) As roads would have been of vital importance for trade
A) Though a boom in the Mexican economy was expected
C) Unless the Roman Empire brought benefits
B) As there had been unprecedented growth in international trade
D) When the Roman Empire was at its height
C) While 1.3 million agricultural jobs have evaporated
E) Until the Roman Empire had begun to expand
D) If jobs in other sectors were taken into account 40.
When employees lack skill and interest, ----.. A) performing a job well means people should also help manage it B) expecting them to lead a project successfully is unrealistic C) the goal would be to increase communication in a unit D) unnecessary interference and distractions will cease E) too much appraisal will make it tough for people to concentrate
E) When migration from the rural areas first began 45.
---- when the rate increased by about 4% per year.. A) The birth rate for unmarried women in the US has recently shown a steady trend B) Several factors could account for the teenage birth rates in the US C) The birth rate in the US then rose dramatically D) From 1994 to 1999 there was little change in the birth rate in the US E) In the US, the rise in the birth rate was most rapid during the late 1970s and through the1980s
46.
This grand piano, ----, is worth something in the region of £700.. A) if it had been given as a wedding present B) which was made by one of the world\'s most prestigious piano makers C) that the firm was making at least 2,500 of them every year D) but a plain upright one is much cheaper E) so the colour is particularly attractive
47.
Although plays were being written as early as 300 BC, ----.. A) the Greek audience’s view of the stage was framed by the landscape and sky B) Roman theatres included large amphitheatres for the audience which could be built into hills C) the action of the play took place on a raised stage or pulpitum D) the first permanent theatres where they could be staged properly were not built until much later E) the function and proportion of theatrical elements changed significantly
48.
If they are striving to do their work ethically, ---.. A) history teachers will need to discuss the moral implications of events with their students B) no one can effectively teach children how people should behave in a conflict C) citizens’ worldviews are often related to the realities of their daily lives D) there will be aspects of human rights that underpin society E) how processes are described in a society is very important
49.
Since the last election was a sudden one, ----.. A) all parties were to agree on the cancellation of all previous elections due to vote-rigging claims B) some parties will challenge it on the grounds that they did not have enough time to campaign for it C) the Labour Party could legitimately call another because there was fraud involved D) many people want to vote for the independent party in this election E) the Parliament needs a reorganization increasing the number of seats
50.
Though demand greater than supply pushes up profits in a business, ----.. A) it produces misery in a welfare state B) the employees also responded well C) they were offered a poor quality of service D) this determines the amount of profit E) the issue of mutual esteem and respect should be overlooked
1.
When General Franco died late in 1975 after a prolonged illness, his dictatorship, which had lasted for years, finally came to an end..
4.
A) General Franco’nun, ağır bir hastalıktan sonra, 1975 sonunda ölmesi üzerine, uzun yıllar devam etmiş olan diktatörlüğü de son buldu.
A) During his five years spent abroad, he enjoyed telephoning home as it was a rare opportunity to speak in his native language.
B) General Franco, uzun süren bir hastalıktan sonra 1975 sonlarında ölünce, yıllarca sürmüş olan diktatörlüğü nihayet sona erdi.
B) During his last five years abroad, the only times he had the opportunity to talk in his native language was when he telephoned his family.
C) General Franco’nun uzun yıllar devam etmiş olan diktatörlüğü, onun 1975 yılı sonunda amansız bir hastalıktan ölümü üzerine sona erdi.
C) He has lived abroad now for five years, only speaking in his native language during his rare telephone conversations with his family.
D) General Franco’nun yıllarca sürmüş olan diktatörlüğünün sona ermesi, onun 1975 sonunda nedeni bilinmeyen bir hastalıktan ölümü ile olmuştur.
D) Apart from his infrequent telephone calls home, he hasn\'t spoken his mother tongue at all during his five years abroad. E) During the five years he spent abroad, he rarely found the opportunity to speak his mother tongue, except on the phone calls he made to his family.
E) General Franco 1975 yılı sonunda tedavisi mümkün olmayan bir hastalıktan ölünce, onun yıllar süren diktatörlüğü de son bulmuş oldu. 5. 2.
Şatoyu çevreleyen derin ve geniş hendek, savunma amacıyla hep su dolu tutulurdu.. A) The deep and wide ditch surrounding the castle was always kept filled with water for the purpose of defense.
B) 1947 Seylan Bağımsızlık Yasası, 4 Şubat 1948’de yürürlüğe girmiş ve böylece daha önce Seylan adını taşıyan Sri Lanka bağımsız bir devlet olmuştur.
C) One of the castle\'s defenses was a deep, wide ditch filled with water encircling the fortress.
C) Daha önce Seylan olarak bilinen Sri Lanka, 4 Şubat 1948’de yürürlüğe giren 1947 Bağımsızlık Yasası ile bağımsızlığına kavuşmuştur.
D) When they wanted to defend the castle, the deep, wide ditch which encircled it was filled with water.
D) Başlangıçta Seylan adını taşıyan Sri Lanka, 4 Şubat 1948’de yürürlüğe giren 1947 Seylan Bağımsızlık Yasası ile bağımsız bir devlet olmuştur.
E) The castle was strategically easy to defend as it was surrounded by a deep, wide ditch filled with water.
E) Önceleri Seylan olarak bilinen Sri Lanka’nın bağımsızlığına kavuşması, 4 Şubat 1948’de yürürlüğe konan 1947 Seylan Bağımsızlık Yasası ile mümkün olmuştur.
Recently, one of the research areas that geophysicists have been seriously concerned with has been the conditions of collision between oceanic and continental plates.. 6. A) Okyanus ve kıta plakaları arasında çarpışmalara yol açan koşullar, son zamanlarda jeofizikçilerin ciddi olarak üzerinde durdukları bir araştırma alanıdır. B) Okyanus ve kıta plakaları arasındaki çarpışmaların koşulları son zamanlarda jeofizikçilerin yakından ilgilendiği bir araştırma alanı olmuştur. C) Son zamanlarda, jeofizikçilerin ciddi olarak ilgilendikleri araştırma alanlarından biri, okyanus ve kıta plakaları arasındaki çarpışmanın koşulları olmuştur. D) Jeofizikçilerin son zamanlarda önemle üzerinde durdukları araştırma konularından biri, okyanus ve kıta plakalarının çarpışmasına neden olan koşullardır. E) Okyanus ve kıta plakalarının çarpışmasına neden olan koşullar, jeofizikçilerin son zamanlarda ciddi olarak ele aldıkları araştırma konularından biri olmuştur.
Sri Lanka, which was originally called Ceylon, became an independent state by the Ceylon Independence Act of 1947, which came into force on 4 February 1948.. A) 4 Şubat 1948’de yürürlüğe giren 1947 Bağımsızlık Yasası Uyarınca, başlangıçtan beri Seylan olarak bilinen Sri Lanka bağımsız bir ülke haline gelmiştir.
B) The ditch around the castle, which was deep and wide, was filled with water in order to protect the building from attack.
3.
Yurt dışında kaldığı beş yıl boyunca, ailesiyle yaptığı telefon görüşmeleri dışında ana dilini kullanma fırsatını nadiren bulabildi..
Göz diye bilinen oldukça sakin, bulutsuz merkezinden dolayı hortum, yukarıdan bakıldığında kocaman bir halka gibi görünür.. A) The overall shape of a cyclone resembles a huge ring with a comparatively quiet, cloudless centre called the eye. B) Viewed from above, a cyclone looks like a huge ring because of the relatively, quiet, cloudless centre known as the eye. C) In the centre of a cyclone there is a quiet, cloudless part, known as the eye, which resembles a huge ring when viewed from above. D) If we look at a cyclone directly above us, we will notice that the centre, known as the eye, resembles a huge ring. E) The top of a cyclone looks like a huge ring, which is because of the comparatively quiet, cloudless centre called the eye.
7.
The Nigerian civil war broke out in July 1967, following the secession of the Eastern Region, generally known as Biafra..
10.
A) Nijerya iç savaşı, genelde Biafra olarak bilinen Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması üzerine, Temmuz 1967’de patlamıştır.
A) The cold whiteness of marble was not to the taste of ancient Greeks, who painted both their statues and buildings.
B) Herkes tarafından Biafra olarak bilinen Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması, Temmuz 1967’de Nijerya’da bir iç savaşın patlamasına yol açmıştır.
B) Ancient Greeks, who did not like the cold whiteness of marble, painted the statues and buildings C) Ancient Greeks painted both marble statues and buildings to disguise the cold whiteness of marble.
C) Temmuz 1967’de Nijerya iç savaşının patlaması, Biafra olarak adlandırılan Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması sonucu olmuştur.
D) Ancient Greeks did not recognise the beauty of pure white marble and painted their statues and buildings.
D) Nijerya’da Biafra denilen Doğu Bölgesinin ayrılması üzerine, Temmuz 1967’de bir iç savaş çıkmıştı.
E) Cold white marble statues and buildings built by ancient Greeks were originally painted to satisfy the owners.
E) Nijerya iç savaşı, genellikle Biafra olarak tanımlanan Doğu Bölgesinin ayrı bir devlet olması sonucu çıkmıştır. 11. 8.
Zararlı böcekler her yıl tüm dünyada milyarlarca dolar değerinde hasara neden olmaktadırlar..
B) Enflasyonu durdurmak için odak noktası, Avrupa Merkez Bankası olmalıdır.
B) Every year, harmful insects cost billions of dollars worldwide to destroy.
C) Enflasyonu alt seviyede tutmak için odak noktası, Avrupa Merkez Bankası olmalıdır.
C) On a worldwide scale, the damage done by harmful insects amounts to billions of dollars every year.
D) Avrupa Merkez Bankası, enflasyonu alt seviyede tutmaya odaklanmaya devam etmelidir.
D) Harmful insects cause billions of dollars worth of damage worldwide every year.
E) Avrupa Merkez Bankası, enflasyonu kontrol altına almaya odaklanmak için çaba göstermelidir.
E) The damage done by harmful insects every year is worth billions of dollars worldwide. 12. During the 1960s in Namibia, nationalist sentiment began to grow among the native tribes, and a number of political parties were formed including the South West Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO).. A) 1960’lı yıllarda Namibya’daki yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçilik akımı gelişmeye başlayınca, Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) da dahil bir çok siyasi parti ortaya çıkmıştır. B) 1960’lı yıllarda Namibya’da yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçilik duygusu artmaya başladı ve Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil birçok siyasi parti kuruldu. C) 1960’lı yıllardan bu yana Namibya’da milliyetçilik duygusunun yerli kabileler arasında giderek artması sonucu, Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil pek çok siyasi partinin kurulduğu görülmüştür. D) 1960’lardan itibaren Namibya’da Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil birçok partinin ortaya çıkması, yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçilik duygusunun güçlenmesi sonucu olmuştur. E) Namibya’da Güney Batı Afrika Halk Teşkilatı (SWAPO) dahil çok sayıda siyasi partinin kurulması, 1960’lı yıllarda yerli kabileler arasında milliyetçiliğin oldukça yaygın olmasına bağlıdır.
The European Central Bank should remain focused on holding inflation down.. A) Avrupa Merkez Bankası, enflasyonu durdurmaya odaklanmalıdır.
A) Billions of dollars is spent every year attempting to eradicate harmful insects.
9.
Mermerin soğuk beyazlığını beğenmeyen eski Yunanlılar, heykelleri ve binaları boyuyorlardı..
Diyelim ki bu şairler bir yayıncı buldular; bugün bir okur kitlesi bulabilirler miydi?. A) If these poets were to find a publisher, who would ever read them today? B) Supposing that these poets did find a publisher, could they find an audience today? C) As they still haven\'t been able to find a publisher do you think their poems are worth reading? D) Who would read these poems today even if they did publish them? E) Don\'t you think these poets would find an audience once they get their poems published?
13.
From the report it is understood that, as total incomes in the economy expand, there is a general increase in the demand for goods and services including imports..
16.
A) isn’t your report concerning the drug trafficking across the Mediterranean due in yet?
A) Rapordan, ekonomideki toplam gelirlerin büyümesine paralel olarak, hem ithalata hem de mal ve hizmetlere olan talepte genel bir artış meydana geleceği açıkça anlaşılmaktadır.
B) Have you submitted your report concerning the drug trafficking in the Mediterranean countries yet? C) Has your report on drug traffic to be submitted for consideration to the Mediterranean countries?
B) Rapordan, ekonomide toplam gelirlerin büyümesi sonucu, ithalat dahil mal ve hizmetlere olan talepte büyük bir patlama olacağı açıkça anlaşılmaktadır.
D) Haven’t you been asked yet by the Mediterranean countries to submit a report on drug traffic?
C) İthalatla beraber mal ve hizmetlere olan talepteki büyük artışın, ekonomideki toplam gelirlerde görülen büyümenin sonucu olduğu rapordan anlaşılmaktadır. D) Ekonomide toplam gelirler ne kadar büyürse, ithalat da dahil mal ve hizmetlere olan talebin o kadar artacağı hususu, rapordan en iyi şekilde anlaşılmaktadır.
E) Hasn’t the subject of drug traffic in the Mediterranean countries been included in your report? 17.
B) Ekonomik bir durgunluk durumunda, şirketlerin çoğu, yapması gerekenleri bildiğini sanır.
Dünyadaki pek çok havayolunun tersine, 'Blue Air' bu yıl kar etmeyi gerçekten başarmıştır..
C) Ekonomik bir durgunlukta, çoğu şirket ne yapması gerektiğini bilir.
A) Unlike many of the world’s airlines, 'Blue Air' has actually managed to make a profit this year.
D) Ekonomik bir durgunluk sürecinde ne yapılması gerektiğini hemen hemen tüm şirketler bilir.
B) 'Blue Air' is just one of the world airlines which has managed to make e substantial profit this year.
E) Ekonomi ile ilgili bir durgunlukta ne yapılacağını, şirketlerin hepsi bilir.
C) Very many of the world’s airlines have, unlike 'Blue Air', managed to make a good profit, this year. D) Even though there are so many world airlines 'Blue Air' has still managed to make a profit this year.
15.
In an economic recession, most companies know what they need to do.. A) Ekonomik bir durgunlukta, şirketler genellikle ne yapacaklarım bilir.
E) Rapordan, ekonomide toplam gelirler büyüdükçe, ithalat dahil mal ve hizmetlere ilişkin talepte de genel bir artış olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. 14.
Akdeniz ülkelerindeki uyuşturucu kaçakçılığı ile ilgili raporunuzu sundunuz mu ?.
18.
Başkan yıllık toplantıyı açış konuşmasında harcamalarda kesinti yapılması gereğini vurguladı..
E) Contrary to what many world airlines have inferred, 'Blue Air' really has made a profit this year.
A) In his opening speech at the annual conference, the chairman will discuss ways of curtailing expenditure.
In Britain, after 1945, the maintenance of full employment was accepted by all political parties as the primary objective of economic policy..
B) The chairman stressed at the annual conference that ways to reduce expenditure would have to be considered.
A) 1945’ten sonra İngiltere’de tam istihdamın sağlanması, tüm siyasi partilerce ekonomik politikanın birinci hedefi olarak kabul edilmiştir. B) 1945’ten sonra İngiltere’de tüm siyasi partilerin izlediği ekonomik politikanın temel hedefi, istihdamı sağlamak olarak belirlenmiştir. C) İngiltere’de istihdamın tam olarak sağlanması, 1945’ten sonra tüm siyasi partilerin kabul ettiği ekonomik politikaların en önemli hedefi olmuştur. D) 1945’ten sonra İngiltere’de tüm siyasi partilerin kabul ettiği ekonomik politikanın öncelikli hedefi, istihdamın tam olarak sağlanması olmuştur. E) İstihdamın tam olarak sağlanması, İngiltere’de tüm siyasi partilerin 1945’ten sonra uyguladıkları ekonomik politikaların başlıca hedefi olarak görülmüştür.
C) In his opening address at the annual conference, the chairman stressed the need to cut down on expenditure. D) The emphasis the chairman gave to cutting down on expenditure was well received at the annual conference. E) The expenses of the annual conference, maintained the chairman in his speech, would have to be reduced.
19.
When slave ships took thousands of Africans to the Caribbean, these people were deprived of a link with their own native history..
22.
A) At first he found the work worrying; now, however, he is enjoying it.
A) Binlerce Afrikalı, köle gemileriyle Karayiplere taşındığı zaman, bu insanların kendi yerel tarihleriyle bağları yok edildi.
B) Even though he was reluctant at first to take on the job, he is now pleased he accepted.
B) Köle gemilerinin binlerce Afrikalıyı Karayiplere taşıması bu insanların kendi yerel tarihleriyle bağlarının kopmasına neden oldu.
C) Now he admits that the work is enjoyable, but to start with there were a lot of problems. D) He accepted the job cheerfully though he knew it entailed a great many problems.
C) Köle gemilerinin binlerce Afrikalıyı Karayiplere taşıması sonucu, bütün bu İnsanların kendi yerel tarihleriyle bağlan tamamen koptu. D) Köle gemileri binlerce Afrikalıyı Karayiplere taşıyınca, bu insanlar kendi yerel tarihleriyle bir bağ kurmaktan yoksun kaldılar.
20.
E) If he had known at the start what the job entailed, he would not have accepted it so willingly.
E) Köle gemilerinin binlerce Afrikalıyı Karayiplere taşıması üzerine, bu insanlar kendi yerel tarihleriyle olan bağlarından koparılıp atıldılar
A key problem throughout Japan's long years of economic stagnation has been that the government and the central bank have been at odds..
Tam Avrupa’nın siyasi birliğe doğru gittiği sırada, ekonomik politika ile ilgili çeşitli şüpheler ortaya çıktı..
A) Hükümet ile merkez bankasının arası açık olduğu için, Japonya’daki ekonomik durgunluğun uzun yıllar devam etmesi temel bir sorun olmuştur
A) Various doubts regarding economic policy surfaced and prevented the political unification of Europe.
B) Japonya'da ekonomik durgunluk uzun yıllar sürdüğü için, hükümet ile merkez bankasının anlaşamaması ana sorun olmuştur
B) Before the political unity of Europecan be really achieved, doubts regarding economic policy must be overcome.
C) Japonya'nın uzun yıllar devam eden ekonomik durgunluk dönemindeki temel sorunu, hükümet ile merkez Bankasının arasının açık olmasıdır
C) Just when Europe was heading towards political unity, various doubts regarding economic policy came to the surface.
D) Japonya'nın uzun yıllar süren ekonomik durgunluğu boyunca en temel sorunu hükümet ile merkez bankasının hiçbir zaman uzlaşamamasıdır.
D) If Europe could have achieved political unity, doubts regarding economic policy would not have emerged.
E) Hükümet ile merkez bankası anlaşmamakta inat ettikleri İçin, Japonya'nın ekonomik durgunluğu temel bir sorun olarak yıllarca sürmüştür
E) If only Europe could have achieved political unity, economic unity would, doubtless, have followed easily. 21.
Başlangıçta işi üstlenmede tereddüt ettiyse de şimdi kabul ettiği için memnun..
Around the world today, a house is increasingly viewed not just as place to live in but at the same time as a high-return investment.. A) Bugün dünyada ev, giderek, sadece içinde yaşanacak bir yer olarak değil aynı zamanda yüksek getirili bir yatırım olarak görülmektedir B) Günümüz dünyasında, ev, içinde yaşanacak bir yer olmaktan çok, getirisi yüksek bir yatırım olarak algılanmaya başlamıştır. C) Bugün dünyada ev, getirişi yüksek bir yatırım olarak algılandığı için sadece İçinde yaşanacak bir yer olmaktan çıkmıştır D) Günümüz dünyasında ev, sadece içinde yaşanacak bir yer değildir; aynı zamanda yüksek getiri sağlayan bir yatırım imkânı olarak algılanmaktadır E) Bugün dünyada, yüksek getirili bir yatırım olarak görülen ev, sadece içinde yaşanacak bir yer olarak algılanmalıdır
23.
24.
Faiz oranlarındaki artışa rağmen kardeşim bankadaki hesabını kapattı; ben de öyle yaptım.. A) Following the rise in interest rates my brother has withdrawn money from his bank account, and so have I. B) Since my brother closed his account at the bank, I did too, even though interest rates are high. C) As interest rates have risen both my brother and I have opened an account at the bank. D) Unless there had been a rise in interest rates my brother would have closed his account at the bank and so would I. E) Despite a rise in the interest rates, my brother has closed his account in the bank, and so have I.
25.
Even though there are widespread doubts among EU members about the new candidates, no government has been prepared to veto enlargement..
28.
A) Voice command operated domestic appliances constitute the field of application in which language technology is progressing the fastest.
A) AB üyeleri arasında yeni adaylara İlişkin kuşkular giderek yaygınlaşıyor; ama hiçbir hükümet, genişlemeye yönelik veto hakkını kullanmaya hazırlanmıyor
B) One of the fields of application in which language technology is progressing the most is that of domestic appliances operated by voice command.
B) Yeni adaylarla ilgili olarak AB üyeleri arasında güçlü kuşkular bulunmaktadır, ancak AB üyelerinden hiçbirinin hükümeti, genişlemeyi veto etmek için hazırlık içinde değildir
C) One of the newest and most exciting fields of application for language technology is that of domestic appliances operated by voice command.
C) AB üyeleri arasında yeni adaylara yönelik birçok kuşku olmasına rağmen, hükümetlerin hiçbiri genişlemeyi veto etmeyi istemiyor
D) Domestic appliances which are operated by voice command are an interesting, if not new, application of language technology.
D) Hiçbir hükümet genişlemeyi veto etmek için herhangi bir hazırlık içinde olmamasına rağmen, AB üyeleri arasında yeni adaylara yönelik kuvvetli kuşkular yaygındır E) AB üyeleri arasında yeni adaylara ilişkin yaygın kuşkular bulunsa da hiçbir hükümet genişlemeyi veto etmeye hazırlıklı değildir 26.
E) Language technology’s most profitable and promising field of application is surely domestic appliances operated by voice command. 29.
Şirketin iflas nedenleri ile ilgili olarak gazeteler ne derse desin, ben hâlâ bunun kaçınılmaz olduğu görüşündeyim..
In his statement, he did not conceal the fact that Serbia’s hard-line attitude had led to the breakdown of the talks.. A) Demecinde, Sırbistan’ın katı tutumunun görüşmelerin kesilmesine yol açtığı gerçeğini saklamadı.
A) No matter what the newspapers are saying about the causes of the firm’s bankruptcy, I still maintain that it was inevitable.
B) Yaptığı açıklamada, görüşmelerin kesilmesinde Sırbistan’ın uzlaşmaz tutumunun etkili olduğu gerçeğini saklamadı.
B) Let the newspapers say what they want about the reasons for the firm’s bankruptcy, I still say it needn’t have happened.
C) Konuşmasında, Sırbistan’ın olumsuz tavrı sonucu görüşmelerin kesildiği gerçeğini belirtmekten sakınmadı.
C) In spite of what the newspapers are saying, I still maintain that the firm cannot avoid bankruptcy.
D) Görüşmelerin kesilmesine, Sırbistan’ın uzlaşmaz tavrının neden olduğu gerçeğini belirtmekten çekinmedi.
D) I still maintain that bankruptcy was inevitable once the newspapers began talking about the firm in that way. E) In my opinion the reason for the firm’s going bankrupt is the way the newspapers wrote about its affairs. 27.
Dil teknolojilerinin en büyük ilerleme gösterdiği uygulama alanlarından biri ses komutuyla çalışan ev aletleri alanıdır..
To protect its own fisheries, Canada has taken a tougher line with foreign vessels fishing its coasts.. A) Kanada, kendi balıkçılığını geliştirebilmek için, kıyılarında avlanan yabancı teknelere karşı önlemlerini artırmıştır. B) Kanada, kendi balıkçılık bölgelerini kurtarmak amacıyla, kıyılarında avlanan yabancı teknelere karşı sert bir mücadeleye girmiştir.
E) Sırbistan’ın katı tutumu nedeniyle görüşmelerin kesildiğini açıkça belirtmekten çekinmedi. 30.
Bilgisayarlar artan yararlarıyla yaşamı kolaylaştırsalar da, kullanımları daha yaygın hâle geldikçe, onları kötüye kullanma olasılığı da artmaktadır.. A) Despite the fact that computer misuse is growing as computer use becomes more widespread, no one can deny that computers make life easier with their increasing efficacy. B) It is true that as computer use becomes more widespread, the possibility of misuse also grows, but the fact that computers make life easier with their increasing efficacy remains.
C) Kanada, kendi balıkçılığını güçlendirmek için, kıyılarına yaklaşan yabancı balıkçı teknelerine karşı sert önlemler almıştır.
C) Although computers make life easier with their increasing efficacy, as they become more widespread, the possibility of their misuse also grows.
D) Kanada, kendi balık alanlarını korumak için, kıyılarında balık avlayan yabancı teknelere karşı daha sert bir tavır almıştır.
D) Even if computers made life easier with their increasing efficacy, as computer use became more widespread, the possibility of its misuse also grew.
E) Kanada, kendi balık alanlarını iyileştirmek amacıyla, sert önlemler alarak kıyılarında yabancı teknelerin avlanmasını engellemiştir.
E) Computers make life easier with their increasing efficacy; as a result, as computer use becomes more widespread, the possibility of misuse also broadens.
31.
32.
It seems likely that the recession in the wool textile industry will continue throughout the year and many mills may be permanently closed..
34.
A) Görünüşe bakılırsa, yünlü dokuma sanayiindeki gerileme yıl içinde de sürecek ve bazı fabrikalar tamamen kapanacaktır.
A) It is usual to refer to Earth and Venus as twin planets as they are almost the same size and distance from the Sun.
B) Yünlü dokuma sanayiinde bütün yıl boyunca devam eden bunalım sonucu çoğu fabrikanın süresiz olarak kapanması kaçınılmaz görünüyor.
B) Since Earth and Venus are roughly the same size and distance from the Sun it is only natural that they should be regarded as twin planets.
C) Yünlü dokuma sanayiinde yıl içinde bir durgunluk görüleceği ve pek çok fabrikanın tamamen kapanacağı kesindir.
C) Earth and Venus, being roughly the same size and distance from the Sun, are often regarded as twin planets.
D) Yünlü dokuma sanayiinde durgunluğun yıl boyunca süreceği ve pek çok fabrikanın süresiz kapanabileceği muhtemel görünüyor.
D) It is because they are exactly the same size and distance from the Sun that Earth and Venus are known as the twin planets.
E) Çoğu fabrikanın süresiz kapanmasına neden olabilecek durgunluk, yünlü dokuma sanayiinde yıl boyunca devam edecek gibi görünüyor.
E) By the twin planets we mean Earth and Venus which are nearly the same size and are equidistant from the Sun.
1930’larda Hollywood’un başarısına yaklaşabilen, Japonya’nınkinden başka bir film endüstrisi yoktu..
35.
A) Except for Hollywood and the Japanese film industry, there was no other successful film industry in the 1930s.
B) Bazı bankalardan bol kredi alarak bunalımı atlatmaya çalışan şirketin, iflasa doğru sürüklendiği belirtildi.
C) The Japanese film industry achieved the same success as Hollywood in the 1930s.
C) İflasla karşı karşıya gelmiş olan şirketin, bunalımı aşmak için, pek çok bankadan büyük krediler aldığı belirtildi.
D) In the 1930s, the Japanese film industry’s success was close to Hollywood’s, but other industries were failing.
D) Çeşitli bankalardan yüklü krediler alarak bunalımı atlatmaya çalışan şirketin iflastan kurtulamadığı açıklandı.
E) There was no film industry during the 1930s which was able to come close to Hollywood’s success other than the Japanese film industry.
E) İflas tehlikesini atlatmış olan şirketin bazı bankalardan bol kredi alarak bunalımdan çıktığı belirtildi.
What we really expect to find in a work of art is a certain personal element and a distinctive sensibility.. 36. A) Bir sanat eserinde bulunmasını istediğimiz şeyler arasında belirli bir kişisel nitelik ile kendine özgü bir duyarlılıktır. B) Belirli bir kişisel anlatım ve farklı bir duyarlılık, bir sanat eserinde gerçekten bulunması istenen niteliklerdir. C) Gerçekten bir sanat eserinde bulmayı umduğumuz şey, belirli bir kişisel öge ve belirgin bir duyarlılıktır. D) Çarpıcı bir duyarlılık ve belirli bir kişisel boyut, bir sanat eserinde esas olarak bulunmasını istediğimiz ögelerdir. E) Belirli bir kişisel özelliğin ve etkileyici bir duyarlılığın, bir sanat eserinde bulunmasını gerçekten arzuluyoruz.
It was pointed out that the company, which had been on verge of bankruptcy, got over the crisis through substantial borrowings from various banks.. A) İflasın eşiğine gelmiş olan şirketin çeşitli bankalardan yüklü krediler alarak bunalımı aştığı belirtildi.
B) Only the Japanese film industry was more successful than Hollywood during the 1930s.
33.
Aşağı yukarı aynı büyüklükte ve Güneş’e aynı uzaklıkta olan Dünya ve Venüs sıklıkla ikiz gezegenler olarak nitelendirilir..
Dünyanın iç kısmını araştırma konusunda uzmanlaşan bilim adamları, uzun süre, Dünya’nın derin iç kısmındaki hareketin yüzeydeki dikey değişimlerin arkasında olduğundan şüphelendiler.. A) Scientists who specialize in studying Earth’s interior have long suspected that activity deep inside Earth is behind vertical changes at the surface. B) Scientists studying Earth’s interior have come to the conclusion that what goes on deep inside Earth affects vertical changes at the surface. C) It is generally agreed by scientists studying Earth’s interior that events deep inside Earth’s core influence vertical changes at the surface. D) Scientists specializing in the study of Earth’s interior have long been aware of the fact that activity deep inside Earth may be responsible for vertical change at its surface. E) Scientists specializing in happenings deep within Earth’s core have, for a long time, suspected a relationship between them and vertical changes at the surface.
37.
Since the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, Britain has constantly been in conflict with her partners in the European Union over the question of monetary union..
40.
A) A proper control of blood pressure during pregnancy enables women with hypertension to resist any increased risk of pre-eclampsia.
A) Maastricht Antlaşması imzalandıktan sonra, İngiltere, para birliği konusunu ileri sürerek, Avrupa Birliği’ndeki ortakları ile sert bir çatışma içine girmiştir.
B) So long as blood pressure is kept within normal limits during pregnancy, women suffering from hypertension are immune from the high risk of preeclampsia.
B) Maastricht Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasından beri İngiltere, Avrupa Birliği’ndeki ortaklarıyla para birliği konusunda sürekli bir çatışma içinde olmuştur.
C) Women, who have hypertension, can overcome the increased risk of pre-eclampsia so long as their blood pressure measurements remain stable.
C) Maastricht Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasından bu yana, İngiltere para birliği konusu üzerinde durmuş ve Avrupa Birliği’ndeki ortakları ile zaman zaman tartışmıştır.
D) Women whose blood pressure is properly controlled during pregnancy, do not suffer from hypertension and have no risk of pre-eclampsia.
D) Maastricht Antlaşması’nın imzalanması üzerine, İngiltere para birliği konusunda Avrupa Birliği’ndeki ortaklarından farklı bir tavır içine girmiştir. E) Maastricht Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasıyla İngiltere, para birliği konusunda Avrupa Birliği’ndeki ortaklarıyla tam bir uyum içine girmiştir. 38.
E) Provided blood pressure measurements are within normal limits throughout pregnancy, women with hypertension do not have the increased risk of preeclampsia. 41.
Her ne kadar hücreler çok farklı gibi görünse de temel özellikleri dikkate değer şekilde benzerdir..
B) Although cells may appear to be very diverse, the fundamental features are remarkably similar.
B) Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunun, enerji ihtiyaçlarının yarısını doğal gaz kullanarak karşıladığı 1995’de hazırlanan raporda da açıklanmıştır.
C) Even though cells display a great deal of variety, fundamentally, they have certain similarities.
C) Raporda, 1995’de Avrupa\'da enerji ihtiyaçlarının yarısından çoğunu doğal gaz yoluyla karşılayan pek çok ülke olduğu açıkça ifade edilmektedir.
D) Cells appear to have much diversity even if fundamentally they are the same.
D) Raporda açıkça ifade edildiğine göre, 1995’de çoğu Avrupa ülkesi, enerji ihtiyacının yarısını doğal gazla karşılamak zorunda kalmıştır.
E) Despite their great variety, cells do have fundamentally similar features.
E) Rapor, 1995’de çoğu Avrupa ülkesinin, enerji ihtiyaçlarının yaklaşık yarısını doğal gaz vasıtasıyla karşıladığını açıkça ortaya koymaktadır.
The committee unanimously rejected a proposal to divide the city into two zones and stressed the need to consider the whole city as a unit.. A) Kurul, kenti iki bölgeye ayırmayı amaçlayan öneriyi tümüyle reddetti ve kentin bir bütün olarak ele alınması gerektiğini savundu. B) Kentin iki bölgeye ayrılmasına ilişkin öneriyi derhal reddeden kurul, tüm kentin bir bütün olarak ele alınması gerektiği görüşüne vardı. C) Kurul, kenti iki bölgeye ayırma önerisini oybirliğiyle reddetti ve tüm kentin bir bütün olarak düşünülmesi gerektiğini vurguladı. D) Tüm kentin bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmesi gereği üzerinde duran kurul, kenti iki ayrı bölgeye ayırmaya yönelik öneriyi tereddütsüz reddetti. E) Kentin iki ayrı bölgeye ayrılmasını öngören öneriyi oy çokluğuyla reddeden kurul, tüm kentin bir bütün olarak görülmesi gereği üzerinde ısrarla durdu.
The report makes it clear that in 1995 most European countries met almost half of their energy needs by means of natural gas.. A) Raporda, doğal gazın 1995’de Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunda enerji ihtiyacının yaklaşık yarısını karşıladığı belirtilmektedir. B)
A) Cells seem to be extremely diverse, but they all have similar features.
39.
Kan basıncı ölçümleri gebelik boyunca normal tutulması koşuluyla, yüksek tansiyonlu kadınlar, artmış pre-eklampsi riski taşımazlar..
42.
Bilgisayarların enerji ihtiyacını azaltmaya yönelik stratejilerin bazıları, otomobillerde yakıt tasarrufunu sağlamak için alınan önlemlere benzemektedir.. A) In order to provide fuel efficiency in automobiles, some of the solutions recommended for reducing the energy needs of computers are being implemented. B) One of the best strategies for reducing the energy needs of computers has been taken from the measures often used to ensure fuel efficiency in automobiles. C) Some of the strategies for reducing the energy demands of computers are similar to measures taken to ensure the fuel economy of automobiles. D) In order to reduce the energy needs of computers, certain strategies resembling the measures recommended to provide fuel efficiency in automobiles are being used. E) The energy needs of computers can easily be reduced by implementing some of the strategies recommended for providing fuel efficiency in automobiles.
43.
Most speakers at the meeting pointed out that, in recent years, some of the research projects undertaken by universities had been concerned more with current problems than with purely scientific matters..
45.
A) Yıllar önce Alman Anayasa Mahkemesinin 2’ye karşı 6 oyla aldığı bir karara göre, hiçbir yasa, doğmamış çocuğun haklarını hiçe sayarak kürtaja izin veremez.
A) Toplantıya katılan çoğu konuşmacı, son yıllarda üniversiteler tarafından uygulanan araştırma projelerinin sadece bilimsel konularda değil, aynı zamanda güncel sorunlarla da ilgili olması gerektiğini vurguladı.
B) Alman Anayasa Mahkemesinin birkaç yıl önce 2’ye karşı 6 oyla aldığı karar göre, doğmamış çocuğun haklarını ihlal etmek demek olan kürtaja hiçbir yasa izin veremez.
B) Konuşmacıların toplantıda görüş birliğine vardığı gibi, son yıllarda üniversiteler tarafından yürütülen araştırma projeleri salt bilimsel konulardan çok, güncel sorunlarla ilgilidir.
C) Birkaç yıl önce, Alman Anayasa Mahkemesi, hiçbir yasanın doğmamış çocuğun haklarına aykırı olarak kürtaja izin veremeyeceğine 2’ye karşı 6 oyla karar verdi.
C) Toplantıdaki pek çok konuşmacı, üniversitelerde sürdürülen araştırma projelerinden bazılarının salt bilimsel konular yerine, güncel sorunlarla ilgili olması gerektiğini belirtti.
D) Alman Anayasa Mahkemesi, doğmamış çocuğun haklarının ihlal edilmesi demek olan kürtaja hiçbir yasanın izin veremeyeceği görüşünü birkaç yıl önce 2’ye karşı 6 oyla değiştirdi.
D) Toplantıdaki konuşmacıların çoğu, son yıllarda üniversitelerce üstlenilen bazı araştırma projelerinin salt bilimsel konulardan çok güncel sorunlarla ilgili olduğunu belirtti. E) Toplantıda söz alan pek çok konuşmacı, son yıllarda üniversitelerin yürüttüğü araştırma projelerinin bilimsel konularla olduğu kadar güncel sorunlarla da ilgili olduğunu belirtti. 44.
Some years ago the German Constitutional Court decided by a 6 to 2 vote that no law could allow abortion in violation of the rights of the unborn..
E) Alman Anayasa Mahkemesi, birkaç yıl önce, hiçbir yasada kürtaja izin verilemeyeceğine 2’ye karşı 6 oyla karar vererek, doğmamış çocuğun hakkının ihlal edilmesini engelledi. 46.
Tek bir sperm yumurtaya girer girmez, ikinci bir spermin girmesini engelleyen iki tepki oluşur..
En eski çağlardan beri kullanılmalarına rağmen alaşımlar, modern teknolojide hâlâ vazgeçilmez bir yere sahiptir ve bilim adamları özel nitelikli yeni alaşımlar geliştirmeye devam etmektedir..
A) When a sperm gets into the egg, the entry of a second sperm should be prevented through two reactions.
A)
B) As soon as one sperm enters the egg, two reactions occur that prevent a second sperm from entering.
Although alloys have been used since the earliest times, they still have an indispensable place in modern technology, and scientists continue to develop new alloys with special properties.
B) Alloys have been in use ever since the earliest times and are still essential for modern technology, but scientists are hard at work to develop new alloys with special properties. C)
Although the use of alloys goes back to the earliest times, scientists still continue to develop new alloys with special properties, which have an indispensable place in modern technology.
D) Even though alloys were used in ancient times, it is in modern technology that they have been most indispensable and, therefore, scientists continue to work for the development of new alloys with special properties. E) Alloys have continuously been in use since ancient times and are still of essential importance for modern technology despite the fact that scientists continue to develop new alloys with special properties.
C) Upon the entry of one sperm into the egg, two reactions take place so that the entry of a second sperm may be prevented. D) Just as a sperm enters an egg, two reactions usually occur which aim at preventing a second sperm from entering. E) It is known that two reactions occur for the prevention of a second sperm’s entry.
47.
During the Gulf War in 1991, the Iraqi troops caused the worst ever man-made environmental disaster by setting fire to 650 of Kuwait's 950 oil wells..
49.
A) İnsan tarafından şimdiye kadar oluşturulmuş çevre felaketlerinden biri, 1991'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında Irak birliklerinin Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini ateşe vermesiyle meydana gelmiştir
A) Barometre hava basıncını ölçer ve hava tahminlerini izlerseniz, hava başmandaki bir artışın çoğu kez iyi havaya işaret ettiğini, ancak hava başmandaki bir düşmenin ise fırtınanın yolda olduğu anlamına gelebildiğini görürsünüz
B) 1991 'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında, Irak birliklerinin Kuveyt'e ait 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini yakması, şimdiye kadar insandan kaynaklanan en korkunç çevre felaketlerinden biriyle sonuçlandı
B) Barometrenin hava basıncını olduğunu biliyorsanız, hava tahminlerini izlediğinizde hava başmandaki bir artışın çoğu kez iyi havanın, basınçtaki bir düşmenin de fırtınanın yaklaştığının habercisi olduğunu anlarsınız.
C) 1991 'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında, Irak birlikleri Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini ateşe vererek insan tarafından şimdiye kadar oluşturulmuş en kötü çevre felaketine neden oldular.
C) Hava basıncı barometreyle ölçülür ve hava tahminlerinde genellikle, hava basıncı artarsa havanın iyi olacağı, basınçta bir düşme meydana gelirse fırtınanın yolda olabileceği söylenir.
D) İnsandan kaynaklanmış en korkunç çevre felaketi 1991'deki Körfez Savaşı sırasında meydana gelmiştir; çünkü bu savaşta Irak güçleri Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan en az 650'sini ateşe vermiştir
D) Hava tahminlerini izleyenler, barometrenin hava basıncını ölçtüğünü ve hava basıncı artarsa iyi havanın, düşerse de genellikle fırtınanın yolda olduğunu bilirler
E) 1991 yılında yalnız Körfez Savaşı'ndan dolayı değil, bu savaş sırasında Irak güçlerinin Kuveyt'e ait 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini ateşe vermesi yüzünden de insan tarafından şimdiye kadar oluşturulmuş en korkunç çevre felaketi yaşanmıştır
E) Hava basıncı barometreyle ölçülür ve hava tahminlerinde hava başmandaki bir artışın çoğu kez iyi havaya, basınçtaki bir düşmenin ise fırtınanın yolda olduğuna işaret ettiği söylenir 50.
48.
Önemli olan, siyasi liderlerin uygun gördükleri gibi harcama yapmada özgür olup olmadıkları değil, yetkilerine ilişkin sınırların var olup olmadığıdır.. A) The important thing is whether political leaders have freedom to spend as they wish, not whether their powers are limited. B) Important political leaders are free to spend as they think fit, but there are limits to their powers. C) It is whether political leaders have limited powers, not whether they are able to spend money on their own projects, that is important. D) What is important is not whether political leaders are free to spend as they see fit, but whether limits exist on their powers. E) Whether political leaders are important or not and whether they are free or not to spend as they see fit, they must be subject to limitations regarding their powers.
A barometer measures air pressure, and if you watch the weather forecasts you will see that an increase in air pressure often signals fair weather, whereas a drop in air pressure may mean that a storm is on the way..
Çoğu sindirim enzimi, yalnızca, sindirim kanalında yemek bulunduğu zaman üretilir.. A) While food is passing through the digestive tract, a number of enzyme secretions take place. B) As soon as food enters the digestive tract, many digestive enzymes are produced. C) Most digestive enzymes are produced only when food is present in the digestive tract. D) Several kinds of enzymes are secreted into the digestive tract whenever there is food in it. E)
Soon after food moves into the digestive tract, a large number of enzymes are secreted.
1.
Harry: Research seems to suggest that there are genuine differences in the way men and women view the world. Sue: Do you mean that it’s genetic? Harry: Partially. How else can you explain men’s superior ability to visualize 3D shapes? Sue: ---Harry: Yes, but nowhere near as well as men can..
4.
Health Psychologist: It will raise their awareness of pain management, fitness, substance abuse and eating disorders. Interviewer: ---Health Psychologist: It will play an important role in both the management and prevention of chronic illnesses..
A) Well, can you explain it to them? B) I’m afraid I can’t give you an answer. C) Women can do this, too.
A) Isn’t health psychology an area young people are interested in?
D) Both men and women have this ability.
B) Nowadays, there are many attempts to fight against deadly diseases, aren’t there?
E) I think it can’t be associated with genes. 2.
Altan: Why do critics have to be so harsh and rigid when they write reviews on newly-released books and movies? Kerem: ---Altan: That’s what I wanted to say. They influence other people about what to do and make them prejudiced. Kerem: We need to remember that it’s all a matter of personal taste. No two people get the exact same pleasure from a given book or movie..
C) What is the outlook for the future of health psychology? D) How do you treat those who have just started working in your clinic? E) Does the training of health psychologists include public management? 5.
A) They use their own preferences and biases to affect readers and audiences. B) Most of them are living without any contact with society, so how could they know what people like in general?
Emre : - What’s so funny that you’ve been laughing now for hours? Figen : - I was just remembering a friend of mine who owns a shoe shop. He was very upset because he realized that many customers were trying to squeeze their feet into shoes that were too small, and were ruining his shoes. Emre : - ---Figen : - Even so, I just can’t help laughing..
C) You’re right. It takes a special kind of personality to be so frank and open.
A) That must have been quite an experience for him. Now he won’t let anyone try on different sizes.
D) Literature needs this kind of encouragement, but the movie sector can stand on its own without critics.
B) Doesn’t the salesman have any rights? He should be able to fill out some kind of complaint form. C) Being a frequent shoe-buyer myself, I don’t know where your friend’s store is.
E) This not only lowers the productivity of authors and scriptwriters, but also contributes to disappointment and even mild depression. 3.
Interviewer: What role does health psychology play in contributing to the goals of healthy people?
D) Perhaps he should start selling other things. This way, he won’t have to deal with those customers anymore.
Nancy: In your article, you explain the relationships between culture and our perception of advice. Am I right?
E) I don’t find it amusing whatsoever. The customers should have been more careful with what they were doing.
Dr. Watson: Yes, you are. This is actually the main point I make in my paper. 6. Nancy: ---Dr. Watson: Though we don’t know much about the prevalence, we do know very well that. A) Do you think your paper will receive interest from the scientific world? B) How do people from different cultures perceive autism then? C) Can you come up with any satisfactory solution to this problem? D) You also say autism is universal. What do you mean by that? E) Will you continue to search for a relationship between culture and autism?
Paul :- We won the first three matches, but not the fourth; so we didn’t make it to the finals. Harry :- ---Paul :- Yes; I suppose we were unlucky. And we only lost by one point. Harry :- Yes, that certainly was close.. A) Remember, there have to be losers as well as winners. B) But you won three out of the four matches; and that’s excellent. C) Never mind. Better luck next time. D) What did the coach think of your performance? E) Was it bad luck? I am sure you played extremely well.
7.
Polly :- What’s the matter with Mary? She’s not her usual bright self. Gwen :- ---Polly :- Poor Mary! No wonder she looks so tired. Gwen :- She certainly does. But she’ll get used to it in time..
11.
A) I hadn’t noticed any change in her.
A) You know what will happen the next time I go to the director’s room
B) She and her brother have quarrelled and it upset her.
B) I promised myself that I’d never ask her for assistance with anything.
C) Well, her mother fell and broke her leg, so Mary has to do all the housework.
8.
Gary: Why don’t you ask Susan for help with the report? Philip: ---Gary: Why do you say so? Philip: Because she’s refused to help me many times before..
C) Well, she isn’t good with the computer.
D) There are problems at work – she doesn’t like her new boss.
D) You’re right. I’d never thought of her before coming to you.
E) She isn’t sleeping very well. She’s worried about something, but won’t say what.
E) She and the director are having a meeting at the moment; I don’t want to disturb them.
Pat :- Mary’s very excited about something; do you know what? Beth :- Yes; she’s won a high school competition for a science project. Pat :- ---Beth :- Yes, so am I. .
12.
James: Is that a new saw that you're using? Harry : Yes, it is. Do you like it? James: ---Harry : True. But this is a new design, and they are even going to bring out thinner, four inch blades designed to cut ceramic tiles..
A) Then no wonder she has been so excited! B) What a surprise! I didn’t know she was that good!
9.
C) Has she really? I’m so pleased for her.
A) Yes, it\'s not often that a saw of that size can cut through metal.
D) I like Mary; she works hard and she plays hard.
B) Yes, I really need a saw that can cut through metal.
E) Let’s go and congratulate her.
C) What did you have before?
A) Fine. Then let’s go and get something to eat. B) Are you hungry by any chance? C) We can’t do much in two hours.
10.
D) Is the secret in the motor or the blades?
Carl:- When does your bus leave? Brian:- At 8.30. So we’ve got a couple of hours. Carl:- ---Brian:- That’s just what I was going to suggest..
E) Yes. With mine you need to use both hands to operate. 13.
Martin: Apparently, vertical farming is the new way forward. Have you heard about it? Paul: Yes, some agronomists in the Netherlands have started experimenting with this and they've been quite successful.
D) Where’s your luggage? Do you only have the one bag?
Martin: ----
E) It’s been good seeing you! Come again soon!
Paul: It's basically the science for indoor farming but using tall, glass skyscrapers in the middle of our cities..
Interviewer:- Are you unhappy about the lack of privacy? Film Star:- Not at all. Privacy has never been that important to me. Interviewer:- ---Film Star:- Well, why would you choose this sort of a life and then worry about privacy?. A) That’s exactly what I think about it. B) So, you’re complaining about it? C) Really? That surprises me. D) That sounds like a good idea. E) My private life has to be my own.
A) But what does it actually mean? B) What do they produce? C) Do you know anywhere else where this is happening? D) Is it mainly done in cities? E) Do you really think it\'s possible?
14.
Jack : - Congratulations!
Adrian : - Are you going to the match on Saturday? It’s the semi finals you know.
Philip : - What have I done to deserve your congratulations!
Barry : - ---- .
Jack : - ----.
Adrian : - Why not?
Philip : - Glad you liked it. You must join us some time when we go climbing. .
Barry : - The stadium will be terribly crowded and I can watch in comfort on the TV at home. .
A) I heard you’d got the best Marks of anyone in the school.
A) In that case I most definitely won’t. B) That sounds like a good idea. I’ll think about it.
B) Weren’t you on the winning team in last night’s match?
C) No, I didn’t know. But she tries to be there.
C) Well, there were five of your pictures in the end-o-term exhibition.
D) Thanks for reminding me. But I don’t think I can be back in time, can I?
D) I understood you’d got the job everyone was applying for.
E) Can’t we get hold of the others and all go as a group?
E) I’ve just read that wonderful article of yours in the school magazine on mountains and mountaineering. 15.
17.
18.
Student : What is meant by this 'curiosity killed the cat'? Teacher: It's giving a warning; curiosity can be dangerous, it can kill even a cat.
Polly : - What’s your sister doing now? When I last saw her she was looking for a new job.
Student : ----. Andy : - She got one. She’s working at the library now.
Teacher: Yes it is; within reason. But don't put a nail into an electric socket to see what happens..
Polly : - ---- . Andy : - That was true. But now she’s got a job that really suits her and satisfies her. .
A) But most children are naturally curious. That\'s how they learn.
A) Has she had any training for the job?
C) Is this an idiom that is often used?
B) She wouldn’t like that. How long did she stay there?
D) But I thought curiosity was a good thing.
C) I hope she likes the work. She was clearly very unhappy in her last job. D) I’ll look out for her next time I go there, which is fairly often. E) I can’t imagine her in a library! Still wish her well. 16.
Ken : - What are you going to do in Tunisia? George : - Well, I’m going to spend a lot of my time on the beach, but my wife plans to do a lot of shopping. Ken :- ---- . George : - I suppose so. We usually do..
B) Yes; they say a cat has nine lives.
E) My father used to encourage me to be curious 19.
Bob: Why don't you join us to support our team in the stadium? Mike: It's more comfortable at home. You can see the games up close, and you get different camera angles. Unless you can get good seats, watching in person isn't nearly as good. So, what's the point? Bob: ---Mike: I know, but that's not my style.. A) It\'s the atmosphere of the crowd that makes it so exciting. B) Perhaps you can try at least once.
A) Haven’t you seen the Sahara desert and the Roman ruins yet?
C) Hooligans may be the real threat, so you are right!
B) Then you’ll be coming back with a lot of heavy luggage.
D) That sounds very disappointing! Why bother going to the games then?
C) They say it is an attractive country especially for those coming from Europe.
E) That\'s a good idea! You\'ll be happier at home.
D) If you want I will give you a list of the hotels and the restaurants in Tunisia. E) As far as I know, the weather is very hot at this time of the year.
20.
Vera: I remember being at the Governor's Ball, and watching Warren talking excitedly to my exhusband!
23.
Jill : That's normal. Your smoking has destroyed the cilia in your lungs, which act like little brooms for cleaning. Coughing is your body's way of restoring the cilia so they can sweep out the nicotine accumulated.
Nicola: ---Vera: Well, I was so astonished, I just stood there staring at them. Nicola: Did you ever find out what they were talking about?
Edward : ----. Jill : Exactly, it's a perfectly normal bodily response..
Vera: No, he wouldn't say!. A) The Governor\'s Ball! I don\'t believe it!
A) I didn\'t know it would be so difficult to quit smoking.
B) Why were you invited there?
B) Our bronchial tubes are coated with mucus, which traps germs and dirt.
C) Are you sure of that? D) Who is Warren, anyway?
C) That\'s similar to the way our body reacts to foreign objects.
E) What was your reaction? 21.
D) That\'s like doing a lot of cleaning in a house that hasn\'t been cleaned for a long time.
Martin: Did you know that there's a growing number of people who are against vaccinating their children? Sheila: ----.
Edward : I've just quit smoking, but I seem to be coughing more now than before.
E) I should consult a specialist about this disorder. 24.
Martin: How can you say that? It's really irresponsible.
Bahar: Instead of simply looking at the posters of astronauts, children are now playing with toy models of the International Space Station. Erdem: So what? Isn’t that obvious?
Sheila: It's obvious you're not a parent!. Bahar: ---A) Some doctors are refusing to let them have a choice in the matter.
Erdem: What difference does it make, anyway? Bahar: You can interact with them, and get familiar with space concepts..
B) It\'s all to do with the link between autism and the MMR vaccination. I can understand them. C) Is that true? I wonder what their concern is.
A) Toy models of space stations are recently made of plastic material.
D) This is becoming a problem.
B) Unfortunately, space expeditions have slowed down in recent years.
E) There\'s no actual proof that parents are doing this! 22.
C) Interestingly, children nowadays tend to be more creative.
Dave : I've tried all sorts of things to try and boost my memory, and guess what? The best thing I've found is blueberries!
D) Our childhood was much simpler and we were happier.
Sue: ----. Dave : That's what I heard too. Apparently, it's the reaction between flavonoids and proteins that is essential to brain cell structure and function. Sue: Hopefully they might eventually provide protection against disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.. A) I think that\'s a bit of a myth really. Just because they contain flavonoids. B) So, what\'s the connection between blueberries and brain cell function? C) Is that because there are more flavonoids in blueberries than in any other fruit? D) I\'m not surprised; blueberries are really rich In flavonoids. E) Blueberries! That\'s amazing. I\'ve never heard that before.
E) Well, we could only dream of such educational toys when we were young. 25.
Clark: I’ve got this terrible flashing in my eye. Doctor: ---Clark: Only when I enter a dark room or wake up at night. Doctor: Okay, I’ll just need to have a look at the retina.. A) How do you deal with it? B) Does it tend to be a white or yellow light? C) Can you see better during the day? D) Has any doctor treated these symptoms before? E) Do you get it often?
26.
Emel: We need to get together and work on our presentation. Elif: I don’t know when we could do that. I’m really busy at the moment. Emel: ---Elif: That’s unfair! You know I want to work on it just as much as you do..
30.
A) I didn\'t realise it had. We\'d better see what \'The Financial Times\' says about it.
A) You need to help me finalize it. B) Do you have a problem working with me?
B) Well, like you I can only make a guess; but it seems to me there is something odd going on.
C) You’ve always got an excuse for not doing it.
C) To tell you the truth, I\'m pleased. There\'ll be a bit more in my bank account by the end of the year.
D) Do you think you work less than I do?
27.
E) We’re going to have to work really hard.
D) Oh, it constantly goes up and down without apparently any good reason.
Sinan: I’ve got a physics exam tomorrow and I’m really nervous. Cem: ---Sinan: That’d be great! Cem: OK, see you later..
E) I suppose because it is concerned, not about present day inflation, but about what it will be two years ahead. 31.
A) Why do you always get so nervous? B) Has the teacher given you any study notes? C) What do you plan to do about it?
28.
Andrew: Why, if inflation is falling, has the Bank of England raised interest rates? Gerald: ---Andrew: Well, yes; I suppose that makes sense. Gerald: And moreover, the present situation is such as to justify a small rise now..
Andrew: Have you read government's new report concerning health and safety legislation? James: Not yet. But I do intend to Andrew: ---James: I'll let you know. It has certainly aroused a lot of interest..
D) Would you like to study together this evening?
A) I shouldn\'t bother. There is nothing of interest in it.
E) Didn’t you have a physics exam yesterday?
B) In that case I\'ll give you my copy
Tourist: I’d like to go somewhere warm, but I also want to experience a bit of culture. Travel Agent: Have you thought about going to Dubai? It has one of the world’s fastest growing art scenes and it’s a great alternative to London or New York. Tourist: ---Travel Agent: Well, from March 21 to 24, the city will put on the biggest show of the year, Art Dubai.. A) Do you think it will attract people from London and New York? B) When would be a good time to visit Dubai to take advantage of its cultural activities? C) How do I get from the Dubai International Financial Centre to the important art galleries?
C) It\'s sort and to the point since it gives a full account of the causes of the problem. D) Then what did you think of the distinction made between risk and hazard? E) Yes, you should. I’ll be interested to hear what you think about it. 32.
Anne: I thought Helen and Mary were good friends. David: ---Anne: What happened then? David: I don't know. But they are hardly on speaking terms now.. A) Yes, but Mary is rather a difficult person you know. B) Well, aren\'t they?
D) Do most visitors to Dubai spend a lot of money on cultural activities?
C) Oh, they are, but their interests are rather different.
E) How can I exhibit my own work in this unique artistic environment?
D) They used to be. But not any longer. E) They still are, aren\'t they?
29.
Martin: Their latest advertising campaign is scandalous. Edward: Yes. But technically they are within the law. Martin: ---Edward: So do I. But there's nothing we can do about it.. A) I very much doubt it. In fact, I\'m all for filing a complaint against them. B) We can launch a similar campaign. C) Are you quite sure about that? D) Still, I regard such tactics as completely unethical. E) We must take some action. What do you suggest?
33.
Jill: We're collecting money for the cleaning lady.
36.
Molly: Really? Why? Jill: ---Molly: Oh, how lovely! Yes, of course, we must get a present for him..
John: Have you had a chance to take a look at my article? Colleague: Yes, I have. On the whole, it is fine work, but... John: ---Colleague: Well, there are one or two discrepancies which need to be removed.. A) I knew you would like it. I worked hard on it.
A) I thought you know. Her husband is back in hospital and they are going to operate on him. B) She has been out of work a long while now and really has some bad money problems.
C) I can see you are much impressed by it.
C) Haven\'t you heard? Her first grandson was born last week.
D) I don\'t think you have grasped the core argument in it.
D) Her purse was stolen last week; at least that\'s what she says.
E) I understand why you look so upset.
E) I really don\'t know, either. But everyone seems to think we ought to. 34.
B) There\'s something bothering you. Please tell me frankly what it is.
37.
Reader: I enjoyed reading your recent book on the Central Asian republics.
A) Shall I catch it for you?
Author: I am glad to hear that. What is it that makes the book so enjoyable for you?
B) I have caught many of them.
Reader: ----
C) Certainly not: it\'s quite harmless.
Author: That is exactly right. I traveled extensively in these republics and observed them carefully.. A) I understand writing interestingly about less exotic countries is much harder.
D) A lovely little thing, isn\'t it? E) Would you like to hold it? 38.
B) Oh, the details. It\'s clear you\'re giving us firsthand information. C) Unfortunately, most of the descriptions fail to get beneath the surface of events. D) You seem to be somewhat prejudiced against their culture.
Tony: We are organizing a seminar next month for company executives. Arthur: Good for you. What is it about? Tony: 'Complexity in Business.' We see businesses as complex systems, and recent research offers powerful new approaches to make them more robust and competitive. Arthur: ----. A) Some of the topics under discussion are of little interest to practitioners in global finance. B) I can\'t see how most companies will survive the recession. Do you? C) I am afraid certain measures will have to be introduced to make the company more efficient. D) And also more adaptive to rapidly changing economic environments. E) I think more economic research is needed to explain the causes of the current gloom throughout the business world.
Receptionist: Hi, Mr. Sullivan. Good to see you again. Customer: Are you talking to me? Receptionist: Of course, Mr. Sullivan. I'd recognize you anywhere. You haven't changed a bit! Customer: ----. A) When did you get this job? Are you pleased with it? B) I may forget names but I never forget a face.
E) I wonder how relevant your arguments are to the social and political realities of these republics. 35.
Child: What is that little animal? Father: That little tiny lizard? Child: You call it a lizard? Does it bite? Is it poisonous? Father: ----.
C) You look exhausted. You must have been working hard recently. D) This is my first time here. Is there a place nearby where I can get a map of the town? E) I am afraid you must have mistaken me for someone else. 39.
Alan: When should we break the news to him? Petricia: ---Alan: I quite agree, so shall we say this evening? Petricia: Agreed.. A) The sooner, the better in my opinion. B) Well, shall we say sometime tomorrow? C) We\'d better wait a week or so. D) Whenever you think best. E) I thought the doctor had already told him.
40.
Mr Fuller: Well, how did the shopping expedition go? Mrs Fuller: Well, we bought some lovely things; but ... Mr Fuller: ---Mrs Fuller: Yes I'm afraid that's the case..
43.
Brian: Have the police asked for your version of the story yet? Peter: No, not yet. But they did say I should try to avoid discussing the matter. Brian: ---Peter: Did they really? It all seems extremely serious..
A) Then, why do you say \'but\'? A) They’ve been saying that to everyone, but to no effect.
B) But what? I suppose you spent more than you intended to; is that it?
B) Well, we do try not to. But it’s on everyone’s mind.
C) Well, then show me everything.
C) They told me the same thing.
D) Was there any money left over for a new shirt for me?
D) I gave my version yesterday. But they didn’t seem interested.
E) You got back quite early considering you went with Mary. 41.
Peter: One mustn’t forget that the West has contributed much to the development of the Third World. Mark: ---Peter: I suppose you are referring to the fact that the West is benefiting from an ever expanding market for its goods. Mark: Yes, I certainly am..
E) But that’s not easy as they very well know. 44.
Steven: I suppose it’s an abbreviation for the African Union. Martha: ---Steven: Well, it’s the continent’s foremost body promoting economic and political freedom and cooperation..
A) Nor should one forget that the Third World has also put a great deal of effort into its own development. B) I still maintain that the reasons for this are philanthropic as well as political.
A) The African Union! Never heard that before. B) Some African states are suffering from economic fluctuations.
C) Yet, remember that in most Third World countries living conditions have got worse over recent decades.
C) Which country takes the lead in the African Union?
D) True; but in my opinion the reasons have been largely mercenary.
D) How well do you know the African economy? E) Can you compare the African Union and the European Union?
E) The rate of development in some of these countries has been disappointing. 45. 42.
Rupert: Have you been following developments in Poland recently? David: ---Rupert: I want to send someone to the conference there on new political developments. Would you be interested? David: I most certainly would.. A) Are you referring to the recent parliamentary elections? B) No. I’ve lost interest in what’s going on there. C) No. Why? Has something of note happened there recently? D) No. Keeping up with developments in the Balkans is as much as I can manage these days. E) As a matter of fact I have. Why do you ask?
Martha: Look at the headline here. What does AU stand for?
Mr. Robinson: What’s happened to the phone? I’ve been trying to get you all afternoon. Mrs. Robinson: It is out of order. Mr. Robinson: ---Mrs.Robinson: I think all the lines in our neighbourhood are being changed.. A) Are you sure? B) Do you know why? C) Since when? D) When did that happen? E) Who said so?
46.
Edward: I hear Jane has had another novel published. Have you read any of the reviews? Barry: No. And frankly I’m not very interested in her any longer. Edward: ---Barry: That was true five or six years ago, but not any longer..
49.
A) How about Miss Blake? She seemed pleasant enough.
A) I overheard Whitten saying this is her best novel ever.
B) I\'m afraid she\'ll disrupt the team spirit we\'ve built up.
B) Why is that? I thought she was generally regarded as quite the most gifted of our younger novelists.
C) She\'s quite charming. But she\'s well below average intelligence.
C) Actually I was planning to include her in my thesis.
D) Was our advertisement correctly worded?
D) Is her work really as erudite as so many of your reviews suggest? E) Would you agree that her early work is largely autobiographical but that she is now using more abstract themes. 47.
Michael: How can a small television company compete against these commercial giants? Rupert: ---Michael: Go on. Rupert: To start with, it should concentrate on quality, not quantity.. A) The figures this month show we’re making good progress.
E) The advantages of increased productivity are rapidly becoming apparent. 50.
Mary: Apart from the news and wild-life programmes, what else do you watch on TV? Philip: ---Mary: I do agree, but occasionally there are some good discussions and some good plays. Philip: Perhaps. But most of the ones I have watched have been very boring.. A) I\'d no idea you spent so much time watching TV. B) Almost nothing. Do you? C) Only the plays are worth watching, aren’t they?
B) Why not? Since there ere so many channels now, there\'s work for everyone.
D) If it weren’t for my mother I\'d get rid of our TV.
C) It can’t. I should have thought that was obvious. It must do something different.
E) Actually very little. There’s so much rubbish on at present.
D) There\'s always a market for goods that are reasonably priced. E) If you are feeling like that, we can always declare ourselves bankrupt. 48.
Andrew: Well, Miss Claremont is clearly the best qualified of all the applicants. Molly: Yes. I know she is. Andrew: Well? What’s worrying you then? Molly: ----.
Andrew: How was your holiday in Budapest? Did you find it expensive? Rogar: ---Andrew: Really? I didn’t realise you’d even been there before. Rogar: Oh yes. I was stationed there for nearly five years. I only left in 1993.. A) It’s a most interesting city. You really should see it for yourself. B) I suppose it was. But I was there on business, so it was all on the firm. C) I was much too busy to do any shopping. D) There were some beautiful hand-made articles that you could buy very cheaply. E) No. But I know the city well, so I can manage cheaply.
1.
They were fully within their rights when they dismissed him, but now they wish they hadn’t done so..
5.
A) I never did understand why he wanted us to meet and discuss the matter.
A) What they did may have been legal, but it was still unfair to dismiss him in that way.
B) He talked about us meeting but never explained why.
B) Their dismissal of him was perfectly legal but now they regret their action.
C) Had I realised what he wanted to talk to me about I would not have agreed to a meeting.
C) If they hadn’t dismissed him they would be in a better position now.
D) I agreed to meet in order to discuss the matter thoroughly.
D) Though their dismissal of him was barely legal the outcome has been fortunate.
E) I realised there was something to be discussed but didn’t know exactly what.
E) They had the right to dismiss him and don’t deserve this unpleasant turn of events. 6. 2.
It is not for me to say whether or not the lecture was a good one as it was way outside my field and I hardly understood any of it..
B) It seems that the majority of criminals start to take greater risks and so get arrested.
B) I might have followed the lecture better if I had been familiar with the field.
C) Apparently, by trusting their luck just once too often, most criminals do eventually get arrested.
C) The subject of his lecture promised to be interesting, but his treatment of it seemed to me to lack of something.
D) Once the average criminal has fallen under suspicion he can no longer trust his luck.
D) I don’t feel qualified to comment on his treatment of the subject as his approach is so different from mine.
3.
E) In my opinion, however hard he may try, no criminal can ever escape arrest. 7.
You’ll have to tell him in the end; and the longer you put off doing so the harder it’s going to be..
Though he knows I’m determined to make Marsden the new manager, he’s constantly seeking to bring him down in my estimation .
A) You can’t keep him in the dark about it forever, and telling him will get harder the longer you wait.
A) Since I’m fully determined to make Marsden manager I absolutely refuse to listen to all this criticism of him.
C) He’ll find out some time, and by putting it off you won’t make it easier for yourself.
B) He’ll have to be notified about it, and the sooner the better.
D) You never can keep things secret for long, so the best is to tell him about it soon.
B) Even if Marsden weren’t likely to prove a good manager that man has no right to criticise him to me in such a manner. C) Though he is fully aware of the fact that I’m set on making Marsden the new manager, he still persists in trying to influence me against him. D) Once Mersden takes on the job of manager all this unfair criticism of him is sure to stop.
4.
I suppose most criminals do get caught in the end because they believe their luck will hold just one more time.. A) In most cases, so long as a criminal avoids taking risks he is not likely to be suspected.
A) I can’t understand why he felt the need to limit the scope of his lecture in such a way.
E) Since I couldn’t follow the lecture as I knew nothing about the subject matter, I really can’t give an opinion on it.
If I’d known that he wanted to discuss with me I would never have given him an appointment..
E) Surely it’s better to let him know now than to wait until he finds out for himself. 8.
I surely couldn’t have been expected to forgive him readily as this wasn’t the first time he’d tried to cheat me..
E) His opinion of Marsden will surely change once he sees what a capable manager he really is.
A) It was only natural that I should have been unwilling to forgive him as he had behaved dishonestly towards me on other occasions.
They found only two survivors, but it was a week before they gave up their search for the others..
B) As he’d tried to cheat me on several previous occasions, I felt I was right not to forgive him this time.
A) At the end of the week the two survivors joined in the search for the others.
C) It was impossible for me not to forgive him even though he’d tried to deceive me several times before.
B) They were only able to save two people though rescue work continued for a full week. C) By the end of the first week there was little hope of finding the missing two. D) Once those two were rescued at the end of the week, they abandoned the search for the others. E) Rescue-workers found two more victims after the search for them had lasted a week.
D) I might have been willing to forgive him if this had been the first I’d caught him cheating me. E) Since this wasn’t the first time he’d attempted to deceive me I was obviously not going to forgive him.
9.
One can hardly expect profits to double again this year..
13.
A) Profits will probably drop by as much as 50 percent again this year.
A) However stealthily he may enter, they are bound to know he was late.
B) They don’t expect this year to be profitable at all.
B) Though he crept in quietly, he couldn’t hide from them the fact that he was late.
C) It’s quite possible that profits this year will be halved again.
C) By creeping in so quietly he only drew attention to the fact that he was late.
D) It won’t be easy to double the profits again this year.
D) He must have expected that some of the others would arrive late.
E) It’s not likely that profits will again go up by 100 percent this year. 10.
What can we do to convince him that the project is sure to succeed?.
E) Once they realised he was late it was too late to try and hide the fact. 14.
A) Why can’t he admit that the success of the project is in doubt?
B) There’s a lot at stake so the matter must not be allowed to go any further.
C) How should we go about persuading him that the success of the project is assured?
C) For now, the fewer the people who know, the better.
D) Why must he believe that the scheme is sure to succeed?
D) For the present it’s pointless to bring others into the discussion.
E) Doesn’t he want us to believe that the project is sure to succeed? To tell you the truth, I was rather disappointed in this new production of Carmen..
E) Once the stage is passed we can safely ask the others for their opinions. 15.
A) To be fair, there wasn’t much that was new in this production of Carmen.
12.
At this stage there is no sense in discussing the matter with anyone else.. A) Whatever happens, news of the matter must not be allowed to leak out.
B) Why can’t we persuade him that the scheme is sure to fail?
11.
He entered furtively, in the vain hope that the others would not realise he was late..
We really were spoilt by choice so had a hard time deciding which of all those superb pictures to get..
B) If you really want to know, the new production of Carmen wasn’t as good as I’d hoped it would be.
A) We could surely have come away with any of those marvellous pictures and not have regretted our choice afterwards.
C) Obviously I was disappointed to learn that they were doing Carmen again.
B) By some remarkable chance the picture we wanted had somehow got spoilt.
D) Someone should have told you that the new production of Carmen is not as good as we hoped.
C) They had got together an incredibly valuable collection of pictures for us to evaluate.
E) They’ll have to admit that this new production of Carmen may prove unsatisfactory.
D) The pictures had clearly been chosen after much deliberation and we were suitably impressed by the whole fabulous collection.
We couldn’t help feeling disappointed when, after all our hard work, we had to close down the factory..
E) We spent a long time wondering which picture to buy as there were so many outstanding ones to choose from.
A) By working even harder we could, perhaps, have managed to keep the factory open. B) If only we could have kept the factory going we wouldn’t have kept that all our work had been wasted. C) Since we’d put in so much effort it was inevitable that we should feel upset when we couldn’t keep the factory going. D) However hard we worked we could not have stopped them closing down the factory. E) When the factory was closed down it obviously upset us, but there was nothing we could do about it.
16.
His career took off to a brilliant start, but since then his record hardly seems deserving of mild praise, let alone glory.. A) His career record has not lived up to his early promise, so he really does not merit either our approval or our praise. B) His career began with a stunning success, but then he did nothing to earn either the praise or the approval he now receives. C) In spite of his early promise, his career record shows nothing deserving of the special praise or glory he seems to expect. D) He was amazingly successful at the start of his career but afterwards he has done nothing to merit even a moderate amount of approval and certainly not renown. E) Had his career record been in line with the brilliant start he made, he would most certainly have earned high honours and great renown.
17.
Though diplomatic efforts to forestall the bombardment have been intensified, there is apparently no progress towards an agreement..
20.
A) Every known means of diplomacy has been tried, but peace seems to recede and the expected attack to be quickly approaching.
A) Should one man be given unlimited power, as in Russia, it would make a difference to the country. B) When, as in Russia, one man unconditionally wields enormous power, he can affect many changes.
B) Reconciliation remains a remote hope, for diplomatic channels apparently lack the necessary authority to check an attack.
C) If much power were invested in one man, in a country such as Russia, he could bring about great changes.
C) In spite of diplomatic efforts to the contrary, the bombardment was a violent one and all hopes of an agreement were shattered.
D) It would make a terrific difference in Russia, for instance, if a great deal of power were vested in one man.
D) Though they are desperately in need of a truce, they can find no way to achieve one and now await the attack. E) Reconciliation seems no nearer, even though a massive effort is being made to find a diplomatic solution and so avoid a bombardment. 18.
E) In a country such as Russia, there would be a notable difference if complete power were vested in such a man as that. 21.
The last time I saw your brother was when Iran into him at the station when I was on my way to Glasgow..
He should face the fact that he'll never be as great a pianist as his father .. A) The father is a wonderful pianist, but the son shows even more promise.
A) The last time I went to Glasgow I happened to meet your brother at the station.
B) The father is a great pianist, and the son is hoping to be at least his equal.
B) I haven’t seen your brother since a chance meeting at the station with him when I was setting off for Glasgow.
C) I don\'t think he\'ll ever admit that his father is the greater pianist I but he ought to.
C) Your brother and I finally met at the station as it happened that I was going to Glasgow.
D) As a pianist, he\'s just not the equal of his father and never will be, so he\'d do well to accept the fact .
D) Your brother and I finally met on the Glasgow train just as it was leaving the station.
E) The son seems set to surpass his father as a pianist; he even admits the fact.
E) As the Glasgow train drew out of the station I got a last glimpse of your brother. 19.
In a country such as Russia, where much power is vested in one man, that man can make quite a difference..
22.
The root cause of the crisis is that the legal basis for asylum was drawn up when very few had the means to seek it..
A) A business advertises in order to get markets and sell its goods and make itself known. B) Advertisements should give preference to marketing techniques and help firms sell; information is secondary.
A) Though few of them have any way at all of escaping it is now that the legal basis for asylum must be revised so that such a crisis may be avoided.
C) Advertising is about selling goods and keeping firms running; not supplying information.
B) We must face the fact that the legal basis for asylum should not have been drawn up when hardly anyone had a chance to escape.
D) A business advertises with a view to making a name for itself in the commercial world and selling its products.
C) Basic to the whole disastrous situation is the fact that the legal basis for asylum dates back to a time when it was almost impossible for anyone to seek it. D) When the legal basis of asylum was devised it was assumed that very few people would ever seek it and such a crisis as this was not expected. E) As few people ever managed to escape, it was felt that a legal basis for asylum was unnecessary and this is the major cause of the problem.
The aim of advertising is not to inform but to sell products and keep businesses in business. .
E) The purpose of advertising is not to amuse but to increase sales and encourage commercial activities. 23.
James will probably make a good director too, even though he's not all like his father.. A) James dislikes his father\'s way of director, but will his may be any better? B) Unlike his father, James seems set on developing into a most efficient director. C) James is quite different from his father, but nonetheless he\'ll also succeed as a director. D) As James is opposed to his father\'s system, one wonders if he will find a better one. E) James is quite unlike his father, so he\'s not likely to be a good director.
24.
25.
The scene is set in Normandy, but most of the characters in this novel are Londoners..
28.
A) In the novel, the action moves backwards and forwards between Normandy and London.
A) To be good, a book review has to establish who would enjoy reading it.
B) In this novel, the story takes place in Normandy but the majority of the characters are from London.
B) One ought to be able to understand from a book review which books are worth reading.
C) The main characters in the novel are Londoners on a sightseeing holiday in Normandy.
C) The prime function of any book review should be to establish whether or not a book is worth reading.
D) The story is about Normandy, but the leading characters are all Londoners.
D) According to book reviews, all books are worth reading.
E) Though Normandy provides the setting for the story, the characters are all too clearly Londoners.
E) You can understand from a good book review whether or not it\'s the kind of book you enjoy.
I haven't been won over by his arguments, but his book makes interesting reading..
29.
A) I can\'t say I\'m convinced that he\'s right, but even so his book is well worth reading.
C) He has some impossible ideas but knows how to write an entertaining book.
B) Though it\'s obvious that, sooner or later reform is inevitable, the feeling among a lot of people in Germany is that it should be postponed for as long as possible.
D) You might be interested in reading his book even though many of his arguments are far from satisfactory.
C) A great many people in Germany find the likelihood of reform worrying as they are afraid it will prove unpleasant, but they have a feeling that in the end it will be inevitable.
E) You will appreciate his fresh and comprehensive approach to his subject but there is no basis in fact. The judge is worried because different witnesses have given a different sequence of events..
D) Since the process of reform promises to be unpleasant, the majority of Germans are trying to pretend that it need never happen.
A) The witnesses had to be called in order by the judge as they described the sequence of events.
E) Though they admit that there is a need for reform, millions of Germans nevertheless fear the process, which will inevitably be painful, and seek to postpone it.
B) The judge is disturbed that the sequence of events described by the various witnesses is in all cases identical C) The judge is concerned that there is no agreement among the witnesses as to the order in which the events occurred
27.
Millions of Germans are uneasy about the prospect of reform because they fear the process will be painful, but they suspect that in the long run it will have to come.. A) As they expect the process of reform will prove extremely painful, millions of Germans are reluctant to admit that in the end it will have to come.
B) It\'s a fascinating book, but one can\'t take his theories seriously.
26.
A good book review lets you know whether it's the sort of book you want to read or not..
30.
Most of the company's factories are in the north of England and until recently the head office was also there, but now it is in London..
D) What the judge found so upsetting was that there were so many discrepancies between the witnesses\' account of the incident
A) The company used to have its head office in the north of England where most of the factories are, but it was moved to London a short while ago.
E) The only discrepancy in the witnesses\' accounts to disturb the judge isn\'t related to the order of events.
B) The company is setting up more factories in the north of England where, until recently, its head office was, before it was moved to London.
You would do well to wait a little before buying a car..
C) The company is moving its head office to London though the majority of its factories are still in the north of England.
A) If you are thinking of buying a car, this is the right time.
D) Once the company\'s head office has moved to London most of the factories will gradually be moved there from the north of England.
B) You must realize that this is not the right time to change old car. C) Don\'t buy now; car prices are expected to fall. D) It would be better if you didn\'t buy a car just yet. E) Buy a car now and you won\'t regret it later.
E) The head office of the company which is in the north of England where most of the factories are, will shortly be moved to London.
31.
If I had heard about this conference on Satellite Services even a little earlier, I would most certainly have prepared a paper for it..
34.
A) Unfortunately, I haven\'t had sufficient time to write a paper for that conference on Satellite Services, though I would very much have liked to have done so.
A) The unfavourable report on defence spending showed convincingly that vast sums of money had been wasted. B) The report failed to please for the obvious reason that it recommended an increase in expenditure for defence purposes.
B) I knew nothing about this conference on Satellite Services until it was too late to write a paper for it, but I certainly would have if time had allowed.
C) The extra expenditure for defence purposes is what made the report so unpopular in many quarters.
C) There\'s still time to write a paper for that conference they are talking about on Satellite Services, and I would certainly like to do so.
D) The main reason why the report met with so little approval was on account of the vast increases in expenditure it demanded for defence purposes.
D) If only they had informed me about the conference on Satellite Services. I would definitely have got this paper ready a lot earlier. E) If they had given out some information about the conference on Satellite Services at an earlier date, it might have been possible to have given a paper there. 32.
E) The report was quite unacceptable on account of the fact that the recommended increases in defence spending were quite unrealistic. 35.
Many people prefer food that is free from artificial substances as these can be a threat to health..
B) If only they could upgrade the quality of the work I\'d stop worrying. C) Once the quality of the work improves we\'ll be free of worries.
B) Since artificial substances may be detrimental to health a lot of people are avoiding foods that contain them.
D) It\'s the fact that they still haven\'t managed to upgrade the quality of the work that troubles me.
C) Food that is free of artificial substances that are detrimental to a person\'s health should be preferred.
E) They are still far from producing the high quality work I\'m anxious to get. 36.
E) Foods that contain artificial substances should be avoided as they are the cause of many health problems. 33.
B) Apparently he can\'t grasp the fact that without a sound plan, success is hard to come by. C) He refuses to believe that the plan will turnout to be successful.
A) I reckon this is the first time Richard and I agree, for I generally find his views somewhat amoral.
D) He\'s convinced that the scheme is bound to succeed.
B) Once in a while I like to agree with Richard as I usually come out in opposition to him.
D) On certain issues Richard and I are in agreement, but on the whole I find his point of view rather disgusting. E) More often than not I find Richard\'s ideas rather repulsive, but on this occasion he just might be right.
I just couldn't make him understand that good planning is essential to success.. A) I\'ve failed to convince him that the secret to success lies in a sound plan.
For once I feel inclined to agree with Richard though usually I don't approve of his ideas..
C) As often as not Richard and I hold completely different views, so he\'ll be surprised to find me agreeing with him.
What worries me is that they have so far failed to improve the quality of the work.. A) As they haven\'t yet managed to produce any highquality work, I\'m wondering if they ever will.
A) It seems that the artificial substances in our food are responsible for a great deal of our ill health.
D) Many people show a preference for foods that are free of artificial substances though they are not of the harmful type.
The report did not get a favourable reception largely because it called for massive increases in defence spending..
E) I\'ll convince him in the end that no amount of planning can guarantee success. 37.
We might well find that we need more than three weeks in which to complete a report of this kind.. A) It shouldn\'t take us more than three weeks to finish a report like this one. B) We might as well try to get this report finished within three weeks. C) I don\'t imagine we can get through this report in three weeks, but we can try. D) A report of this kind has never been drawn up in under three weeks. E) It\'s quite likely that three weeks won\'t be sufficient for us to finalize such a report.
38.
Frankly, in my opinion the girl's musical abilities are no more than average for her age..
41.
A) Even so, if you take the girl\'s age into account, her musical performance was no better than that of any of the others.
A) It is not often that one comes across a consultant of his calibre, whose advice is unfailingly dependable and unbiased.
B) To be honest, I don\'t think the girl\'s musical talents are anything out of the ordinary considering her age.
39.
B) Rarely does one find a consultant like him whose advice is completely honest and disinterested.
C) To be fair, for a girl of her age, you can hardly regard her musical abilities as impressive.
C) He is one of those rare consultants who one can rely on to give absolutely fair and honest advice.
D) Indeed she\'s not all that young, so I don\'t think this girl merits so much praise for her musical abilities.
D) Consultants of any calibre can always be counted on to advise in a balanced and professional manner.
E) If you think about it, there\'s nothing extraordinary about her musical performance if you remember her age.
E) Fair and unbiased advice is what one expects from a consultant of his calibre, but one only rarely gets it.
For many years now transport planners in the UK have been demanding that motorists pay directly for the use of roads..
42.
A) In the opinion of British transport planners, it is the motorists themselves who should have paid for the upkeep of the roads all these years.
B) Apparently, people in the Far East pay more attention to education than do those in the West and have a better understanding of economic matters.
C) Transport planners in the UK have, for a long time now, been insisting that those who use the roads must pay for them directly.
C) Now that people in the Far East are better educated than most Westerners, their ideas regarding economic matters are more sophisticated.
D) British transport planners recommended, a long time ago, that those who use the roads must pay for their upkeep directly.
D) The argument is that the better education received in the Far East gives people there a better grasp of economic development than is possible in the West.
E) In Britain, transport planners have been arguing for many years that the upkeep of the roads is the responsibility of motorists.
E) The point has been made that people in the West don\'t get as good an education as do those in the Far East, and further, are less accomplished in matters concerning economic development.
The new range of products launched last Autumn is already selling well.. A) The market for the new goods has improved greatly since last Autumn. B) Sales of the new products that appeared on the market in the Autumn, are at last doing well. C) CJ Articles on sale for the first time in the Autumn are finally selling well. D) The goods put onto the market for the first time last Autumn have already found plenty of buyers. E) There are still few buyers for the new range of goods that first made an appearance last Autumn.
It has been argued that people from the Far East are better educated than Westerners and also more experienced in economic development.. A) Since education in the West is not up to the standard of that in the Far East, an equal appreciation of economic matters is not to be expected.
B) Over the years, transport planners in the UK have been suggesting that the upkeep of roads must be paid for by the motorists themselves.
40.
Consultants of his calibre, whose advice is consistently reliable and objective, are few and far between..
43.
It's hardly surprising that inflation has been a paramount issue in so many recent election campaigns.. A) It is interesting that it has been the issue of inflation that has dominated all the election campaigns recently. B) Inflation was naturally going to be a dominant issue in a large number of election campaigns over recent years. C) It was to be expected that the crucial issue in all the election campaigns should have been inflation. D) Understandably, the majority of election campaigns in recent times have centered round one major issue, inflation. E) During recent years, most election campaigns have undoubtedly made inflation the predominant issue.
44.
If there is any likelihood of an attack on our position, precautionary measures should be taken immediately..
48.
A) Our position is well-protected against attack but we must maintain our defences.
A) I need to familiarize myself with what our main speaker has been doing of late, as apparently it\'s my job to introduce him at the conference.
B) In the event of an attack our position will be fiercely contested.
B) I’ve been chosen to introduce our main speaker at the conference which means I need to find out something about him.
C) In the unlikely event of an attack, our position will naturally be defended.
C) I haven’t managed to find out much about our main speaker at the conference but must do so as it\'s my job to introduce him.
D) Should the position be attacked it will be defended at all costs. E) Should an attack seem probable, our position must be safeguarded at once. 45.
D) As I\'ve been asked to introduce the main speaker at this conference, l shall obviously have to get hold of some information about his academic career.
The meeting lasted for longer than we had expected as, for some reason or another, there were continual interruptions.. A) The interruptions that made the meeting last for so much longer than we anticipated were all of them quite unnecessary.
E) If l am to introduce this speaker at our conference, it\'s obviously essential that l have some idea of what he has been doing in recent years. 49.
B) it was on account of there being so many interruptions that the meeting went on for so much longer than we had expected.
B) I reckon that the company chairman has far too big a say in what happens here.
D) in spite of a succession of quite unnecessary interruptions, the meeting didn\'t actually last much longer than the time scheduled for it.
C) The fact that he\'s the company chairman doesn\'t give him the right to give all the orders. D) it seems to me that the chairman interferes in most of the affairs of the company
E) The scheduled time was not adequate for the meeting but this was largely due to a succession of very annoying interruptions. He should have known better than to have left his son in charge of the factory if only for a week.. A) Though it was only for a week, it was foolish of him to make his son responsible for the running of the factory. B) it was quite wrong of him to leave his son to run the factory for as long as a week. C) it was foolish of the boy to imagine he could take his father\'s place in the factory for a week. D) He must have known that he couldn\'t leave his son in charge of the factory for a whole week. E) He was mistaken in thinking that his son was up to the responsibility of running the factory for a week. 47.
To be honest, l wasn't expecting Andy to stand up for me so openly at the meeting.. A) I have to admit that l wasn\'t too pleased when Andy took my part like that at the meeting. B) Frankly, it came as quite a surprise to me when Andy was so outspokenly on my side at the meeting. C) it came as quite a surprise to me, too, that Andy should declare himself to be on my side. D) Actually l really wish Andy hadn\'t been so ostentatiously on my side throughout the meeting. E) Naturally, when Andy look my part so strongly at the meeting. I could hardly hide my surprise.
In my opinion, too many of the things that happen in this company depend upon the chairman's discretion.. A) Just because he happens to be chairman of the company he thinks he\'s the chief decision-maker.
C) We were interrupted time and again, on various accounts, so the meeting went on longer than we had anticipated.
46.
It seems I’m expected to introduce the main speaker at the conference, so I’d better find out something about his recent activities..
E) As I see it, the company chairman doesn\'t know how to delegate the work of the company efficiently. 50.
The reason behind the minister's refusal to make a statement to the press is uncertain, but I imagine he's playing for time.. A) The minister continues to find excuses for not making a statement to the press but before long he will presumably have to do so. B) l can\'t think why the minister still refuses to hold a press conference; perhaps he doesn\'t have the time. C) The minister, for some reason or another, still avoids a confrontation with the press but he can\'t do this much longer. D) No one knows why the minister is avoiding meeting the press, but I expect he will have to do so before long. E) It\'s not clear why the minister has declined to make a statement to the press, but presumably it\'s a question of delay tactics.
1.
Even the smallest organisation, public or private, has a personnel function. People are an organisation’s main resource and, although the links between the personnel department and other departments are not always obvious, it is important that cooperation between all departments and personnel is maintained. It is the personnel department, with the help of the other departments, which will implement any manpower policies by recruiting, selecting and training all employees. ----..
4.
A) Dopamine-receptor drugs, generally used in the treatment of schizophrenia, usually have a number of side effects.
A) This shows that personnel departments carry out crucial functions in organisations
B) These are called \'positive symptoms\' because the patient is adding something to reality.
B) That is why institutions will be forced to make huge investments
C) New treatments may be on the horizon, thanks to deeper insights into the nature of the disease.
C) Certainly, some functions such as research or legal advice are carried out by different staff
D) In the1950s, scientists noted that some drugs had antipsychotic effects when given to schizophrenic patients.
D) In fact, no government agency would have been involved in such a case E) Initially, each department was required to submit their proposals for improvement 2.
E) For years, scientists have struggled to untangle the complexities of certain diseases. 5.
Until recently, Sudan’s Nubian history remained largely unknown. ----. They have recognized that these pharaohs came from a strong African civilization that had flourished on the southern banks of the Nile for 2, 500 years, going back at least as far as the first Egyptian dynasty. The most important remains of this civilization are the pyramids in the Nubian Desert, which are greater in number than those in Egypt..
The Federal Republic of Germany, founded in 1949, had as its first Chancellor Dr. Konrad Adenauer. His Christian Democrat government produced conditions of stability and confidence in which Germany rebuilt her shattered prosperity and a viable parliamentary democracy. Further, his work in building a special relationship with France, culminating in a treaty of friendship, was a dramatic contrast to the long tradition of enmity towards France. ----.. A) Even so, Adenauer\'s successor Dr. Erhard was a loyal supporter of the Atlantic Alliance.
A) Human figures in Egyptian, Greek, and Roman art indicate a clear awareness of racial features
3.
Researchers divide the symptoms of schizophrenia into two categories. The first comprises hallucinations, paranoia and delusions usually associated with the disease. ---- The other group of symptoms, categorized as 'negative', includes loss of motivation, degraded social skills and an inability to feel pleasure..
B) Only in the past four decades have archaeologists uncovered the story of the so-called ‘\'black’\' pharaohs
B) Moreover, he strove relentlessly for German reunification within the boundaries of 1937, stressing West Germany\'s right to speak for the whole of Germany
C) Sudan’s pyramids are extremely interesting structures and have not been properly studied
C) The Brandt Government\'s main achievements were in the field of foreign policy
D) Therefore, The Sudanese government has decided to build a dam on the Nile, 970 kms upstream from Egypt’s Aswan High Dam
D) On the other hand, Brandt had built up his reputation as mayor of West Berlin before he was elected Chancellor.
E) The Nubian Desert, which is vast and extremely uninhabitable, needs to be fully explored
E) Indeed, the tension within the government were heightened by protracted negotiations between the coalition partners over policies to counter the sharply rising trend of unemployment
Fires were a part of the natural environment long before humans appeared, and many terrestrial ecosystems have adapted to it. African savana, North American grasslands, and pine forests of the southern United States are some of the fire adapted ecosystems. For example, fire helps maintain grasses as the dominant vegetation in grasslands by removing fire-sensitive hard wood trees. The influence of fire on plants became even more evident once humans appeared. ---Indeed, humans set fires for many reasons, such as for agricultural exploitation and urban development.. A) Humans also try to prevent fires, and sometimes this effort can have disastrous consequences. B) Because humans deliberately and accidentally set fires, fire became a more common occurrence. C) When fire is excluded from a fire-adapted ecosystem, organic litter accumulates. D) The deadly fire in Colorado during the summer of 1994 claimed the lives of 14 firefighters. E) Controlled burns are used to suppress fire sensitive trees, thereby maintaining the natural fire-adapted ecosystem.
6.
In Britain, the manufacturing industry accounts for about 70 percent of industrial production. Within manufacturing some industries such as chemicals, petroleum products and electrical engineering have expanded rapidly since World War II, whereas some industries have had a slower growth rate. ----.. A) Inflation was to make the problem of unemployment even more serious B) New competitors had already begun to dominate the market C) Among these can be mentioned ship building, textiles and clothing D) On the whole the southern countries have been more prosperous than the northern ones E) On the contrary, management strategies could have saved the situation
7.
8.
It is now a commonplace to note how the jet aircraft and the TV screen have transformed our old ideas of geography. Technology has indeed compressed time and space. ---- In the past people grew familiar with their neighbours across the sea slowly and gradually over generations. This is no longer the case. The meeting is abrupt and often violent..
10.
The word “Celtic” comes from the Greek Keltoi, first appearing in the sixth century B.C. to describe peoples living inland from the Mediterranean Sea. These people weren’t united, but called themselves “Celts”. ----. Trade by sea also connected them. Calling them “Celts” makes sense to separate them from what they weren’t: Roman or Greek. .
A) The Mediterranean world at that time had already the experience of commerce behind it.
A) Today some 2.5 million people claim to speak a Celtic language
B) Documentaries of the natural world are particularly instructive.
B) However, these peoples spoke closely related languages and shared beliefs and styles of art
C) Naturally older people tend to feel nostalgic about their youth.
C) In the fifth century A.D., the Anglo-Saxons invaded Britain, which was inhabited by Celtic natives
D) It was Spain in the sixteenth century that pioneered this sort of work.
D) Today, Celtic culture survives in some parts of Europe, such as Ireland
E) But living these new realities is not so easy as talking about them.
E) The Celtic languages were most widely spoken in various parts of ancient Europe
In the 1900s cancer was nearly always fatal; by the 1930s one out of five cancer patients was saved; by 1975 treatment was successful in one out of every three cancer patients. ----..
11.
A) New evidence suggests that the highest risk for lung cancer occurs in asbestos workers who smoke
The Vikings sailed from their overpopulated lands in Scandinavia and attacked other lands. They invaded parts of England, Portugal and France. They took away the gold and land of other peoples. ----. In fact, they were undoubtedly the most feared people of their time. .
B) Indeed everyone knows that cancer refers to a group of over 100 different diseases
A) Similarly, the Vikings had a sophisticated literary culture and an organized system of government
C) Today scientists and physicians believe that half of cancer patients can be saved if present knowledge is applied promptly in every case
B) Therefore, most Vikings converted to Christianity by the late 10th century C) They also established colonies stretching from North America to central Russia
D) Rehabilitation of the cancer patient has become an important new concern for social workers
D) On the other hand, their kings were buried together with their ships and their possessions
E) The aim of cancer rehabilitation is to help the patient lead as normal a life as possible
E) However, they were very advanced in shipbuilding 9.
Hosting the 2010 World Cup tournament is a great honour not only for South Africa but for Africa as a whole. This will be the chance for Africa to shine. African teams will be expected to put on their best ever performances. ----. This will also be a great occasion for African supporters from all over the continent to meet together.. A) Civic authorities have to monitor the quality of food and beverages and merchandise put on sale B) More importantly, the majority of the visitors will know little or nothing about South Africa and its people C) The appearance, behaviour and performance of public servants will be crucial D) The Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo and Tunisia, which were Africa’s representatives in the 2006 World Cup in Germany, struggled very successfully E) For this to happen, governments and football authorities have to start working to provide their players with the best facilities they can afford
12.
Vocational guidance is the name commonly given to the process of assisting boys and girls, and men and women, in the choice of an occupation. It is something more than simply providing occupational information. ----. The next stage, obviously, is to match the two sets of information.. A) It is an activity in which the individual seeking advice is first helped to assemble relevant facts about himself and about occupations B) It is similar to the process of personnel selection C) Their main work lies in giving career talks to groups of school leavers D) Youth employment officers work for local authorities, and usually receive nine-month training E) Psychologists play an important role in assessing these young people
13.
Berlin has many renovated museums, theatres and clubs, plus 400 contemporary art galleries. Artists, film-makers and some politicians have revived its big-city feel. However, it is a capital that is short of prosperous people whereas London and Paris boast plenty of rich people. ---..
16.
A) Berlin was full of bankers, entrepreneurs scientists and inventors in the early 1990s
A) Actually, wood is the only material which has been used in Japanese sculpture throughout its history
B) It played host to the invention of nylon, nuclear fission and talking films
B) There are a large number of relics of ancient Japan, such as baked earthen figures, which may be called primitive sculpture
C) In 1945, the city was rebuilt and then rebuilt again after the reunification in 1990
C) Some examples of 7th-century sculpture are preserved in the Japanese museums today
D) The economy of the city is now largely servicebased
D) Early Japanese sculpture is very reminiscent in style of the Chinese sculpture of the 5th and 6th centuries
E) One in two residents of Berlin lives on a pension or unemployment benefit; even those with jobs earn an average of only 32,000€ a year 14.
In football, most of the glory goes to goal scorers, but the men who save goals are just as important. One of those men is Gordon Banks, a former player for the English national team. ----. After his great performance for his country in the 1966 World Cup final match against Germany, in which England beat Germany in extra time, he was recognised as the world’s best goal-keeper..
E) There was a great change in the form of representation in Japanese sculpture after the 10th century 17.
A) In 1972, he had a car accident in which he suffered eye injuries, and he was forced to retire from the game
15.
Stone sculpture is rare in Japan; there are some fine 7th-century examples in bronze and clay, but bronze has never been very extensively used. ----. Hence, it is to be noticed that all the finest works of Japanese sculpture are made of wood. Even so, the Japanese are generally considered to be better painters than sculptors..
In Saudi Arabia oil was discovered in 1936, and commercial production began during World War II. Its wealth allowed the country to provide free health care and education while not collecting any taxes from its people. ----. However, falling demand and rising production in the 1980s reduced its oil income enormously. So in 2000, Saudi Arabia, along with other oil-producing countries, reduced production to raise oil prices..
B) Gordon Banks was born in England in 1937
A) Saudi Arabia occupies most of the Arabian Peninsula
C) He also helped Stoke to win the Football League Cup in 1972
B) Saudi Arabia has one-third of all known oil reserves in the world
D) Hungary was the first foreign football team to beat England, in England, at Wembley Stadium in 1953
C) Saudi Arabia contains the world\'s largest continuous sand desert
E) He was first selected to play for England against Scotland in 1963
D) In World War II, Saudi Arabia was neutral
The Titanic exhibition presents the story of the Titanic, starting with the early design, and then going on to its construction and launch and finally to how it sank. ----. These feature furnishings made by the original manufacturers. There is also a passenger gallery that recreates life on board..
E) Moreover, Saudi Arabia plays an important role in Middle Eastern politics 18.
A biography is an account of a person's life. It will often concentrate on that person's achievements and on the difficulties that had to be overcome before success was possible. ----. But at the same time he must keep to the known facts about the person..
A) The names of the 2,228 passengers are to be found in the memorial gallery
A) The background is sometimes equally important
B) There are reconstructions of first and third class cabins
B) Most biographies are about people who have done something significant
C) However some of the items that were recovered from the bottom of the sea are still on display
C) In an autobiography, the author is writing about himself
D) Among the other items recovered are clothes and jewellery
D) The biographer must create living, believable characters
E) A large piece of the ship is also on show
E) For instance, many people have written biographies of Queen Victoria
19.
King Henry VIII of England enjoyed the love and admiration of his people at least during the early years of his reign. ----. Indeed, the young king had many advantages. He was young and handsome; he was a fine sports man; he also had a first-class intellect. There was something to please everyone..
22.
A) This was partly because he came as a welcome change after his cold and calculating father, Henry VII
A) When a meteor reaches the earth, it is called a meteorite B) This big meteorite may have fallen as much as twenty-five thousand years ago
B) The thing everyone knows about him is that he married six times
C) The amazing thing about these meteor showers is that they come year after year
C) He encouraged humanism, and his own children were educated by some of the great scholars of the Renaissance
D) Most meteors are small, probably a few inches in diameter
D) His father had become the king of England after the Wars of the Roses E) He married Anne Boleyn after he had divorced his first wife 20.
E) The most remarkable meteor shower was seen in Connecticut on the night of November 12, 1833 23.
Politicians have traditionally sought out actors and musicians as a way of attracting the youth vote. ----. But they know very well that they must do so.. A) Celebrities do at least generate enthusiasm B) Celebrities naturally attract attention, and this is what every election campaign needs
B) The general public do not seem to be interested in space matters
D) Indeed, politicians seem to know of no other way of attracting the attention of the youth
C) When tourists eventually start arriving in space, they will need somewhere to stay
E) The cost of an election campaign cannot be disregarded Although a soccer ball can be put together in many ways, there is one design so ubiquitous that it has become iconic. This standard soccer ball is glued together from 32 polygons, 12 of them five-sided and 20 six-sided, arranged in such a way that every pentagon (five-sided) is surrounded by hexagons (six-sided). ----. This colour scheme was introduced for the World Cup in 1970 to enhance the visibility of the ball on television, although the design itself is older..
Scientists around the world are developing the technology to make space tourism affordable. The most important step is cheap and reusable spacecraft. Other plans are even more adventurous. ----. Japanese airlines, on the other hand, are working on plans for a space liner or a sightseeing spaceship. So, it seems that, in the near future, space tourism will be a new experience for ordinary people.. A) Powering a spacecraft still requires vast amounts of fuel, which would make space tourism far too expensive
C) Public interest in celebrities has increased, but its interest in politics has decreased
21.
Only a few large meteorites have struck the earth. The largest we know about fell in Arizona and made what is now called Meteor Crater, a hole about a mile across and 600 feet deep. ----. Other big meteorites fell in ancient times, in Texas, in Argentina, in northern Siberia and in Greenland..
D) For instance, an American firm is planning to build seven space stations served by 100 space shuttles E) A spacecraft is still more than a flying bomb which can explode at any second 24.
The Call of the Wild describes life in the Yukon Territory of north-western Canada near the Klondike River during the great gold rush of 1896. ----. This discovery drew thousands of prospectors to the Yukon, all eager to find gold..
A) 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons form a figure known to mathematicians as a “truncated icosahedron”
A) The Klondike gold rush began when a large quantity of gold was found in the gravel of a valley there
B) To a mathematician, the iconic black and white soccer ball is an intriguing puzzle
B) The story is told from the point of view of a boy
C) A number of questions can be tackled about the arrangement of pentagons and hexagons using the language of mathematics D) The usual way to colour such a ball is to paint the pentagons black and the hexagons white E) Every soccer ball contains at least 12 pentagons, but may well contain more
C) Another theme is the destructive power of greed D) The powerful force of loyalty is an important theme and keeps reappearing in the course of the story E) It is not at all a pretty story
25.
Capturing your attention and holding it is the prime motive of most television programming, and this enhances its role as a profitable advertising vehicle. ----. So the surest way to get audiences focused on a programme is to provide them with constant stimulation through variety, novelty, action and movement. .
28.
A) It is difficult to escape the influence of television B) The advertisements are often more entertaining than the actual programmes
A) In August 2004 Turkey approached the IMF again for what it hoped would be a final threeyear standby agreement.
C) The only things Americans do more than watch television are work and sleep D)
B) For decades the IMF has played a major role in the economic affairs of Turkey.
Programmers live in constant fear of losing the attention of their audiences
C) In fact, in recent years, there has been a remarkable progress in Turkey’s industrialization.
E) By the age of 20 an average person will have been exposed to at least 20,000 hours of television 26.
Many scientists agree that an explosion occurred on the surface of the sun millions of years ago. The explosion was so large that it is impossible to imagine what happened. ----. The dust was very hot but, as it cooled, it formed large masses of earth and stone..
D) Programmes such as this enable states to improve their economies. E) Now, as we look back over the years, the degree of economic development Turkey has achieved has been quite a success. 29.
A) 90 per cent of all matter in the universe consists of a gas called “hydrogen”
27.
In February 2002, the IMF approved a new threeyear standby credit agreement for Turkey to support the government’s economic programme. With the help of the stabilization programme, Turkey expected a slow but continuous improvement in its economic conditions. ---- It hoped this new agreement would serve as an exit programme from instability and excessive debt..
Below the earth’s crust the rocks are hot. By drilling the crust, these rocks can be reached. ---. This in turn can be used to produce electricity..
B) The Earth became dark and cool for many thousands of years
A) Areas where there is volcanic activity must be avoided
C) Clouds were formed in the sky and rains fell on the surface of the Earth
B) Such proceedings are obviously extremely costly
D) Dust from the explosion spread to all parts of space
C) Water can be pumped down into contact with these rocks to produce steam
E) The Earth is surrounded by an unmapped ocean of air
D) Geothermal energy is the name given to this particular form of energy
Can one ever grow tired of Istanbul? The city is not only Turkey’s financial and commercial capital, but its cultural and artistic one as well. The festivals that take place throughout the year turn this city into a world metropolis. ----. Art in one form or another is to be found in every corner of the city.. A) At the same time, Istanbul offers excellent opportunities for golf enthusiasts B) But Istanbul’s cultural and artistic life is not limited to festivals alone C) In fact, the many mosques with their graceful minarets rising skyward are an important feature of Istanbul’s skyline D) Others enjoy the night life of Istanbul E) Indeed, Istanbul is a city of contrasts
E) Millions of years ago the earth was a liquid 30.
The style of our lives is often based on the type of work we do. Some jobs allow for flexible schedules which enable us to take time off to deal with personal or family needs. ---- Other jobs are quite inflexible. With these we only have evenings and weekends to deal family needs but when we do go home, work stays at the job site.. A) Thus the type of work we do tends to turn us all into stereotypes. B) Naturally, most of us work not only for money but also for status. C) There is an important disadvantage with this type of work; we often have to take our work home with us. D) Actually the average person doesn’t even hope for job satisfaction. E) Changes in traditional family roles are slowly having an effect – usually adverse - on the work place.
31.
The brain's main nutritional substance is glucose. ----. If a diabetic patient receives an overdose of insulin there is a fall in the blood’s glucose..
34.
A) Furthermore, the brain is the seat of intelligence B) Surgeons know exactly where to cut the affected part of the brain C) The brain is very sensitive to changes in the blood\'s glucose level D) This can have a harmful effect on a child\'s learning process
A) Contact with Korea introduced Buddhism to Japan at about this time
E) Even so the effects of smoking cannot be counterbalanced 32.
B) Japan\'s post-war economic recovery was nothing short of remarkable
With the end of the ideological rivalry between East and West, the world has a fresh chance to reinvigorate the idea and institution of collective security. Now that there is wide agreement on first principles, the United Nations can play the leading role its creators envisioned for it a halfcentury ago. An expanded Security Council, no longer paralysed by veto threats, can now become a more effective catalyst for UN action across a range of security and humanitarian needs. ----..
C) Japan has often been criticized for not taking an active role in world affairs D) The next trade agreement also turned out to be less than favourable to the Japanese E) Despite attempts to revive the economy, fears that Japan would slide back into recession increased early in 2001 35.
A) And the General Assembly can serve as a forum for more productive co-operation B) The cold war was then a threat to world peace C) The International Monetary Fund has always played an active role in the regulation of less developed countries
B) Especially in the West the growth in the population was noticeable C) Many people looked forward to a better future for all
E) In dealing with the crisis, America’s enduring interests abroad have to be taken into consideration Astronomy is the study of the universe and the celestial bodies, gas, and dust within it. Astronomy includes observations and theories about the solar system, the stars, the galaxies, and the general structure of space. People who study astronomy are called astronomers. ---.These methods usually involve ideas related to the laws of physics, so most astronomers are, at the same time, astrophysicists.. A) A wide range of astronomical objects are accessible to astronomers B) Astronomy is the oldest science, dating back thousands of years C) Using a variety of equipment, they analyze the objects in the sky D) They use a wide variety of methods while performing their research E) The astronomers’ field of study is distinct from that of the astrophysicists
Following World War II, there was an era of great optimism, economic growth and affluence. It lasted, however, for only a short period of time. ---. This was largely due to continuous economic recession and a whole series of world crises.. A) The super powers should be held responsible for this state of affairs
D) The United States and her allies are committed to the maintenance of security in the world
33.
Recorded Japanese history begins in approximately A.D. 400, when the Yamato clan, based in Kyoto, managed to gain control of other family groups in central and western Japan. ----. During the eighth century Japan was much influenced by China, and the Yamato clan set up a powerful imperial court similar to that of China. However, in the ensuing centuries, the authority of the imperial court was undermined as powerful gentry families rivaled with each other for control..
D) Indeed the European Community took serious measures aimed at reducing unemployment E) From the 1970s onwards a new mood of frustration and disillusionment set in 36.
Gathering information on a possible adversary or adversaries is only the start of the intelligence process. The raw material, once in hand, must be drawn together, analysed, correlated, and evaluated before it becomes useful knowledge. ---. From this appraisal which points to his most likely course of action, the target state can chart a course of action best designed to meet the developing situation.. A) The ethics of secret intelligence operations have long been debated B) At this stage there emerges an estimate of the adversary’s intentions and of his ability to achieve them C) But the richest source is usually the secret agent, who is always a highly skilled and well trained professional D) Intelligence findings are, therefore, usually classified and limited in circulation. E) In recent decades, technology has enormously lengthened the reach and sharpened the penetration of intelligence
37.
----. The faltering economy they inherited was now under additional pressure from those newly employed, including the million-man army of the former regime. There were critical shortages of foreign exchange and gold, much of which had been stolen in the final days of the war. There were also at least two million new refugees, nearly 10 % of the population. Virtually, the country was in a state of total bankruptcy..
40.
A) Methyl alcohol, a potentially toxic compound, is momentarily produced
A) The end of the war in Vietnam brought massive problems to the new leaders of the country
B) Some people are still worried about the products aspartame yields in the body
B) In the first place, all industry was nationalised by the new Vietnamese government
C) Nevertheless, it is generally regarded as safe
C) One unexpected problem facing the new government was continuing military activity
D) Long-term studies using animals have directly tested this product
D) One solution to the urban problems facing Vietnam was to get people to return to the countryside
E) Clearly more tests are called for
E) In their first months in power Vietnam’s new leaders succeeded in persuading hundreds of thousands of people to move back to their farms 38.
41.
Familiar terms such as “work”, “energy” and “force” are often used in a very particular and distinct manner in physics. ----. For instance, for the physicist, the word “force” is used in four different ways. These forces are responsible for all the phenomena we observe..
B) A simple or closed fracture is where only the bone is broken without damage to surrounding tissues C) Then area are compound fractures, and the danger here is that the bone may become infected
B) It is important to understand their special meanings when they are used scientifically
D) A greenstick fracture is quite common in children
C) “Work” is another term which also has a restricted technical meaning in science D) One of the fundamental forces in nature is the electromagnetic force E) The English physicist Newton is remembered for his investigations into the forces of nature The vitamins are powerful substances as their absence proves. Vitamin A deficiency can cause blindness, and lack of Vitamin D can retard bone growth. ----. In particular one should not put too much trust in vitamin supplements as they do not offer the many benefits that come from vitamin rich foods..
Broken bones in themselves are not the most serious consequences of injuries causing fractures. ----. The First Aid treatment of immobilizing the part, before transporting the casualty, is designed to avoid this.. A) Sometimes nearby tissues or organs can be damaged by the broken ends of the bones, and this is far more serious.
A) We think of a force generally as a push or a pull
39.
Except for people with Phenyl Keton Una, aspartame is safe. Some individuals may exhibit vague, but not dangerous symptoms due to unusual sensitivity to aspartame. ----.Indeed, like saccharine, aspartame has been approved for use in more than 100 countries..
E) A bone infection does not yield easily to treatment with antibiotics 42.
Spina bifida is one of the most common birth defects in the US. ----. It can produce paralysis, mental retardation and a fluid build-up in the brain.. A) The condition should have been diagnosed before birth B) Naturally, they were devastated when the diagnosis was made C) It is caused by the failure of the spine to close during the first month of pregnancy
A) A well-balanced diet is far more important
D) However, it is possible to operate on the fetus
B) A diet that includes plenty of vegetables, fruits and grain products is low in fat and rich in vitamins
E) This means that the nerves in the exposed spinal cord are unprotected
C) The role of vitamins in supporting a strong immune system should not be underestimated D) Vitamins are organic and so they can easily be destroyed E) Even so, vitamins should not be regarded as a cure for all kinds of health problems
43.
Scarlet fever occurs loss frequently than it used to and the course it takes is less serious. ----. This latter can, perhaps, be accounted for by the improved physical condition of people, consequent on their being much better fed and housed than formerly..
46.
A) Then there was rarely any real cause for anxiety provided treatment was prompt and rigorous
A) Moreover, people with severe pain shouldn’t avoid opioids
B) Indeed, streptococci caused a high mortality particularly among mothers and babies in maternity wards
B) With time a person using them may need higher doses C) AIDS can cause pain as severe and unrelenting as that of cancer
C) This is partly due to the effective treatments available today and partly to a definite reduction in its severity
D) The sustained-release form provides relief for 8 to 12 hours
D) Even so, all signs of infection must be promptly dealt with by a doctor E) The classical picture of signs and symptoms is now rarely seen 44.
E) Several types of analgesics can help alleviate pain 47.
The training for tourists travelling into space is tough; the journey itself is even tougher. ---. Moreover, the G-forces push their organs and blood to the back of their body. Eight minutes later they should be 805 km above Earth, travelling at speeds of more than 40, 234 km/h..
B) More subtle changes are thought to be responsible for mental decline C) The brain cells of other primates are being examined
B) The view and the experience, however, more than compensate for any unpleasantness
D) In Alzheimer\'s disease and in some other agelinked disorders, neurons are killed
C) After ignition the force of acceleration drags on the tourists with the weight of eight men
E) The death of Ch4 cells causes some of the symptoms of Alzheimer\\\'s disease
D) Would-be travellers to space have also to complete a 22-month training programme E) The G-force exercises are perhaps the most demanding part of the training A patient with Korsakoff’s syndrome reports that he spent the weekend at the beach, when in fact he was in the hospital. ----. However, he neither notices his amnesia nor questions his own story; concerning his own past he doesn’t know that he doesn’t know.. A) His memory is impaired but he has replaced his lost history with a story B) Such sincere claims cannot be argued away C) There is no point in trying to contradict such an assertion D) Similarly, a patient with Anton’s syndrome will deny his own blindness E) Actually, the syndrome is a very rare one
The cause of the immeasurable loss of memory and concentration that come with normal ageing is still shrouded in mystery. ----. This is known and explains the disease. But there is little evidence for the death of neurons in healthy people as they age.. A) There appears to be some connection between this and detectable amounts of a protein called p75
A) Besides the vigorous training programme, there are stringent medical and fitness tests
45.
Opioid analgesics are very effective in controlling pain but have many side effects. ----. In addition, before a long-term use of opioid analgesics can be stopped, the dose must be gradually reduced to minimize the development of withdrawal symptoms..
48.
When scientist are trying to understand a particular set of phenomena, they often make use of a model: A model, in the scientist’s sense, is a kind of analogy or mental image of the phenomena in terms of something we are familiar with. ----. We cannot see waves of light as if it were made up of waves because experiments indicate that light behaves in many respects as water waves do.. A) Other natural laws have been discovered over centuries B) The atomic model of matter has gone through many refinements C) Models often lead to import theories D) One example is the wave model of light E) This is the obvious difference between a theory and a model.
49.
Evaporation can be described as the process by which a liquid is changed into vapour by heat. ----. The higher the temperature, the quicker the process. Obviously, evaporation is a fundamental process in nature.. A) Desalination depends upon the process of evaporation B) Whenever a liquid is exposed to heat, evaporation takes place. C) The average annual temperature in the arctic region is far below that in the Mediterranean D) The human body can easily adapt to humid climate E) Some plants are more affected by evaporation than others
50.
Acid rain not only kills fish, it also erodes buildings. Airborne urban pollution, including SO2, nitric acid and carbon particles (soot) is deposited on the wet surfaces of stonework to form unsightly black crusts. ----. Porous stones and sandstone are especially vulnerable.. A) To make matters worse, the features of many of these statues have also been eroded away B) Air pollution was much worse in Western cities 30 years ago than it is today C) The crust is essentially soot, mixed with gypsum the soft mineral calcium sulphate which forms when stone reacts with sulphuric acid D) Another problem that used to be associated with acid rain was lead poisoning, but plastic pipe work has more or less eliminated this risk E) Rural sources of acidity from industrial sites have similarly been increasing at an alarming rate
1.
2.
(I) There are several reasons why conventional medicine distrust the practitioners of alternative medicine. (II) Herbalists believe they can cure wide range of conditions with plant substances alone. (III) These people like to look beyond the immediate symptoms to the body's total state. (IV) They aim to restore health by helping the body to heal itself. (V) Their skill lies in knowing which plants are beneficial in which circumstances..
5.
(I) Financially, 1975 was a difficult year for the airline industry, with only meagre increases in traffic. (II) In the US, the situation was particularly bad. (III) There the airlines put most of the blame on the continuing rise in fuel prices. (IV) The economic recession combined with inflation lowered demand for railways. (V) In Europe, however, air traffic continued to increase but at a slower rate than in recent years..
A) I
A) I
B) II
B) II
C) III
C) III
D) IV
D) IV
E) V
E) V
(I) Most children, from time to time, show aggressive tendencies. (II) This is entirely normal, and should be regarded as so. (III) In fact, children should be encouraged to express their aggression fully through creative activities and exploration. (IV) For this, a safe, suitable background must be provided. (V) Actually more accidents occur indoors than they do outdoors..
6.
A) I
(I) It is true that the Arabs carefully studied Greek thought, and translated into Arabic many outstanding Greek writings on medicine, science and philosophy. (II) Europe, even when at war with them, eagerly learned from their scholars. (III) Many European students attend Arab universities in Spain, and returned home as admirers of Arab learning. (IV) Indeed, the Western impact on the Arab world has been enormous. (V) Hence, medieval Europe was greatly indebted to the Arabs..
B) II A) I
C) III
B) II
D) IV
C) III
E) V
D) IV 3.
(I) Modern theory envisages that the Sun and Solar System evolved from a primitive nebula. (II) About 5 billion years ago, for reasons unknown, this nebula began to contract. (III) In the outer regions temperatures remained even lower. (IV) The rotation then speeded up, causing the cloud to flatten into a disk. (V) In the densest part of this disk a proton-sun formed..
E) V 7.
A) I
(I) In recent years remarkable results have been achieved in the field of organ transplants. (II) Gradually, we are learning more about the chemistry of memory. (III) This also concerns the genes. (IV) Formerly, tissues could not be transplanted. (V) Now by using genetically identical twin tissues, surgeons are able to do successful organ transplants..
B) II A) I
C) III
B) II
D) IV
C) III
E) V
D) IV 4.
(I) Men of science and philosophers, from very early times, have attempted to define life.(II) They even tried to prove that all living things possess souls. (III) Nearly all living things grow during some of their life. (IV)Aristotle, for example, who may be looked upon as the “father of biological research”tried hard to establish the presence of souls in plants. (V) But for many centuries it was not realised that to define life is practically impossible.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
E) V 8.
(I) 'Flying saucers' is the name given to saucer-like shapes which have, on occasion, been seen travelling through the atmosphere. (II) For some time speculation was rife, especially in America, as to what they were. (III) So it is time they were taken seriously and studied scientifically. (IV) Now, however, it is believed that they are nothing more than atmospheric phenomena. (V) That is to say they are as unreal as mirages or mock suns caused by unusual atmospheric conditions.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
9.
(I) Modern exploration began in the second half of the 15th century with the voyages of the great Portuguese and Spanish discoverers. (II) They were followed by sailors of other European nations. (III) In less than one hundred years the coast-lines of much of America, Africa and Southwest Asia had been revealed and the globe circumnavigated. (IV) The motives of these early explorers were mixed, varying from adventure and trade to plunder and national power. (V) Further, all these problems were so interrelated that they were only solved several centuries later..
12.
A) I B) II
A) I
C) III
B) II
D) IV
C) III
E) V
D) IV
13.
E) V 10.
(I) Cuneiform is an ancient method of writing on tablets of damp clay. (II) The other early forms of writing also include the runic and the hieroglyphic systems. (III) When the tablets were dried and hardened they formed a permanent script. (IV) The origins of cuneiform writing can be traced back to the Sumerians of ancient Mesopotamia. (V) Later on, the method was adopted by other Middle Eastern peoples..
(I) Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest and best developed fields of engineering. (II) Metal fatigue is a condition leading to breakage when a metal component is subjected to a large number of fluctuating repetitive stress. (III) It is the cause of most failures in metal components. (IV) It results from the repetition, not simply from the size of the stresses. (V) It causes minute cracks in the metal, usually at the surface, which grow and spread..
(I) Fairs were first established in Medieval times as a means of bringing traders and customers together at stated places and periods. (II) Among the earliest examples were those of Winchester and Sturbridge in England. (III) To these fairs came traders from the Continent and the Baltic region. (IV) Today’s fairs are of a different nature, being largely expositions of high technology. (V) They did business with the English merchants, and goods of every kind were exchanged.. A) I B) II
A) I
C) III
B) II
D) IV
C) III
E) V
D) IV E) V 11.
(I) The government of the USA work upon a written constitution. (II) The constitution was framed when the USA came into existence as a republic out of the federation of thirteen states. (III) It was adopted in 1789. (IV) The USA government has always followed a policy of peaceful coexistence in the world. (V) Its strength has been well tested and is now the foundation of a federation which comprises fifty states..
14.
(I) One of the greatest threats to the future development of the economy of a country is the rapid increase in population. (II) The rate of increase in some countries is far beyond the power of control of the government. (III) The best way to control population growth is to increase hospitals in the country. (IV) Family controls should be applied very strictly in these countries. (V) In addition to this, people should be educated in such a way that they should not have more that one child.. A) I
A) I
B) II
B) II
C) III
C) III
D) IV
D) IV
E) V
E) V
15.
(I) Green patches like woods on the outskirts of a large metropolitan city, also parks in the city keep the air of the city clean. (II) It is very expensive to keep such parks in a city. (III) However, they have to be maintained since they contribute so much to the health of the people. (IV) Birds chirp and twitter on the trees in the parks. (V) Both the government and the municipal authorities should make every effort to maintain and even add to the green patches in the city as they serve like the lungs of a city..
18.
(I) There are so many kinds of people in the world. (II) Another very significant measure of the adult is the ability to carry out practical tasks. (III) Grown-ups who aren't competent at anything are likely to end up in a mental hospital or prison. (IV) Indeed, about 70 % of the prison population are not able to manage everyday jobs. (V) No person is completely competent but he should know how to tackle the demands made on him by life.. A) I
A) I
B) II
B) II
C) III
C) III
D) IV
D) IV
E) V
E) V 19. 16.
(I) There is heavy pollution in a good number of sea costs of Turkey. (II) The authorities prohibit people getting into the sea because of the presence of coli bacilli in the water. (III) It is possible to cure people who take these bacilli into their bodies but it takes a long time to cure them. (IV) The municipal authorities are taking strict measures to keep the coasts clean. (V) The chief reason for this is the residue left out to mix with the clean water of the sea.. A) I
(I) Nearly all astronomers believe that intelligent life exists on some of the planets orbiting the many billion stars, or suns, in space. (II) This life some or all of which could be different in form from us could range from less developed beings to those whose civilizations are far more advanced than ours. (III) It was thought by some that those from more advanced civilizations may even have achieved immortality. (IV) We can never imagine to reach these places with our present vehicles, or technology. (V) These beings could help us in many ways, perhaps by teaching us about immortality or about how to avoid our self destruction..
B) II A) I
C) III
B) II
D) IV
C) III
E) V
D) IV 17.
(I) If computers can be programmed to understand, reason, make decisions and act upon them, will they eventually take over from mankind and may be become the master? (II) We should be very careful in handling all kinds of computers not to give us any harm. (III) This question has been worrying people for sometime. (IV) Today there are scientists working with 'artificial intelligence' who believe that there is nothing the human mind can do that computers will soon do just as well and someday infinitely better. (V) Is it possible that artificial intelligence will match our own?. A) I B) II
E) V 20.
(I) On 15 June 1977 the first free parliamentary elections for 41 years were held in Spain. (II) This was a decisive step on the road from dictatorship to democracy, and in July the new two-chamber parliament replaced the old 'Cortes' of General Franco. (III)Indeed, the most crucial issue for the future of Spain was the separatist Basque terrorism in the north of the country. (IV) The first task of the new government and parliament was the drawing up of a new democratic constitution.(V) Also, in the meantime, a wide range of political and economic reforms were introduced, and in the 1980s Spain emerged as a major economic power in Europe..
C) III D) IV E) V
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
21.
22.
(I) In the early I900s, various film production companies appeared in the United States and entered into fierce competition with each other. (II) It was in the late 1920s, however, that the golden era of Hollywood really began. (III) Many companies then created stars still popular and famous today. (IV) Financial difficulties became even more pressing during the depression years. (V) Among these the best known and most famous of all was, of course, Charlie Chaplain..
24.
(I) Chemistry is the science of the elements and their compounds. (II) It is concerned with the laws of their combination and behavior under various conditions. (III) This term is usually restricted to mean the use in war of poisonous gases. (IV) It had its roots in alchemy and has gradually developed into a science of vast magnitude and importance. (V) Its major fields are organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and physical chemistry..
A) I
A) I
B) II
B) II
C) III
C) III
D) IV
D) IV
E) V
E) V
(I) The balance of payments has recently been a serious problem particularly in Eastern Europe. (II) The late 1950s and the early 1960s saw a decline in British competitiveness. (III) As a result the British share in world exports of manufactures fell steadily. (IV) On the other hand, there was a rapid increase in imports of manufactured goods. (V) Consequently, the balance of payments deteriorated, and the country was heading towards a major economic crisis..
25.
(I) Scientists believe that the centre of the earth is like an enormous magnet, giving out a steady magnetic force. (II) This slowly moves away from the centre and up to the surface. (III) By the time it reaches the surface, the force is very weak. (IV) When there is a sudden increase in magnetic strength, many migrating animals have difficulty finding their way. (V) Accordingly, it gives different measures at different parts of the world.. A) I
A) I
B) II
B) II
C) III
C) III
D) IV
D) IV
E) V
E) V 26. 23.
(I) Racism is the doctrine that one race is inherently superior or inferior to others. (II) It has no connection whatsoever with the study of race as a concept. (III) Moreover, it is not concerned with the investigation of racial differences, which is a science practiced by the physical anthropologist. (IV) Racism is simply a vulgar superstition believed in by the ignorant or the mentally unbalanced. (V) Today in the world anti-Semitism is not so widespread as it used to be in the past.. A) I B) II C) III
(I) Identifying bacteria is a critical business for doctors and food safety experts, but involves either culturing the bacteria until there are enough to look at under a microscope or amplifying the bacteria’s DNA. (II) Both these processes take hours, sometimes days. (III) The sensor is 25 times smaller than previously tested sensors, and is made of silicon, so it requires the same fabrication technique as computer chips and costs just eight cents. (IV) Now bacteriophages, the viruses that prey on bacteria and are notoriously choosy about which species they attack, are being put to work in an electrical sensor that detects bacteria within minutes. (V) The sensors take up less than a square millimetre each, so to identify unknown bacteria, hundreds could be integrated onto a single microchip with a different bacteriophage in each sensor..
D) IV E) V
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
27.
(I) Correct tyre pressure is more important than many people realise. (II) The right pressure opens up the tread, so Its edges grip the road. (III) In wet weather this is obviously of prime importance. (IV) The spare tyre should also be checked occasionally to make sure it is fit for use. (V) But even when the weather is dry, tyre pressure should be checked and adjusted regularly..
31.
A) I
28.
29.
B) II
A) I
C) III
B) II
D) IV
C) III
E) V
D) IV
(I) It is the accuracy of laser surgery that makes it so efficient. (II) The laser beam can also remove bone which makes it invaluable in ear surgery. (III) This accuracy can be increased by sending the beam along fibres of glass finer than a human hair. (IV) These can carry a beam around corners and direct it precisely at a tiny area. (V) Thus there is virtually, no risk of damaging healthy cells..
E) V 32.
(I) A cancer is a malignant growth. (II) In treatment of cancer, radiotherapy is commonly used. (III) Cancerous cells grow and divide rapidly and can invade and destroy nearby tissues. (IV) This expansion is known as local spread. (V) Cells can also break off and spread to other parts of the body through bloodstream..
A) I
A) I
B) II
B) II
C) III
C) III
D) IV
D) IV
E) V
E) V
(I) There is a basic philosophy fundamental to good emotional health. (II) That is the philosophy of faith; faith in the ability of ourselves and others to improve and grow. (II)Our faith in the desire and capacity of human beings to work out problems cooperatively.(IV) This faith will carry us through stresses that might otherwise shatter us. (V) However, that's why an emotional disturbance requires professional treatment.. A) I
30.
(I) Mind from its earliest development has two different needs, to possess and to create. (II) It repeats former pleasure and does new things for the sake of doing them. (III) Being aware of this fact, many parents try to improve their knowledge about child behaviour well before the birth. (IV) The first dawn of consciousness is when the child does something with definite purpose, and recognises his power over his own hand. (V) First he discovers ownership of his hand, then he can move it..
33.
(I) Founded in 1929, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society is a non-profit making, educational organisation. (II) Its object is to advance geographical knowledge of Canada. (III) One of the essential problems of grasping the story of Canada is its great extent and diversity. (IV) In particular, it aims to stimulate awareness of the significance of geography in Canada's development, well-being and culture. (V) In other words, it tries to make Canada better known to Canadians and to the world..
B) II
A) I
C) III
B) II
D) IV
C) III
E) V
D) IV
(I) Unlike most men of his day Columbus believed the world to be sphere. (II) Some years before the Cape of Good Hope was discovered, he'd formed the ideas of reaching India by sailing westwards. (III) He'd got this idea upon studying his father-in-law's logs and charts. (IV) The prospect of a voyage in such small ships into the unknown seas was so terrible that few men volunteered to go with him. (V) But the distance proved to be much greater than he thought, for he didn't know that between India and Portugal lay a great unknown continent.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
E) V
34.
(I) The entrance of the US government into the foreign intelligence business is fairly recent. (II) Even between the two World Wars it did not maintain a strong intelligence organisation. (III) The army and the navy, however, maintained separate intelligence units at this time but they were designed specifically to meet their own needs in times of war. (IV) The duplication of material in this way was soon regarded as excessively wasteful and the system was accordingly abolished. (V) Additionally the State department kept a watchful eye on world happenings and ambassadors regularly reported their observations..
37.
(I) With only minor exceptions, public education in the United States is committed to twelve years schooling for all the children of all the people. (II) In the first year potential truck drivers and janitors sit alongside embryo research physicists and journalists. (III) This is also true of the twelfth year. (IV) In most schools, moreover, they use the same textbook, and are marked on the same standards. (V) Indeed, certain elements of the learning situation cannot be discussed at all.. A) I B) II
A) I
C) III
B) II
D) IV
C) III
E) V
D) IV E) V 35.
38.
(I) Morality has, to a considerable degree, become secularised. (II) Morals are no longer regarded as absolute, final or unchangeable. (III) This is not to minimise institutional religion or discount the value of individual belief. (IV) Rather, they are seen as man-made and as such as variable from community to community, and from group to group. (V) The real test of morality has come to be whether or not it contributes to the social good..
A) I B) II
A) I
C) III
B) II
D) IV
C) III
E) V
D) IV
39.
E) V 36.
(I) Few people are enamoured of the English weather, but G. K. Chesterton is. (II)Out of the England the weather is a series of sharp contrasts. (III) He sees it as being as beautiful and as changeable as woman. (IV) He also makes the interesting point that English landscape painters make the weather the subject of their paintings. (V) Their European counterparts, on the other hand, only use it to give atmosphere..
(I) The appendix or blind gut, is a structure of interest and sometimes concern. (II) As a result, man cannot digest the cellulose which is the main constituent of plant cell walls. (III) In the human body it is regarded as a useless relic, and its removal is often beneficial. (IV) The case is very different among herbivorous animals. (V) In the rabbit, for instance, the appendix is a very large organ, and hibernating animals fill it with food before their winter sleep..
(I) An interesting development of recent times in the world of literature has been the revival of the short story. (II) For three decades or more, this genre had really gone into a decline. (III) Magazines, in order to survive at all, found it increasingly necessary to publish non-fiction, not fiction. (IV) Of these, Oscar Wilde’s stories were perhaps the most popular of all. (V) Moreover book publishers would only consider short story collections if the author already had a substantial success as a novelist.. A) I B) II
A) I
C) III
B) II
D) IV
C) III
E) V
D) IV E) V
40.
(I) Tidiness means keeping things out of sight and yet available when wanted. (II) It implies that there is a special place for everything. (III) In some households half the living-room is regularly treated as storage space. (IV) It also implies that each thing used finds its way back to its place by a continuous process. (V) The process depends, however, upon the drawer, cupboard and the storage space being provided.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
41.
(I) Chartres cathedral is the medieval equivalent of the modern effort to put a man on the moon. (II) The medieval peasants who gazed at it must have been overwhelmed by a feeling of wonder. (III) Both represent the perfect combination of individual achievement and group cooperation. (IV) The space programme would never have got off the ground without von Braun’s discoveries in the field of jet propulsion. (V) Similarly, the arches of Chartres would never have soared if an unknown French architect hadn’t devised a system of buttresses to sustain a two-ton block of stone 120 feet in the air..
44.
(I) Proper testing is often sacrificed when new management systems are being developed. (II) The system must respond with 100 per cent accuracy. (III) As a result, expensive and sometimes catastrophic problems may emerge later. (IV) Why, then, is testing so often neglected? (V) One reason is that testing can be both expensive and time-consuming.. A) I B) II C) III
A) I
D) IV
B) II
E) V
C) III
(I) Female literacy and infant mortality are closely related. (II) One principal cause is increased access to programmes. (III) As the former goes up the latter comes down. (IV) Among the poorest countries, women’s literacy has improved from 8 percent in 1970 to 24 percent in 1990. (V) There has been a corresponding drop in infant mortality..
(I) From the fourteenth century onwards, especially in Italy, scholars, poets, and artists began to take a new interest in learning. (II) In nearly all the city-states of Northern Italy the power had been seized by certain great families. (III) Instead of studying chiefly theology and the writings of the medieval philosophers they now turned to the philosophers and poets of classical antiquity and began to study them intensively. (IV) The minds of men were now set free and they began to think as they pleased. (V) This new learning soon spread to the rest of Europe and the ‘Renaissance’ was well under way..
A) I
A) I
B) II
B) II
C) III
C) III
D) IV
D) IV
E) V
E) V
D) IV
45.
E) V 42.
43.
(I) X-rays, chemical analysis of paint and close scrutiny by expert eyes are all used to tell art forgeries from the real thing. (II) But now computer scientists at America's Dartmouth College have come up with a digital method for sorting the real from the counterfeit. (III) Drawings or paintings are scanned at high resolution and a computer breaks them down into digital elements called wavelets. (IV) An analysis of Madonna with Child by the Renaissance painter Perugino showed that at least four people had worked on the six faces in the painting. (V) The wavelets are then analyzed statistically to find consistencies or differences..
46.
(I) Drugs cause rashes in several ways. (II) As with severe burns, the skin loss is life threatening. (III) Most drug rashes are allergic reactions to medications. (IV) After taking the first dose of a particular drug, a person may become sensitized to the drug. (V) Later exposure to the drug may trigger an allergic reaction.. A) I B) II C) III
A) I
D) IV
B) II
E) V
C) III D) IV E) V
47.
(I) Getting through a day without being exposed to the media would be unthinkable. (II) Both directly and indirectly the media have a profound effect on our daily lives. (III) What we eat, what we buy, what we do, even what we think is influenced by the media. (IV) Yet, the question is whether what the media provides us with can always be good and revealing. (V) According to one study, 64 % of the American public turns on television for most of its news.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
48.
(I) Prints from digital photos last for generations. (II) In fact, they last longer than a traditional print if you use the right combination of printer, ink and specifically-formulated photo paper. (III) Indeed, lab tests show that they will not fade or discolour for about 50 years, or as long as about 75 years if you keep them behind glass. (IV) Fading takes place when prints are exposed to light and contaminants in the air. (V) The layer above it contains polymers that help prevent fading.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
49.
(I) Egypt's water consumption is limited by international agreement with its upstream neighbors. (II) Existing irrigation systems are outdated and inefficient. (III) Under the Nile Waters Agreement of 1959 between Egypt and Sudan, Egypt is only allowed to take 55.5 cubic kilometers from the Nile each year. (IV) In fact, its annual consumption is closer to 65.5 cubic kilometers. (V) It makes up the difference by recycling water through various irrigation systems.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
50.
(I) Stained glass windows are part of Britain's heritage. (II) In fact we see them so often that we take the hours of effort that go into creating them for granted. (III) So an exhibition that counter balances this effect is of particular value. (IV) Actually it is the work of local designers that are particularly interesting. (V) This one does just that by following the whole creative process from the initial designs all the way through to the finished product.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
A new and quicker method to check or prove the existence of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) is being developed. First, one needs to know where they may be hidden and then a high-velocity projectile can be fired at the target. High-tech sensors packed into the projectile will then instantly beam back confirmation that the weapons are there if indeed they are. It's a high-risk concept that raises many questions, not least its technological feasibility and the political protests that would follow if such a device were ever built or used. But the US military is taking the idea seriously. Last year, in a two-page research paper commissioned by the army, experts from the Institute for Advanced Technology detailed real test results of a prototype projectile designed to verify the existence of WMDs. They say such a device offers a way to inspect for weapons without permission or cooperation. To inspect reinforced concrete bunkers or factory buildings suspected of housing WMDs, the researchers designed a projectile that can penetrate several meters of hardened concrete, without damaging its load of sensors. Its casing is built from AerMet 100, a nickelcobalt steel with traces of molybdenum and chromium. Heat-treating the casing after it is made gives it an extremely hard surface. The tapering projectile is 230 millimeters long, with a maximum calibre of 45 millimeters.
1.
It is clear from the passage that the projectile described in the passage ----.. A) was not originally designed to detect WMDs B) is certainly feasible from a technical point of view C) is of little interest to the US army D) will never be used in unfriendly countries E) has already been made in an undeveloped formand tested
2.
According to the passage, scientists claim that the projectile they are developing ----.. A) can be employed even in the absence of consentand assistance B) can detect WMDs within a wide radius C) can be used with the same precision on manyoccasions D) is able to penetrate concrete bunkers but itssensors are destroyed in the process E) has a wide variety of uses
3.
The passage makes the point that, if such a projectile were ever used ----.. A) hose who had developed it would be made toregret the fact B) no one would dare to make any WMDs C) new ways to hide WMDs would immediately besought D) there would be many objections made at apolitical level E) its technological precision would be admired
4.
The passage describes a projectile ----.. A) without alluding to any of its technical properties B) in considerable detail C) but avoids all mention of measurements D) but gives no account of what it can do E) that is causing much concern among governmentmembers
To engineers, design typically has less to do with aesthetics and appearance and more to do with fabrication and performance. Engineers tend to focus on the structure behind the façade. They worry about how the building will be built, how it will stand, whether it will sway too much in the wind, whether it will survive an earthquake, whether it will crack or leak. Engineers designing the structural frame of hotel buildings take into account the strength and stiffness of ballroom floors, where large crowds will gather and rhythmic dancing will occur. Engineers are expected to think about how a building will be heated and cooled, how air will circulate among its spaces, how energy efficient it will be. In the ideal world, the design efforts of architects and engineers complement each other, resulting in a building that is both a joy to look at and a pleasure to use. But all too often in practice, things do not work out like that, and the users of the building pay the price. In most buildings, the work of the architect masks, cloaks and hides the work of the engineer. Engineering criticism is almost unheard of in public discussions of building design, although it does sometimes come to the fore when buildings fall down, as in the case of the collapse of the World Trade Center towers.
5.
One point made in the passage is that in the perfect building —.. A) expense cannot be taken into consideration B) the appearance is more important than eitherfabrication or performance C) the architectural design enriches the engineeringdesign and vice versa D) such functional aspects as cooling and cleaningare of primary importance E) the design makes allowance for all possible usesand abuses
6.
It is clear from the passage that the architectural design of a building ----.. A) is its least important aspect B) is confined to the façade C) is largely concerned with the way the building willbe used and by whom D) serves to correct the too functional engineeringdesign E) normally receives far more attention than doesthe engineering design
7.
It is clear from the passage that, when engineers design a building, they —.. A) take into consideration what it will be used for B) make sure that the site is suitable C) completely ignore aesthetic aspects D) aim to make it multi-functional E) are very much limited by the amount of moneythat is allocated
8.
According to the passage, the structural design of a building rarely attracts any public attention ----.. A) even when the architectural design is poor B) even if it is destroyed in an earthquake C) unless a building, for some reason or another,falls down D) unless it is to house a ballroom E) so long as there is a good heating system andgood air circulation
At one point, during what was still a time of hopeful experimentation with nuclear technology, the US considered using atomic bombs to blow a trench through the isthmus of Panama. The idea was to replace the 50-year-old Panama Canal, whose locks were too narrow for the world's growing fleet of super-tankers and aircraft carriers, with one that would be more suited to modern conditions. The problem was not just the size of the locks but their very existence. Ships don't simply sail through the Panama Canal; they have to be lifted 85 feet to the elevation of the highest point along the way and then brought down to sea level again. Each ship's trip through requires 52 million gallons of fresh water, more than most American cities use in a day, all of it flowing through huge gravity-fed tubes. The source of this water supply is a vast artificial lake whose dam also provides the electrical power for the whole operation. To fill up and empty a single lock takes 40 minutes on average, and when any one of the 12 locks shuts down for maintenance, ship traffic can back up for days. Finally, with all that complicated machinery, if the canal were to be sabotaged (as had happened to the lockless Suez Canal in 1956), correcting the damage might take years.
9.
According to the passage, the artificial lake, built for the Panama Canal, ----.. A) is the only way in which it differs from the Suez Canal B) is particularly vulnerable to an act of sabotage C) serves two basic functions D) was constructed over a period of very many years E) has always been regarded as a feat of Americancivil engineering
10.
We learn from the passage that the Panama Canal is unlike the majority of canals —.. A) because it takes a ship several days to passthrough B) since little traffic passes through it C) since, during the 50 years of its existence, it haspresented no serious problems whatsoever D) because the level of the water has to bemanipulated to a huge extent to allow ships tosail through E) largely because the locks are so much shorterand narrower than is normal
11.
It is clear from the passage that, in the early years of nuclear technology, —.. A) atomic bombs were the major concern for the USgovernment B) the Americans had already started to worry incase it would prove extremely dangerous C) the Americans wondered about using it to open anew canal across the Panama isthmus D) nuclear power was being used to operate aircraftcarriers E) it was hoped that it would prove a source forunending electrical power
12.
We understand from the passage that the Panama Canal presently being used —.. A) is one of the shortest and busiest in the world B) can no longer cope with the demands of modernshipping C) was constructed by and for the Americans D) is still modem in its design although it was built50 years ago E) functions very efficiently and without waste
If the solar company's claims are borne out, its high efficiency cells will bring solar power closer to becoming a practical option for home owners. The average power demand of a household is 2, 000 to 3, 000 watts. With solar cells around 20 per cent efficient, this demand can be met with about 15 square meters of solar panels, which is compact enough to fit on a rooftop. It has been estimated that ready-to-install arrays will sell for around $10 per watt. That cost may eventually fall further. For, as one spokesman for the company said: 'The trend is towards higher efficiency'. Others agree, but say silicon may not be the material that ultimately delivers it. Thin films of cadmium telluride, for instance, are showing promise in the lab. One London-based solar energy systems supplier is very impressed with some new solar cells that have just come on the market, both on account of their efficiency and also because they are practical. They are very easy to connect together, ' he points out, you can just put tabs on the sides of the back contacts and connect one cell to another without wires.'
13.
The passage makes the point that, eventually, solar power will probably ----.. A) come into domestic use on a large scale B) be the major source of energy throughout the world C) be replaced by other energy options D) double its current efficiency E) be produced with far fewer solar panels
14.
The writer of the passage points out that the cost of installing solar cells for the home ----.. A) is low considering how complicated it is to install B) is surprisingly inexpensive C) varies from supplier to supplier D) is what deters people from using solar power E) is likely to drop in the not too distant future
15.
It is emphasized in the passage that the installation of the new-style solar cells ----.. A) depends largely on the materials to be used B) requires professional expertise C) is very simple and practical D) completely covers the whole of a roof top E) is a service freely offered by the solar company
16.
We understand from the passage that the material best suited for the efficiency of solar cells ----.. A) has as yet aroused no interest whatsoever B) is almost certainly silicon C) has finally been identified in laboratory experiments D) is still under debate E) may be determined by its cost-effectiveness
Smoke is clouding our view of global warming, protecting the planet from perhaps three-quarters of the greenhouse effect. That might sound like good news, but experts say that, as the cover diminishes in coming decades, we're in for a dramatic escalation of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses. This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Berlin. Scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide emissions. Until now, they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting increases by 0.2°C. So the 0.6°C of warming over the past century would have been 0.8°C without aerosols. But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher -aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three-quarters cutting increases by 1.8°C. If so, the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer than it is now. But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to greenhouse gases than previously guessed. In fact, warming could go up by 7 to10°C.
17.
We understand from the passage that the conclusions of the Berlin workshop ----.. A) confirm official guesses as regards global warning B) are pessimistic about the possibility of controlling global warming C) have divided the scientific world D) have not been treated seriously by the scientific world E) are biased, and therefore contribute very little to a better understanding of global warming
18.
According to the passage, greenhouse gases ----.. A) have aroused concern in only a handful of scientists B) have turned out to be less dangerous than expected C) have a variable effect throughout the world D) have had a particularly damaging effect on rainforests E) are very effective on the world climate
19.
We can infer from the passage that the cooling effect of aerosols ----.. A) is not sufficient to prevent an increase in global warming B) was first recognized at the Berlin workshop C) has finally been measured with great precision D) is the only way to counteract global warming E) has been disappointingly low
20.
It is clear from the passage that global warming, caused by carbon dioxide emissions, ----.. A) is expected to drop dramatically in the near future B) has been continually on the increase for over a decade C) is unaffected by forest fires and fossil fuels D) has been over-exaggerated by the findings of the Berlin workshop E) is partially held in check by aerosols
A curious form of renewable-energy generation may be on the horizon - with underwater turbines. These units harness the power of tidally driven currents, which flow back and forth like clockwork, making it possible to generate electricity on a predictable schedule. In this respect, underwater turbines are more attractive than their wind-driven counterparts, which are now employed widely to help power electric grids. Underwater structures are also less likely to be damaged by violent storms which have little effect on submerged objects. And using underwater turbines sidesteps the common objections to conventional hydropower that damming a river stops migrating fish and inundates land upstream. Underwater turbines have long been used on a small scale. But soon now they will be used on a large scale to produce megawatts of electric power.
21.
We understand from the passage that underwater turbines —.. A) disrupt the migration of fish in coastal water B) are not as efficient as wind-driven ones in the generation of electricity C) have for many years been the main means of obtaining renewable energy D) are not dependent on tidal currents in order to function E) existed in the past but were not widely used
22.
It is pointed out in the passage that one advantage of harnessing the tidal flow to generate electricity is that —.. A) it is far more cost-effective than conventional hydropower B) it has a positive effect on the environment C) we know how much power can be produced at any given time D) there is little in the system that can go wrong except for the turbines E) the same design of underwater turbines can be used in all seas
23.
According to the passage, work is underway to ---.. A) prevent the inundation of land resulting from dams B) make more use of underwater turbines to generate electricity C) step up the efficiency of underwater turbines D) identify various sources of renewable energy E) enlarge and renovate existing electric grids
24.
According to the passage, underwater turbines are particularly useful because ----.. A) they are unaffected by storms B) they produce more energy than dams C) they are more economical to run than wind driven turbines D) they reduce environmental risks caused by tidal waters E) their underwater structures are easily renewable
Architects and engineers engage in design quite explicitly, and they typically do so with distinct objectives. Architects tend to focus on form over function, whereas engineers tend to do the opposite. For most architects, the design of a building has firstly to do with how it looks, both inside and out, and how it fits in with nearby buildings. Architects are also expected to give considerable thought to how the building will be used, how people will move through it, how it will feel, although such considerations do not always seem to be foremost in their minds judging by results, indeed, if architectural criticism is taken at face value, architects do seem to be principally concerned with the texture of a building's facade, the appearance of its public spaces, the furniture with which it is filled. Architects seem to pay close attention to details, even down to the nature of the lighting fixtures and the hardware on doors and windows, but not always to how they will be operated or how they will fulfill their purpose. Nevertheless, such considerations collectively constitute architectural and interior design.
25.
According to the passage, one point that an architect has to take into consideration is —.. A) the structural features of his design in relation tothe facade B) the costs that will be incurred by his design C) the way the new building will look in its surroundings D) how the new building will be ventilated E) how crowds of people can be managed inside abuilding
26.
We understand from the passage that function rather than form —.. A) is the main requirement in the design of pubicbuildings B) as often been the distinctive interest of anarchitect C) should be given priority by architects andengineers alike D) is what engineers are primarily concerned with E) is what frequently causes a controversy amongarchitects and engineers
27.
The point is made in the passage that, although architects ought to be concerned with how buildings will be used, —.. A) they usually come to an agreement with theengineers about who is responsible for suchmatters B) this is clearly a requirement which they oftenoverlook C) their main objective is usually to ensure that allfitting and appliances work efficiently. D) most concentrate on the outside appearance ofa building since more people see it E) they are often criticized for doing so at theexpense of appearances
28.
From the passage we understand that by interior design what is meant is —.. A) the choice and placing of the accessories andfurniture inside a building B) the design of the facade of a building C) only the lighting project and the appliances tobe used D) the use of space both inside and outside thebuilding E) the operational systems and requirements of abuilding
Electric heating, which appeared in less than 1 per cent of homes in the United States in 1950, now dominates most areas with mild winters and cheap electricity, including the South and the Northwest. Its popularity, at least in the South, was spurred by the low cost of adding electric heating to new houses built with air-conditioning. In the Northeast and Midwest, electricity has not been a popular fuel because of its high cost for cold-weather heating and because it delivers heat at 90 to 95°F, compared with 120 to 140°F for gas and oil, which many in cold climates find preferable. In some areas, such as California, electric heating has not progressed because of building code restrictions. Bottled gas, which is somewhat more expensive than utility gas, is the fuel of choice in rural areas not served by utility pipelines. Wood, the dominant fuel throughout the US economy until the 1880s, is the leading heating fuel in just a few rural counties. Home heating, which accounts for less than 7 per cent of all energy consumed in the US, has had a commendable efficiency record: from 1978 to 1997, the amount of fuel consumed for this purpose declined 44 per cent despite a 33 per cent increase in the number of housing units and an increase in house size. This improvement came about thanks to better insulation and more efficient equipment following the energy crisis of the 1970s.
29.
The point is made in the passage that the efficiency of home heating in the US —.. A) is more remarkable in the colder areas than inthe warmer B) has improved remarkably in the Northeast andMidwest C) has run parallel with modem building techniques D) has maintained a constant level since the 1950s E) has improved greatly in recent decades due tobetter methods of insulation
30.
It is clear from the passage that, in the temperate zones of the US, —.. A) heating by means of electricity is widespread B) electric heating is discouraged by localauthorities C) electric heating constitutes 7 per cent of thetotal consumption of electricity D) electric heating and air-conditioning areinvariably run off the same system E) no special type of fuel is regarded as preferablefor heating purposes
31.
It is pointed out in the passage that, in certain rural parts of the US, —.. A) the consumption of electricity droppeddramatically after the construction of gaspipelines B) the costs of home heating and air-conditioninghave risen sharply over recent years C) air-conditioning is far more important than homeheating D) a surprising number of people have gone backto wood as the fuel for home heating E) there are no pipelines to provide gas for homeheating
32.
We learn from the passage that, in the colder areas of the US, electric heating —.. A) spread rapidly especially in the larger ruralhouses B) was first introduced during the 1950s for alimited number of homes C) is not common both because of its high costand low efficiency D) was soon replaced by bottled gas if pipelineswere not available E) has been restricted due to building coderequirements
Biologists value marine organisms because their primitive systems are good models for more complex organisms, such as humans- Despite being genetically further from us than more common research mammals, we share a surprising number of evolutionary links with these basic animals. By understanding their life processes and the way their systems react when things go wrong, scientists hope to continue making important discoveries that could help increase the chances of finding cures for serious diseases such as cancer and AIDS. As research continues, understanding increases about how our bodies and minds work, but there is still a lot to learn. Obviously it takes a long time to work out all the mechanisms, and there are still many new bioactive compounds to be found in marine organisms. But by using sea creatures to better understand human characteristics and disorders, progress is being made.
33.
It is pointed out in the passage that it seems likely that remedies for certain human diseases ---.. A) can be learned from a closer study of the evolutionary processes of mammals B) can be obtained from their bioactive compounds C) will be suggested by other mammals, not by marine organisms D) may result from a close study of marine organisms E) cannot be discovered except with the aid of marine organisms
34.
We learn from the passage that, even though human beings and marine organisms are genetically very different from each other, ----. A) both groups are equally likely to develop cancer B) they share the same bioactive compounds C) there are, from an evolutionary point of view, considerable connections D) their systems, in adverse circumstances, function in similar ways E) their life processes are of equal complexity
35.
According to the passage, one advantage of studying marine organisms is that, ----.. A) as is the case with mammals, they are subject to the same diseases as humans B) though they are very diverse, they include all the primitive systems in nature C) on account of their complex structures, they offer scientists many opportunities for research D) since their systems are so similar to human systems, their genetic history tells us a lot about our own E) through their primitive systems, more complicated ones can be understood
36.
It Is clear from the passage that the study of marine organisms ----.. A) is only likely to be useful in finding a cure for cancer and AIDS B) is still in its early stages but already yielding results C) began as an aid to understanding evolution D) is not expected to throw much light on human biology E) has already revealed all their bioactive compounds
Many people who are perfectly relaxed driving along the highways become nervous when they get on an airliner, although most know full well that flying is safer than driving. The statistics are indeed clear on this point. For example, a paper published in 1991 documented the substantially lower risk of flying compared with driving in the United States. Some of the many millions of Americans who flew over the next few years probably derived comfort from such hard facts. But now, a decade later, things have changed. The hijacking of four large jets on September 11, 2001, and the disastrous events that ensued led many to avoid flying in the United States during the following months. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2001, there was a drop of 18 per cent in the number of passengers compared with the same time period in 2000. Many still avoid airtravel. Accordingly, it would be appropriate to again calculate the risks involved in flying and driving, taking into account the latest statistics, including the tragic deaths of the passengers on those four hijacked planes.
37.
The writer of the passage —.. A) does not feel that September 11 has had anyadverse effect on passenger flights B) is extremely critical of the latest statisticalstudies concerning the dangers of flying C) suggests that it is time for a new statistical studyto be made of the dangers related to flying anddriving D) is biased against flying and is trying toencourage people to go back to driving E) is confident that air-travel will soon return to itspreSeptember 11 efficiency
38.
It is pointed out in the passage that, in the 1990s in the US, —.. A) regular statistical studies were carried outconcerning the relative dangers of flying anddriving B) the number of hijackings decreased noticeablydue to stringent security measures C) flying became even more popular as thenumber of road accidents increased D) statistics assured people of the safety of flyingcompared with driving E) many more highways were constructed to easecongestion in air-travel
39.
We understand from the passage that many people —.. A) in the world were, throughout the 1990s,prejudiced against flying B) stopped travelling altogether after the September11 hijacking incident C) in the US do not trust the statistical dataconcerning the respective dangers of flying anddriving D) really enjoy driving despite the dangers onhighways E) become uneasy when they board an aircraft
40.
We learn from the passage that the events of September 11, 2001, —.. A) have discouraged a substantial percentage of airtravellers from flying B) proved that flying is far more dangerous than anyother form of travel C) should not be included in statistics relating to thedangers of air-travel D) have had surprisingly little impact on air-travel inthe US E) coincided with a rapid decrease in the amount ofair-travel in the world
The American chestnut was once the most common canopy tree in the deciduous (nonevergreen) forests of the eastern United States. It shaded areas from New England to Georgia until the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica wiped out the species in the terrible forest disaster of the early 20th century. The fungus continues to kill chestnuts before they can mature. The vacuum left by the chestnut's destruction is now filled with other species. Considerable research has gone into understanding what happened to the American chestnut. But some scientists remain interested in getting to the root not of its destruction, but rather of the centuries of dominance enjoyed by the massive, fragrant and economically important tree. A team of scientists recently put forward the idea that the American chestnut may have been engaged in the chemically charged competition known as allelopathy. An allelopathic plant releases potentially toxic substances into the environment through its roots, its leaves or processes such as evaporation. Black walnut, sycamore and sassafras trees are just a few known allelopaths that limit the germination of competitor. It's likely that the list will soon branch out to include chestnut.
41.
As we understand front the passage, the American chestnut was for centuries the single dominant tree in the eastern US ----.. A) because people liked its scent and benefitedfrom its timber B) even though several other tree species grew upalongside it C) but now it is slowly becoming less common D) while the rest of the country had extensiveevergreen forests E) since it is probably an allelopathic plant that killsother trees
42.
According to the passage, the question that scientists were most interested in, concerning the American chestnut, was ----.. A) )how to prevent it from developing intoanallelopathic plant B) why this tree rarely grew in other parts of the US C) how to use to the full its economic potential D) how this tree maintained its superiority in theeastern US for so long E) why it was the only tree to be affected by thefungus Cryphonectria parasitica
43.
As we learn from the passage, the fungus that destroyed the centuries-old American chestnut, ----.. A) has an allelopathic effect on the environment B) is now preventing its return C) has finally been eradicated D) has been a recurrent subject for scientificresearch E) prevents the germination process of allelopathicplants
44.
According to the passage, allelopathic plants ---.. A) have caused the destruction of the AmericanchestnutB) C)D) E) B) can only be found in the eastern US C) have many ways of poisoning the environment D) are presently being destroyed in the eastern US E) are not affected by fungi due to their toxicproperties
Ancient Babylonian manuscripts, Dark Age chronicles and New Age prophecies, all speak of catastrophes striking the Earth with devastating consequences; and all regard these disasters as instances of divine punishment. Many describe global inundations - floods that engulf continents, wiping out entire civilizations. Others describe fires that rain down from the skies. Until recently few scientists took these tales of catastrophe seriously, regarding them as hangovers from a superstitious age. But today these ancient accounts are regarded as potentially valuable evidence for events that have played a key role in the history of our planet, from its very formation 4.5 million years ago. These events are every bit as catastrophic as the legends claimed: cosmic impacts that have dealt severe blows to life many times in the past - and will do so again. The dramatic view of Earth history now emerging could hardly be more different from that held by many scientists even as recently as the 1980s.
45.
The main point made in the passage is that ----.. A) the ancients misunderstood why there was flooding and great fires B) the great catastrophic events of the past are unlikely to be repeated in the future C) flooding and fire have always been the major cause of disaster D) very early stories about great catastrophes occurring on Earth could be graphic accounts of cosmic impacts E) accounts of, for instance, fire raining down from the skies, are so detailed that they must be true
46.
According to the passage, over the past twenty years or so, scientists have begun to realize ----.. A) that there have been instances of truly massive destruction during the course of Earth history B) that ancient accounts of disaster can all be related to a specific cosmic event that actually happened C) that the disasters described by the ancients are not of scientific importance D) that in the past people were more superstitious than they are now E) that legends of global inundations have no foundation in truth
47.
We understand from the passage that, in the writings of various ancient and early civilizations, there are accounts of ----.. A) the problems facing those who survived a catastrophe B) many purely imaginary disasters C) possible punishments that will have to be endured on Earth D) floods that have destroyed whole civilizations E) catastrophes that occurred 4.5 million years ago
48.
According to the passage, accounts of fires raining down from the skies have only recently ----.. A) been found in ancient Babylonian manuscripts B) attracted any serious scientific attention C) been regarded as the imaginings of superstitious people D) come to the attention of the general public E) been compared to the stories of the great floods
