20120613180616378_The Revised Penal Code_Book II

TITLE ONE — CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY   AND THE LAW OF OF NATIONS Chapter One — Crimes Against National Security

1

BOOK TWO CRIMES AND PENALTIES and  SPECIAL CRIMINAL LAWS TITLE ONE CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS CHAPTER ONE CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY Section One — Treason and Espionage The crimes against national security are as follows: 1.

Treason (Art. 114)

2.

Conspiracy and Proposal to Commit Treason (Art. 115)

3.

Misprision of Treason (Art. 116)

4.

Espionage (Art. 117), and

5.

Terrorism and Conspiracy to Commit Terrorism (RA 9372, The Human Security Act of 2007, “An Act to Secure the State and Protect our People from Terrorism”)

The crimes against the law of nations are as follows: 1.

Inciting to War or Giving Motives for Reprisals (Art. 118)

2.

Violation of Neutrality (Art. 119) 1

2

CRIMINAL LAW BOOK II OF THE REVISED PENAL CODE

3.

Correspondence with Hostile Country (Art. 120)

4.

Flight to Enemy’s Country (Art. 121), and

5.

Piracy in General and Mutiny on the High Seas (Art. 122)

The crimes against national security have security  have extra-territorial application. application. Even if the crimes are committed outside of Philippine territory, the offenders can be charged and prosecuted before Philippine courts. This is an exception to the territorial application of criminal law under Article 2, paragraph (5) of the Revised Penal Code. If the offender is within Philippine territory, prosecution can proceed as a matter of course. However, if he is within the territorial jurisdiction of another country he may be brought to the country by means of extradition if the country has an existing extradition treaty with that country. The crimes against the law of nations are considered crimes against humanity or crimes against mankind. Thus, the accused can be prosecuted wherever and whenever he may be found. ART. 114. Treason. —  Any Filipino citizen who levies war against the Philippines or adheres to her enemies, giving them aid or comfort within the Philippines or elsewhere, shall be punished by reclusion perpetua to death and shall pay a fine not to exceed 100,000 pesos. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses at least to the same overt act or on confession of the accused in open court. Likewise, an alien, residing in the Philippines, who commits acts of treason as defined in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be punished by reclusion temporal to death and shall pay a fine not to exceed 100,000 pesos. (As amended by Sec. 2,  RA No. 7659)

Elements: 1.

The offender is a Filipino or a resident alien;

2.

There is war in which the Philippines is involved;

3.

The offender either: a)

Levies war against the government; or

b)

Adheres to the enemies, giving them aid or comfort.

TITLE ONE — CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY   AND THE LAW OF OF NATIONS Chapter One — Crimes Against National Security

3

Treason is betrayal of allegiance to one’s country in time of war. Treason is a war time offense. offense. It can be committed only in time of war. It cannot be committed in time of peace because during peace time there are no traitors.

Persons liable: 1.

Filipino citizens — those who owe permanent allegiance to the Philippine government.

2.

Resident aliens — those who owe temporary allegiance to the government.

Is there a need for a formal declaration of war before Treason can be committed?  Answer: No, a formal declaration of war is not needed before treason can be committed. It is not an element of the offense. When armed hostilities have begun there is no need that the existence of war be declared. Example: During World War II, while the Emperor of Japan was talking with the President of the United States of America, Japan treacherously bombed Pearl Harbor. The bombing of Pearl Harbor signaled the beginning of war between Japan and the United States. There was no need that the existence of war between Japan and the United States be declared by either of them. When a Filipino citizen or a resident alien commits any of the acts of committing treason in the course of such armed hostilities, he is liable for treason.

Two ways of committing Treason: 1.

Levying war — waging war against the government of the Philippines.

2.

Adhering to the enemies, giving them aid or comfort. comfort. Illustrations: Levying war against the government: Japan and the Philippines are at war. Japan invaded the Philippines. X a Filipino citizen became sympathetic with the military imperialism of Japan. X collaborated with the

FOREWORD Professor Abelardo C. Estrada has done it again. After his hugely successful Criminal Law Book I, he has created another masterpiece, certainly a much awaited special treat for students and bar examinees alike — his Criminal Law, Book II of the Revised Penal Code. I have come across many books on criminal law, starting from the time I was in law school and while reviewing for the bar. In private practice and later as an advocate in the law office of the government, I needed handy reference materials on the subject. For a magistrate, the value of an authoritative volume as a guidebook to resolve sometimes complex problems calling for the application of criminal law provisions cannot be overemphasized. But Professor Estrada’s tomes stand out as gems in that field — shining with the depth of his knowledge, replete with illustrations plus problems and corresponding answers, skillfully steering the reader through potential minefields in such an ever challenging territory. From the way he lays down his nuggets of wisdom, one can feel his tremendous ardor, the same passion that animates his persona when he does one thing that he loves most, which is to teach law. Indeed, he is a law teacher par excellence, with the rare ability to inspire and bring out the best from his students, and can impart even the most abstruse legal principles in a manner intelligible even to a novice in the study of law. Deftly organized in a user-friendly style, sprinkled with examples and keywords or mnemonic devices, his new book, like the first one, is the perfect companion of every student and bar reviewee who wishes to gain some mastery of criminal law. Notably, this format appeals to a very wide audience, as it lends itself to easy and convenient perusal even by law professors and trial lawyers. No doubt, Professor Estrada is exceptionally good in what he does, whether as a litigation lawyer, law professor, lecturer and reviewer, as well as leader of the Philippine bar. It is not an accident that his initials are ACE, one who is an “expert in any activity.” He has definitely added another feather to his cap — that of lawbook iii

author. What better way to expand the reach of his expertise than to make it available in book form not only to those fortunate to listen to his lectures but also to all others eager to drink from the fountain of his vast legal knowledge. This new book by the Ace himself again tells us that in the hands of a master, learning law need not be tedious and boring. In fact, it could be quite an exhilarating experience. Every reader would enjoy grazing on it, in much the same way that I gained great pleasure from soaking up every page.

JUSTICE MAGDANGAL M. DE LEON

Manila, Philippines July 17, 2010

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PREFACE  Lawless are they that make their wills their law.

 — William Shakespeare This is not the first time that the author would be publishing a book amidst request of law students and bar reviewees and yet overcoming the delay of coming up with this material, could be likened to a sea of deep appreciation from readers engulfing all unfathomable emotions. From the time my Book One of the Revised Penal Code, Criminal Law Made Easy, was released, law students and bar reviewees have been constantly following up the publication of its sequel, Book Two, Crimes and Penalties. It is very inspiring to know that the Philippine Military Academy has chosen to use my Book One as the official text book of the academy. Hopefully, Book Two shall follow as its official text book too. Considering the many special criminal laws that we have now, I decided to incorporate in my Book Two special criminal laws, their effects and their amendments to the Revised Penal Code to keep the students of law and even practitioners abreast with updates in law and  jurisprudence. Knowing that the author’s books are given value by the academe, colleagues and friends, brings a magnitude of joy that is simply incomparable. Furthermore, the challenges in writing each book give a strong feeling that greatly crafts and molds one’s pedagogy. The complexity of the subject makes it imperative to present the topics in a clear and simple language for easier understanding. The many illustrative cases and examples including applications of the law to given problems were carefully designed for each reader to get a good grasp of the elements and concepts of the law. Although this book is intended primarily for law students and bar candidates, it is of sincerest hope that other students, law practitioners, the bench, as well as those merely fascinated with the penal laws of this country would find this humble work useful and instructional. The writer owes his passion, mission and vision in writing this book to the encouraging words of students, friends and loved v

ones who continue to inspire him in his life-long journey in this noble profession. This work would not have been possible without the support of a lot of people too many to mention. They know who they are and the writer owes them a tremendous gratitude for the realization of this humble work. Special thanks and heartfelt gratitude go to my wife Imelda, daughters Lorelie, Karen Mae and Abegail and sons Shieldon, Job Vernon, Hanz Zoilo and Jan Charlo for providing constant inspiration, support, love and attention; to Renz Jan Ugay Tamondong and Laura F. Quinto whose zeal and energy in the preparation and drafting of this book had made possible its publication and to my partners, associates and office staff in the Law Firm for their invaluable technical and professional assistance and who unselfishly lent their time and provided research materials available whenever needed. To Atty. Louella Xylee Apilado who shared her valued time and effort in special research, my special and profound appreciation. For the very beautiful and inspiring foreword, my special thanks to the amiable and erudite professor Justice Magdangal De Leon of the Court of Appeals. The writer hopes you’ll enjoy reading this book as much as he had enjoyed writing it.

DEAN ABELARDO C. ESTRADA 

July 14, 2010 Baguio City, Philippines

vi

CONTENTS

BOOK TWO CRIMES AND PENALTIES  AND SPECIAL CRIMINAL LAWS TITLE ONE

CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY  AND LAW OF NATIONS Chapter One

Crimes Against National Security SECTION 1. Treason and Espionage..................................................... The crimes against national security ........................................... The crimes against the law of nations .........................................

1 1 1

 ART. 114. Treason ....................................................... ........................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Persons liable................................................... .............................. Is there a need for a formal declaration of war before treason can be committed?................................................................ Two ways of committing Treason .............................................. ... Adherence to the enemies, giving them aid or comfort ............... Two ways of proving Treason ................................................... .... What is the quantum of evidence needed to prove Treason? ...... Confession of guilt in open court ............................................... ...

2 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 7

 ART. 115. Conspiracy and proposal to commit Treason ....................... What are the punishable conspiracies ......................................... Is proposal to commit a felony punishable? ................................. Proposal to commit Treason ...................................................... ... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Proposal to commit felony which is punishable by law ............... Conspiracy to commit Treason .................................................. ... Elements of Conspiracy to commit Treason................................. Persons liable for Conspiracy to commit Treason .......................

8 9 9 9 9 11 11 11 11

vii

Conspiracy to overthrow the government is not proposal to commit Treason ................................................. ..............

12

 ART. 116. Misprision of Treason.............................................. .............. Elements .................................................. ...................................... Essence of the crime .................................................... .................. Penalty Imposable in Misprision of Treason ............................... Who may commit the crime?........................................................ . Relationship is not exempting ................................................... ...

12 13 14 14 14 15

 ART. 117. Espionage ..................................................... .......................... Two modes of committing Espionage under the RPC ................. Elements of the first mode ................................................... ......... Elements of the second mode ..................................................... ... Commonwealth Act No. 616 ...................................................... ... Acts punished .................................................... ............................

15 15 16 17 17 17

SECTION 2. Provoking War and Disloyalty in Case of War................  ART. 118. Inciting to war or giving motives for reprisals .................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

18 18 18

 ART. 119. Violation of neutrality ............................................... ............ Elements .................................................. ......................................

19 19

 ART. 120. Correspondence with hostile country ................................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

20 20

 ART. 121. Flight to enemy’s country .................................................. ... Elements .................................................. ......................................

21 21

SECTION 3. Piracy and Mutiny on the High Seas or in Philippine Waters .......................................................... .......  ART. 122. Piracy in general and mutiny on the high seas or in Philippine waters ........................................................ What is Piracy?.................................................. ............................ Three Kinds of Piracy.......................................................... .......... Piracy in the high or open seas can be committed by the following .................................................. .................. Who may commit Piracy in the high or open seas? ..................... Who are pirates in the high or open seas? ................................... Piracy in Philippine Waters...................................................... .... Who may commit Piracy in Philippine waters (internal waters)?...................................................... ........... PD 532 was superseded by RA 7659, The Anti-Heinous Crime Law ......................................................... ................... Abetting Piracy ................................................... ........................... Mutiny...................................................... ...................................... Elements of Mutiny ...................................................... ................. Two kinds of Mutiny ................................................... ..................  ART. 123. Qualified Piracy .................................................. ................... When is Piracy qualified?................................................... ........... Qualified Piracy ........................................................... .................. Qualified Mutiny ........................................................ ................... Republic Act No. 6235 (The Anti-Hijacking Law) ....................... viii

22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 25 26 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 31

Four Situations Governed by the Anti-Hijacking Law ............... When is an aircraft considered in flight? ..................................... Republic Act No. 9372 ...................................................... ............. What is Terrorism?.................................................... .................... Acts of Terrorism under United Nations Conventions and Protocols ...................................................... .................. Declaration of Policy of RA 9372 ................................................ .. What is Terrorism under RA 9372?.............................................. Revised Penal Code ................................................ ....................... Special Laws ...................................................... ............................ Provided the requisites are present ............................................. Manner of commission of Terrorism............................................. Motive of Terrorism...................................................... ................. Penalty for Terrorism................................................... ................. Terrorism is a crime of result ................................................... .... What is Conspiracy to commit Terrorism? .................................. Penalty ..................................................... ...................................... Who are the persons liable for Terrorism and Conspiracy to Commit Terrorism? ..................................................... .... Accomplice to the crime of Terrorism........................................... Who can be an Accomplice to the crime of Terrorism? ................ Accessory to the crime of Terrorism ............................................. Penalty ..................................................... ...................................... Accessory to the crime of Terrorism ............................................. Accessories to the crime of Terrorism who are exempt from criminal liability.......................................................... Accessory.................................................. ...................................... What are the acts authorized by RA 9372?.................................. Declaration (proscription) of Terrorist and outlawed organizations, associations, or group of persons ...............

31 32 33 33 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36 39 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 42 43 43 44

TITLE TWO

CRIMES AGAINST THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW  OF THE STATE Chapter One

 Arbitrary Detention or Expulsion, Violation of Dwelling, Prohibition, Interruption and Dissolution of Peaceful Meetings and Crimes Against Religious Worship What are the crimes against the fundamental laws of the State? ....... Who are liable for crimes against the fundamental laws of the State? ........................................................ ...........................

46

SECTION 1. Arbitrary Detention or Expulsion ....................................  ART. 124. Arbitrary detention .................................................. ............. Who may commit the crime of Arbitrary Detention? ..................

47 47 47

ix

46

Elements .................................................. ...................................... What are the crimes known as Arbitrary Detention? ................. Legal grounds of detention of a person ........................................ Absence of legal grounds .................................................. ............. Distinctions between Arbitrary Detention and Illegal Detention ........................................................... ................... Three instances when a public officer can make arrest even without warrant of arrest ........................................... Arrest of a prisoner who has escaped from detention or confinement...................................................................... Arbitrary detention is committed by public officers who have the power to make arrest and detention ............  ART. 125. Delay in the delivery of detained persons to the proper judicial authorities ........................................ Elements .................................................. ...................................... What is the meaning of the term “delivering the person legally arrested to the judicial authorities?” ...................... Afflictive penalties ........................................................ ................. Correctional penalties ..................................................... .............. Light penalties.................................................... ........................... Duties of an arresting officer who legally arrested a person without warrant of arrest........................................ Important things to remember ................................................... ..

47 47 48 48 48 48 50 50 52 53 53 54 54 54 55 56

 ART. 126. Delaying release ...................................................... .............. Elements .................................................. ...................................... Acts punished .................................................... ............................ Who may commit the crime?........................................................ .

56 57 57 57

 ART. 127. Expulsion .................................................... ........................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

58 58

 ART. 128. Violation of domicile ................................................. ............. 58 Elements …………………………………………………………………… 59 Three acts of committing Violation of Domicile under Art. 128 .................................................... .................. 59 Instances where search and seizure may be made without a warrant and the evidence obtained therefrom may be admissible..................................................... ........... 59 What are the three ways of committing Violation of Domicile? ....................................................... ................... 61  ART. 129. Search warrants maliciously obtained and abuse in the service of those legally obtained ............................... Two acts punished ....................................................... .................. Elements of procuring a search warrant without just cause ......  ART. 130. Searching domicile without witnesses ................................. Elements .................................................. ...................................... Who must be present when a valid search is conducted on a domicile? ..................................................... .................. x

61 61 61 62 62 63

SECTION 3. Prohibition, Interruption and Dissolution of Peaceful Meetings .................................................... .................

63

 ART. 131. Prohibition, interruption and dissolution of peaceful meetings ............................................... ............. Elements .................................................. ...................................... Two criteria can be used by peace officers in lawfully prohibiting, interrupting or dissolving a meeting..............

64

SECTION 4. Crimes against Religious Worship ...................................  ART. 132. Interruption of religious worship ......................................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Who may commit the crime?........................................................ . When is interruption of religious worship qualified? .................. Manner of commission ......................................................... ........

65 65 65 65 65 65

 ART. 133. Offending religious feelings ............................................... ... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Who may commit this crime?....................................................... .

65 65 66

63 63

TITLE THREE

CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER Chapter One

Rebellion, Coup D’Etat, Sedition and Disloyalty Crimes Crimes against public order ..................................................... ..............  ART. 134. Rebellion or Insurrection – How committed ........................ Elements .................................................. ...................................... Manner of commission of Rebellion .............................................. Purpose of Rebellion ..................................................... ................. Who are liable for Rebellion or Insurrection? .............................. Distinctions between Rebellion and Insurrection ....................... Is the subsequent filing of Rebellion tenable? ............................. Can Rebellion be now complexed with common crimes?............. People v. Hernandez............................................................ .......... Rebellion can now be complexed with common crimes ...............

67 68 68 68 69 69 69 72 73 73 74

 ART. 134-A. Coup d’etat ..................................................... .................... Manner of commission .......................................................... ........ Who may commit Coup d’etat?...................................................... Characteristics of Coup d’etat ....................................................... Distinctions between Rebellion, Coup d’etat and Sedition..........

77 77 77 77 78

 ART. 135. Penalty for rebellion, insurrection or coup d’etat ................ Penalty Imposable ................................................... ......................

79 80

 ART. 136. Conspiracy and proposal to commit coup d’etat, rebellion or insurrection ......................................................

80

xi

 ART. 137. Disloyalty of public officers or employees ............................ What is the crime of Disloyalty of Public Officers or Employees ...................................................... ..................

81

 ART. 138. Inciting to rebellion or insurrection ..................................... Who may commit the crime?........................................................ . Manner of commission of Inciting to Rebellion or Insurrection ................................................... ..................

82 82

 ART. 139. Sedition – How committed ................................................. ... Elements .................................................. ......................................  ART. 140. Penalty for Sedition.................................................. .............  ART. 141. Conspiracy to commit Sedition .............................................  ART. 142. Inciting Sedition .............................................. ...................... What are the ways of committing Inciting to Sedition? ..............

83 83 85 85 85 86

81

82

Chapter Two

Crimes Against Popular Representation SECTION 1. Crimes Against Legislative Bodies and Similar Bodies .................................................... ...........................

87

 ART. 143. Acts tending to prevent the meeting of the assembly and similar bodies ........................................................ ................. How the crime is committed ..................................................... .... By means of force or fraud ............................................... .............

87 87 87

 ART. 144. Disturbance of proceedings ................................................ ... Elements .................................................. ......................................

88 88

SECTION 2. Violation of Parliamentary Immunity .............................  ART. 145. Violation of parliamentary immunity .................................. How is the crime of Violation of Parliamentary Immunity committed? ...................................................... ...

88 88 88

Chapter Three

Illegal Assembly and Association  ART. 146. Illegal assemblies ..................................................... ............. Two forms of illegal assembly .................................................... ... Acts punished .................................................... ............................ Persons liable for illegal assembly ............................................... Presumption if a person present at the meeting carries an unlicensed firearm .......................................................... Distinctions between illegal assembly and illegal association .......................................................... ..................

90 90 91 91

 ART. 147. Illegal associations ................................................... ............. Distinctions between illegal association and illegal assembly ................................................... ............................

92

xii

91 92

93

Chapter Four 

 Assault upon, and Resistance and Disobedience to Persons in Authority and their Agents  ART. 148. Direct assaults ................................................ ....................... Two forms of Direct Assaults .................................................... .... Element of the first form of Direct Assault.................................. Elements of the second kind of Direct Assault ............................ When is there qualified Direct Assault ........................................

94 94 94 96 99

 ART. 149. Indirect Assaults ...................................................... ............. Elements .................................................. ......................................

100 100

 ART. 150. Disobedience to summons issued by the National  Assembly, its committees or subcommittees, by the Constitutional Commissions, its committees, subcommittees or divisions .............................................. ... Acts punished .................................................... ............................

101 101

 ART. 151. Resistance and disobedience to a person in authority or the agents of such person ................................................ Elements of resistance and serious disobedience under the first paragraph................................................ .... Elements of simple disobedience under the second paragraph .. Distinctions between resistance or serious disobedience and direct assault ................................................... ............. Direct assault (the second form) is committed in four ways .......

103 103

 ART. 152. Persons in authority and agents of persons in authority .... Who is a person in authority? ................................................... .... Examples of persons in authority.............................................. ... Who is an agent of a person in authority? ...................................

104 104 104 105

102 102 102

Chapter Five

Public Disorders  ART. 153. Tumults and other disturbances of public disorder ............ The acts punishable under this article......................................... When is public disturbance or interruption tumultuous?...........  ART. 154. Unlawful use of means of publication and unlawful utterances........................................................... .................. Acts punished .................................................... ............................

106 106 107

 ART. 155. Alarms and scandals ................................................ ............. Acts punished .................................................... ............................ What is the crime committed if a person fires his gun? ..............

109 110 110

 ART. 156. Delivery of prisoners from jail .............................................. Elements .................................................. ...................................... The person confined....................................................................... Means of commission .................................................. ..................

111 111 111 111

xiii

107 108

Who may commit the crime?........................................................ . What is the crime committed if a person removes a person from jail?.......................................................... ....................

111 111

Chapter Six

Evasion of Service of Sentence  ART. 157. Evasion of service of sentence............................................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Three kinds of evasion of service of sentence .............................. Qualifying circumstances that increase the penalty in evasion of service of sentence ......................................... Can this crime be committed by a detention prisoner? ............... What if the prisoner serving sentence returned to jail not long after he escaped? ................................................ ...

113 113 113 113 114 115

 ART. 158. Evasion of service of sentence on the occasion of disorders, conflagrations, earthquakes, or other calamities ........................................................... ........ Elements .................................................. ...................................... What is the effect if the prisoner who escaped on the occasion of a calamity returns within 48 hours following the announcement of the passing away of the calamity?.........

116

 ART. 159. Other cases of evasion of service of sentence ....................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Violation of Conditional Pardon ................................................. .. What is the effect of violation of the conditional pardon? ...........

116 116 117 117

115 115

Chapter Seven

Commission of Another Crime During Service of Penalty Imposed for Another Previous Offense  ART. 160. Commission of another crime during service of penalty imposed for another previous offense ......................... Who is a quasi recidivist?.............................................................. Elements .................................................. ...................................... What is the legal consequence of quasi recidivism? ....................

118 118 118 119

TITLE FOUR

CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST Chapter One

Forgeries SECTION 1. Forging the Seal of the Government of the Philippine Islands, the Signature or Stamp of the Chief Executive ............. xiv

121

The crimes against public interest ..............................................

121

 ART. 161. Counterfeiting the great seal of the Government of the Philippine Islands, forging the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive ...................................................... ............. Acts punished .................................................... ............................ The acts of falsification ........................................................ .........

123 123 123

 ART. 162. Using forged signature or counterfeit seal or stamp ........... Elements .................................................. ......................................

123 123

SECTION 2. Counterfeiting Coins..................................................... ....  ART. 163. Making and importing and uttering false coins .................. Who are the persons liable? ...................................................... .... What is counterfeiting of coins?................................................... . Kinds of coins that can be counterfeited ...................................... Is mere possession of counterfeiting money a crime? .................. Counterfeiting of Coins: Legal Tender or Not .............................

124 124 124 124 124 124 125

 ART. 164. Mutilation of coins – importation and utterance of mutilated coins ................................................... ....................... What is the meaning of Mutilation of Coins? .............................. Elements of Mutilation of Coins under the Revised Penal Code............................................................................ Is mere possession of a counterfeited or mutilated coin a crime?...................................................... ................... Presidential Decree No. 247: Defacement, Mutilation, Tearing, Burning or Destroying Central Bank Notes and Coins............................................................ ..................

126 126 126 127

127

 ART. 165. Selling of false or mutilated coin, without connivance........ Acts punished .................................................... ............................

128 128

SECTION 3. Forging Treasury or Bank Notes, Obligations and Securities; Importing and Uttering False or Forged Notes, Obligations and Securities....................................

129

 ART. 166. Forging treasury or bank notes or other documents payable to bearer, importing and uttering such false or forged notes and documents .................................................. ... Acts of forgery that are punished .............................................. ...

129 129

 ART. 167. Counterfeiting, importing and uttering instruments payable to bearer .................................................... ....................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

130 130

 ART. 168. Illegal Possession and use of false treasury or bank notes and other instruments of credit ............................ Acts punished .................................................... ............................ Elements .................................................. ......................................

130 131 131

 ART. 169. How forgery is committed .................................................. ... What can be the objects of forgery? .............................................. How forgery is committed ................................................ .............

131 131 131

xv

SECTION 4. Falsification of Legislative, Public, Commercial, Private Documents, and Wireless, Telegraph and Telephone Messages............................................................... Kinds of Falsification ........................................................... .........  ART. 170. Falsification of legislative documents .................................. Elements .................................................. ......................................  ART. 171. Falsification by public officer, employee, or notary or ecclesiastic minister ................................................... ..... The four kinds of documents........................................................ . Falsification by Public Officer, Employee, Notary Public or Ecclesiastical Minister......................................... Elements .................................................. ......................................  ART. 172. Falsification by private individuals and use of falsified documents .......................................................... Acts punishable ........................................................... .................. Elements of falsification of public, official or commercial documents by a private person ........................................... Elements of falsification of private documents by a private person ...................................................... ............................. Damage or at least intent to cause Damage is an essential Element of Falsification of Private Document ................... Reasons why it is important to know whether a Document is public or private ................................................. .............. Use of Falsified Document ................................................... ......... Elements .................................................. ......................................  ART. 173. Falsification of wireless, cable, telegraph and telephone messages, and use of said falsified messages ..................... Person liable ...................................................... ............................ Acts punishable ........................................................... ..................

132 132 133 133 133 134 135 135 141 142 142 142 142 143 144 144 145 146 146

SECTION 5. Falsification of medical certificates, certificates of merit on services and the like ................................................... ..............  ART. 174. False medical certificates, false certificates, certificates of merit or service, etc. ..................................... Persons liable................................................... ..............................

147 147

 ART. 175. Using false certificates .......................................................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

148 148

SECTION 6. Manufacturing, importing, and possession of Instruments or Implements Intended for the Commission of Falsification ................................................

148

 ART. 176. Manufacturing and possession of instruments or implements for falsification ............................................ Acts punishable ........................................................... ..................

148 149

147

Chapter Two

Other Falsities SECTION 1. Usurpation of Authority, Rank, Title and Improper Use of Names, Uniforms, and Insignia ........................................ xvi

150

 ART. 177. Usurpation of authority or official functions ....................... Acts punishable ........................................................... ..................

150 150

 ART. 178. Using fictitious and concealing true name........................... Acts punishable ........................................................... .................. Commonwealth Act. No. 142 (Regulating the Use of Aliases) .... Distinctions between using Fictitious Name and concealing True Name ......................................................... ............................

151 152 153

 ART. 179. Illegal use of uniforms or insignia ........................................ Elements .................................................. ...................................... Why it is punishable? ................................................... .................

155 155 155

SECTION 2. False Testimony ................................................... .............  ART. 180. False Testimony against a defendant .................................. Kinds of false testimony ................................................... ............. Elements of false testimony against an accused in a criminal case .......................................................... ............................. How is the crime committed?....................................................... . Penalty to be imposed ...................................................... ............. Who may commit the crime?........................................................ .

156 156 157

 ART. 181. False testimony favorable to the defendant......................... How is the crime committed?....................................................... . Elements .................................................. ...................................... Penalty imposable .................................................. ....................... The afflictive penalties .......................................................... ........

159 159 159 159 160

 ART. 182. False testimony in civil cases ............................................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

160 160

 ART. 183. False testimony on other cases and perjury in solemn affirmation ........................................................... ......... Acts punishable ........................................................... .................. Falsely testifying under oath in other cases ................................ Perjury ..................................................... ...................................... Elements of perjury ...................................................... .................

160 161 161 161 161

 ART. 184. Offering false testimony in evidence .................................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... What is Subornation of Perjury? .............................................. ....

162 162 163

155

157 157 158 158

Chapter Three

Frauds SECTION 1. Machinations, Monopolies, and Combinations................  ART. 185. Machinations in public auctions........................................... Two acts punishable ..................................................... ................. Soliciting any gift or promise as a consideration for restraining from taking part in any public auction ........... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Public Auction................................................................................ xvii

164 164 164 164 164 165

Purpose of auction ....................................................... .................. Purpose in Machination of public auctions .................................. Attempting to cause bidders to stay away from an auction by threats, gifts, promises or any other artifice ................. No crime of attempted or frustrated machination in public auctions ......................................................... ........

165 165 166 167

 ART. 186. Monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade ............. Acts punishable ........................................................... .................. Elements .................................................. ......................................

167 168 168

 ART. 187. Importation and disposition of falsely marked articles or merchandise made of gold, silver, or other precious metals or their alloys .............................................. ............. Acts punishable ........................................................... .................. Elements .................................................. ......................................

170 170 170

 ART. 188. Substituting and altering trademarks, tradenames, or service marks .......................................................... ......... Acts punishable ........................................................... .................. Liability of printers or lithographers ...........................................

170 171 172

 ART. 189. Unfair competition, fraudulent registration of trademark, tradename or service mark, fraudulent designation of origin, and false description........................ Acts punishable ........................................................... .................. Unfair Competition ................................................ ....................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Who may commit the crime of unfair competition? ..................... False designation of origin or false description ........................... Fraudulent registration ................................................... .............

172 173 173 173 173 174 174

TITLE FIVE

CRIMES RELATIVE TO OPIUM AND OTHER PROHIBITED DRUGS  Acts punished by the Republic Act No. 6425 ......................................... Republic Act No. 9165...................................................... ....................... Definition of Terms.................................................... ....................

175 176 176

 Article II. Unlawful Acts and Penalties.............................................. ... The chain of custody of evidence ............................................... ... Who is a protector or coddler? .................................................. .... Where arrest is incipiently illegal, it logically follows that the subsequent search is similarly illegal, it being not incident to a lawful arrest................................... Sale of dangerous drugs and illegal possession, separate offenses .................................................... ............................. Sale of shabu and marijuana: whole specimen need not be tested ........................................................ ............................

181 182 183

xviii

183 184 185

People v. Barita ...................................................... ....................... There is consummated sale of illegal drug even if the purchase money is not presented .................................................... .... Attempted sale of shabu: No agreement on the price ................. The provision of Sec. 21 of the Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 must be faithfully complied with ........................................ Prohibition under the new Drugs Law......................................... Qualifying aggravating circumstance .......................................... Cases of Acquittal: based on non-compliance with the chain of custody ............................................... .............. Cacao v. People .................................................. .................. People v. Kamad .................................................... .............. People v. Frondozo ................................................. .............. People v. Partoza ................................................... .............. People v. Robles ........................................................... ........ Sales v. People............................................................ .......... Carino v. People ........................................................... ........ People v. Garcia ........................................................... ........ People v. Obmiranis............................................... .............. Bondad v. People ..................................................... ............. People v. Magat...................................................... .............. People v. Orteza ........................................................... ........ Cases of Conviction even if there is no compliance with the chain of custody rule ................................................. .... People v. De Leon....................................................... .......... People v. Cruz .................................................... .................. People v. Ventura...................................................... ........... People v. Lazaro ........................................................... ........ People v. Resurreccion ......................................................... People v. Teodoro ................................................... .............. People v. Gum-oyen ..................................................... ........ People v. Llamado ................................................... ............. People v. Macatingag .............................................. ............. People v. Del Monte ..................................................... ........

185 186 187 187 188 188 188 188 189 190 190 191 191 192 192 193 193 194 195 195 195 195 196 196 196 197 198 198 198 199

TITLE SIX

Crimes against Public Morals What are the crimes against public morals? .........................................

201

Chapter One

Gambling and Betting  ART. 195. Acts punishable in gambling and betting (P.D. 1602–Gambling Law).............................................. ............. Acts punishable in gambling ..................................................... ... xix

201 201

 ART. 196. Importation, sale and possession of Lottery Tickets or Advertisements ............................................... ............. Acts punishable ........................................................... ..................

202 202

 ART. 197. Betting in Sport Contests .................................................. ...  ART. 198. Illegal betting on horse race ................................................. Acts punished .................................................... ............................ When horse race not allowed .................................................... ....

202 203 203 203

 ART. 199. Illegal Cockfighting ...................................................... .........

203

Chapter Two

Offenses Against Decency and Goods Customs  ART. 200. Grave scandal ................................................. ....................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... What to remember in Grave Scandal ...........................................

204 204 204

 ART. 201. Immortal doctrines, obscene publications and exhibitions and indecent shows ................................................ .... Kottinger Rule: Test of Obscenity ................................................

205 206

 ART. 202. Vagrants and Prostitutes. — Penalty .................................. P.D. 1563, The Anti-Mendicancy Law..........................................

207 208

TITLE SEVEN

CRIMES COMMITTED BY PUBLIC OFFICERS Chapter One

Preliminary Provisions What are the crimes committed by public officers? .....................

209

 ART. 203. Who are public officers ......................................................... . Who are public officers? ...................................................... ..........

211 211

Chapter Two

Malfeasance and Misfeasance Malfeasance ....................................................... ............................ Misfeasance ....................................................... ............................ Nonfeasance....................................................... ............................ Who is a public officer?........................................................ .......... What are the crimes known as Dereliction of Duty? ...................

212 212 212 212 213

 ART. 204. Knowingly rendering unjust judgment ................................ Elements .................................................. ...................................... If you were the counsel for the judge, what is your defense?......

213 213 214

 ART. 205. Judgment rendered through negligence ..............................

214

xx

Elements .................................................. ......................................

214

 ART. 206. Unjust interlocutory order ................................................ .... Elements .................................................. ......................................

215 215

 ART. 207. Malicious delay in the administration of justice ................. Elements .................................................. ......................................

216 216

 ART. 208. Prosecution of offenses; negligence and tolerance ............... Acts punishable ........................................................... ..................

217 217

 ART. 209. Betrayal of trust by an attorney or solicitor – revelation of secrets .................................................. ...................................... Who may commit the crime?........................................................ . Three acts punishable ..................................................... ..............

219 220 220

SECTION 2. Bribery .................................................... ...........................  ART. 210. Direct Bribery ................................................. ....................... Three forms of Bribery .................................................... .............. Three ways of committing Direct Bribery .................................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

224 224 224 225 225

 ART. 211. Indirect Bribery ............................................... ...................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Essence of the crime .................................................... .................. Presidential Decree No. 46 .............................................. ............. Presidential Decree No. 749 ..................................................... .... Republic Act No. 7080 ...................................................... ............. What is Plunder......................................................... .................... Rule of Evidence ........................................................... ................. Suspension and loss of benefits ................................................... . Prescriptive Period ................................................. ....................... Ways of committing Plunder ..................................................... ... May the circumstances affecting criminal liability apply to Plunder? ........................................................ ................... Is the Plunder Law void for being vague or overbreadth ............

229 229 230 230 231 232 232 233 233 233 234 234 234

 ART. 211-A. Qualified Bribery ...................................................... ......... Elements .................................................. ......................................  ART. 212. Corruption of public officials ................................................. Elements .................................................. ......................................

235 235 236 236

Chapter Three

Frauds and Illegal Exactions and Transactions  ART. 213. Frauds against the public treasury and similar offenses ... Acts punishable ........................................................... .................. Elements of frauds against public treasury under paragraph 1 ........................................................ .................. Republic Act No. 9134 ...................................................... ............. Section 65 penalizes government officials and employees without prejudice to prosecution under the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act (RA 3019) ................................. xxi

237 237 238 239

239

Who may commit the crime of Illegal Exaction ........................... State the three ways of committing Illegal Exaction ..................

239 239

 ART. 214. Other Frauds .................................................. ....................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

242 242

 ART. 215. Prohibited transactions...................................................... ... Elements .................................................. ......................................

243 243

 ART. 216. Possession of prohibited interest by a public officer ............ Persons liable................................................... ..............................

243 243

Other Laws Applicable .................................................... .......................

245

Sec. 2, Art. IX-A, Constitution ................................................... ... Sec. 13, Art. VII, Constitution ................................................... ... Sec. 14, Article VI, Constitution ................................................ ...

245 245 245

Chapter Four 

Malversation of Public Funds or Property  ART. 217. Malversation of public funds or proper property ................ Presumption of Malversation. .................................................. ... Who may commit the crime of Malversation ............................... What are the ways of committing Malversation.......................... Malversation may be Intentional or Culpable ............................. Elements common to all acts of Malversation under  Article 217 .......................................................... .................. Decided Cases ..................................................... ........................... Prima Facie case of Malversation can be negated ............. Conversion must be affirmatively proved........................... Failure to account missing public funds constitutes prima facie presumption of misappropriation: When does the presumption not arise?............................... Conviction may be had even if there is no evidence of misappropriation .............................................. Reimbursement within a reasonable time, a defense ........ Return of Funds or Property does not extinguish criminal liability .................................................... .............. Malversation does not include technical Malversation ..... Malversation through negligence ....................................... A private person may commit Malversation ...................... Malversation through Falsification ....................................

251 251 251 251 252

 ART. 218. Failure of accountable officer to render accounts ................ Elements .................................................. ......................................

252 252

 ART. 219. Failure of a responsible public officer to render accounts before leaving the country ............................................... ............. Elements .................................................. ...................................... Person liable ...................................................... ............................

253 253 253

xxii

246 246 247 247 247 248 249 249 250

250 251 250

 ART. 220. Illegal use of public funds or property.................................. Elements .................................................. ...................................... May a senator of the Republic of the Philippines be suspended for violation of the Anti-Graft Law by the Sandiganbayan? .................................................... ... May a public official be suspended in a different office than where the crime charged was committed?..........................

253 254

255

 ART. 221. Failure to make delivery of public funds or property .......... Acts punished .................................................... ............................ Elements of failure to make payment ..........................................

255 256 256

 ART. 222. Officers included in the preceding provision........................ Can Malversation be committed by a private person? ................ Malversation may be committed by a private person .................

256 256 256

255

Chapter Five

Infidelity of Public Officers SECTION 1. Infidelity in the Custody of Prisoners .............................. What are the crimes known as Infidelity in the Custody of Prisoners? ...................................................... ............................

257

 ART. 223. Conniving with or consenting to evasion ............................. Elements .................................................. ...................................... Classes of prisoner involved......................................................... .

257 257 258

 ART. 224. Evasion through negligence ............................................... ... Elements .................................................. ......................................

258 258

 ART. 225. Escape of prisoner under the custody of a person not a public officer ..................................................... .................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

258 258

SECTION 2. Infidelity in the Custody of Documents ...........................

260

 ART. 226. Removal, concealment or destruction of documents. .......... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Three ways of committing infidelity in the Custody of Documents ................................................... ................... Who may commit the crime?........................................................ .

260 260

 ART. 227. Officer breaking seal. ................................................... ........ Elements .................................................. ......................................

261 261

 ART. 228. Opening of closed documents. .............................................. Elements .................................................. ......................................

262 262

SECTION 3. Revelation of Secrets.........................................................

262

 ART. 229. Revelation of secrets by an officer. ...................................... Act Punishable........................................................... .................... Elements of Revelation of secrets .............................................. ... Elements of wrongful delivery of papers or copies of papers of which he may have charge which should not be published ....................................................... ..................

262 262 263

xxiii

257

260 261

263

 ART. 230. Public officer revealing secrets of private individual. ......... Elements..................................................... ..............................

263 263

Chapter Six

Other Offenses or Irregularities By Public Officers SECTION 1. Disobedience, Refusal of Assistance, and Maltreatment of Prisoners ............................................... .............

264

 ART. 231. Open disobedience. ................................................. ............. Elements .................................................. ......................................

264 264

 ART. 232. Disobedience to order of superior officer, when said order was suspended by inferior officer. .............................. Elements.................................................. .......................................

265 265

 ART. 233. Refusal of assistance. .............................................. ............. Elements .................................................. ......................................  ART. 234. Refusal to discharge elective office. .................................... Elements .................................................. ......................................  ART. 235. Maltreatment of prisoners. ................................................ ... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Who may commit the crime?........................................................ . Punishments that are not authorized .......................................... Punishments that are authorized................................................. Illustrations of Maltreatment of Prisoners .................................. What is a Two-tiered penalty? ................................................... ... Examples of two-tiered penalty ................................................. .. 1. Maltreatment of Prisoners ................................................... . 2. Direct Bribery ...................................................... .................. 3. Occupation of real property or usurpation of real rights in property ..................................................... ........

265 266 266 267 267 267 268 268 268 269 270 270 270 270 271

SECTION 2. Anticipation, Prolongation, and abandonment of the Duties and Powers of Public Office ....................................

271

 ART. 236. Anticipation of duties of a public office ................................ Elements .................................................. ...................................... Who may commit crime? .................................................. ............. How is it committed? .............................................. .......................  ART. 237. Prolonging performance of duties and powers..................... Elements .................................................. ......................................  ART. 238. Abandonment of office or position ........................................ Elements .................................................. ...................................... How is the Crime Committed?..................................................... .

271 271 272 272 272 272 273 273 273

SECTION 3. Usurpation of Powers and Unlawful Appointments .......

274

 ART. 239. Usurpation of legislative powers .......................................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

274 274

xxiv

 ART. 240. Usurpation of executive functions ........................................ Elements .................................................. ......................................

274 274

 ART. 241. Usurpation of judicial functions ........................................... Elements ........................................................ ..............................

275 275

 ART. 242. Disobeying request for disqualification................................ Elements ........................................................ ..............................

275 275

 ART. 243. Orders or requests by executive officers to any judicial authority .................................................. ...................................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

275 276

 ART. 244. Unlawful appointments ..................................................... ... Elements .................................................. ......................................

276 276

SECTION 4. Abuses Against Chastity ............................................... ...

277

 ART. 245. Abuses against chastity – Penalties ..................................... Acts Punishable ........................................................... .................. Who are the Persons Liable? .................................................... .... Elements of Abuse against chastity committed by a public officer ..................................................... .................... The Woman is Interested in a Matter Pending before the Public Officer for Decision ............................................ The Woman is Interested in a Matter with Respect to which he is required to submit a report ............................. Elements of abuse against chastity committed by a warden,  jail guard or any public officer who has custody of prisoners ........................................................ ................... Republic Act No. 7877 (Anti-Sexual Harassment Act)................

277 278 278 278 279 279

279 282

TITLE EIGHT

CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS What are the Crimes against persons? ...........................................

283

Chapter One

Destruction Of Life SECTION 1. Parricide, Murder, Homicide ............................................

284

Crimes Involving Destruction of Life ..........................................

284

 ART. 246. Parricide................................................... .............................. Elements .................................................. ...................................... The Rules ........................................................... ............................ Killing of a father, mother, mother or child, whether legitimate of illegitimate is parricide ................................ Killing of a lawful spouse is parricide .......................................... Killing of Common Law spouse is not parricide ......................... Killing of a legitimate grandparent or grandchild is parricide ...................................................... ....................

284 284 284

xxv

285 285 286 286

Killing of illegitimate grandparent or grandchild is not parricide ...................................................... .................. Killing of adoptive parent or adopted child not parricide ......... Killing of a brother is not parricide ............................................. When the marriage is void ab initio, there is no parricide ........ Muslim spouse; killing of first wife only is parricide ..................

286 286 286 286 287

 ART. 247. Death or physical injuries inflicted under exceptional circumstances ............................................... ............. Elements .................................................. ......................................

287 288

 Article 247 is a matter of defense.......................................................... By and Large, Art. 247 is not a felony ......................................... Who are entitled to the beneficial provision of Art. 247? ........... The two stages of the crime ..................................................... .... FIRST STAGE: The Unfaithful spouse and paramour/ mistress are surprised while having sexual intercourse ...................................................... .................... SECOND STAGE: Killing or infliction of serious physical injury while in the act of sexual intercourse or immediately thereafter .................................................... ... Killing in the act of sexual intercourse ....................................... Killing immediately thereafter (after surprising them in sexual intercourse) .................................................. ........ Infliction of serious physical injury in the act of sexual intercourse ...................................................... .................... The benefits of Art. 247 also apply .............................................. Who are not entitled to the benefits of Art. 247? ........................

288 289 289 289

 ART. 248. Murder ........................................................ ...........................

292

What makes the killing murder? ............................................... ... What are the Qualifying aggravating circumstances? ............... 1. Treachery ........................................................... .................. Requisites of Treachery...................................................... ........... When must treachery be present? ................................................ Essence of Treachery (Alevosia) ............................................... ... For treachery to exist, two conditions must be found ................. Treachery requires the concurrence of two conditions ................ Alevosia is present when two conditions concur, namely ........... When treachery cannot be appreciated ....................................... Treachery can exist even if the attack is frontal if it is sudden and unexpected ................................................... ... Rules when the attack is frontal ............................................... ... There was no treachery: treachery is not presumed .................. Treachery: Qualifying aggravating circumstances must be alleged in the information ............................................. Alevosia considered even if .............................................. ............. Reason for the rule ...................................................... .................. Treachery absorbs ........................................................ ................. Treachery does not change the nature of a special complex crime like Robbery with Homicide ......................................

293 293 294 294 295 295 296 296 297 297

xxvi

289

289 290 290 291 291 292

298 299 299 300 301 301 301 301

Against Whom Treachery Can Be Considered? ........................... Complex Crime (Art. 48) ................................................... ............ Murder With Frustrated Homicide .............................................. Treachery can be appreciated even if the intended victim is not the one killed ............................................... ... Night time is not a qualifying aggravating circumstance........... 2.

 

302 302 302 303 303

That advantage be taken of superior strength, or means

be employed to weaken the defense ................................... Meaning of “advantage be taken of superior strength.” .............. There was Abuse of Superior Strength ........................................ No advantage of superior strength .............................................. Examples of “Means employed to weaken defense” ................... 3. Killing with the Aid of Persons under 15 years of Age (Should Now Read as 15 years of  Age or Below) ..................................................... .................. 4. Killing be Committed with the Aid of Armed Men ............ Requisites....................................................................................... Killing by Means of Motor Vehicles, Motorized Watercrafts, Airships or Other “Similar Means.” .............. The use of a motor vehicle in killing is murder. It is a qualifying aggravating circumstance ...........................................

304 304 306 306 306

307 307 307

5.

6. 7.

8.

308 308

The Killing Be Committed In Consideration Of A Price, Reward Or Promise ............................................... .... The Killing be Committed by Means of Inundation, Fire, Poison, Explosion, Stranding of a Vessel, Intentional Damage Thereto, Derailment of a Locomotive, Fall of an Airship, or by the use of any other Artifice Involving great Waste And Ruin ......

309

Killing On The Occasion Of Conflagration, Shipwreck, Earthquake, Epidemic, Or Other Calamity Or Misfortune.......................................................................

310

9. The Killing be Committed with Evident Premeditation ..................................................... ........................... Requisites of Evident Premeditation ........................................... What constitutes a sufficient lapse of time depends upon the facts of each case .............................................. ....................... 10. The Wrong Done in the Commission of the Crime be Deliberately Augmented by Causing Other Wrong not Necessary for its Commission. ...................................... Number of wounds on the corpse is not indicative of cruelty per se ....................................................... ............................. Cruel wounds must be inflicted while the victim is alive .......... Scoffing or decrying the corpse of the dead ................................. Anal intercourse with a dead woman is outraging the corpse of the dead .......................................................... .....  ART. 249. Homicide ..................................................... ........................... xxvii

309

310 310 311

312 313 313 314 314 314

Elements .................................................. ...................................... How to distinguish homicide from physical injuries ..................

315 315

 ART. 250. Penalty for frustrated parricide, murder or homicide ......... Penalty imposable in frustrated and attempted felonies ........... Penalty imposable in frustrated Homicide ................................. Penalty imposable in attempted homicide .................................

315 316 316 316

 ART. 251. Death caused in a tumultuous affray................................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Tumultuous affray .................................................... ....................

316 317 317

 ART. 252. Physical injuries inflicted in a tumultuous affray ............... Elements .................................................. ...................................... There is no crime of slight physical injuries caused in a tumultuous affray ................................................. ..............

317 318

 ART. 253. Giving assistance to suicide ............................................... ... Acts punishable .......................................................... ..................

318 318

 ART. 254. Discharge of firearms .................................................. .......... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Acts punishable .......................................................... .................. Purpose of the offender .................................................. .............. When is firing a gun illegal discharge of firearm, attempted homicide or alarm and scandal? .........................................

321 321 321 322 322

SECTION 2. Infanticide and Abortion ............................................... ...

322

 ART. 255. Infanticide .............................................. ................................ What is infanticide ................................................ ....................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Distinctions between parricide and infanticide ..........................

322 322 323 323

 ART. 256. Intentional abortion ................................................. ............. Three ways of committing intentional abortion ......................... Acts punishable .......................................................... .................. Elements .................................................. ...................................... What crime is committed if the fetus had an intrauterine life of less than 7 months? ............................................... ....

324 324 324 325

 ART. 257. Unintentional abortion ...................................................... ... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Can unintentional abortion be committed through negligence? ....................................................... ...................

326 326

318

326

328

 ART. 258. Abortion practiced by the woman herself or by her parents....................................................... .............................. Elements .................................................. ......................................

328 329

 ART. 259. Abortion practiced by a physician or midwife and dispensing of abortive ...................................................... ............. Elements .................................................. ...................................... Who may commit this crime under this article?.......................... What is Therapeutic Abortion?.................................................. ...

329 329 329 329

xxviii

 ART. 260. Responsibility of participants in a duel ............................... Acts punishable .......................................................... ..................

330 330

 ART. 261. Challenging to a duel ............................................... ............. Acts punishable .......................................................... ..................

330 330

Chapter Two

Physical Injuries  ART. 262. Mutilation ................................................... ........................... Two kinds of mutilation ................................................. ..............

331 331

 ART. 263. Serious physical injuries ................................................... .... How committed................................................... ........................... What are considered serious physical injuries?........................... Deformity ........................................................... ............................

333 334 334 335

 ART. 264. Administering injurious substances or beverages ............... Elements .................................................. ......................................

335 335

 ART. 265. Less serious physical injuries ............................................... What can be considered as less serious physical injuries? ......... Qualified as to penalty ..................................................... .............

336 336 336

 ART. 266. Slight physical injuries and maltreatment .......................... What are the three kinds of slight physical? .............................. Republic Act No. 7610 ...................................................... ............. The New Rape Law: Republic Act No. 8353 ................................ The State’s policy on Rape ............................................... ............

337 337 338 338 338

Chapter Three

Rape Republic Act 8353: The New Rape Law ......................................

340

Article 266-A. Rape: When and How Committed ........................ 1. Rape by Sexual intercourse .................................................. ... 2. Rape by Sexual Assault............................................................

340 340 340

Article 266-B. Penalties ................................................... ............. Article 266-C. Effect of Pardon ................................................... .. Article 266-D. Presumptions......................................................... Salient Features of RA 8353 ..................................................... ... Distinctions between rape under RPC and Rape under RA 8353 ................................................... ............................

340 342 342 344

Rape under the Revised Penal Code, is a crime against chastity. RA 8353 reclassified rape as a crime against persons.................................................................................. 2. Who shall file the complaint or information? ..................... As a crime against chastity (Art. 355, RPC) ................................

343

1.

xxix

343 343 343

Under Republic Act 8353 ................................................ ............ As a crime against person ............................................... ............. 3. Ordinarily, rape has been understood to be a crime against women, meaning, only men can be offenders and women as the offended party ....................................... 4. Before the enactment of RA 8353, the slightest penetration of the female sex organ is sufficient to consummate the crime of rape ............................................ 5. Under RA 8353, rape includes insertion of the penis into another person’s mouth or anal orifice, or any instrument or object, into the genitalia or anal orifice of another person ...................................................... ............................. 6. Under the new law, marital rape can now be committed. That is to say, husband can now commit rape against his wife .................................................... ............................. 7. In marital rape, the criminal action or penalty is extinguished by a subsequent forgiveness by the wife ...... The law on pardon ...................................................... .................. Pardon under Art. 344 of the RPC only bars criminal prosecution ....................................................... ................... Pardon under the RPC must be given before the institution of criminal ........................................................ ................... People v. Lim (206 SCRA 176) .................................................... .. 8. Subsequent valid marriage between the offender and the offended party extinguishes the criminal liability of the accused or the penalty already imposed ............................. Under RA 8353; What is the effect of subsequent valid marriage? ........................................................... .................. 9. Under RA 8353 rape can be committed by means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority......... Did RA 8353 Repeal Art. 337 (Qualified Seduction) and Art. 388 (Simple seduction) of the RPC? ..................... 10. Under RA 8353 the resistance of the victim against the Act of rape maybe lesser than the resistance contemplated under Art. 355 of the Revised Penal Code............................................................................ Elements of rape under Art. 266-A, Par. 1(a), RA 8353 .............. Rape by sexual intercourse ..................................................... .... Force ....................................................... ....................................... Intimidation ........................................................ ........................... Resistance .......................................................... ............................ Consent of minors not a valid defense ......................................... Consent obtained by fear is void ................................................. Sexual intercourse with a woman deprived of reason constitutes rape ........................................................ ........... Complete deprivation of reason not necessary ........................... A mentally retarded woman cannot give valid and legal consent to sexual act ...................................................... .... xxx

344 344

345

345

345

347 347 347 348 348 349

350 351 351 352

352 353 353 353 354 354 356 357 357 357 358

Carnal knowledge of a mental retardate is rape ........................ A demented person ................................................. ....................... Lack of knowledge of the victim’s mental condition not a defense .................................................. ............................ Art. 266-D of RA 8353 appears to have modified the nature and degree of resistance required of the offended party ........................................................ ............................ Meaning of treachery ..................................................... .............. Ignominy as an aggravating circumstance .................................

358 359 360

360 361 363

Title Nine

Crimes Against Personal Liberty And Security Chapter One

Crimes Against Liberty SECTION 1. Illegal Detention ................................................... ... The crimes against liberty .............................................. ............. The crimes against security ..................................................... ....

364 364 364

 ART. 267. Kidnapping and serious illegal detention ............................ Elements .................................................. ...................................... When is the crime serious illegal detention? ............................... Who may commit the crime of kidnapping and serious illegal detention? ................................................... .............. What is Ransom? ....................................................... .................. Essence of the crime of kidnapping ............................................. Essence of illegal detention.......................................................... . Forcible abduction ........................................................ ................. Grave coercion ........................................................... .................. Illegal detention ........................................................ .................... Special complex crime ..................................................... .............. What special complex crimes would arise in kidnapping? .......... How should the crime be designated when the kidnap victim was killed by his abductor? ...................................... Kidnapping with Homicide: The term is used in its generic sense .................................................... ................... Kidnapping with Homicide not kidnapping with murder .......... Kidnapping with Homicide – a special complex crime or composite crime ........................................................ ..... Kidnapping with rape ..................................................... ............. Serious illegal detention with rape ............................................. Kidnapping distinguished from forcible abduction .................... Grave coercion if there is no intent to deprive a person of his liberty ...................................................... .................. Grave coercion not kidnapping if there was no confinement, detention or lock up .................................................... ........

365 366 367

xxxi

367 367 367 367 368 368 368 368 368 369 369 370 370 370 371 371 371 371

 ART. 268. Slight illegal detention.............................................. ............ Elements .................................................. ...................................... Slight Illegal Detention is committed if any of the circumstances in the commission of kidnapping or detention enumerated in Article 267 is not present .......... Distinctions between Illegal Detention and Arbitrary Detention ........................................................... ...................

372 372

372 373

 ART. 269. Unlawful arrest .............................................. ....................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Who may commit the crime?........................................................ .

373 373 373

SECTION 2. Kidnapping of Minors ................................................... ....  ART. 270. Kidnapping and failure to return a minor ........................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Who may commit the crime? ....................................................... .

374 374 374 374

 ART. 271. Inducing a minor to abandon his home ................................ Elements .................................................. ......................................

374 375

SECTION 3. Slavery and Servitude ................................................... ...  ART. 272. Slavery ........................................................ ........................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Acts punishable .......................................................... .................. Purpose ................................................... ...................................... RA 9208 (Anti-air Trafficking of Persons Act of 2003) .............. Under Section 6, trafficking is qualified when ............................

375 375 375 375 376 376 377

 ART. 273. Exploitation of Child Labor ............................................... .. Elements .................................................. ...................................... RA 9231 (Anti-Child Labor Act of 2003) .....................................

378 378 378

 ART. 274. Services rendered under compulsion in payment of debts ..................................................... ...................................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

379 379

Chapter Two

CRIMES AGAINST SECURITY SECTION 1. Abandonment of Helpless Persons and Exploitation of Minors...................................................................

381

 ART. 275. Abandonment of persons in danger and abandonment of one’s own victim......................................................................... Acts punishable .......................................................... .................. Elements .................................................. ......................................

381 381 382

 ART. 276. Abandonment a minor........................................................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Circumstances qualifying the offense ..........................................

383 383 383

 ART. 277. Abandonment of minor by person entrusted with his custody; Indifference of parents ............................................. Acts punishable ........................................................... ..................

384 384

xxxii

 ART. 278. Exploitation of minors............................................... ............ Acts punishable .......................................................... ..................

385 386

 ART. 279. Additional penalties for other offenses ................................

386

SECTION 2. Trespass to Dwelling .................................................... ....

386

 ART. 280. Qualified trespass to dwelling .............................................. Elements .................................................. ...................................... Two forms of trespass ......................................................... ..........

386 387 387

 ART. 281. Other forms of trespass ..................................................... .... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Instances when there is no trespass to dwelling (Bar question).......................................................................  ART. 282. Grave threats .................................................. .......................

387 388 388 388

Acts punishable .......................................................... ..................

389

 ART. 283. Light threats ................................................... .......................

389

Elements .................................................. ......................................

389

 ART. 284. Bond for good behavior......................................................... .

390

 ART. 285. Other light threats ................................................... ............. Acts punishable .......................................................... ..................

390 391

 ART. 286. Grave coercions.................................................. .................... Acts punishable .......................................................... .................. Elements .................................................. ...................................... Two kinds of coercion ........................................................... ........ Ways of commission ................................................... ..................

391 392 392 392 392

 ART. 287. Light coercions................................................ ....................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Who may commit the crime? ....................................................... .

393 393 394

 ART. 288. Other similar coercions ..................................................... .... Acts punishable .......................................................... .................. 1. compulsory purchase of materials ..................................... 2. Payments of wages by means of tokens ............................

394 395 395 395

 ART. 289. Formation, maintenance and prohibition of combination of capital or labor through violence or threats ............................ Elements .................................................. ......................................

396 396

 ART. 290. Discovering secrets through seizure of correspondence .................................................. ............................ Elements .................................................. ......................................

396 397

 ART. 291. Revealing secrets with abuse of office .................................. Elements .................................................. ...................................... Persons liable................................................... ..............................

398 398 399

 ART. 292. Revelation of industrial secrets ............................................ Elements ........................................................... ............................

399 399

xxxiii

TITLE TEN

CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY Chapter One

ROBBERY IN GENERAL What are the crimes against property? .......................................

401

 ART. 293. Who are guilty of robbery......................................................

402

Elements of robbery in general.................................................... . Highway Robbery (PD NO. 332) ................................................. Cattle Rustling (PD NO. 533) .................................................. .... Carnapping (RA NO. 6539) ...................................................... .... Qualified carnapping .................................................. .................. Robbery and theft compared ..................................................... ... Distinctions between Robbery and Theft ....................................

402 403 404 404 404 405 405

SECTION 1. Robbery with Violence against or Intimidation of Persons……… .......................................................... ..................

405

 ART. 294. Robbery with violence against or intimidation of persons — Penalties .................................................... ..............  Acts Punishable .......................................................... .................. Crimes under Robbery with violence ...........................................

405 406 407

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Robbery with homicide ...................................................... ..... Robbery with homicide (even if there is Arson or rape) ....... Robbery with rape .................................................... .............. Robbery with arson .................................................. .............. Robbery with intentional mutilation..................................... Robbery with Serious physical injuries.................................

407 407 407 407 407 408

Robbery with homicide .................................................... .............. Treachery can be appreciated only in crimes against persons: not applicable in robbery with homicide ............. If the main purpose is to kill and robbery is committed after the killing there will be separate crimes .......................... When robbery is consummated but homicide is attempted or frustrated, there are two separate crimes .................... Robbery with intimidation .............................................. ............. Robbery with rape .................................................. ....................... Two stages of execution in robbery and theft: Attempted and Consummated .................................................. .............

408

 ART. 295. Robbery with physical injuries, committed in an uninhabited place and by a band, or with the use of firearm on a street, road or alley ............................................... ... When robbery with violence or intimidation of persons qualified .................................................. ............................. xxxiv

408 411 411 411 412 413

414 415

Robbery with serious physical injuries .......................................

415

 ART. 296. Definition of a band and penalty incurred by the members thereof ........................................................... .................   Requisites.......................................................................................

415 416

 ART. 297. Attempted and frustrated robbery committed under certain circumstances.......................................................... ..........  ART. 298. Execution of deeds by means of violence or intimidation ... Elements .................................................. ......................................

416 416 417

 ART. 299. Robbery in an inhabited house or public building or edifice devoted to worship........................................................ . This article deals with robbery with force upon things committed in ...................................................... .................. Elements under subdivision (a) ................................................. ... Elements under subdivision (b) ................................................. ... Robbery with force upon things ............................................... .... FIRST MODE: entering a house or building by any of the following means ................................................................. Entrance through an opening not intended for entrance or egress ............................................................................. Entrance by breaking a wall, roof or floor or breaking any door or window ........................................................... ......... Entrance by using false keys, picklocks or similar tools ............ Entrance by using fictitious name or pretending to be a public authority ..................................................... ........... SECOND MODE: Where there is no force in entering a house or building ................................................ ..............

417 418 418 419 419 419 419 420 420 420 421

 ART. 300. Robbery in an uninhabited place and by a band .................  ART. 301. What is an inhabited house, public building or building, but once inside dedicated to religious worship and their dependencies..................................................... .................... What are dependencies? .................................................... ...........

422

 ART. 302. Robbery in an uninhabited place or in a private building .. Elements .................................................. ......................................

423 424

 ART. 303. Robbery of cereals, fruits, or firewood in an uninhabited place or private building .................................................. .............

425

 ART. 304. Possession of picklocks or similar tools ................................ Elements .................................................. ......................................

425 425

 ART. 305. False keys ..............................................................................

425

422 423

CHAPTER TWO

BRIGANDAGE  ART. 306. Who are brigands – penalty ............................................... ... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Presidential Decree No. 532 .................................................... .... xxxv

426 426 427

Brigandage ......................................................... ........................... Can a single person commit Brigandage? .................................... Highway robbery under PD 532 distinguished from ordinary robbery on a highway ......................................................... Mere fact that robbery was committed on a Philippine highway does not give rise to highway robbery or brigandage under PD No. 532 ............................................ Robbery with homicide: not highway robbery or brigandage under PD No. 532: was committee on board a passenger  jeepney ...................................................... ............................

427 428

 ART. 307. Aiding and abetting band or brigands ................................. Elements .................................................. ......................................

429 429

428

428

429

CHAPTER THREE

THEFT  ART. 308. Who are liable for theft ..................................................... .... Who are liable for theft?..................................................... ........... When is taking considered complete? .......................................... Finders of lost property ................................................... ............. Finder in fact ..................................................... ............................ Finder in law ..................................................... ............................ PD No. 133 (Theft of spare parts or materials) ........................... PD No. 581 (Highgrading or theft of gold) ................................... PD No. 1612 (The Anti-Fencing Law) .......................................... PD No. 1612 (The Anti-Fencing Law): Intent to gain is not an element ...................................................... .............. RA No. 6539 (The Anti-Carnapping Law).................................... Qualified carnapping .................................................. .................. The crime is carnapping only if only attempted or frustrated homicide/murder is committed in the course of the carnapping ....................................................... .................... Carnapping not qualified theft (Boundary System) .................... What constitutes unlawful taking in carpnapping .................... PD No. 533 (The Anti-Cattle Rustling Law of 1974) ................... PD No. 705: Illegal Logging ...................................................... .... Illegal possession of timber is malum prohibitum ..................... Illegal logging: two distinct acts – punishable ............................  ART. 309. Penalties ................................................................................  ART. 310. Qualified theft.................................................... .................... When is the crime qualified theft?................................................ Grave abuse of confidence .................................................. .......... Cattle rustling, qualified theft of large cattle or estafa .............. Qualified theft is committed if only material possession is transferred ................................................... .................... Estafa is committed when both material and juridical possession are transferred .................................................. xxxvi

431 431 432 432 432 433 433 433 434 435 435 435

436 436 436 436 437 437 437 438 439 439 440 440 440 441

Carnapping or qualified theft of motor vehicle ...........................

441

 ART. 311. Theft of the property of the National Library  And National Museum ........................................................

442

CHAPTER FOUR

USURPATION  ART. 312. Occupation of real property or usurpation of real rights in property ......................................................... .................  Acts punished ..................................................... ..................................... Elements ..................................................................................... PD No. 772 (Anti-Squatting Law) ................................................

443 443 443 444

 ART. 313. Altering boundaries or landmarks ....................................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

444 444

CHAPTER FIVE

CULPABLE INSOLVENCY  ART. 314. Fraudulent insolvency........................................................... Elements .................................................. ......................................

445 445

CHAPTER SIX

SWINDLING AND OTHER DECEITS  ART. 315. Swindling (estafa)....................................................... ........... Elements of Estafa in general .................................................. .... Three Ways of Committing Estafa ............................................... 1. 2.

Estafa With Abuse of Confidence ( Art. 315, Par. 1[A])..... Estafa By Means Of False Pretenses Or Fraudulent Acts (Art. 315, Par. [2]) ................................................... .............  Violation of BP 22: (The Bouncing Checks Law) ......................... Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 (Anti-Bouncing Checks Law) .............. How it is Violated ........................................................ .................. When is there Prima Facie Evidence of Knowledge of Insufficient Funds? ..................................................... ......... Exceptions ......................................................... ............................ Each Act of Drawing and Issuing a Bouncing Check Constitutes a Separate Offense .......................................... The 90-Day Period is not an Element of BP 22 ...........................  A Person who is neither a Payee nor a Holder of a Bad Check has no Personality to Sue......................................... Written Notice of Dishonor: Proof of Receipt is Necessary ......... Registry Return Receipt Not Proof Enough ................................. It is not necessary to present the bank’s representative as a witness to testify on the dishonor of the check....................................................... .................... xxxvii

446 448 449 449 452 454 454 454 455 455 456 456 457 457 458

459

Prescription Of BP 22 Cases ..................................................... ....  Violation of BP 22 Now Covered By The Rules On Summary Procedure .............................................. .............. Effect of Accused’s Failure to Submit Affidavit ........................... Distinguish Estafa From Violation Of BP 22 ..............................

459 460 460 460

3.

Estafa Through Fraudulent Means (Art. 315, Par. [3]).....

461

Elements of inducing another by means of deceit, to sign a document ......................................................... ..................

462

 ART. 316. Other forms of swindling .................................................. .... Other Forms Of Swindling........................................................... . Elements .....................................................................................

462 462 463

 ART. 317. Swindling a minor ................................................... .............. Elements .................................................. ......................................

464 464

 ART. 318. Other deceits ................................................... ....................... Acts Punished .................................................... ............................

464 464

CHAPTER SEVEN

CHATTEL MORTGAGE  ART. 319. Removal, sale or pledge of mortgaged property ................... Elements of paragraph 1 .................................................. ............. Elements of paragraph 2 .................................................. .............

466 466 467

CHAPTER EIGHT

 ARSON AND OTHER CRIMES INVOLVING DESTRUCTION PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1613  ARTICLES 320–326 B Presidential Decree No. 1613, Amended the Law on Arson (75 O.G 3275-3277) (Articles 320-326B, RPC) ...................  Arson ....................................................... ....................................... Kinds of Arson ................................................... ............................ Destructive Arson is Burning of .............................................. ..... Other Cases Of Arson.......................................................... .......... Special Aggravating Circumstances in Arson .............................

468 468 468 468 469 469

 ART. 327. Who are liable for malicious mischief .................................. Elements .................................................. ......................................

469 470

 ART. 328. Special cases of malicious mischief ......................................  ART. 329. Other mischief ................................................ .......................  ART. 330. Damage and construction to means of communication ....... Circumstance Qualifying the Offense ..........................................

470 470 471 471

 ART. 331. Destroying or damaging statues, public monuments or paintings ........................................................ ............................

471

xxxviii

CHAPTER TEN

EXEMPTION FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY  ART. 332. Persons exempt from criminal liability ............................... Crimes Included In The Exemption ............................................. Persons Exempted ................................................. .......................

472 472 472

TITLE ELEVEN

CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY CHAPTER ONE

 ADULTERY AND CONCUBINAGE WHAT ARE THE CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY?...................

474

 ART. 333. Who are guilty of adultery ................................................. ... Elements ..................................................................................... Who May Commit Adultery? .................................................... ....  Adultery is an instantaneous offense ...........................................

475 475 475 475

 ART. 334. Concubinage .......................................................................... Elements ..................................................................................... Only the offended spouse can file the case, just like in adultery .......................................................... ..................

476 476

 ART. 335. When and how is rape committed ........................................

476

476

CHAPTER TWO

 ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS  ART. 336. Acts of lasciviousness ............................................... ............. Elements .................................................. ......................................

477 477

CHAPTER THREE

SEDUCTION, CORRUPTION OF MINORS,  AND WHITE SLAVE TRADE Seduction ........................................................... ............................

479

 ART. 337. Qualified seduction ....................................................... ......... Two Kinds of Qualified Seduction ................................................ Elements .....................................................................................

479 479 479

Persons Liable: 1. Those who abused authority ............................................... 2. Those who abuse the confidence reposed on them ............. 3. Those who abused relationship ...........................................

480 480 480

xxxix

 ART. 338. Simple seduction ................................................................... Elements ..................................................................................... Who Can Be A Victim? .................................................... ..............

481 481 481

 ART. 339. Acts of lasciviousness with the consent of the offended party ................................................ ................................ Elements .................................................. ......................................

481 481

 ART. 340. Corruption of minors ................................................ ............. Act Prohibited .................................................... ...........................

482 482

 ART. 341. White slave trade ..................................................................  ART. 342. Forcible abduction .................................................... ............. Abduction ........................................................... ............................ Elements .................................................. ......................................

482 482 483 483

 ART. 343. Consented abduction ................................................ ............. Elements .................................................. ......................................

483 483

CHAPTER FIVE

PROVISIONS RELATIVE TO THE PRECEDING CHAPTERS OF TITLE ELEVEN  ART. 344. Prosecution of the crimes of adultery, concubinage, seduction, abduction, rape, and acts of lasciviousness ................ To be effective, when should the pardon be given by the offended party?........................................................... .......... What are the effects of pardon by the offended party?................ In rape, extinction of criminal liability applies only to the principal, the accused himself .............................................  ART. 345. Civil liability of persons guilty of crimes against chastity .. Persons Who are Guilty of Rape, Seduction or  Abduction Shall.......................................................... ..........  ART. 346. Liability of ascendants, guardians, teachers, or other persons entrusted with the custody of the offended party ..........

485 485 485 486 486 486 487

TITLE TWELVE

CRIMES AGAINST THE CIVIL STATUS OF PERSONS CHAPTER ONE

SIMULATION OF BIRTHS AND USURPATION OF CIVIL STATUS  ART. 347. Simulation of births, substitution of one child for another, and concealment or abandonment of a legitimate child ................................................... ...........................

xl

488

 Acts Punished .................................................... ............................ Simulation of births .................................................... ..................

488 489

 ART. 348. Usurpation of civil status .....................................................

489

CHAPTER TWO

ILLEGAL MARRIAGES  ART. 349. Bigamy ......................................................... .......................... Elements .................................................. ...................................... Good faith is a defense in bigamy.............................................. ... Can Bigamy be committed through negligence? ......................... What is the liability if any of a person who knowingly acts as witness to a bigamous marriage? ...........................

490 490 490 490 491

 ART. 350. Marriage contracted against provisions of laws .................. Elements .....................................................................................

491 492

 ART. 351. Premature marriages ............................................... ............. Persons Liable For Premature Marriages ..................................

492 492

 ART. 352. Performance of illegal marriage ceremony ..........................

492

TITLE THIRTEEN

CRIMES AGAINST HONOR CHAPTER ONE

LIBEL  ART. 353. Definition of libel ........................................................... ........ What is Libel? .................................................... ............................ Elements ..................................................................................... Test of Defamatory Imputation ................................................. ... Imputation May Cover ..................................................... ............. Dishonor ..................................................................................... Discredit ..................................................................................... Contempt ......................................................... ............................ When is there publication? ...................................................... ..... The offended party must be identifiable ......................................

493 493 493 494 494 494 494 494 494 494

Two Kinds of Malice .................................................... .................. 1. Malice in fact ...................................................... ........ 2. Malice in law ..................................................... ......... Guidelines When Several Persons Are Defamed .........................

494 494 494 495

 ART. 354. Requirement of publicity...................................................... . Every Defamatory Imputation is Presumed to be Malicious, Even if it be True ......................................................... ........ What is the “rule of actual malice”? ............................................. Privileged communication.............................................................

496

xli

496 495 496

Kinds Of Privileged Communications .......................................... Qualified privileged ...................................................... .................  Absolutely privileged ............................................... ...................... What are the Qualifiedly privileged communications? ............... Requisites of the First Kind of Privileged Communication: (Private communication in the performance of legal, moral or social duty) ............................................... ............. The defense of privileged communication is not tenable if it is shown ..................................................... ................... Requisites of the Second Kind of Privileged Communication: (Fair and true report made in good faith) .......................... Things To Remember ...................................................... ..............  Vasquez v. Court Of Appeals (G.R. No. 118971, September 15, 1999, 314 SCRA 460) .................................. The Rule Of “Actual Malice” ..................................................... .... Brillante v. Court Of Appeals (G.R Nos. 118757 And 121571, October 19, 2004, 440 Scra 554).......................................... Prescription of Libel ..................................................... ................. Computation of Prescription of Offense .......................................  Absolutely Privileged Communication and Conditionally Privileged Communication, Distinguished......................... Examples of Absolutely privileged communications ...................  Absolutely privileged communication includes ........................... Statements Made In Judicial Proceedings Are Privileged but Only if Pertinent or Relevant to Case Involved .......... Conditionally or qualifiedly privileged communications ............ Requisites Of Qualifiedly Privileged Communication................. Complaint must be Addressed to an Official having Jurisdiction ........................................................ .................. Sazon v. Hon. Court Of Appeals (255 SCRA 692)........................ Letter must be Addressed only to Persons who have some Interest or Duty in the Matter Alleged .............................. People v. Atty. Pieraz (G.R No. 142509, 485 SCRA 275) ............ What is the Multiple Publication Rule in Libel? ......................... “Multiple Publication Rule “ In Libel ...........................................  Attack on the Private Character of a Public Officer is Libel ...... The Anti-Wire Tapping Act (RA No. 4200) ..................................  ART. 355. Libel by means of writing or similar means ....................... Libel by means of writing or similar means can be committed by means of ............................................ What is the penalty imposable in Libel? ...................................... Penalty In Libel: Imprisonment or Fine ...................................... May the court impose a penalty of fine instead of imprisonment? ......................................................... ........  ART. 356. Threatening to public and offer to prevent such publication for a compensation ...........................................  Acts Punished .................................................... ............................ Blackmail ......................................................... ............................ xlii

496 496 496 497

497 497 497 498 498 498 499 499 499 500 501 501 501 502 502 503 503 504 504 505 505 505 506 507 507 508 508 509 509 509 510

Blackmail is possible in the following crimes ..............................

510

 ART. 357. Prohibited publication of acts referred to in the course of official proceedings......................................... Elements ..................................................................................... The Gag Law ................................................... ..............................

510 510 510

 ART. 358. Slander (Oral Defamation) ................................................ ... Kinds of Oral Defamation ............................................... .............. Factors that determine the gravity of oral defamation ............... Light oral defamation.................................................................... Oral defamation ........................................................ ....................

511 511 511 511 511

 ART. 359. Slander by deeds........................................................ ............ Elements ..................................................................................... Slander by deed is of two kinds ................................................ ....

511 512 512

SECTION 2. General Provisions .............................................. ..............

512

 ART. 360. Persons responsible .................................................. .............

512

Who are the persons liable for Libel? ........................................... Where is the venue of the criminal and civil action for damages arising from a written defamation? ....................

514

 ART. 361. Proof of the truth ..................................................... .............. May Evidence Proving the Truthfulness of the Imputation Admissible? ............................................ When Proof of the Truth is Admissible in a Charge for Libel .... Proof of Truth of an Imputation of an Act or Omission not Constituting a Crime is tot Admissible ........................ Defenses in Defamation .................................................. ..............  ART. 362. Libelous remarks ..................................................... ..............

514 514 514 514 515 515 515

CHAPTER TWO

INCRIMINATORY MACHINATIONS  ART. 363. Incriminating innocent persons............................................ Elements .................................................. ......................................

516 516

 ART. 364. Intriguing against honor .................................................... ... Intriguing against honor is popularly known as gossiping ......... Intriguing against honor and oral defamation, distinguished.... Intriguing against Honor and incriminating an innocent person, distinguished...................................................... ..................

516 516 517 517

TITLE FOURTEEN

QUASI-OFFENSE CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE  ART. 365. Imprudence and negligence ............................................... ... Elements .................................................. ...................................... xliii

518 519

Is Criminal Negligence a Crime in itself or only a modality for the Commission of another offense?.............................. Four Ways of Committing Quasi-Offenses Under Art. 365 ........ Imprudence ....................................................... ............................ Negligence ......................................................... ............................ Reckless Imprudence........................................................... .......... Elements of RECKLESS IMPRUDENCE.................................... Simple Imprudence ............................................... ....................... Elements of Simple Imprudence.................................................. Distinctions between reckless imprudence and negligence ........ Is the defense of last clear chance tenable? ................................. Examples of criminal negligence or imprudence ......................... Complex crimes apply to imprudence .......................................... Subsidiary penalty under Art. 39 of the RPC applies to reckless imprudence ........................................... Defense in Culpable Felony ...................................................... ....  Accident ......................................................... ............................ Elements .....................................................................................  ART. 366. Application of laws enacted prior to this Code ....................  ART. 367. Repealing clause .............................................. ......................

520 520 521 521 521 521 521 521 522 522 522 523 524 524 524 524 525 525

APPENDICES  Appendix A (Republic Act No. 9165)

............................................... ...

526

 Appendix B (Republic Act No. 9262) .................................................... ..

585

 Appendix C (Republic Act No. 9372) .................................................... ..

604

 Appendix D (Republic Act No. 8294)..................................................... .

634

 Appendix E (Republic Act No. 9194) .................................................... ..

638

 Appendix F (Republic Act No. 7659) ................................................... ...

646

 Appendix G (Republic Act No. 9344)..................................................... .

663

 Appendix H (Republic Act No. 7080) ................................................... ..

695

 Appendix I (Republic Act No. 4200) ..................................................... ..

698

 Appendix J (Republic Act No. 1477) .................................................... ..

701

 Appendix K (Republic Act No. 8353)..................................................... .

702

 Appendix L (Republic Act No. 9208) ................................................... ...

706

 Appendix M (Republic Act No. 7610) .................................................. ...

722

 Appendix N (Republic Act No. 3019) .................................................. ...

738

 Appendix O (Republic Act No. 7877)..................................................... .

745

 Appendix P (Republic Act No. 9231) ................................................... ...

749

 Appendix Q (Republic Act No. 6539)..................................................... .

758

 Appendix R (Presidential Decree No. 46) ..............................................

764

xliv