LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA
199TH REPORT ON
UNFAIR (PROCEDURAL & SUBSTANTIVE) TERMS IN CONTRACT
AUGUST 2006
2
JUSTICE M. JAGANNADHA RAO
CHAIRMAN
FN6()122006-LC(LS)
LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA SHASTRI BHAWAN NEW DELHI-110001 DELHI-110001 TEL: 2!""#$ FA%: 20#!6" 2!!!#0 E-MAIL: '*'+,./'/. RESIDENCE: 1 ANPATH NEW DELHI-110011 DELHI-110011 TEL: 2019"6$
1,3 A454,3 2006
D78 S8/ B787; /
S4: S4: R<83 R<83 N199 N199 = 3 L7 C>>/ C>>/,,/ ,,/. . . ?U.=7 ?U.=7/8 /8 (P8' (P8'487 487** 7. S4,37.3/@) T8>, /. C.387'3, T ,4; T ,4;' '33 = ?U.= ?U.=7/ 7/88 T8> T8>,, I. C.3 C.387 87'3 '3 7, 7, 7337 7337/. /. 587@ 587@ /><837.' /. 8'.3 3/>, .3 .* /. 8*73/. 3 '.,4>8 '.387'3, 43 7*, 7*, /. 857 8578 8 3 3 38 38 '.3 '.387' 87'3, 3, I. 19!" 19!" 3 108 R<83 = 3 L7 C>>/,,/. 7, ,4>/33 7. /3 7, ,455,3 373 7 ,/.5* ,'3/. (,' 6#A) /.'8<873 /. 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 /3 3 ,4,'3/., /.@7*/73/.5 '*4,/. = */7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.' 7. =8 87' = '.387'3 T73 ,'3/. @8 / .3 '.37/. 7. 5.87* <8@/,/. 3 7* /3 4.=7/8.,,
R'.3 D@*<>.3,: B43 ,/.' 19!" 38 7@ . ,/5./=/'7.3 @*<>.3, /. 38 '4.38/, '4.38/, 7. 37/* 37/* ,37343, 7@ . .7'3 8 <8<, <8<, 7. 38 78 @*4>/.4, R<83, = 3 L7 C>>/,,/., ,4' 7, 3 R<83 = 3 L7 C>>/, C>>/,,/ ,/. . = E.5*7. E.5*7. 7. S'3*7. S'3*7. (200") (200") 3 R<83 R<83 = 3 S43 S43 A=8/'7. L7 C>>/,,/. 199! 3 I.38/> R<83 = 3 B8/3/, C*4>/7 L7 I.,3/343 200$ 3 D/,'4,,/. P7<8 = 3 S37./.5 C>>/33 =
2
JUSTICE M. JAGANNADHA RAO
CHAIRMAN
FN6()122006-LC(LS)
LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA SHASTRI BHAWAN NEW DELHI-110001 DELHI-110001 TEL: 2!""#$ FA%: 20#!6" 2!!!#0 E-MAIL: '*'+,./'/. RESIDENCE: 1 ANPATH NEW DELHI-110011 DELHI-110011 TEL: 2019"6$
1,3 A454,3 2006
D78 S8/ B787; /
S4: S4: R<83 R<83 N199 N199 = 3 L7 C>>/ C>>/,,/ ,,/. . . ?U.=7 ?U.=7/8 /8 (P8' (P8'487 487** 7. S4,37.3/@) T8>, /. C.387'3, T ,4; T ,4;' '33 = ?U.= ?U.=7/ 7/88 T8> T8>,, I. C.3 C.387 87'3 '3 7, 7, 7337 7337/. /. 587@ 587@ /><837.' /. 8'.3 3/>, .3 .* /. 8*73/. 3 '.,4>8 '.387'3, 43 7*, 7*, /. 857 8578 8 3 3 38 38 '.3 '.387' 87'3, 3, I. 19!" 19!" 3 108 R<83 = 3 L7 C>>/,,/. 7, ,4>/33 7. /3 7, ,455,3 373 7 ,/.5* ,'3/. (,' 6#A) /.'8<873 /. 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 /3 3 ,4,'3/., /.@7*/73/.5 '*4,/. = */7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.' 7. =8 87' = '.387'3 T73 ,'3/. @8 / .3 '.37/. 7. 5.87* <8@/,/. 3 7* /3 4.=7/8.,,
R'.3 D@*<>.3,: B43 ,/.' 19!" 38 7@ . ,/5./=/'7.3 @*<>.3, /. 38 '4.38/, '4.38/, 7. 37/* 37/* ,37343, 7@ . .7'3 8 <8<, <8<, 7. 38 78 @*4>/.4, R<83, = 3 L7 C>>/,,/., ,4' 7, 3 R<83 = 3 L7 C>>/, C>>/,,/ ,/. . = E.5*7. E.5*7. 7. S'3*7. S'3*7. (200") (200") 3 R<83 R<83 = 3 S43 S43 A=8/'7. L7 C>>/,,/. 199! 3 I.38/> R<83 = 3 B8/3/, C*4>/7 L7 I.,3/343 200$ 3 D/,'4,,/. P7<8 = 3 S37./.5 C>>/33 =
O==/'8, = C.,4>8 A==7/8, V/'38/7 (A4,387*/7) 200" R<83 = 3 N 7*7. L7 C>>/,,/. 1990 7. O.378/ L7 R=8> C>>/,,/. 19!# 3' I. @/ @/ = 3, , @ @* *<> <>.3, .3, /. 38 38 '4. '4.38 38/ /, , 3 3 L7 L7 C>>/,,/. C>>/,,/. 7, 37. 37. 4< 7 37/* 37/* ,34 ,34 = = 3 3 ,4;'3 ,4;'3 ,4 >34 >34 T C>>/,,/. 7, 8=88 3 3 ,37343, 7. L7 C>>/,,/. R<83, = @78/4, '4.38/, /. 8*73/. 3 4.=7/8 38>,
U.=7/8 38>, = '.387'3 *7 /** .3 7=='3 =8/5. /.@,3>.3: A3 3 43,3 4* */ 3 8=8 3 7. 7854>.3 373 /.384'3/. = 7 *7 . ?4.=7/8 38>, >7 <8;4/'/7** 7=='3 =8/5. /.@,3>.3 /. I./7 I./7 I. 3/, 3/, '.3 '.33 3 >7 >7 </.3 </.3 43 373 373 3 3 S43 S43 A=8/ A=8/'7. '7. L7 C>>/,,/. 199! 7, ,38.5* 8=43 ,4' 7. 7854>.3 7. ,373 373 . ,4' ?4.=7/8 38>, *7, /,3 /. ,@87* '4.38/, /.'*4/.5 U USA A4,387*/7 N 7*7. C7.77 3' 7 ,/3473/. /** 87' . S43 A=8/'7 4* ,4==8 7 5873 /,7@7.375 /= /3 / .3 7@ . ,4' *7 *7 W 78 78 = 3 3 ,7> >8 '>>8' ' /** /** <43 3 3 ,8/4, ,8/4, /,7@7.375 /= .3 7@ 7 *7 854*73/.5 4.=7/8 38>, = '.387'3
N =8 7/3/.7* <8@/,/., 7<783 =8> =8> <8@/,/., = I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196:
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
"
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
?P8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, /. '.387'3,:
W/* 7 *7 3 7* /3 4.=7/8.,, /. '.387'3, /, .',,78 3 >8 />< /><83 837. 7.33 7,< 7,<'3 '3 /, 3 3 /@/ /@/,/ ,/. . = 4. 4.=7 =7/8 /8. .,, ,, /.3 /.3 ?<8 ?<8' '4 487 87* * 7. 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 4.=7/8.,, S4' 7 /@/,/. 7, .3 . . /. 7. '4.38 '4.38 , =78 =78 4 433 38 38 78 78 ,@ ,@87 87** 783/' 783/'* *,, ;48/ ;48/,3, ,3, 373 373 ,4' ,4' 7 /@/, /@/,/. /. /, .',,78 T </.3 43 373 3 *7, /. ,@87* '4.38/, '4.38/, 7@ '873 7 *3 *3 = '.= '.=4, 4,/ /. . '7 '74, 4, 3 3 78 78 7 ?> ?>/, /,->7 >7, , = <8' <8' 48 487* 7* 7. 7. ,4,3 ,4 ,37. 7.3/@ 3/@ 4.=7/ 4.=7/8. 8.,, ,, W 758 758 373 373 ,4' ,4' 7 /@/,/ /@/,/. . /, 7,*4 7,*43 3* * .',,78 .',,78 W/3 373 /. @/ @/ 7@ 7>/. 7>/. 3 ,37343, ,37343, = @78/4, @78/4, '4.38/, 7. =8 48 '.@./.' 7. =8 <48<,, = 48 8,78' 7@ ,58 ,585 573 73 3 3 <8@ <8@/, /,/ /., ., /. 3, 3, '4. '4.38 38/ /,, /.3 /.3 ?<8 ?<8' '4 487 87* * 7. 7. ?,4,37.3/@ ., /3 7 @/ 3 7@ ,<7873 ='4, . 3, 3 7,<'3, I. 3/, R<83 7. 3 B/** 7.. 3 3/, R<83 7@ 38=8 =/. ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, ,<7873* 7. 7@ 7*, 7*, <8@/ <8@/ ,<7873 ,<7873 54/*/., 54/*/., =8 =8 7' = = 3> W ,7** ,7** 8/=* 8/=* 8=8 3 3, <8<,7*,
G.87* ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. 54/*/., 383:
A '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= /, <8'487** 4.=7/8 /= /3 7, 8,4*3 /. 7. 4.;4,3 7@7.375 8 4.;4,3 /,7@7.375 3 . <783 . 7''4.3 = 3 '.4'3 = 3 38 <783 8 3 >7..8 /. /' 8 3 '/8'4>,37.', 4.8 /' 3 '.387'3 7, . .38 /.3 8 3 38> 38= 7, . 788/@ 73 3 <783/, (, ,' $ = 3 B/**) W 7@ <8@/ ,<7873 ,373438 54/*/., /. ,' 6 3 .7* 3 C483 3 '/ . <8'487* 4.=7/8.,,
$
G.87* ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7. 54/*/., 383:
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
B48. = <8=:
W 7@ 7*, <8<, 7 <8@/,/. /. ,' 1" 7, 8578, 48. = <8= /. 3 '7, = ?5.87* ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, =7**/.5 /3/. '*74, () = ,' 9 ('*4,/. = */7/*/3 =8 87' = '.387'3) 7. ,' 10 ('*4,/. = */7/*/3/, 3' 7, 78 8=88 3 /. ,' 62 = S7* = G, A'3 190) 7. 3 48. /** . 3 <8,. 8*/.5 . ,4' '*4,/., 8 8,38/'3/., 8=88 3 /. 3, ,'3/., 3 <8@ 373 38 /, 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/. =8 '*4,/. = */7/*/3
6
P8@/,/., 3 7<<* 3 '43 '.387'3,:
A.38 <8@/,/. = '.,/87* /><837.' /' /, =4. /. 38 '4.38/, /, 373 3 <8@/,/., = 3 <8<, A'3 /** 7<<* 7*, 3 ?'43 '.387'3, B43 4.*/ ,/>/*78 <8@/,/., *,8 7@ ,373 373 =8 373 <48<, 3 C483 /** 7@ 3 '.,/8 38 7. 3 73 3.3 8,3/343/. /, <,,/* 7. 8 ,4' 8,3/343/. /, .3 <,,/* /38 ** 8 <783* 38 '><.,73/. '7. 587.3
C483 3 ,4 >34 87/, /,,4, = 4.=7/8.,, = '.387'3 8 38>,: (,' 16)
K3 7.38 <8@/,/. /' /, ,/>/*78 3 3 . 787 /, 3 . 8*73/.5 3 3 C483, <8 3 87/, 7. /,,4 = 4.=7/8.,, 8 7 38> 38= . /3, . @. /= 3 <783/, 7@ .3 87/, ,4' 7 <*7
R*/=, 3 587.3 C483: (,' 1#)
W 7@ <8<, 373 3 C483 '7. 587.3 @78/4, 8*/=, /= 38 /, <8'487* 8 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, T 8*/=, /.'*4 ..-.=8'>.3 = '.387'3 8 /3, 38>, '*78/.5 3 38>, 7, .3 .=8'7* 8 @/ @78/.5 3 38>, , 7, 3 8>@ 4.=7/8.,, 8=4. = '.,/873/. 8 <8/' <7/ '><.,73/. 8 7>75, 7. <8>7..3 /.;4.'3/. 7. >7.738 /.;4.'3/. 3'
A'3 .3 3 7<<* 3 ,> '.387'3,:
T <8<, A'3 /** .3 7<<* 3 ,8@/' '.387'3, 3. ><*8 7. 8>. 4.8 3 *748 *7, /. =8' .8 3 <4*/' ><*>.3 4.8 3 C.387* G@8.>.3 8 S373 G@8.>.3, 8 3/8 /.,384>.37*/3/, 8 ><*>.3 4.8 *'7* 7438/3/, 8 4.8 <4*/' ,'38 4.837/.5, = 3 C.387* 8 S373 G@8.>.3, 8 3 ><*>.3 4.8 '8<873/., 8 /, ,37*/, 8 4.8 7. ,37343, >7 P78*/7>.3 8 S373 L5/,*7348, 8 3 /.38.73/.7* 3873/, 8 758>.3, W 7@ 7*, */,3 3 /,3/.5 ?<8'487* <8@/,/., = 3 C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 /' 78 <8'487* /.
#
.7348 /. ,'3/., 7. " 7. 3 /,3/.5 ?,4,37.3/@ <8@/,/., = 3, A'3, /. ,'3/., # 7. ! O= '48, 3, A'3, 78 .3 /,348
A'3 3 7<<* 3 >7338, /. '/@/* '483, '.,4>8 =87 7. 78/387* 38/4.7*,:
I3 /, <8<, 373 3 . <8@/,/., = 3 A'3 /** 7<<*/'7* 3 '/@/* '483, '.,4>8 =87 4.8 3 C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 19!6 7. 3 3 78/387* 38/4.7*, 4.8 3 A8/3873/. 7. C.'/*/73/. A'3 1996 T <8<,7* 7*, /, 3 >7 3 A'3 7<<*/'7* 3 '.387'3, .38 /.3 7=38 3 '>>.'>.3 = 3 <8<, A'3 W < 373 3/, R<83 7. B/** /' =8 3 =/8,3 3/> /@/, 4.=7/8 38>, /.3 ?<8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 38>, /** >3 7. 485.3 . = <8,., 78 <783/, 3 '.387'3, /. 3 >783, 37 7, ** 7, 3 38 '.387'347* 387.,7'3/., K48, ,/.'8*
(M 757..77 R7) S8/ HR B787; U./. M/./,38 =8 L7 7. 4,3/' G@8.>.3 = I./7 S7,38/ B77. NEW DELHI.
!
INDE% C7<38 N
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U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.387'3 A C><7873/@ S34 69 3 11
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3 9
1!# 3
220 ANNE%URE
U.=7/8 (P8'487* 7. S4,37.3/@) T8>, /. C.387'3 B/** 2006
221 3 2
9
CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTORY
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
10
T L7 C>>/,,/. = I./7 /. /3, 10 8 R<83 (19!") . U.=7/8 T8>, = C.387'3 7 7*3 /3 3 ,4;'3 7. <8<, /.,83/. = ,'3/. 6#A /.3 3 C.387'3 A'3 I. 7, >4' 7, . '.'<3, 7@ . 4/*3 /.3 3 ,4;'3 /. 3 *7,3 3 '7, 3 L7 C>>/,,/. = I./7 7, 37. 4< 3 ,4;'3 7=8, =8 =4838 ,34
T >7/. /5*/53 = 3/, R<83 /, 3 '.,/873/. = U.=7/8 T8>, = C.387'3 ,<7873/.5 3 ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. 3 ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, /. 3 >7338 = '.387'3, 8 3/8 38>, I. 3 ,37343, /. =8' 8 B/**, <8<78 38 L7 C>>/,,/., /* /3 /, 8'5./ 373 '.387'3, 8 3/8 38>, >7 4.=7/8 /38 . 7''4.3 = ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 8 . 7''4.3 = ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 3 /,'4,,/. 7, ** 7, 3 <8@/,/., = 3 ,37343,B/**, , .3 3873 3, 7,<'3, ,<7873*
I. =7'3 /. ,> '4.38/, /* 3 /,3/.'3/. /,
87*/ 38 /, . '.,/873/. = 3 '.'<3, ,<7873* 7. 3 8,4*3 /, 373 ,@87* ,'3/., '>/. ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, T ,<'/7*3 = 48 R<83 /, 373 .3 .* 7@ 38/ 3 ,58573 3 <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8 <8@/,/., = 38 '4.38/, /. ,<7873 '7<38, 7@ 7*, <3 3 '.'<3, ,<7873* /. 3 B/** 7.. 3 3/, R<83
W73 >7. ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /, 38 38 /, 4.=7/8.,, /. 3 >7..8 /. /' 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 78 788/@ 73 8 78 7'347** .38 /.3 3 <783/, 8 /. 3 '/8'4>,37.', 8*73/.5 3 3 @.3, />>/73* =8 3 .38/.5 /.3 3 '.387'3 8 /. 3 '.4'3 = 3 <783/, 3/8 8*73/@ <,/3/. 8 */3878 .*5 8
11
38 . <783 7 /><, ,37.78 38>, . 3 38 8 38 3 38>, 8 .3 .53/73
T, 7. 38 '/8'4>,37.', 8*73 3
<8'487* 4.=7/8.,,
W73 >7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, /, 373 7 38> /3,*= >7 /38 .-,/ 78, 8 <<8,,/@ 8 4.'.,'/.7* 7. 38=8 4.=7/8 O. <783 >7 7@ '*4 */7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.' 8 =8 87' = '.387'3 8 >/53 7@ /><, 38>, . 3 38 /' 78 ,38/'3* .3 .',,78 8 >/53 7@ 5/@. 3 />,*= <8 3 @78 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 4./*7387** 3' S4' 38>, '4* 4.=7/8 3>,*@,
T I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!62 7, ,@87* <8@/,/., 8*73/.5 3 ?@/7* '.387'3, T, <8@/,/., 7* /3 4.4 /.=*4.' '8'/. =874 >/,37 >/,8<8,.373/. 3'
T, 78 /. ?<8'487*
<8@/,/., 7*87 '.37/. /. 3 A'3 L//, 3 C.387'3 A'3 7*, /3 ?@/ '.387'3, 8 ?@/ 38>, T, 78 ?,4,37.3/@ <8@/,/., 7*87 '.37/. /. 3 A'3
S/>/*78* 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196
'.37/., <8@/,/., =8 587.3/.5 8*/= 8 38 /, <8'487* 8 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,
B43 73 /, . <8<, /. 3/, R<83 7. 3 B/** /, 3 <8@/ 7/3/.7* <8@/,/., = ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7. 8>/, =8 8>@/.5 ,4' 3<, = 4.=7/8.,,
T, . 8>/, '7. 587.3 3 C/@/* C483, 78/387* 38/4.7*, 7. 3 '.,4>8 =87 4.8 3 C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 19!6
12
T B8/3/, 7. S'33/, L7 C>>/,,/., 7@ /. ,373 /. 3/8 ;/.3 R<83 = 200" 8=88 3 7@ 373 ?3 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, (3 ,4,37.' 7. =='3 = 3 38>) 7. ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, (3 '/8'4>,37.', /,3/.5 73 373 3/>) >4,3 37. /.3 7''4.3
G*8/.5 7. 38, 7@ '><*7/. 373 3 A4,387*/7. U.=7/8 T8>, ,37343, 7@ =7/* 3 /,3/.54/, 3. <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 T D/,'4,,/. P7<8 200" =8> V/'38/7 (A4,387*/7) 8=8, 3 3 7@ ,37343, 7. ,373, 373 ?3 '488.3 85/>, /. A4,387*/7 7@ '873 ,> '.=4,/. /. <87'3/' '74, = 3/8 =7/*48 3 /,3/.54/, 3. <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,
T P7<8
,373, 373 /. 3 A4,387*/7. ,37343, ,4' 7, 3 (NSW) T87 P87'3/', A'3 U./=8> C.,4>8 C8/3 C 3 */,3 = =7'38, 3 /' 3 '483 /, 8J4/8 3 7@ 8578 /. 38>/./.5 38 7 '.387'3 /, 4.;4,3 /, 7 >/, >7, = <8',,-8/.3 7. 43'>-8/.3 '.,/873/.,
T 7@ D/,'4,,/. P7<8 7*, ,373, 373 /*,3 /3 7, . 7854 373 38 /, <87* ,4==/'/.3 '@875 = 3 <8'487* 7,<'3 = 4.=7/8 '.387'3 38>, ,3/** 3 '8/3/'/,> .3 78*/8 G*8/.5 3 7* 373 '488.3 A4,387*/7. *5/,*73/. /, <8*>73/' /. 373 /3 , .3 /,3/.54/, 3. <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ /,,4, /, '.,/8 3 @7*/ I. 88 3 '873 '*78/3 3 <<834./3 >/53 4.837. /*,3 78,,/.5 3 /,,4 = 4.=7/8.,, = '.387'3 38>, 3 8'3/= 3/, ,/3473/. D/,'4,,/. P7<8 7*, ,373:
T
1
T8 4* 338 C483 43'>, =8 7558/@ /./@/47*, 4 3 3 /==8.3/73/. 3. <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ >7338,
I. 3 78*/,3 ,48' =8 /,3/.54/,/.5 3. ?<8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, /, 7 <7<8 = 196# A8348 A**. L== A,,33 P8= W7,/.53. U./@8,/3 L7 S'* . ?U.'.,'/.7/*/3 7. 3 C T E><88, N C*74, <4*/, /. (196#) U./@8,/3 = P..,*@7./7 L7 R@/ < "!$
A8348 L== '>>.3, . S'3/. 2-02 = 3 U./=8> C>>8'/7* C (ESA) 7, =**,:
I= 87/.5 3/, ,'3/. >7, 7.3/.5 '*78 /3 /, 373 87/.5 /, ,'3/.
7*.
>7,
.3/.5
'*78
743
3
>7./.5
?4.'.,'/.7* '<3 <87<, 373 /3 /, <;873/@
=
M8
<783/'4*78* . '7..3 3** =8> 3 ,37343 38 3 '.'<3 /, ,>3/.5 3 <8/'73 . 3 7857/./.5 <8',, 8 . 3 7857/. 8 . ,> '>/.73/. = 3 3 373 /, 3 4, 48 38>/.*5 38 /3 /, <8'487* 8 ,4,37.3/@ T 87=3,>7. =7/* =4** 3 7<<8'/73 3 ,/5./=/'7.' = 3 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 '.'<3, .',,78 <8'48 ,4,37.3/@ /'3> 7. 373 ,4' =7/*48 /, . = 3 <8/>78 87,., =8 ,'3/. 2-02, =/.7* 7>8<4, 4./.3**/5//*/3 7. /3, 7''><7./.5 '>>.3, =/.7* /88*@7.'
U.=7/8 T8>, *5/,*73/. .3 7. ,37'* 3 =8/5. /.@,3>.3:
1"
O48 <8<,7*, =8 /.384'/.5 4.=7/8 8 4.'.,'/.7* 38>, /. I./7 4* .3 /,*73 3 '.387'3/.5 <783/, .8 /.//3 =8/5. /.@,3>.3 7. 387
S4' 7 '.'8. 7, 87/, .4>8 = 8,<..3, 43 7,
8;'3 /. 3 R<83 5/@. S43 A=8/'7. L7 C>>/,,/. . ?U.87,.7* S3/<4*73/., I. C.387'3, A. T R'3/=/'73/. = C.387'3, (199!) . 3 584. 373 . ,@87* '4.38/, 7@ >7 *7, 3 '48 4.87,.7* '.387'3, S43 A=8/'7 4* ,37. 73 7 /,7@7.375 /= /3 / .3 7@ ,4' *7, T R<83 ,373:
T C>>/,,/. .3, 3 '.'8. /. 8,<'3 = 3 <,,//*/3 373 =8/5. /.@,38, 7. '.387'3/.5 <783/, >/53 /,'4875 =8> '.'*4/.5 '.387'3, /. S43 A=8/'7 ,4* 3 *7 .7* 3 '483, 3 8@/ '.387'3, /. 88 3 38>/. 38 3 '><* /3 <8/.'/<*, = '.387'347* =7/8.,, T C>>/,,/. .3, 373 7<783 =8> 38 /.5 *'7* '7**, =8 3 8'5./3/. = =7/8.,, /. '.387'3, >7,48, 7@ *73* . 7<3 7. /,3/.5 ., 3. /. =8/5. ;48/,/'3/., 7@ 8'5./ 3 . 3 854*73 4.=7/8 '.387'3, I. @/ = 3/, =7'347* ,/3473/. /3 ,>, 3 3 C>>/,,/. 373 3 7854>.3 87/, ,> 8,<..3, 373 3 /.384'3/. = >7,48, 757/.,3 4.=7/8 8 4.'.,'/.7* 38>, 4* /,*73 S43 A=8/'7. '.387'3/.5 <783/, 7. /.//3 =8/5. /.@,3>.3 7. 387 ,4* '8/3/'7** @7*473 I3 ,>, 3 3 C>>/,,/. 373 S43 A=8/'7 4* 8738 '> 3 '<3/. 7. /3, *7 = '.387'3 4* =/'/.3 /. '><78/,. /3 3, '4.38/, /' 8'5./ 7. 8J4/8 '><*/7.' /3 3 <8/.'/<* = 5 =7/3 /. '.387'3,
1$
I3 /, /. 3 */53 = 3 7@ '8/3/'/,> /. ,@87* '4.38/, 373 7@ =*3 373 /3 /, .',,78
(1)
3 ,58573 3 /,3/.5 <8@/,/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. 3 <8@/,/., = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 /. , =78 7, 3 8*73 3 @/7* '.387'3, 7. @/ '.387'3, 8,<'3/@* /.3 ?<8'487* <8@/,/., 7. ?,4,37.3/@ <8@/,/., 7.
(2)
3 7 3 3, (7)
7 ,<'/=/' =/./3/. = ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. <8@/ ,<'/=/' 54/*/., =8 ;45/.5 /= 38 /, <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7.
()
7 ,<'/=/' =/./3/. = ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7. <8@/ ,<'/=/' 54/*/., =8 ;45/.5 /= 38 /, ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,
()
3 */,3 8>/, /' '7. 587.3 3 8*/@ <783/, =8> <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,
T <8<, B/** /, 7 37/* . /' <87<, =8 3 =/8,3 3/> /. 7. '4.38 /, 7*/.5 ,<7873* /3 ?<8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, T73 /, 7@ .7> 3/, R<83 7, U.=7/8 (P8'487* 7. S4,37.3/@) T8>, /. C.387'3, R<83 T <8<, B/** /, .7> U.=7/8 T8>, (P8'487* 7. S4,37.3/@) = C.387'3, B/** 2006
16
CHAPTER-II
THE PRESENT STATE OF LAW IN INDIA AND NEED FOR IMPROVEMENT:
A3 <8,.3 '.387'3, '4* '*78 @/ 8 @/7* /. 7 '483 = *7 .* /= /3 =7**, 4.8 . 8 38 = 3 <8@/,/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 /' >7 ,4' 38>, @/ 8 @/7* T8 /, 7, = 37 . 5.87* ,373438 <8@/,/. /. 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 8 3 S7* = G, A'3 190 8 3 '483, '7. 5/@ 8*/= 3 3 '.,4>878 <783 */.5 ,4' 38>, /. '.387'3, 7, @/ . 3 584. = 3/8 /.5 4.87,.7* 8 4.'.,'/.7* 8 4.=7/8
?Unconscionable’ Con!ac Un"e! Secion #$ o% &e In"ian Con!ac Ac' #()*:
O. = 3 8*@7.3 <8@/,/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 /' 8=8, 3 3 /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 3. <783/, 7. = 4.=7/8 7@7.375 = . <783 @8 3 38 /, '.37/. /. ,'3/. 16 7*/.5 /3 ?4.4 /.=*4.' T ,/3473/. /, 7 >/ 4< = <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7. ,4,'3/. () .* 87/,, 7 <8,4><3/. W ,7** <8,.3* 8=8 3 373 ,'3/.
S'3/. 16 7, 38 ,4,'3/., T =/8,3 7. ,'. ,4,'3/., 7* /3 <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. 87, 7, =**,:
1#
S'3/. 16 ?U.4 /.=*4.' =/.: (1) A '.387'3 /, ,7/ 3 /.4' ?4.4 /.=*4.' 8 3 8*73/., ,4,/,3/.5 3. 3 <783/, 78 ,4' 373 . = 3 <783/, /, /. 7 <,/3/. 3 >/.73 3 /** = 3 38 7. 4, 373 <,/3/. 3 37/. 7. 4.=7/8 7@7.375 @8 3 38
(2) I. <783/'4*78 7. /343 <8;4/' 3 3 5.87*/3 = 3 =85/.5 7 <8,. /, > 3 /. 7 <,/3/. 3 >/.73 3 /** = 7.38 (7) . *, 7 87* 8 7<<78.3 7438/3 @8 3 38 8 8 ,37., /. 7 =/4'/78 8*73/. 3 3 38 8 () 8 >7, 7 '.387'3 /3 7 <8,. , >.37* '7<7'/3 /, 3><878/* 8 <8>7..3* 7=='3 87,. = 75 /**.,, 8 >.37* 8 /* /,38,,
(//)
S4,'3/. () = ,' 16:
T 38 8*@7.3 <8@/,/. /, ,4-,'3/. () = ,'3/. 16 /' 8=8, 3 3 7,<'3 = 48. = <8= /. ?4.'.,'/.7* 387.,7'3/., /.4' ?4.4 /.=*4.' S4 ,'3/. () = ,'3/. 16 7. /**4,3873/. (') 78 8<84' 7, 4.8:-
1!
16()
W8 7 <8,. /, /. 7 <,/3/. 3 >/.73 3 /**
= 7.38 .38, /.3 7 '.387'3 /3 /> 7. 3 387.,7'3/. 7<<78, . 3 =7' = /3 8 . 3 @/.' 74' 3 +nconscionable 3 48. = <8@/.5 373 ,4' '.387'3 7, .3
/.4' 4.4 /.=*4.' ,7** 4<. 3 <8,. /. 7 <,/3/. 3 >/.73 3 /** = 3 38 N3/.5 /. ,4 ,'3/. ,7** 7=='3 3 <8@/,/., = ,'3/. 111 = 3 I./7. E@/.' A'3 1!#2
I**4,3873/. ('):
A /.5 /. 3 3 B 3 >. *.8 = /,
@/**75 '.387'3, 7 =8, *7. . 38>, /' 7<<78 3 4.'.,'/.7*
I3 */, . B 3 <8@ 373 3 '.387'3 7, .3
/.4' 4.4 /.=*4.'
T4, /3 /** ,. 373 @. ,4-,'3/. () = ,'3/. 16 7*, /3 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 /' /, 7. 7,<'3 = ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 43 */., /3 4< /3 ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, = >/.73/. = /** S4-,'3/. () = ,'3/. 16 /3 >4,3 .3 , .3 .7* 3 C483 3 ,38/ . 3 4.'.,'/.7* 38>, 43 .* .7*, 87/,/.5 7 <8,4><3/.
W73 , 3 38> 4.'.,'/.7* >7. W >7 * 73 3 L57* G*,,78 (G@8.>.3 = I./7 2001 P$1) I3 =/., 3 8 4.'.,'/.7* 7, ?/88'.'/*7* /3 73 /, 8/53 8 87,.7* U.'.,'/.7/*/3 /. 8*73/. 3 '.387'3, 7, 5.87** . 8'5./ 3 /.'*4 7,.' = 7 >7./.5=4* '/' . 3 <783 = . = 3 <783/, 3 7@/ 3 '.387'347* 38>, /' 4.87,.7* =7@48 . <783 757/.,3 3 38 <783 W38 7 >7./.5=4* '/' /, <8,.3 /. 7 <783/'4*78 '7, '7.
19
.* 38>/. '.,/873/. = 7** 3 '/8'4>,37.', ,4884./.5 3 387.,7'3/.
R578/.5 3/, 7,<'3 = 48. = <8= 8=8.' >7 >7 3 3 108 R<83 = 3 L7 C>>/,,/. . U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.387'3 (19!") 8 3 C>>/,,/. </.3 43 373 ,4-,'3/. () = ,'3/. 16 7, . /.38<83 3 P8/@ C4.'/* (P,73487/ @ 7..7<<7 C337/8 (1919) ILR " M7 $"6 (PC)) 7, >7./.5 373 3 3 *>.3, = >/.7.3 <,/3/. 7. 3 4.'.,'/.7* .7348 = 3 '.387'3 /** 7@ 3 ,37*/, =8 3 '.387'3 '7. ,7/ 3 8453 743 4.4 /.=*4.' T/, '/,/. 345 * 7, .3 . <783 =8> H@8 3 L7 C>>/,,/. = I./7 /. 3 1 3 R<83 . C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 (73 < 21) ,373 373 38 78 ,> '7,, /. /' . <8/.'/<*, = J4/3 8*/= 7, . 5/@. 757/.,3 78 7. 4.'.,'/.7* 7857/., @. 345 38 /, . J4,3/. = 4.4 /.=*4.' I. 7. 78* M787, '7, /. U ,7@4*4 N7/4 @ A8/34*7/ A>>7* (1912) ILR 6 M7 $ /3 7, /. =7'3 * 373 4.*,, 4.4 /.=*4.' 7, ,<'/=/'7** <8@ . 8*/= ,4* 587.3 . 3 584. = 4.'.,'/.7* .7348 = 7 '.387'3 C7. ,4' 7 ,/3473/. 7** 3 '.3/.4
Section 23 of the Indian Contract Act, 1!2" I##e$a#it% and &'(#ic &o#ic%
O. 38 8*@7.3 <8@/,/. /' ., 3 /,'4,, /, S'3/. 2 = 3
C.387'3 A'3: T/, 7*, /3 ?,4,37.3/@ >7338, /'
/.@7*/73 7 '.387'3 43 , .3 8=8 3 ?4.'.,'/.7/*/3 ,<'/=/'7**
20
S'3/. 2: W73 '.,/873/., 7. ;'3, 78 *7=4* 7. 73 .3: T '.,/873/. 8 ;'3 = 7. 758>.3 /, *7=4* 4.*,, /3 /, =8/. *7 8 /, = ,4' 7 .7348 373 /= <8>/33 /3 4* =73 3 <8@/,/., = 7. *7 8 /, =8744*.3 8 /.@*@, 8 /><*/, /.;48 3 3 <8,. 8 <8<83 = 7.38 8 3 C483 8578, /3 7, />>87* 8 <<, 3 <4*/' <*/'
T ,'3/. , .3 ,<7 = ?4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7, . = 3 584.,
I. 7' = 3, '7,, 3 '.,/873/. 8 ;'3 = 7.
758>.3 /, ,7/ 3 4.*7=4* E@8 758>.3 = /' 3 ;'3 8 '.,/873/. /, 4.*7=4* /, @/
S'3/. 2 <8@/, 373 3 '.,/873/. 8 ;'3 = 7. 758>.3 /, *7=4* 4.*,, /3 /, =8/. *7 8 4.*,, 3 78 ,4' 7 .7348 373 /= <8>/33 3 4* =73 3 <8@/,/. = 7. *7 8 78 =8744*.3 8 /.@*@ 8 /><* /.;48 3 3 <8,. 8 <8<83 = 7.38 8 3 '483 8578, /3 7, />>87* 8 <<, 3 <4*/' <*/' T *7,3 '*74, /. ,'3/. 2 34, '*78, 373 . >7. '7. *7=4** 373 /' /, <<, 3 <4*/' <*/' I3 '><8., 3 <83'3/. 7. <8>3/. = <4*/' *=78 I3 /, 7 <8/.'/<* = *7 4.8 /' =8> = '.387'3 8 <8/@73 7*/.5, 78 8,38/'3 3 *7 =8 3 5 = 3 '>>4./3
21
T I./7. C.387'3 A'3 , .3 =/. 3 <8,,/. ?<4*/' <*/' 8 73 /, >7.3 /.5 ?<<, 3 <4*/' <*/' F8> 3 @8 .7348 = 3/.5, 3 <8,,/., <4*/' <*/' <<, 3 <4*/' <*/' 8 '.3878 3 <4*/' <*/' 78 /.'7<7* = <8'/, =/./3/.,
U.*/ /. '7,, =7**/.5 4.8 ,'3/. 16 /' <8>/3, 7 <783 3 7@/ 7 '.387'3 ,'3/. 2 .7*, 7 C483 3 * '*74,, <<, 3 *7 8 <4*/' <*/' 3 @/ 7 /./3/
Secion *, an" P+blic Polic
T '/8'4>,37.', /. /' 7 '.387'3 /, */* 3 ,384' . 7, . <<, 3 <4*/' <*/' 78 =7/8* ** ,37*/, /. E.5*7.
L8
H7*,48 8=8, 3 '837/. '.387'3, ,4' 7, '.387'3 = >788/75 8875 3 '873/. = <8<34/3 7 '.387'3 /. 8,387/.3 = 387 7 57>/.5 8 758/.5 '.387'3 8 73 /, 8*@7.3 8 3 7,,/,3/.5 = 3 /.5, .>/, 78 7** 4.43* 4.*7=4* 3/.5, 7. 373 3, 78 584., = <4*/' <*/' (E78* = H7*,48 LC /. 7.,. @, D8/.=.3/. C.,*/73 M/., L3 Q1902 AC "!" 73 "91-92)
T 8/.78 =4.'3/. = 3 '483 /, 3 8* . 3 **-,33* 7, = <4*/' <*/' 7. 3 7<<* 3> 3 @78/.5 ,/3473/., I= 3 '.387'3 /. J4,3/. =/3, /.3 . 8 3 38 = 3, 7 '*78 @/ (A,J4/3 M7. L 7. @ 7' B78'*7 L3 Q19$1 A** ER #1" 73 #2)
T '483, >7 @8 >4* 3 **-,33* '7358/, =
<4*/' <*/' 3 ,4/3 . ,/3473/., /. 7 '7.5/.5 8* B43 >7 7 '483 /.@.3 7 . 7 = <4*/' <*/' T/, J4,3/. /, ,3/** 4.8 73
22
A''8/.5 3 L8 H7*,48 3 '7358/, = <4*/' <*/' 78 '*, I . ,7/ 373 7. '483 '7. /.@.3 7 . 7 = <4*/' <*/'
B43 <4*/' <*/' /, 7 @754 7. 4.,73/,=7'38 38> E@. ,
F8> 3/> 3 3/> ;45, 7@ 4338 78./.5 .3, 7, 3 3 7.58 = <8>/33/.5 ;4/'/7* 38/4.7*, 3 87> 4.'' /. 3/, =/*
L8 A3/. /.
F.8 V S3 . M/* M7 19! AC 1 (< 12) =4838 ,7/ 373 3 '38/. ,4* .* /.@ /. '*78 '7,, /. /' 3 78> 3 3 <4*/' /, ,4,37.3/7** /.'.3,37* 7. , .3 <. 4<. 3 //,.'873/' /.=8.', = 7 = ;4/'/7* >/.,
I. 3 ,7> ,387/. 743 4.8 /53 78, 75 /. R/'78,. @, M**/, (1!2") A** ER 2$! B48845 <83,3/.5 757/.,3 <4*/' <*/' ,7/ 373 /3 /, 7 @8 4.84* 8, 7. . .' 4 53 7,38/ /3 4 .@8 . 8 /3 /** '788 4
T 83 @/ . <4*/' <*/' /. I./7 7, <*7/. .78* =/=3 78, 75 S47 R7 (7, 3. 7,) /. G84*7* @ M777, (AIR 19$9 SC #!1)
T S4<8> C483 '743/. 757/.,3
<7.,/. = 584., /. <87'3/' 345 /. 38 3 '4* <7. I3 ,7/:-
P4*/' <*/' 8 3 <*/' = *7 /, 7. *4,/@ '.'<3 I3 7, . ,'8/ 7, 7. 4.384,383 54/ @78/7* J47*/3 4.84* 8, 3' 3 <8/>78 43 = 7 '483 = *7 /, 3 .=8' 7 <8>/, /' 3 <783/, 7@ >7 7. 3 4<* 3 ,7.'3/3 = '.387'3, /' =8>, 3 7,/, = ,'/3 43 /. '837/. '7,, 3 '483 >7
2
8*/@ 3> = 3/8 43 . 7 84* =4. . 73 /, '7** 3 <4*/' <*/' 345 /3 /, <8>/,,/* =8 3 '483, 3 <7. <4*/' <*/' 7. 7<<* 3> 3 /==8.3 ,/3473/., /3 ,4* /.@ /. '*78 7. /.'.3,37* '7,, = 78> 3
3 <4*/'
345 3 7, 78 .3 '*, 7. 345 383/'7** /3 >7 <8>/,,/* 3 @*@ 7 . 7 4.8 '<3/.7* '/8'4>,37.', = 7 '7.5/.5 8* /3 /, 7@/,7* /. 3 /.38,3 = ,37/*/3 = ,'/3 .3 3 >7 7. 733><3 3 /,'@8 . 7, /. 3, 7,
H@8 7 >8 =*/* 7. */87* 7<<87' 7, 7@'73 3 A< C483 /. 3 8'.3 '7, /. C.387* I.*7. W738 T87.,<83 C8<873/. '7,: AIR (19!6) 1$#1 (73 1612)
T S4<8> C483 *
373:
<4*/' <*/' /, .3 3 <*/' = 7 <783/'4*78 G@8.>.3 /3 '..3, ,> >7338 /' '.'8., 3 <4*/' 5 7. <4*/' /.38,3 T '.'<3 = 73 /, =8 3 <4*/' 5 8 /. 3 <4*/' /.38,3 8 73 4* /.;48/4, 8 *7=4* 3 3 <4*/' 5 8 3 <4*/' /.38,3 7, @78/ =8> 3/> 3 3/> A, . '.'<3, 37 3 <*7' = * 387.,7'3/., /' 8 .' '.,/8 757/.,3 <4*/' <*/' 78 . /.5 4<* 3 '483, 7. ,/>/*78* 8 38 7, . 7 **-8'5./ 7 = <4*/' <*/' 3 '483, 7@ .3 ,/8 =8> 3./.5 /3 3 . 387.,7'3/., 7. '7.5 '/8'4>,37.', 7. 7@ 73 3/>, .3 @. =*/.' =8> /.@.3/.5 7 . 7 = <4*/' <*/'
I3 /, 34, '*78 373 3 <8/.'/<*,
5@8./.5 <4*/' <*/' >4,3 7. 78 '7<7* . <8<8 ''7,/., = <7.,/. 8 >/=/'73/. I= 38 /, . 7 = <4*/' <*/'
2"
/' '@8, 7 '7, 3. 3 '483 >4,3 /. '.,.7.' /3 <4*/' '.,'/.' 7. /.
T >7./.5 = ?<4*/' <*/' 7, . 8=88 3 8'.3* 3 S4<8> C483 /. 87,38/7. C8< H4,/.5 S'/3 L3 @, DC R5/,3878 = C<873/@ S'/3/, 200$(") SCALE <75 1$6 7. /3 7, ,373 373 . 3 ,37343 8=88 3 <4*/' <*/' /3 >7.3 ?<4*/' <*/' = 3 <783/'4*78 A'3 /' 7*3 /3 >>8,/< = '<873/@ ,'/3
W38 <4*/' <*/' '@8, 4.'.,'/.7/*/3
T L7 C>>/,,/. = I./7 /. /3, 10 8 R<83 (19!") (< $) 7 '.,/8 3 J4,3/. 38 38 7, 7 <,,//*/3 = ,38//.5 . 7. 4.'.,'/.7* 7857/. 8,83/.5 3 ?<4*/' <*/' 4.8 S'3/. 2 = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 T C>>/,,/. 7, @8 = 3 @/ 373 ,'3/. 2 7, .3 = *< /. >3/.5 3 ,/3473/. I3 7*, ,8@ 373 '483, 7@ * (7, 3 *7 /. 19!" 7,) 373 3 7, = <4*/' <*/' '7..3 3. 3 7 . 584. /. 5.87* /3 '837/. '<3/., 7. 373 3 38>, = 7 '.387'3 ><3/.5 . <783 =8> 7** */7/*/3 7, .3 <<, 3 <4*/' <*/'
Section 2! of the Indian Contract Act" Re)traint in Trade"
S'3/. 2# = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 '.'8., 7 ,<'/7* '7358 = '.387'3, /' 3 *7 3873, 7, @/ .7>* 7. 758>.3 /' 7.
2$
. /, 8,387/. =8> 8'/,/.5 7 *7=4* <8=,,/. 387 8 4,/.,, = 7. /. 7. /, 3 373 3.3 3 758>.3 /, @/ H@8 /. I./7 (4.*/ U) 7. 758>.3 .3 3 '788 . /3/. 3 ,<'/=/ *'7* */>/3, 7 4,/.,, ,/>/*78 3 3 4,/.,, = /' 5/** /, ,* '7. .=8' <8@/ 3 */>/3, = 3 8,387/.3, 78 87,.7* T/, ,<'/7* <8@/,/. /, '.37/. /. ,'3/. 2#
S'3/. 2# 87, 7, =**,:
S'3/. 2#: A58>.3 /. 8,387/.3 = 387 @/: E@8 758>.3 /' 7.. /, 8,387/. =8> 8'/,/.5 7 *7=4* <8=,,/. 387 8 4,/.,, = 7. /. /, 3 373 3.3 @/ E'<3/. 1: S7@/.5 = 758>.3 .3 3 '788 . 4,/.,, = /' 5/** /, ,*: O. ,**, 3 5/** = 7 4,/.,, >7 758 /3 3 48 3 8=87/. =8> '788/.5 . 7 ,/>/*78 4,/.,, /3/. ,<'/=/ *'7* */>/3, , *.5 7, 3 48 8 7. <8,. 8/@/.5 3/3* 3 3 5/** =8> /> '788/.5 . 7 */ 4,/.,, 38=8> <8@/ 373 ,4' */>/3, 7<<78 3 3 C483 87,.7* 8578 /.5 7 3 3 .7348 = 3 4,/.,,
A. 758>.3 /' 4..',,78/* '4837/*, 3 =8> = 7 <8,. 3 '788 . 7 387 /, 757/.,3 <4*/' <*/' R,387/./.5 7 <8,. =8> '788/.5 . 7 387 5.87** 7/>, 73 7@//.5 '><3/3/. 7. 7, 7 >.<*/,3/' 3..' 7. 3/, /, 3 757/.,3 7. /./@/47*, /.38,3 7, ** 7, 3
26
/.38,3 = 3 ,'/3 7. 34, ,4' 8,387/.3, 78 /,'4875 *7 T 758>.3 /, @/ 38 /3 /><,, 337* 8,387/.3 8 <783/7* 8,387/.3 H@8 /. U 7** 758>.3, /. 8,387/.3 = 387 78 @/ 4.*,, 38 /, ,> ;4,3/=/'73/. =8 3 8,387/.3 /' '4* >7 /3 87,.7* I= 3 8,38/'3/. 7, 87,.7* /. 3 /.38,3 = 3 '.387'3/.5 <783/, 7. 7*, /. 3 /.38,3 = <4*/' 3 758>.3 4* @7*/ T I./7. *7 @8 /, ,38/'38 T 758>.3 4* @7*/ /= /3 =** /3/. 7. = 3 ,373438 8 ;4/'/7** '873 '<3/., A. 758>.3 /' /, .3 '@8 7. . = 3 8'5./ '<3/., 4* @/
T A< C483 /. 3 '7, = G4;7873 B33*/.5 C L3 V C'7 C*7 (199$) ($) SCC $"$ 7, </.3 43 3 /==8.' /. 3 <,/3/. = *7 /. 8578 3 8,387/.3 = 387 /. I./7 7. 373 /. E.5*7. T 84* . /. E.5*7. /, 373 3 8,387/.3, = 387 38 5.87* 8 <783/7* >7 5 /= 3 78 87,.7* 7. .',,78 =8 3 <48<, = =8> = 387 I. I./7 3 J4,3/. = 87,.7*.,, = 8,387/.3 /, 43,/ 3 <48@/ = ,'3/. 2# = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 T '483, 7@ .* 3 '.,/8 3 J4,3/. 38 3 '.387'3 /3,*= /, 8 /, .3 /. 8,387/.3 = 387 T =7'3, /. 3 7@ 8 7, =**,:
T 758>.3 /. J4,3/. 8 7, =8 3 587.3 = =87.'/, C'7 C*7 3 GBC 3 >7.4=7'348 33* ,** 7. /,38/43 @78/4, @875, =8 /' 3 387 >78, 8 7'J4/8 C'7 C*7 I3 7, 34, 7 '>>8'/7* 758>.3 84.8 3 3 <783/, 7 4.837. */573/., =8 <8>3/.5 3 387 /. @875, =8 3/8 >4347* .=/3 T <48<, = 3 .573/@ ,3/<4*73/. '.37/. /. 3 758>.3 7, 373 GBC /** 8 @/584,* 7. /*/5.3* 3 <8>3 7. ,*/'/3 3 ,7* =
2#
3 <84'3,@875, <84' 4.8 3 387 >78, = C'7 C*7 T/, 4* .3 <,,/* /= GBC 8 3 >7.4=7'348 33* ,** 7* 8 38/, '.'8. /3 3 <84'3, @875, 8 7. 38 87., 8 387 >78,387 .7>, T4, 3 <48<, = 3 ,7/ 758>.3 7, 3 <8>3 3 387 7. 3 .573/@ ,3/<4*73/. ,453 3 7'/@ 3 ,7/ <48<, 8J4/8/.5 GBC 3 *783* 7<<* /3,*= 3 <8>3/.5 3 ,7* = 3 <84'3, = C'7 C*7 M8@8 ,/.' 3 .573/@ ,3/<4*73/. 7, '.=/. /. /3, 7<<*/'73/. 3 3 <8/ = ,4,/,3.' = 3 758>.3 7. 3 8,38/'3/. /><, 38/. 7, <873/@ .* 48/.5 3 <8/ 3 758>.3 7, ,4,/,3/.5 3 ,7/ ,3/<4*73/. /3 7, * '4* .3 3873 7, /.5 /. 8,387/.3 = 387 , 7, 3 73387'3 3 78 = ,'3/. 2# = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3
Secion *( o% &e In"ian Con!ac Ac: O+se! o% .+!is"icion o% Co+!s o a"/+"icae0
S'3/. 2! = 3 C.387'3 A'3 ,373, 373 758>.3, 7,*43* /. 8,387/.3 = *57* <8'/.5, 78 @/ I3 /, /. 3 '*74,, 7. '.37/., 3 '<3/., 7. 87, 7, =**,: E@8 758>.3 (7)
/' 7. <783 383 /, 8,38/'3 7,*43* =8> .=8'/.5 /, 8/53, 8 /. 8,<'3 = 7. '.387'3 3 4,47* *57* <8'/.5, /. 3 8/.78 38/4.7*, 8 /' */>/3, 3 3/> /3/. /' >7 34, .=8' /, 8/53, 8
()
W/' 3/.54/,, 3 8/53, = 7. 383 8 /,'785, 7. <783 383 =8> 7. */7/*/3 4.8 8 /. 8,<'3 =
2!
7. '.387'3 . 3 .=8'/.5 /, 8/53,
S'3/. 2! ,7@, 3 3<, = '.387'3, 4.8 3 '<3/.,:
(1)
I3 , .3 8.8 @/ 7 '.387'3 /' 3 8 >8
<8,., 758 373 7. /,<43 /' >7 78/, 3. 3> ,7** 8=88 3 78/3873/. 7. 373 .* 3 7>4.3 778 /. 3 78/3873/. ,7** 8'@87* (2)
I3 , .3 7*, 8.8 @/ 7 '.387'3 3 8=8 3 78/3873/.
J4,3/., 373 7@ 7*87 78/,.
S'3/. 2! /** '> /.3 <*7 . 3 8,38/'3/. /><, 4<. 3 8/53 3 ,4 /, ?7,*43 /. 3 ,., 373 3 <783/, 78 ** <8'*4 =8> <48,4/.5 3/8 *57* 8>/, /. 3 8/.78 38/4.7*, A <783/7* 8,38/'3/. /** @7*/ 7, ,8@ S4<8> C483 /. Ha1a2 Sin3& @ 4a22on 5In"ia6 L"0 (AIR 19#1 SC #"0)
I. 3/, '7, 7 '*74, /. 3 758>.3
3. 3 <783/, <8@/ 373 3 '483 = *7 /. 3 '/3 = B>7 7*. ,7** 7@ ;48/,/'3/. 3 7;4/'73 384<. T <*7/.3/== =/* 7 ,4/3 73 V787.7,/ 43 3 ,7> 7, /,>/,, /. @/ = 3 7@,373 758>.3 T '483 * 373 758>.3 7, .3 <<, 3 <4*/' <*/' 7. /3 / .3 '.387@. ,'3/. 2! 7. 38=8 3 ,4/3 =/* 73 V787.7,/ 7, 8/53* /,>/,,
U.8 ,'3/. 2! = I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 3 '/3/. 7, 3 8/53 3 7@ /, *57* <,/3/. 38>/. 3 8/.78 38/4.7*, '<3 /. 3 '7, = '.387'3, 3 8=8 3 78/3873/. /,<43, /' >7 78/, 8
29
/' 7@ 7*87 78/,.
S'3/. 2! 7==/8>, 3 '>>. *7 7. /3,
<8@/,/., 7<<78 3 > 7 5.87* 84* 8'5./ /. 3 E.5*/, '483, /' <8//3, 7** 758>.3 <48<83/.5 3 4,3 ;48/,/'3/. = 3 '483, S'3/. 2! 7, 7>. I./7. C.387'3 (A>.>.3) A'3 1996 /' '7> /.3 =='3 /. 199# T 7>.>.3 57@ =='3 3 3 ,455,3/., >7 /. 3 9# 3 R<83 = 3 L7 C>>/,,/. = I./7 . S'3/. 2! I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2: P8,<'3/@ C*74,, /. C.387'3 (19!")
T S4<8> C483 *7/ . 7, =**,:
I3 /, .3 <. 3 3 <783/, 758>.3 3 '.=8 ;48/,/'3/. . 7 '483 /' /3 , .3 <,,,, 4.8 3 C
B43 8 3
'483, 8 >8 7@ 3/, C = C/@/* P8'48 ;48/,/'3/. 3 38 7 ,4/3 8 <8'/.5 7. 758>.3 3. 3 <783/, 373 3 /,<43 3. 3> ,7** 38/ /. . = ,4' '483, /, .3 '.3878 3 <4*/' <*/' S4' 758>.3 , .3 '.387@. ,'3/. 2! = 3 C.387'3 A'3
A 8'.3 ;45>.3 = 3 S4<8> C483 8J4/8, >.3/. /. 3/, '.33:
I. S/@ S73**/3 P4*/' C @ M, 7/. S34/, L3 2006(2) SCALE <$ 3 78/3873/. '*74, ,373 373 3 A8/38738, 38>/.73/., /** ?=/.7* 7. /./.5 3. 3 <783/, 7. /3 '*78 373 3 <783/, 7@ 7/@ 3 8/53 = 7<<7* 8 ;'3/. ?/. 7. 48/,/'3/. I3 7, 7854 373 3/, ;'3/.7* '*74, 7, .3 ,@87* =8> 3 '*74, /'
0
.7*, /,<43, 3 8=88 3 78/3873/. 7. 373 3 .3/8 '*74, 7, @/ T S4<8> C483 * 373 373 <783 = 3 78/3873/. '*74, /' ,<7, = 8=8.' = /,<43, 3 78/3873/. /, ,@87* 7. 7, .3 @/
T C483 .3/' 3 '.'8. = 3 <<,/3 <783 373 3 <83/. = 3 78/3873/. '*74, /' ,373 373 3 ?78/3873/. '/,/. ,7** =/.7* 7. /./.5 3. 3 <783/, 7. 3 <783/, 7/@ 7** 8/53, = 7<<7* 8 ;'3/. /. 7. 48/,/'3/. 7, 4..=8'7* '74, = ,'3/. 2! = 3 A'3 I3 7, 7854 3 3 8,<..3 373 3 .,4/.5 <783 = 3 '*74, /' 8J4/8, /,<43, 3 8=88 3 78/3873/. 7, @7*/ 7. 3/, '.3.3/. 7, 7''<3 T C483 @8 8=88 3 C8/.5 O/* C @ 5*, (1!#0) ILR 1 C7* "66 8 7 '*74, 5/@/.5 =/.7*/3 3 7. 78/3873/. 778 7, * .3 .=8'7* 43 3 8,3 = 3 '*74, 7, * @7*/
T <,/3/. /. U./. C.38/43/. C (P) L3 @ C/=
E.5/.8 E7,38. C>>7. L4'. & A.8 AIR 1960 A** #2 7, 3 ,7> . /3 7, * 373 3 '*74, 5/@/.5 =/.7*/3 3 3 778 7, * 3 4..=8'7* 43 ,<787* =8> 3 78/3873/. '*74,
S7* = G, A'3 190:
T S7* = G, A'3 190 '873, 7 *785 .4>8 = 8/53, 43/, 7. */7/*/3/, T, /.'*4 3 7887.3/, 7. 54787.3, /><*/ 3 *7 / 3 S7* = G, A'3
1
B43 ,' 62 = 373 A'3 <8>/3, '*4,/. = 3, 8/53, 43/, 8 */7/*/3/, <8,, '*74, 8 . 7''4.3 = 3 '48, = 7*/.5, 3. 3 <783/, 8 4,75 /= 3 4,75 /, ,4' 7, 3 /. 3 <783/, 3 3 '.387'3
I. 48 @/ /3 '>, .',,78 3 7>/. ,' 62 7. '.,/8 38 /. 3 <8,.3 '.33 = ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, ,4' '*4,/. ,4* > 3 4.=7/8
.+"icial Re7ie8 o% con!acs ene!e" b an a+&o!i 8&ic& is a 9Sae’ 8i&in A!icle #* o% &e Consi+ion an" alicaion o% A! #;0
W 7@ 8=88 3 3/, 7,<'3 /. C7<38 III
A<783 =8> ,'3/.,
16 2 2# 7. 2! = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 3 H/5 C483, 7. 3 A< C483 7@ /.@ A83/'* 1" 3 ,38/ . '837/. 4.87,.7* 38>, = '.387'3 .38 /.3 3 G@8.>.3 8 P4*/' S'38 U.837/.5, 8 S373438 /, /' =7** /3/. 3 >7./.5 = 3 8 7 ?S373 /. A83/'* 12 = 3 C.,3/343/. = I./7 H8 3, C483, 78 8'/,/.5 <8 = ;4/'/7* 8@/ 4.8 783/'*, 226 7. 2 = 3 C.,3/343/. = I./7 T '483, 7@ '.=/. 3 8'/, = ,4' <8 3 ,38/ . '*74,, /. <4*/' ,8@/' ><*>.3 '.387'3, H@8 3 '483, 7@ '*78 373 3 4* .3 3. 3/, <8/.'/<* 3 ,38/ . '*74,, /. '>>8'/7* '.387'3,
(S I.*7. L7. W738 '7,: AIR 19!6 SC 1$#1
7. DTC '7,: AIR 1991 SC 101)
2
I3 7, 3 .3 373 3 7@,7/ >3 = /.@/.5 783/'* 1" /. 3 *7,3 3 '7, 3 S4<8> C483 7, .3 7@7/*7* . 3 10 8 L7 C>>/,,/. R<83 7, ,4>/33 /. 19!" T J4,3/. .73487** 78/,, 7, 3 7 ,/>/*78 /8 .=/'/7* ,373438 <8@/,/. ,4* .3 3873 7, .',,78 3 <83'3 <783/, 3, .38 /.3 '>>8'/7* '.387'3, /3 ..-S373 .3/3/, 345 A83 1" /, .3 7<<*/'7*
W >7 @8 </.3 43 373 38 78 '837/. *5/,*73/., 7<783 =8> 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 /' <8@.3 . <783 3 7 '.387'3 =8> 37/.5 4.4 8 4.=7/8 7@7.375 = 3 38
I.,37.', = 3/, 3< = *5/,*73/. 78 3 U,48/4, L7., A'3 191! I.4,38/7* D/,<43, A'3 19"# 3 M.<*/, 7. R,38/'3/@ T87 P87'3/', A'3 1969 3 C.,4>8 (P83'3/.) A'3 19!6 3 C><3/3/. A'3 2002 7. 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 43 7, <*7/. *7338 /. 3/, '7<38 3 7* /3 ,<'/=/' ,/3473/. 8 ,<'/7* 3<, = '.387'3, 87, /. 3/, R<83 78 '.,/8/.5 3 . =8 5.87* <8@/,/., '@8/.5 7** 3<, = '.387'3, 8*73/.5 3 4.=7/8.,,
Mono&o#ie) and Re)tricti*e Trade +ractice) Act, 1- .MRT+ Act/
T MRTP A'3 7, .7'3 /. 1969 7. '7> =='3/@ =8> 1 ,3 4. 19#0 T 7/>, 7. ;'3, = 3 A'3 7, ,373 /. 3 <87>* 7, 7. A'3 3 <8@/ 373 3 <873/. = 3 '.>/' ,,3> , .3 8,4*3
/. 3 '.'.3873/. = 3 '.>/' <8 3 3 '>>. 38/>.3 =8 3 '.38* = >.<*/, =8 3 <8//3/. = >.<*/,3/' 7. 8,38/'3/@ 387 <87'3/', 7. =8 >7338, '..'3 38/3 8 /.'/.37* 383 /' /, /.3/'7* /3 3 <87>* = 3 87=3 MRTP B/** 196$ <8<78 3 MRTP C>>/,,/.
H@8 3 MRTP A'3 1969
*/. 8,38/'3/@ 387 <87'3/', =8> 3 '.'<3 = >/.7.3 4.837/.5 T A'3 7, 7*, *7873 3 =/./3/. = >.<*/,3/' 7. 8,38/'3/@ 387 <87'3/', /. >8 '><8.,/@ 38>,
T 7<<*/'73/. 7. <873/. = 3 <8@/,/., = 3 MRTP A'3 78 8*73 3: (7) '.38* 7. 854*73/. = '.'.3873/. = '.>/' <8 /' 7, 3 3 '>>. 38/>.3 7. () <8//3/. 8 854*73/. = >.<*/,3/' 8 8,38/'3/@ 387 <87'3/', 7'347** >7.73/.5 43 = 3 D/8'3/@ P8/.'/<*, = S373 P*/' <783/'4*78* 783/'*, 9() 7. (') 7. 3 A'3 .;, 3 4>8**7 = A83/'* 1 ,<'/7** 7=38 /3 7, . <43 4.8 3 I% S'4* = 3 C.,3/343/. T8 78 '837/. <8@/,/., /. MRTP A'3 1969 7*/.5 /3 ,<'/=/' 3<, = '.387'3
S'3/. 2() 7, *7/ . 3 <8/.'/<*, 7. 7,/, = 38>/./.5 73 /, 7 ?8,38/'3/@ 387 <87'3/' 7, 4.8:
() 8,38/'3/@ 387 <87'3/' >7., 7 387 <87'3/' /' 7, 8 >7 7@ 3 =='3 = <8@.3/.5 /,383/.5 8 8,38/'3/.5 '><3/3/. /. 7. >7..8 7. /. <783/'4*78 -(/)
/' 3., 3 ,384'3 3 =* = '7 = <84'3/. 8
"
(//)
/' 3., 3 8/.5 743 >7./<4*73/. = <8/', 8 './3/., = */@8 8 3 7=='3 3 =* = ,4<<*/, /. 3 >783 8*73/.5 3 5, 8 ,8@/', /. ,4' >7..8 7, 3 /><, . 3 '.,4>8, 4.;4,3/=/ ',3, 8 8,38/'3/.,
T MRTP A'3 7, 7>. /. 19!" /.384'/.5 3 '.'<3 = ?4.=7/8 387 <87'3/', 7, . 3 8'>>.73/. = 3 /5-<8 S7'78 C>>/33 7. 3, 78 /.3. *785* 3 <83'3 '.,4>8 /.38,3 <4*/' /.38,3 7. 3 <8@.3 *,,. 8 */>/.73 '><3/3/. U.8 3 MRTP (A>.>.3) A'3 19!" ,'3/. 7, 7>. 3 <8@/ 373 @8 758>.3 =7**/.5 /3/. . 8 >8 = 3 '7358/, ,<'/=/ 38/. ,7** > 3 7. 758>.3 8*73/.5 3 8,38/'3/@ 387 <87'3/', 7. =4838 3 . '7358/, 8 7 @/ ,4-'*74, (;7) (;) 4.8 3 ,7/ ,'3/. R,38/'3/@ 387 <87'3/', 78 .3 7.. 8 <8//3 <8 , S'3/. = 3 A'3 *7, . /. ,<'/=/' 38>, @78/4, ?8,38/'3/@ 387 <87'3/', /' 78 > 3 8,38/'3/@ (43 .3 .',,78/* 757/.,3 <4*/' /.38,3) /' 78 7, =**,:
(7)
7. 758>.3 /' 8,38/'3, 8 /, */* 3 8,38/'3 7. >3 3 <8,., 8 '*7,,, = <8,., 3 > 5, 78 ,* 8 =8> > 5, 78 453
()
7. 758>.3 8J4/8/.5 7 <48'7,8 = 5, 7, 7 './3/. = ,4' <48'7, 3 <48'7, ,> 38 5,
$
(')
7. 758>.3 8,38/'3/.5 /. 7. >7..8 3 <48'7,8 /. 3 '48, = /, 387 =8> 7'J4/8/.5 8 38/, 7*/.5 /. 7. 5, 38 37. 3, = 3 ,**8 8 7. 38 <8,.
()
7. 758>.3 3 <48'7, 8 ,** 5, 8 3 3.8 =8 3 ,7* 8 <48'7, = 5, .* 73 <8/', 8 . 38>, 8 './3/., 758
4<.
3.
3
,**8,
8
<48'7,8,
()
7.
758>.3
'.',,/.,
8
3
587.3
.=/3,
8
7**
/.'*4/.5
7**7.', /,'4.3 873, 8 '8/3 /. '..'3/. /3 8 87,. = 7*/.5,
()
7. 758>.3 3 ,** 5, . './3/. 373 3 <8/', 3 '785 . 8-,7* 3 <48'7,8 ,7** 3 <8/', ,3/<4*73 3 ,**8 4.*,, /3 /, '*78* ,373 373 <8/', *8 37. 3, <8/', >7 '785
(=)
7. 758>.3 3 */>/3 8,38/'3 8 /3* 3 43<43 8 ,4<<* = 7. 5, 8
6
7**'73 7. 787 8 >783 =8 3 /,<,7* = 3 5,
(5)
7. 758>.3 .3 3 ><* 8 8,38/'3 3 ><*>.3 = 7. >3 >7'/.8 8 <8',, /. 3 >7.4=7'348 = 5,
()
7. 758>.3 =8 3 '*4,/. =8> 7. 387 7,,'/73/. = 7. <8,. '788/.5 . 8 /.3./.5 3 '788 . /. 5 =7/3 3 387 /. 8*73/. 3 /' 3 387 7,,'/73/. /, =8>
(/)
7. 758>.3 3 ,** 5, 73 ,4' <8/', 7, 4* 7@ 3 =='3 = */>/.73/.5 '><3/3/. 8 7 '><3/38
(;7)
7. 758>.3 8,38/'3/.5 /. 7. >7..8 3 '*7,, 8 .4>8 = *,7*8, <84'8, 8 ,4<<*/8, =8> > 7. 5, >7 453
(;)
7. 758>.3 7, 3 3 /, /' 7. = 3 <783/, 383 >7 ==8 73 7. 74'3/. =8 3 ,7* = 5, 8 7. 758>.3 8 7. <783 383 758, 3
#
7,37/. =8> //.5 73 7. 74'3/. =8 3 ,7* = 5,
(;)
7. 758>.3 .3 8/.=8 8=88 3 /.
3/,
,'3/.
/'
3
C.387*
G@8.>.3 >7 .3/=/'73/. ,<'/= =8 3 3/> /.5 7, /.5 . 8*73/.5 3 7 8,38/'3/@ 387 <87'3/' /3/. 3 >7./.5 = 3/, ,4-,'3/. <48,47.3 3 7.
8'>>.73/.
>7
3
C>>/,,/. /. 3/, 7*=
()
7. 758>.3 3 .=8' 3 '788/.5 43 = 7. ,4' 758>.3 7, /, 8=88 3 /. 3/, ,4-,'3/.
T MRTP A'3 1969 7, /8'3 757/.,3 8,38/'3/@ 8 >.<*/,3/' 387 <87'3/', 7. 7 . <8@/,/. =8 3 <83'3/. = '.,4>8, 757/.,3 =7*, 8 >/,*7/.5 7@83/,>.3 8 38 ,/>/*78 4.=7/8 387 <87'3/', 3/** 3 78 19!" T4, 7 = 7. 7>.>.3 ,'3/. 6A 7, /.384' =/./.5 4.=7/8 387 <87'3/', /' 78 = />>/73 '.'8. 3 3 '.,4>8
A '><*7/.3 8*73/.5 3 7. 4.=7/8 387 <87'3/' 7. 8,38/'3/@ 387 <87'3/' '7. >7 7 '.,4>8 8 387 7,,'/73/. =8 MRTP C>>/,,/. 4.8 ,'3/. 6B(7) 8 4.8 ,'3/. 10(7) = MRTP A'3 T C>>/,,/. 48/.5 3 /.J4/8 >7 587.3 7 3><878 /.;4.'3/. 8,387/./.5
!
,4' <8,. =8> '788/.5 . 7. 387 8 4.=7/8 387 <87'3/' 4.3/* =4838 88,
Con)'0er +rotection Act, 1-
I. 78* 78, . *=78 *5/,*73/., */ 3 C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 19!6 / .3 /,3 3 >7/> '7@73 ><38 (*3 3 48 78) 5@8. 3 >783 N /3 3 <./.5 = 5*7* >783, '.>/, 7. <858,,/@ 8>@7* = 8,38/'3/., . /.38.73/.7* 387 38 /, /.'87,/.5
'><3/3/.
7>.5
>7.4=7'3488,
/'
7,
.=/3
'.,4>8, /. 3 =8> = /><8@>.3 /. J47*/3 = 5, 7. ,8@/', N 3 >7/> '7@73 ><38 7, . 8<*7' (*3 3 ,**8 78) I. ,8 /. /==8.3 .7'3>.3, */ CPC 190! I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 S7* = G, A'3 190 3' @8 */33* '4* 7'/@ /. 3 787 = '.,4>8 <83'3/. T45 3 MRTP A'3 1969 7, <8@/ 8*/= 3 3 '.,4>8, 3 /3 '7> .',,78 3 <83'3 '.,4>8, =8> <*/373/. 7. 3 ,7@ 3> =8> 74*3873 7. ,4,37.78 5, 7. =/'/.3 ,8@/', 7. 4.=7/8 4,/.,, <87'3/', T C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 19!6 (CPA) 7, 34, =87> 3 <83'3 '.,4>8, =8> 4.=7/8 7. 4.,/87* <87'3/', = 4,/.,, '>>4./3 T A'3 '7> /.3 =8' /. 19!# 7. 7, =4838 7>. =8> 3/> 3 3/>
T <87>* = 3 A'3 ,, 373 /3 /, 7. A'3 3 <8@/ =8 338 <83'3/. = 3 /.38,3 = '.,4>8, 7. =8 373 <48<, 3 >7
9
<8@/,/. =8 ,37*/,>.3 = '.,4>8 '4.'/*, 7. 38 7438/3/, =8 3 ,33*>.3 = '.,4>8 /,<43, 7. =8 >7338, '..'3 38/3
W. A'3 7, .7'3 /. 19!6 /3 / .3 8/5/.7** '.37/. 3 =/./3/. = ?4.=7/8 387 <87'3/' T '.'<3 = 4.=7/8 387 <87'3/' 7, @8 /.38<83 7''8/.5 3 =/./3/. = 4.=7/8 387 <87'3/' 5/@. /. 3 MRTP A'3 = 1969
H@8 /. 199 ,'3/. 2(1)(8)
/.'8<873 7. 74,3/@ =/./3/. = ?4.=7/8 387 <87'3/' 7, 5/@. 4.8 ,'3/. 6A = MRTP A'3 7, 7>. /. 19!" /3 7 @/ 3 >7/.5 C.,4>8 (P83'3/.) A'3 19!6 7 ,*=-'.37/. C 7. /, 8<84' 7, 4.8:
(8) 4.=7/8 387 <87'3/' >7., 7 387 <87'3/' /' =8 3 <48<, = <8>3/.5 3 ,7* 4, 8 ,4<<* = 5, 8 =8 3 <8@/,/. = 7. ,8@/' 7<3, 7. 4.=7/8 >3 8 4.=7/8 8 '<3/@ <87'3/' /.'*4/.5 7. = 3 =**/.5 <87'3/', .7>*:
(1)3 <87'3/' = >7/.5 7. ,373>.3 38 87** 8 /. 8/3/.5 8 @/,/* 8<8,.373/. /'--
(/)
%alsel 8<8,.3, 373 3 5, 78 = 7 <783/'4*78
,37.78 J47*/3 J47.3/3 587 '><,/3/. ,3* 8 >*
(//)
%alsel 8<8,.3, 373 3 ,8@/', 78 = 7
<783/'4*78 ,37.78 J47*/3 8 587
"0
(///)
%alsel
8<8,.3, 7. 8-4/*3
,'.-7.
8.@73 8'./3/. 8 * 5, 7, . 5,
(/@)
8<8,.3, 373 3 5, 8 ,8@/', 7@ ,<.,8,/<
7<<8@7*
<8=8>7.'
'787'38/,3/', 7'',,8/, 4,, 8 .=/3, /' ,4' 5, 8 ,8@/', "o no 7@
(@)
8<8,.3, 373 3 ,**8 8 3 ,4<<*/8 7, 7 ,<.,8,/< 8 7<<8@7* 8 7==/*/73/. /' ,4' ,**8 8 ,4<<*/8 "oes no 7@
(@/)
>7, 7 %alse 8 2islea"in3 8<8,.373/. '.'8./.5 3 . =8 8 3 4,=4*.,, = 7. 5, 8 ,8@/',
(@//)
5/@, 3 3 <4*/' 7. 7887.3 8 54787.3 = 3 <8=8>7.' ==/'7' 8 *.53 = */= = 7 <84'3 8 = 7. 5, 373 /, no base" on 7. 7J473 8 <8<8 3,3 38=
P8@/ 373 8 7 =.' /, 87/, 3 3 =='3 373 ,4' 7887.3 8 54787.3 /, 7, . 7J473 8 <8<8 3,3 3 b+!"en o% !oo% =
"1
,4' =.' ,7** */ . 3 <8,. 87/,/.5 ,4' =.'
(@///)
>7, 3 3 <4*/' 7 !e!esenaion /. 7 =8> 373 <48<83, 3 -
(/)
7 7887.3 8 54787.3 = 7 <84'3 8 = 7. 5, 8 ,8@/', 8
(//)
7 <8>/, 3 8<*7' >7/.37/. 8 8<7/8 7. 783/'* 8 7. <783 38= 8 3 8<73 8 '.3/.4 7 ,8@/' 4.3/* /3 7, 7'/@ 7 ,<'/=/ 8,4*3
/= ,4' <48<83 7887.3 8 54787.3 8 <8>/, /, >738/7** >/,*7/.5 8 /= 38 /, . 87,.7* <8,<'3 373 ,4' 7887.3 54787.3 8 <8>/, /** '788/ 43
(/)
>738/7** 2islea"s 3 <4*/' '.'8./.5 3 <8/' 73 /' 7 <84'3 8 */ <84'3, 8 5, 8 ,8@/', 7@ . 8 78 8/.78/* ,* 8 <8@/ 7. =8 3/, <48<, 7 8<8,.373/. 7, 3 <8/' ,7** > 3 8=8 3 3 <8/' 73 /' 3 <84'3 8 5, 8 ,8@/', 7, 8 7@ . ,* ,**8, 8 <8@/ ,4<<*/8, 5.87** /. 3 8*@7.3 >783 4.*,, /3 /, '*78*
"2
,<'/=/ 3 3 <8/' 73 /' 3 <84'3 7, . ,* 8 ,8@/', 7@ . <8@/ 3 <8,. > 8 . , 7*= 3 <8,.373/. /, >7
()
5/@, %alse o! 2islea"in3 =7'3, /,<7875/.5 3 5, ,8@/', 8 387 = 7.38 <8,.
E<*7.73/. F8 3 <48<,, = '*74, (1) 7 ,373>.3 373 /,
(7)
<8,, . 7. 783/'* ==8 8 /,<*7 =8 ,7* 8 . /3, 87<<8 8 '.37/.8 8
()
<8,, . 7.3/.5 7337' 3 /.,83 /. 8 7''><7./.5 7. 783/'* ==8 8 /,<*7 =8 ,7* 8 . 7.3/.5 . /' 3 783/'* /, >4.3 =8 /,<*7 8 ,7* 8
(')
'.37/. /. 8 . 7.3/.5 373 /, ,* ,.3 */@8 387.,>/33 8 /. 7. 38 >7..8 73,@8 >7 7@7/*7* 3 7 >>8 = 3 <4*/' ,7** > 3 7 ,373>.3 >7 3 3 <4*/' 7. .* 3 <8,. 7 '74, 3 ,373>.3 3 , <8,, >7 8 '.37/.
"
(2)
<8>/3, 3 <4*/'73/. = 7. 7@83/,>.3
38 /. 7. .,<7<8 8 38/, =8 3 ,7* 8 ,4<<* 73 7 7857/. <8/' = 5, 8 ,8@/', 373 78 .3 /.3. 3 ==8 =8 ,7* 8 ,4<<* 73 3 7857/. <8/' 8 =8 7 <8/ 373 /, 7. /. J47.3/3/, 373 78 87,.7* 7@/.5 8578 3 3 .7348 = 3 >783 /. /' 3 4,/.,, /, '788/ . 3 .7348 7. ,/ = 4,/.,, 7. 3 .7348 = 3 7@83/,>.3
E<*7.73/. F8 3 <48<, = '*74, (2) ?7857/. <8/' >7.,
(7)
7 <8/' 373 /, ,373 /. 7. 7@83/,>.3 3 7 7857/. <8/' 8=8.' 3 7. 8/.78 <8/' 8 38/, 8
()
7 <8/' 373 7 <8,. 87, 78, 8 ,, 3 7@83/,>.3 4* 87,.7* 4.8,37. 3 7 7857/. <8/' 7@/.5 8578 3 3 <8/', 73 /' 3 <84'3 7@83/, 8 */ <84'3, 78 8/.78/* ,*
()
<8>/3,
(7) 3 ==8/.5 = 5/=3, <8/, 8 38 /3>, /3 3 /.3.3/. = .3 <8@//.5 3> 7, ==8 8 '873/.5 3 /><8,,/. 373 ,>3/.5 /, /.5
""
5/@. 8 ==8 =8 = '785 . /3 /, =4** 8 <783* '@8 3 7>4.3 '785 /. 3 387.,7'3/. 7, 7 *
()3 '.4'3 = 7. '.3,3 *338 57> = '7.' = ,/** =8 3 <48<, = <8>3/.5 /8'3* 8 /./8'3* 3 ,7* 4, 8 ,4<<* = 7. <84'3 8 7. 4,/.,, /.38,3
(")
<8>/3, 3 ,7* 8 ,4<<* = 5, /.3. 3 4, 8 78 = 7 /. */* 3 4, '.,4>8, ./.5 8 7@/.5 87,. 3 */@ 373 3 5, .3 '><* /3 3 ,37.78, <8,'8/ '><3.3 7438/3 8*73/.5 3 <8=8>7.'
'><,/3/.
'.3.3,
,/5.
'.,384'3/. =/./,/.5 8 <7'75/.5 7, 78 .',,78 3 <8@.3 8 84' 3 8/, = /.;48 3 3 <8,. 4,/.5 3 5,
($)
<8>/3, 3 78/.5 8 ,384'3/. = 5, 8 8=4,, 3 ,** 3 5, 8 3 >7 3> 7@7/*7* =8 ,7* 8 3 <8@/ 7. ,8@/' /= ,4' 78/.5 8 ,384'3/. 8 8=4,7* 87/,, 8 3., 3 87/, 8 /, /.3. 3 87/, 3 ',3 = 3, 8 38 ,/>/*78 5, 8 ,8@/',
"$
(2)A. 8=8.' /. 3/, A'3 3 7. 38 A'3 8 <8@/,/. 38= /' /, .3 /. =8' /. 7. 787 3 /' 3/, A'3 7<<*/, ,7** '.,384 3 7@ 7 8=8.' 3 3 '88,<./.5 A'3 8 <8@/,/. 38= /. =8' /. ,4' 787
U.8 3 7@ A'3 = 19!6 38 /, 7 38 3/8 ,3 4< 3 .J4/8 /.3 3 7**573/. = 4.=7/8 387 <87'3/' /3 7' = 38 A438/3/, 7@/.5 /3, . 8/5/.7* <'4./78 ;48/,/'3/.
T '><*7/.3 */, =8 3 D/,38/'3 F84> 8 3 @7*4 = 5, 8 ,8@/', 7. =8 '><.,73/. '*7/> , .3 ' 84<, =/@ *7, T D/,38/'3 F84> 7=38 3 <8'/.5, 78 '.4'3 4.8 ,'3/. 1 /, ,73/,=/ 373 3 5, '><*7/. 757/.,3 ,4==8 =8> 7. = 3 ='3, ,<'/=/ /. 3 '><*7/.3 743 3 ,8@/', 78 <8@ /3 ,7** /,,4 7. 88 3 3 <<,/3 <783 /8'3/.5 /> 3 /38 8>@ 3 ='3 </.3 43 3 8<*7' 3 5, /3 . ., 3 8>@ 3 ='3, 8 =/'/.'/, /. ,8@/', /. J4,3/. 3 8348. 3 3 '><*7/.7.3 3 <8/' 3 <7 ,4' 7>4.3 7, '><.,73/. =8 7. *,, ,4==8 3 /,'.3/.4 3 4.=7/8 387 <87'3/' 8 3 8,38/'3/@ 387 <87'3/' 8 .3 3 8<73 3> 3'
S'3/. 1" 7*, /3 3 8*/=, /' 3 D/,38/'3 F84> /, 7438/ 3 5/@ 3 3 7558/@ '.,4>8 T D/,38/'3 F84> 7, 3 8'8 /3, ,73/,=7'3/. 7, 8578, 3 ='3, /. 5, =/'/.' /. ,8@/' 3' I3 /, .* 7=38 8'8/.5 ,4' ,73/,=7'3/. 373 3 D/,38/'3 F84> '7.
"6
5/@ /8'3/. /. 8,<'3 = 3 8*/=, /' /3 587.3, 3 '.,4>8, T D/,38/'3 F84> ,7** /,,4 88, 3 /,'.3/.4 3 4.=7/8 387 <87'3/' 8 3 8,38/'3/@ 387 <87'3/' 8 .3 3 8<73 3>
Co2eiion Ac ' *<<*
T8 7, ,4,37.3/7* @8*7< /. 3 <8@/,/., = MRTP A'3 1969 7. C.,4>8 (P83'3/.) A'3 19!6 345 7' 7, ,@87* /,3/.'3/@ =7348, /3 8578 3 '><,/3/. = 7;4/'73/. >7'/.8 ;48/,/'3/. 3< = <8,., >7 , 8*/= .7348 7. ,'< = 8*/= 7. 7>/./,3873/@ <8'48 A. 7558/@ '.,4>8 '7. 34, 7<<87' 3 /, =8 8*/= I3 7<<78, 373 3 <8,.3 <8@/,/., = 3 MRTP A'3 1969 7. C.,4>8 (P83'3/.) A'3 19!6 78 .3 ,4==/'/.3 3 7* /3 7.3/-'><3/3/@ <87'3/',
T4, 7 . 7, 78, =8 7 ,<7873 '><3/3/. 7'3 T R<83 = 3 R757@7. C>>/33 . C><3/3/. L7 2000 '7358/'7** >.3/. 373 3 8/53 3 =8 7. =7/8 '><3/3/. '4* .3 ./ 7. 38 '.,/873/. T 4*3/>73 87,. ?38 = '><3/3/. /** '.3/.4 3 '.,4>8 /.38,3 I3 /, . *.58 3 87 = '7@73 ><38
T C><3/3/. A'3 2002 8'/@ 3 7,,.3 = 3 P8,/.3 . 13 7.478 200 T <87>* = 3 A'3 ,, 373 /3 /, 7. A'3 3 <8@/ /' @*<>.3 = 3 '4.38 =8 3 ,37*/,>.3 = 7 C>>/,,/. 3 <8@.3 <87'3/', 7@/.5 7@8,
"#
=='3 . '><3/3/. 3 <8>3 7. ,4,37/. '><3/3/. /. >783, 3 <83'3 3 /.38,3, = '.,4>8, 7. 3 .,48 =8> = 387 '788/ . 38 <783/'/<7.3, /. >783, /. I./7 7. =8 >7338, '..'3 38/3 8 /.'/.37* 383
T ,'< 7. 7>/3 = C><3/3/. A'3 /, =7/8* / S'3/. (1) = 3 A'3 <8//3, 7.3/-'><3/3/@ 758>.3, /. 8,<'3 = <84'3/. ,4<<* /,38/43/. ,3875 7'J4/,/3/. 8 '.38* = 5, 8 <8@/,/. = ,8@/', /' '74,, 8 /, */* 3 '74, 7. 7<<8'/7* 7@8, =='3 . 3 '><3/3/. /3/. I./7 A. 758>.3 .38 /.3 /. '.387@.3/. = 3 <8@/,/., '.37/. /. ,4-,'3/. (1) = ,'3/. ,7** @/ T ,7/ A'3 8<7*, 3 M.<*/,3/' 7. R,38/'3/@ T87 P87'3/', A'3 1969
U.8 3 A'3 /3 /, 3 43 = 3 C><3/3/. C>>/,,/. 3 */>/.73 <87'3/', 7@/.5 7@8, =='3 . '><3/3/. <8>3 7. ,4,37/. '><3/3/. <83'3 3 /.38,3, = '.,4>8, 7. .,48 =8> = 387 '788/ . 38 <783/'/<7.3, /. >783, /. I./7
T
C>>/,,/. 7, 3 <8 3 587.3 7 3><878 /.;4.'3/. 8,387/./.5 7. <783 =8> '788/.5 . ,4' 7'3 /. '837/. '/8'4>,37.', T C>>/,,/. >7 7*, 88 =8 778 = '><.,73/. =8 3 *,, 8 7>75 '74, 3 3 7<<*/'7.3 7, 7 8,4*3 = 7. '.387@.3/. = 3 <8@/,/., = '7<38 II 7@/.5 . '>>/33 ,4' .38<8/, T <8,. 7, 3 <7 7 <.7*3 =8 =7/*48 3 '><* /3 88,/8'3/., = 3 C>>/,,/.
"!
Seci%ic Relie% Ac' #=$, 2e!el 3!ans "isc!eion o Co+!s o !e%+se seci%ic e!%o!2ance:
S'3/. 20 7*, /3 /,'83/. 7, 3 '8/.5 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.' T '483 /, .3 4. 3 587.3 8*/= >8* '74, /3 /, *7=4* 3 , 43 /3 /, /,'83/.78 7. 3 /,'83/. = 3 '483 /, .3 78/3878 43 ,4. 7. 87,.7* 54/ ;4/'/7* <8/.'/<*,
O. = 3 '7,, /. /' 3 '483 >7 <8<8* 8'/, /,'83/. .3 3 '8 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.' 7, . .4>873 /. ,4-,'3/. 20 (2)(7) 3 (') /= 3 758>.3 5/@, 7. 4.=7/8 7@7.375 3 . <783 8 /.@*@, 78,/< 7, /3 /, /.J4/37* 3 587.3 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.'
Us+!io+s Loans Ac' #=#(: Reoenin3 o% !ansacions:
T U,48/4, L7., A'3 191! /, 7. A'3 3 5/@ 7/3/.7* <8, 3 '483, 3 7* /. '837/. '7,, /3 4,48/4, *7., = >. 8 /. /. S'3/. = 3 A'3 <8@/, =8 8<./.5 = 387.,7'3/., /= 3 '483 7, 87,., 3 */@ (7) (')
373 3 /.38,3 /, ',,/@ 7. 373 3 387.,7'3/. 7, 7, 3. 3 <783/, 383 ,4,37.3/7** 4.=7/8 3 C483 >7
"9
8'/, 7** 8 7. = 3 =**/.5 <8, .7>* >7 -(/)
8-<. 3 387.,7'3/. 37 7. 7''4.3 3. 3 <783/, 7. 8*/@ 3 38 = 7** */7/*/3 /. 8,<'3 = 7. ',,/@ /.38,3
(//)
.3/3,37./.5 7. 758>.3 <48<83/.5 3 '*, <8@/4, 7*/.5, 7. 3 '873 7 . */573/. 8<. 7. 7''4.3 7*87 37. 3. 3> 7. 8*/@ 3 38 = 7** */7/*/3 /. 8,<'3 = 7. ',,/@ /.38,3 7. /= 7.3/.5 7, . <7/ 8 7** . 7''4.3 /. 8,<'3 = ,4' */7/*/3 88 3 '8/38 3 8<7 7. ,4> /' /3 '.,/8, 3 8<77* /. 8,<'3 38=
(///)
S3 7,/ /38 ** 8 /. <783 8 8@/, 8 7*38 7. ,'48/3 5/@. 8 758>.3 >7 /. 8,<'3 = 7. *7. 7. /= 3 '8/38 7, <783 /3 3 ,'48/3 88 /> 3 /.>./= 3 38 /. ,4' >7..8 7. 3 ,4' 3.3 7, /3 >7 > ;4,3:
P8@/ 373 /. 3 8'/, = 3, <8, 3 C483 ,7** .3
$0
(/)
8-<. 7. 758>.3 <48<83/.5 3 '*, <8@/4, 7*/.5, 7. 3 '873 7 . */573/. /' 7, . .38 /.3 3 <783/, 8 7. <8,., =8> > 3 '*7/> 73 7 73 >8 37. Q3*@ 78, =8> 3 73 = 3 387.,7'3/.
(//)
7.3/.5 /' 7=='3, 7. '8 = 7 C483
In"+s!ial Dis+es Ac' #=;)
S'3/. 2 (87) =/., ?4.=7/8 *748 <87'3/', 7, 7. = 3 <87'3/', ,<'/=/ /. 3 F/=3 S'4* ,4' 7, /,'785/.5 8 /,>/,,/.5 7 8>7. =8 37/.5 <783 /. 7. ,38/ (.3 /.5 7 ,38/ /' /3 >, 3 7. /**57*) 3 /,'785
8 /,>/,, 8>. .3 /. 5 =7/3 43 /.
'*487* 8'/, = 3 ><*8, 8/53, 3 8=4, 7857/. '**'3/@* /. 5 =7/3 /3 3 8'5./ 387 4./.,
S'3/. 2$U /.,83 I.4,38/7* D/,<43, (A>.>.3) A'3 19!2 7*, /3 <.7*3 =8 '>>/33/.5 4.=7/8 *748 <87'3/', A. <8,. '>>/3, 7. 4.=7/8 *748 <87'3/' ,7** <4./,7* /3 /><8/,.>.3 =8 7 38> /' >7 3. 3 ,/ >.3, 8 /3 =/. /' >7 3. 3 . 34,7. 84<<, 8 /3 3
$1
P!o7isions o% In"ian Con!ac Ac' #()* an" o&e! e>isin3 la8s !e%e!!e" o abo7e a!e no s+%%icien o 2ee &e !oble2s o% o"a
T C>>/,,/. /. /3, 108 R<83 3 '7<7* = >3/.5 3 >/,'/= '74, 4.=7/8 38>, /.'8<873 /. '.387'3, I3 7, ,373 373 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 7, /3 ,37., 37 '7..3 '> 3 3 <83'3/. = 7 '.,4>8 /, '*78* /3 /5 4,/.,, F4838 3 7 ' ,*43/., 5/@. '483, /. 8,<., 3 3/8 /..73 ,., = ;4,3/' /343 8=8.' 3 7 <8<8 78,3/' /. 3 =8> = 7 ,<'/=/' <8@/,/. = ,37343 *7 8 .. *57* <8/.'/<* = *7 .* <84' 4.'837/.3 7. 7>/54/3
T 8'>>.73/., 5/@. 3 L7 C>>/,,/. /. /3, 108 R<83 /, =8 3 /.'8<873/. = 3 =**/.5 <8@/,/. /. C7<38 IVA T73 ,'3/. 87, 7, =**,:-
?Secion $)A : 5#6W8 3 '483 . 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 8 .
3 @/.' 74' 3 <783/, '>, 3 3 '.'*4,/. 373 3 '.387'3 8 7. <783 = /3 /, 4.'.,'/.7* /3 >7 8=4, 3 .=8' 3 '.387'3 8 3 <783 373 /3 *, 3 4.'.,'/.7*
(2) W/343 <8;4/' 3 3 5.87*/3 = 3 <8@/,/., = 3/, ,'3/. 7 '.387'3 8 <783 = /3 /, > 3 4.'.,'/.7* /= /3 ><3, 7. <783 383 =8>- (7) 3 */7/*/3 =8 /**=4* 87' = 3 '.387'3 8 () 3 '.,J4.', = .5*/5.'
$2
W/* ,'3/. 6#(A)(1)
/, 5.87* /. .7348 7*/.5 /3
?4.'.,'/.7/*/3 ,'3/. 6#(2) 8=8, 3 3 <783/'4*78 ,/3473/., /. /' 3 *7 >, 3 <8@/,/., 3 4.'.,'/.7* S'3/. 6#(1) /, .3 8,38/'3 3 3 '7,, 8=88 3 /. ,'3/. 6#(2) I3 , .3 7* /3 4.=7/8 '.387'3, '<3 3, 373 78 4.'.,'/.7* I3 , .3 <8@/ 7. 54/*/., /' 7 C483 7, 3 '.,/8 3 ;45 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 S@87* S373, /. 38 '4.38/, */,3 7 .4>8 = 54/*/., 3 ;45 ?4.=7/8.,,
A*345 3 8'>>.73/. >7 3 L7 C>>/,,/. /. 3 R<83 . U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.387'3 /. 3 10 8 R<83 (19!") 7, '.'8. /3 ,37.78 =8> '.387'3, /><,/.5 4.=7/8 7. 4.87,.7* 38>, 4<. 4./**/.5 '.,4>8, 8 <8,., 7 . 7857/./.5 <8 3 8'>>.73/. 7, / 7. / .3 8,38/'3 /3,*= 3 7. <783/'4*78 3< = '.387'3 T C>>/,,/. 8'>>. 3 7/3/. = 7 . '7<38 IV-A /3 7 ,/.5* ,'3/. /.3 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 B=8 >7/.5 3 8'>>.73/., 3 C>>/,,/. 7 /.@/3 <4*/' '>>.3, . /3, <8<,7* 3 /.,83 7 . ,'3/. 6#A /.3 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 T C>>/,,/. 8'/@ 8<*/, =8> 3 R5/,3878 45, = H/5 C483, L7 D<783>.3, 3' T C>>/,,/. =*3 373 /3 7, 338 3 5 ,3< ,3< 7. 3 .* ,3< 373 '4* 37. /. 48 '4.38 3 8> 3 @/*, = 4.=7/8 38>, /. ,37.78 =8> = '.387'3, 7, 3 .7'3 7 <8@/,/., /.3 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 /' 4* '>/. 3 7@7.375, = E.5*/, L7 = U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, A'3 7. ,'3/. 202 = U./=8> C>>8'/7* C = USA T C>>/,,/. / .3 /. U
3/.
/3
<8<8
3
.7'3
7
,<7873
*7
7,
$
W 758 /3 3 10 8 R<83 373 3 <8@/,/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. 38 *7, 78 .3 ,4==/'/.3 3 >3 3 <8*>, = 37
N3 .* 373 =* =4838 373 7@ 3 /.384' >8
<8@/,/., 37. 8 '.3><*73 /. 3 10 8 R<83
$"
CHAPTER-III
STANDARD FORM CONTRACTS AND TIR NATUR
T @/' = 7 . 3< = '.387'3 / ,37.78 =8> '.387'3 /, '>>. /. 37, '><* ,384'348 = 5/7.3 '8<873/., /3 @7,3 /.=87,384'3487* 857./73/. T 4, = ,37.78 38>, 7. './3/., /, '.=/. .3 .* 3 '.387'3, /. '>>8'/7* 387.,7'3/., 43 '.387'3, /3 <4*/' 7438/3/, >4*3/.73/.7* '8<873/., 8 /. 7./.5 7. /.,487.' 4,/.,, 3' S37.78 =8> '.387'3, 7@ '> '>>. <*7' /. 3 387 <87'3/', = 3 20 3 7. 21,3 '.348 T 78 =4. /. 7*>,3 @8 87.' = /.4,38 7. '>>8' '.,4>8 '.387'3, ><*>.3 /8 <48'7, /.,487.' 7>/./,3873/. 7. =8> = 387@* 8 3 '48/8 ,8@/', 8 /* .*7/.5 ,=378 '.387'3, =8> 3 /.38.3 3'
B43 38 78 7*, 7.58, /.8.3 /. ,37.78 =8> '.387'3, F/8,3 3 7857/. =8 <783/, '.387'3 /, .3 . J47* 38>, 7. . <783 /.@78/7* 7, 3 ,/5. . 3 33 */. /3 . <<834./3 =8 373 <783 3 .53/73 @8 3 38>, 73 7** S'. . <783 >7 '><*3* 8 8*73/@* 4.=7>/*/78 /3 3 38>, 8 *7.5475 ><* 3 38 T/, >7 '><4. 3 4, = =/. <8/.3 7. '*4,/.78 '*74,, T4, 3 '787'38/,3/', 4,47** 7. 387/3/.7** 7,,'/73 /3 7 '.387'3 ,4' 7, =8> = '.387'3 7.
consensus ad idem 78
3, ,-'7** ,37.78 =8> '.387'3,
,/5./=/'7.3* 7,.3 /.
$$
T ,37.78 =8> '.387'3, 7@ @78/ .7>, 3 F8.' '7** 3> C.387'3, 7,/. 7. 3 A>8/'7., '7** 3> 7,/. '.387'3, 8 '.387'3, = 7,/.
I. B*7', L7 D/'3/.78 (#3 E <!)
?A,/. '.387'3, 78 =/. 7, =**,:
A ,37.78-=8> '.387'3 <8<78 . <783 3 ,/5. 3 <783 /. 7 78 <,/3/. 4,47** 7 '.,4>8 7, */33* '/' 743 3 38>,
A*, 38> C.387'3 = 7,/. 7,8
'.387'3 7,/.78 '.387'3 37 /3 8 *7@ /3 '.387'3 *./8 '.387'3 S> ,3, = 387 7. <8=,,/.7* =8>, 78 38>* .-,/ 58,,* =7@48/.5 . /.38,3 584< 757/.,3 38, 7. 78 '>>.* 8=88 3 7, '.387'3, = 7,/.
F8> 7.,, /.
7857/./.5 <,/3/. /5.87.' 8 /./==8.' 4.=7@48 <783/, 78 /**/.5 3 .38 387.,7'3/., '.38** 3, *<,/ *57* '4>.3,
4/.*/. .,3. 7. D7. H<,. I8 L78, 7.
T/8 W8 29-0 (196)
S37.78 =8> '.387'3, 78 4,47** <8-<8/.3 '.387'3, 373 78 .* '.387'3, /. .7> T ,37.78 38>, 7. './3/., 4./*7387** <8<78 . <783 78 ==8 3 3 38 . 7 37 /3 8 *7@ /3 7,/, 8738 3 38>, 78 =8' . 3 38 <783 T /./@/47* <783/'/<73/. '.,/,3, = 7 >8 78.' 3 3 '4>.3 87=3 4./*7387** 7. /.,/,3 4<. 3 <8=4* .38<8/,, '4* 74, 3/8 <,/3/. 4.8 3 578 = =8 /** T './3/., /><, . <783 . 3 38 78 .@8 <43 /.3 /,'4,,/. O. 7, 3 ;4,3 =/** 3 *7., 7. ,/5.
$6
. 3 33 */. C*@8 ,4<<*/8, = 5, 7. ,8@/',-<8@/8, , 3 '*4 8 */>/3 3/8 <,,/* *57* */7/*/3 3 /.,83/. = '*4,/.78 '*74,, /. 3 ,37.78 =8> '.387'3 ==8 3>
I. 3 '7, = 7 <8,. 37, 7 >/'*7/> <*/' /= . *, 73 /3, ,37.78 =8> 38 /, =8 7><* 7 8,38/'3/.5 '*74, /. 3 '.387'3 /' ,7, 373 7. <8-/,3/.5 /**.,, 373 3 <*/' *8 ,4==8, =8> /** .3 '@8 I3 /, 4.'>>. 3 =/. 7. /./@/47* 75 7@ 6$ 78, , .3 ,4==8 =8> ,> >/'7* <8*> 8 38 T <*/' '.37/., 7.38 '*74, /. =/. <8/.3 373 /. '7, = 7. */= 3873./.5 ,/3473/., 373 8J4/8 />>/73 3873>.3 3 '><7. '4* <7 /.,487.' '@8 /' >7., 373 3 >7 8 >7 .3 <7 T. 38 78 '.387'3, 8 . <783 /, 7438/ 4./*7387** /38 3 .=8' 8 .3 3 .=8' 3 '.387'3 8 3 7*38 /3, 38>, ** 8 /3/. '837/. */>/3, 73 /3, =8 /** E><*>.3 '.387'3, '.37/. '837/. '*74,, .7*/.5 3 ><*8 3 38>/.73 3 '.387'3 /343 7,,/5./.5 7. 87,. 73,@8
S> '.387'3, <8>/3 . <783 3 .>/.73 /3, .
><* '.,4*37.3 8 *78 3 7'3 7, 78/38738 S4' 38>, '4* .@8 <783 = 7 '.387'3 /= <783/, 8 3 .53/73 3 38>, . 7. J47* =3/.5
T ,37.78 =8> '.387'3 '7. .=/'/7* 3 3 3 <783/, /= 3 38>, '.,3/343 7 =7/8 7*7.' 3. 3> F8 7><* 4, = ,4' ,37.78 38>, '7. .7* 3 <783/, 3 >7 '><* '.387'3, /3 >/./>4> <., = 3/> 7. 384* /. .53/73/.5 3 38>, 3 ,37.78/ 3 8/,, 3 =7' F4838 /3 37, 7@7.375 = *,,., =
$#
<8/.' 7. .7*, 7 4./=8> /.38<8373/. = 7** ,/>/*78 '.387'3, I3 /, */@ 373 ,/><*/=/ <*7../.5 7. 7>/./,3873/. >7, 3 ,/** = 3 87=3,>7. 7@7/*7* 3 7** <8,..* 7. /3 >7, 8/,, '7*'4*7* 7. /.'87,, 87* ,'48/3 /' /, 3 .',,78 7,/, = /./3/73/@ 7. 3 7,,4><3/. = =8,7* 8/,,
I. C/33 . C.387'3, ?G.87* P8/.'/<*, (2# 3 E) (@* I 199") 3 =**/.5 <7,,75 /. '..'3/. /3 3 ,37.78 =8> '.387'3, (<787587< N 1209#) /, 8=88 3:
C.387'3, /. ,37.78 =8> -- A /==8.3 <8*> >7 78/, /. <8@/.5 3 38>, = 3 758>.3 8 /3 /, ,453 3 , 373 3 78 '.37/. /. 7 '.387'3 /. ,37.78 =8> / /. ,> 3/'3 8'/<3 8 ,37.78 =8> '4>.3 T 38 <783 >7 7@ ,/5. 3 '4>.3 /. /' '7, /, 4. /3, 38>, M8 =3. @8 /3 /, ,/><* 7. 3 /> 73 3 3/> = >7/.5 3 '.387'3 7. 3 J4,3/. /** 3. 78/, 38 3 <8/.3 './3/., /' /3 '.37/., 7@ '> 38>, = 3 '.387'3 T <783 8'/@/.5 3 '4>.3 /** <87* .3 384* 3 87 /3 7. >7 @. /5.87.3 373 /3 '.37/., 7. './3/., 73 7**
K3
,37.78 =8> '.387'3, @8 =8J4.3* > '*74,, /' <48<83 3 /><, */573/., . /> 8 3 '*4 8 8,38/'3 3 */7/*/3 = 3 <8,. ,4<<*/.5 3 '4>.3
T4, /3 '>,
/><837.3 3 38>/. 38 3, '*74,, ,4* 5/@. '.387'347* =='3 1 1
43 /. P77. A**, 7. C7,3/.5 P@3 L3 M843 3' @ UP S373 E*'38/'/3 B78 AIR 199# SC 910 73 90 /3 7<<8@7*
$!
T&e San"a!" %o!2 con!acs : o!i3inal +!ose "isclose":
I. C,/8, L7 = C.387'3 1"3 E. U, = ,37.78 =8> '.387'3, /, 7*3 /3 73 <75 21 /. 3 =**/.5 38>,:
T <8',, = >7,, <84'3/. 7. /,38/43/. /' 7, *785* ,4<<*>.3 /= /3 7, .3 ,4<<*7.3 /./@/47* ==83 7, /.384' 3 >7,, '.387'3 -- 4./=8> '4>.3, /' >4,3 7''<3 7** 7* /3 *785-,'7* 857./73/.,
S4'
'4>.3, 78 .3 /. 3>,*@, .@*3/,: 3 '*7,,/'7* *78 = 3 >/- V/'38/7. 78, =4. />,*= ,38455*/.5 3 7;4,3 /, ,/><* '.'<3/., = '.387'3 3 3 >7., = ,4' <8=4* /, 7, 3 87/*7 '><7./, B43 /. 3 <8,.3 '.348 >7. '8<873/., 3 <4*/' 7. <8/@73 7@ =4. /3 4,=4* 3 7<3 7, 3 7,/, = 3/8 387.,7'3/., 7 ,8/, = ,37.78 =8>, /3 /' 3/8 '4,3>8, '7. */33* 43 '><*
L8 D/<*' 7, </.3 43 /. S'88 M4,/' P4*/,/.5 C V M7'74*7 (19#") 1 WLR 10!) 373 ,37.78 =8> = '.387'3, 78 = 3 /., T =/8,3 /' 78 = @8 7.'/.3 8/5/. 78 3, /' ,3 43 3 38>, . /' >8'7.3/* 387.,7'3/., = '>>. ''488.' 78 3 '788/ 43
E7><*, 78 /**, = *7/.5 '7838 <783/, <*/'/, =
/.,487.' '.387'3, = ,7* /. 3 '>>/3 >783, T ,37.78 '*74,, /. 3, '.387'3, 7@ . ,33* @8 3 78, .53/73/. 8<8,.373/@, = 3 '>>8'/7* /.38,3, /.@*@ 7. 7@ . /* 7<3 '74, <8/.' 7, ,. 373 3 =7'/*/373 3 '.4'3 =
$9
387 C.387'3, = 3, /., 7=='3 .3 .* 3 7'347* <783/, 3 3> 43 7*, 38, >7 7@ 7 '>>8'/7* /.38,3 /. 3 387.,7'3/., 3 /' 3 8*73 7, 48, 8 ,**8, '78388, 8 ,/<-.8, /.,488, 8 7.8, H 3. <8' 3 ,373 373 /= =7/8.,, 8 87,.7*.,, 8 8*@7.3 3 3/8 .=8'7/*/3 3 =7'3 373 3 78 /* 4, <783/, , 7857/./.5 <8 /, =7/8* >73' 4* 87/, 7 ,38.5 <8,4><3/. 373 3/8 38>, 78 =7/8 7. 87,.7* L8 D/<*' ,8@:
T ,7> <8,4><3/. @8 , .3 7<<* 3 3 38 /. = ,37.78 =8> = '.387'3 T/, /, = '><7873/@* >8. 8/5/. I3 /, 3 8,4*3 = 3 '.'.3873/. = <783/'4*78 /. = 4,/.,, /. 8*73/@* = 7., T 3/'3 '7,, /. 3 19 3 '.348 <8@/ 73 78 <87* 3 =/8,3 7><*, T 38>, = 3/, /. = ,37.78 =8> = '.387'3 7@ .3 . 3 ,4;'3 = .53/73/. 3. 3 <783/, 3 /3 8 7<<8@ 7. 857./73/. 8<8,.3/.5 3 /.38,3, = 3 78 <783 T 7@ . /'373 373 <783 , 7857/./.5 <8 /38 8'/, 7*. 8 /. '.;4.'3/. /3 38, <8@//.5 ,/>/*78 5, 8 ,8@/', .7*, /> 3 ,7: ?I= 4 7.3 3, 5, 8 ,8@/', 73 7** 3, 78 3 .* 38>, . /' 3 78 37/.7* T7 /3 8 *7@ /3 (, 7*, C,/8 F/=3 & F48>,3., L7 = C.387'3 1" 3 E. 2001 <<21-22)
Ine!!eaional iss+es in san"a!" %o!2 con!acs:
I. 3/, '.33 /3 /, 3 .3 373 /. A.,., L7 = C.387'3, 26 3 E.
(<75 16) 3 *78. 7438 7, 7*3 /3 3 J4,3/. <837/./.5
60
3 '.,384'3/. = 38>, /. 7 8/33. '.387'3 /' '7. '873 48*, T 7438 ,373,:
A. 758>.3 453 3 8'/@ 373 '.,384'3/. /' /3, *7.5475 /** 7>/3 /' /** ,3 =='3473 3 /.3.3/. = 3 <783/, 3 '**'3 =8> 3 * = 3 758>.3 7. 58738 8578 /, 3 7 3 3 '*78 /.3.3 = 3 <783/, 37. 3 7. <783/'4*78 8, /' 3 >7 7@ 4, /. 3 <8,,/. = 3/8 /.3.3 T <8<8 > = '.,384'3/. /, 3 37 3 /.,384>.3 7, 7 * 3 '**'3 3 >7./.5 = 8, 7. <87,, =8> 3/8 5.87* '.33 7. 3 38 7. 5/@ =='3 3 @8 <783 = /3 H@8 /= 3 8, = 7 <783/'4*78 '*74, 78 '*78 7. 4.7>/544, 3 '7..3 >/=/ 8=8.' 3 3 38 '*74,, /. 3 758>.3
I= 3/, <8/.'/<* /, 3 7<<*/ 3 ,37.78-=8> '.387'3, /3 /** ,. 373 @. /= 3 <783 7@/.5 58738 7857/./.5 <,/3/. 7, /.384' ><3/. '*74,, 4./*7387** /. /3, . =7@48 3 '483, ; /, 3 5/@ =4** =='3 3 3, '*74,, /' 7@ . 758 4<. @. /= 3 78 4.87,.7* 8 4.'.,'/.7* T =8> = J47* 7857/./.5 <8 /. ,4' '7,, /, 34, *785* 7. /**4,/. T '.387'3, /. 3 ,37.78 =8>, 5.87** '.37/. 38>, 7. './3/., /' 78 4.87,.7* 7. 4.=7/8 8,4*3/.5 =8> /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 8 . 7857/./.5 <8 73 7** T J4,3/. 78/,, 7, 3 3 8> 757/.,3 ,4' 4.'.,'/.7* '*74,, /. '.387'3,
61
S+!e2e Co+! on Con!acs b 4o7e!n2en an" P+blic Insi+ions an" A! #;: .+"icial Re7ie8 +n"e! A! **$ o% &e Consi+ion:
K3 7.38 7.5* 3 3, '.387'3, 78/,, .3 .* =8> 3 387/3/.7* 7,<'3 = '.,.3 8 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 43 7*, =8> 3 </.3 = 78/3878/.,, 8 3 '.387'3 /, .38 /.3 7 <783>.3 = G@8.>.3 8 7 <4*/' ,'38 4.837/.5 8 38 <4*/' H8 /. 7, >4' 7, 3 <783 , ,3/<4*73/.5 /, 7 G@8.>.3 8 <4*/' ,'38 4.837/.5 3 J4,3/. '7. 78/, /= 3 7558/@ <783 '7. 8,83 3 A83/'* 1" = 3 C.,3/343/. = I./7 7. 3 ?78/3878/.,, '38/. *7/ . /. R7<<7, '7, (AIR 19#" SC $$$) B43 8 <783/, '4* 5 3 3 H/5 C483 4.8 A83 226 = 3 C.,3/343/. 8 4.8 A83 2 3 3 S4<8> C483
W/* @/, 7@ . <8,, <783/'4*78* /. 3
C.387* I.*7. W738 T87.,<83 C8<873/. '7, (AIR 19!6 SC 1$#1) 7. /. D*/ T87.,<8373/. '7, (AIR 1991 SC 101) 373 ,4' 4.87,.7* '*74,, /. '.387'3, = ><*>.3 '4* ,384' . 3 '483, /3 7, @8 . ,373 /. 3, @8 '7,, 3 S4<8> C483 373 3 C483 /, .3 <8<78 3 3. 3 <8/.'/<* = ?78/3878/.,, 3 ?'>>8'/7* '.387'3, /. 3 ,7> >7..8 7, /3 7, 3. 3 <8/.'/<* 3 38>, /><, 4./*7387** 7 ,373438 ><*8 . /3, ><*
O&e! Con!acs:
A<783 =8> '.387'3, /. ,37.78 =8> 38 >7 /./@/47* '.387'3, = 7. 7 ' .7348 .38 /.3 3. /./@/47* <783/, /'
62
78 .3 */ >4*3/-.73/.7* '><7./, 8 /5 '>>8'/7* 4,, /3/. I./7 8 .-,/ 8 4.87,.7* './3/., >7 /><, /. ,/3473/., 8 3 7857/./.5 <8 /, 4.J47* E@. /. ,4' '7,, ,> <8 >4,3 5/@. 3 3 '483, 3 8> 3 ,/3473/.
T8=8 3 ?4.=7/8.,, /= 7. /. ,4' ,37.78 =8> '.387'3, =7**, =8 '.,/873/. /. 3/, R<83
6
CHAPTER-IV
UDICIAL +ROUNCMNTS IN INDIA ON UNFAIR TRMS
W , =8> 3 <8'/.5 /,'4,,/. /. C7<38, II 7. III 373 345 @8 ,37.78 =8> '.387'3 >7 .3 7. 4.'.,'/.7* . 38 78 87,.7* '7.', = ,> ,37.78 =8> '.387'3, /.5 37/.3 /3 4.=7/8.,, 7, 38 /, @8 */33* ,'< =8 .53/73/.,
F4838 3
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
T&e Cen!al Inlan" Wae! T!anso! Co!o!aion Li2ie" Case 5AIR #=($ SC #@)#6
T 4.=7/8.,, = '.387'347* 38>, ?7438/3/, /' =7** /3/. 3 >7./.5 = 3 8 ?S373 /. 783/'* 12 = 3 C.,3/343/. = I./7 =/548 /. ,@87* ,8@/' >7338, =8 3 S4<8> C483
T
6"
/8873/.7*/3 8 78/3878/.,, = '*74,, /. ,4' '.387'3, 7, '.,/8 /. 3 '.33 = 783/'* 1"
T 7< '483 =8 3 =/8,3 3/> /. 19!6 /.
Cen!al Inlan" Wae! T!anso! Co!o!aion L"0 @ !o/o Na& 4an3+l (AIR 19!6 SC 1$#1) >7 7. 733><3 3 87. 3 7<<*/'7/*/3
= 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 43,/ 3 4.78/, *7/ . ,'3/. 16 = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 W 7@ 8=88 3 3/, 8/=* /. 3 78*/8 '7<38, H8 <8<, 3 5 /.3 3 =7'3, = 3 '7, 7*,
T 7<<**7.3 /. 3/, '7, 7, 7 G@8.>.3 '><7. S/.' 7.38 '><7. 7, '788/.5 . 3 ,7> 4,/.,, 7, 3 C.387* I.*7. W738 T87.,<83 C8<873/. (CIWTC) 7 ,'> = 7887.5>.3 7, .38 /.3 3. 3 ,7/ C8<873/. 7. 373 '><7. /3 3 7<<8@7* = 3 H/5 C483 U.8 3 ,'> 7. ==/'8 = 3 '><7. '4* 7''<3 3 ; /. 3 '8<873/. 8 /. 3 7*38.73/@ *7@ 3 ; 7. 8'/@ 7 >758 7>4.3 7 = '><.,73/. R4* 9 (/) = 3 8*@7.3 R4*, = 3 C8<873/. <8@/ 373 3 ,8@/', = ==/'8, '4* 38>/.73 5/@/.5 38 >.3, .3/' T <3/3/.8, ,8@/' 7, 38>/.73 /. 3/, >7..8 H '7**.5 3/, 84* 7, 78/3878 4.8 783/'* 1" = 3 C.,3/343/. 7. 7**5 373 7 38> /. 7 '.387'3 = ><*>.3 = 3/, /. .38 /.3 7 <8/@73 ><*8 /' 7, 4.=7/8 4.87,.7* 7. 4.'.,'/.7* 7, 7 /. *7 T/, 84* =8> <783 = 3 '.387'3 = ><*>.3 7. /3, @7*//3 =** 3 3,3 3 <8/.'/<*, = 3 *7 = '.387'3, T C483 87 3 <8/.'/<*, = 4.'.,'/.7* 7857/. 43,/ 3 =48 '8.8, = ,'3/. 16 = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 7. * 373 ,4' 7 '.387'3 7, @/ 4.8 ,'3/. 2 = 373 A'3 T C483 ><7,/ . 3 8J4/8>.3 = 87,.7*.,, /. 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 /,'4,,/.5 38 <8/.'/<*, .7>*- 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 ?/,38/43/@ ;4,3/'
6$
7. 4.87,.7*.,, 7. ?/.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 7. '.,/8 3 /,,4 4.8 38 7/.5,: (1)
U.'.,'/.7/*/3:
4.'.,'/.7/*/3
3
T 7<
<*7/.
3
>7./.5
C483
8*/
4<.
= 3
R,373>.3 = 3 L7 (S'.) 7, <8>4*573 7. 7<3 3 A>8/'7. L7 I.,3/343 (V*4> II) (7*/.5 /3 3 *7 = '.387'3, /. S'3/. 20! 73 <75 10#) 7, =**,:
Secion *<( U.'.,'/.7* C.387'3, T8>:
I= 7 '.387'3 8 38> 38= /, 4.'.,'/.7* 73 3 3/> 3 '.387'3 /, >7 7 C483 >7 8=4, 3 .=8' 3 '.387'3 8 >7 .=8' 3 8>7/.8 = 3 '.387'3 /343 3 4.'.,'/.7* 38> 8 >7 , */>/3 3 7<<*/'73/. = 7. 4.'.,'/.7* 38> 7, 3 7@/ 7. 4.'.,'/.7* 8,4*3
T S4<8> C483 8=88 3 3 '>>.3, 5/@. 4.8 373 ,'3/. 8 /3 /, ,373 L/ 3 */573/. = 5 =7/3 7. =7/8 7*/.5 (S20$) 3 <*/' 757/.,3 4.'.,'/.7* '.387'3, 8 38>, 7<<*/, 3 7 / @78/3 = 3<, = '.4'3 T 38>/.73/. 373 7 38> /, 8 /, .3 4.'.,'/.7* /, >7 /. 3 */53 = /3, ,33/.5 <48<, 7. =='3 R*@7.3 =7'38, /.'*4 7.,,, /. 3 '.387'3/.5 <8',, */ 3, /.@*@ /. >8 ,<'/=/' 84*, 7, 3 '.387'347* '7<7'/3 =874 7. 38 /.@7*/73/.5 '*74,, 3 <*/' 7*, @8*7<, /3 84*, /' 8.8 <783/'4*78 7857/., 8 38>, 4..=8'7* . 584., = <4*/' <*/'
66
P*/'/.5 757/.,3 4.'.,'/.7* '.387'3, 8 38>, 7, ,>3/>, . 7''><*/, 7@8, '.,384'3/. = *7.5475 >7./<4*73/. = 3 84*, = ==8 7. 7''<37.' 8 38>/.73/., 373 3 '*74, /, '.3878 3 <4*/' <*/' 8 3 3 >/.7.3 <48<, = 3 '.387'3
T S4<8> C483 7*, 8=88 3 3 '>>.3 4.8 U./=8> C>>8'/7* C S'3/. 2-02 /' >7, ./' /,3/.'3/., I3 ,7,:
A 7857/. /, .3 4.'.,'/.7* >8* '74, 3 <783/, 3 /3 78 4.J47* /. 7857/./.5 <,/3/. .8 @. '74, 3 /.J47*/3 8,4*3, /. 7. 7**'73/. = 8/,, 3 3 78 <783
B43 58,,
/.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 3538 /3 38>, 4.87,.7* =7@487* 3 3 ,38.58 <783 >7 '.=/8> /./'73/., 373 3 387.,7'3/. /.@*@ *>.3, = '<3/. 8 '><4*,/. 8 >7 , 373 3 78 <783 7 . >7./.5=4* '/' . 87* 7*38.73/@ 8 / .3 /. =7'3 7,,.3 8 7<<78 3 7,,.3 3 3 4.=7/8 38>,
T C483 7*, 8=88 3 3 R<838, .3 3 ,'3/. 20! 8 /3 /, 7,,83 373 7 '.387'3 = 7,/. /, .3 4.'.,'/.7* <8-, 7. 373 7** 4.'.,'/.7* '.387'3, 78 .3 '.387'3, = 7,/. N.3*,, 3 >8 ,37.78/ 3 758>.3 7. 3 *,, 7 <783 >7 7857/. >7./.5=4** 3 >8 ,4,'<3/* 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> /** 3 7 '*7/> = 4.'.,'/.7/*/3
6#
(2)
D/,38/43/@ ;4,3/': T C483 <*7/. 3 '.'<3 =
/,38/43/@ ;4,3/' . /3 8*/ . /3, <8@/4, '/,/. /. 3 '7, = L/.57<<7 P.'7..7 A<<*78 @ S373 = M7787,3872 I. 373 '7,
/*
4<*/.5
3
'.,3/343/.7*/3
=
M7787,387
R,3873/. = L7., 3 S'4* T8/, A'3 19#" 3 A< '483 ,7/:
T <8,.3 *5/,*73/. /, 7 38. ;48/,<84.' ., /3 L5/,*738, ;45, 7. 7>/./,38738, 78 . =7>/*/78 /3 3 '.'<3 = /,38/43/@ ;4,3/' O48 C.,3/343/. <8>/3, 7. @. /8'3, 3 S373 3 7>/./,38 73 >7 38> ?/,38/43/@ ;4,3/' T '.'<3 = /,38/43/@ ;4,3/' /. 3 ,<8 = *7 >7/.5 '..3, /.38-7*/7 3 8>@7* = '.>/' /.J47*/3/, 7. 8'3/=/.5 3 /.;4,3/' 8,4*3/.5 =8> 7*/.5, 8 387.,7'3/., 3. 4.J47*, /. ,'/3 L7 ,4* 4, 7, 7. /.,384>.3 = /,38/43/@ ;4,3/' 3 7'/@ 7 =7/8 /@/,/. = 7*3 7>.5 3 >>8, = ,'/3 7, 4<. 3 <8/.'/<*: ?F8> 7' 7''8/.5 3 /, '7<7'/3 3 7' 7''8/.5 3 /, ., D/,38/43/@ ;4,3/' '><8., >8 37. 7'/@/.5 *,,./.5 = /.J47*/3/, /==8.3/7* 3773/. 5/@/.5 3 8*/= 8 /,38/43/. = <8<83 . . 3 >7. 7@ .. /><,/.5 '/*/.5 . */.5, 3 758/'4*3487* 7. 487. 8 /8'3 854*73/. = '.387'347* 387.,7'3/., =8//.5 '837/. 387.,7'3/., 7. <87<, 8J4/8/.5 38, I3 7*, >7., 373 3, 7@ . <8/@ = 3/8 <8<83/, 4.'.,'/.7* 7857/., ,4* 8,38 3/8 <8<83 A** ,4' 2
(19!$) 1 SCC "99
6!
*7, >7 37 3 =8> = =8' 8/,38/43/. = 7*3 7, 7 >7., = 7'/@/.5 7 =7/8 /@/,/. = >738/7* 8,48', 7>.5 3 >>8, = ,'/3 8 38 >7 *5/,*73/@ '.38* = 4.=7/8 758>.3, (><7,/, ,4<<*/)
()
I.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8:
T C483 <*7/. 3
'.'<3 = 4.87,.7*.,, 7. /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 /3 3 *< = ,@87* E.5*/, '/,/., (G/**,.3, = E.5*/, '483, 7. 3 *7 /. U USA 7. G8>7. 3 '483 ,8@ 373 38 >/53 >8/7 ,/3473/., /' 8,4*3 /. 4.=7/8 7. 4.87,.7* 7857/., 3. <783/, <,,,,/.5 ** /,<8<83/.73 7. 4.J47* 7857/./.5 <8 T, '7,, '7. ./38 .4>873 .8 =4** /**4,3873 T '483 >4,3 ;45 7' '7, . /3, . =7'3, 7. '/8'4>,37.', T 7@ <8/.'/<* 4* 7<<* 3 '483 8/3873 8 3 /.-J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 /, 3 8,4*3 = 3 5873 /,<78/3 /. 3 '.>/' ,38.53 = 3 '.387'3/.5 <783/, 8 8 3 /.J47*/3 /, 3 8,4*3 = '/8'4>,37.', 38 = 3 '873/. = 3 <783/, 8 .3 8 8 3 78 <783 /, /. 7 <,/3/. /. /' '4* 37/. 5, 8 ,8@/', 8 >7., = */@*/ .* 4<. 3 38>, /><, 3 ,38.58 <783 8 5 /343 3> 8 8 7 >7. 7 . '/' 8 8738 . >7./.5=4* '/' 43 3 5/@ /, 7,,.3 3 7 '.387'3 8 3 ,/5. . 3 33 */. /. <8,'8/ 8 ,37.78 =8> 8 3 7''<3 7 ,3 = 84*, 7, <783 = 3 '.387'3 @8 4.=7/8
69
4.87,.7* 7. 4.'.,'/.7* 7 '*74, /. 373 '.387'3 8 =8> 8 84*, >/53
T '483 @8 8/3873 373 3/, <8/.'/<*
4* .3 7<<* 8 3 7857/./.5 <8 = 3 '.387'3/.5 <783/, /, J47* 8 7*>,3 J47* T '.387'3, = 3/, 3< 3 /' 3 <8/.'/<* =8>4*73 7@ 7<<*/ 8 .3 ;4,3 '.387'3, /' 8 37/.3 /3 /**57*/3 43 8 , 4.=7/8 7. 4.87,.7* 373 3 ,' 3 '.,'/.' = 3 C483
A''8/.5 3 3 '483 3/,
<8/.'/<* >7 .3 7<<* 8 3 <783/, 78 4,/.,,>7. 7. 3 '.387'3 /, 7 '>>8'/7* 387.,7'3/.
A J4,3/. 7*, 78, 8 7, 3 4.8 /' 7 4* 7. 4.'.,'/.7* 7857/. =7** 4.8 3 C.387'3 *7 I= /3 =** 4.8 3 7 = 4.4 /.=*4.' /3 4* @/7* 43 /= /3 =** 4.8 3 7 = /.5 <<, 3 <4*/' <*/' /3 4* @/ T C483 7.,8 373 ,4' '.387'3, 4* 878* /.4' 4.4 /.=*4.' @. 345 73 3/>, 3 8 3. <783/, . = > * 7 87* 8 7<<78.3 7438/3 @8 3 38 V8 =3. /. @7,3 >7;8/3 = '7,, ,4' '.387'3, 8 .38 /.3 3 78 <783 4.8 <8,,48 = '/8'4>,37.', 5.87** '.>/' 8,4*3/.5 /. /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8
S4'
'.387'3, / .3 =7** /3/. 3 =48 '8.8, = 3 =/./3/. = ?4.4 /.=*4.' 5/@. /. ,'3/. 16 (1) = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 7. 453 .3 3 * @/7* '74, /3 4* '><* 7' <8,. /3 > 3 <783 /3 ,4<8/8 7857/./.5 <8 7 '.387'3 3 5 3 3 '483 3 7@ 3 '.387'3 7;45 @/7* T/, 4* .* 8,4*3 /. >4*3/<*/'/3 = */3/573/. /' . '483 ,4* .'4875 S4' 7 '.387'3 8 ,4' 7 '*74, /. 3 '.387'3 453 38=8 3 7;45 @/ 7, /.5 <<, 3 <4*/' <*/' 4.8 ,'3/. 2
#0
I. 3 7@ '7, 4,3/' M7. '.,/8 3 @*<>.3 = *7 7. * 373 7. /.,384>.37*/3 = 3 S373 '7..3 /><, 4.'.,3/343/.7* './3/., /. ,8@/' 84*, @/,--@/, /3, ><*8 3 38>/.73 3 ,8@/', = 7 <8>7..3 ><* /343 87,., >8* . 7 38 >.3, .3/' 7. =4. 3 '*74, 3 4.'.,'/.7* 4.=7/8 4.87,.7* 7. 757/.,3 <4*/' <*/' 7. <4*/' /.38,3 7. 34, @/*73/@ = 783/'* 1"
U!on’s case: (AIR 199! SC 16!1)
I. U<38. I./7 L3 @ S7../ B7. 3 '.=8>.3 = <8>7..3 ,3734, . 7. ><* 54787.3 ,'48/3 = 3.48 7, /. /,,4
I3 7,
,373 373 /3 /, . ** ,33* 373 3 ,8@/', = 7 <8>7..3 ><* 38 ><* 3 G@8.>.3 8 G@8.>.3 '><7. 8 G@8.>.3 /.,384>.37*/3
8 ,373438 '8<873/. 8 7. 38
?A438/3 /3/. 3 >7./.5 = 783/'* 12 = 3 C.,3/343/. '7..3 38>/.73 784<3* 7. 78/3878/* /38 5/@/.5 /> 7 >.3, 8 38 >.3, .3/' 8 <7 /. */4 38= 8 @. /343 .3/' .3/3,37./.5 373 38 >7 7 ,3/<4*73/. 3 373 =='3 /38 /. 3 '.387'3 = ,8@/' 8 /. 3 '83/=/ ,37./.5 88,
Del&i T!anso! Co!o!aion’s case: (AIR 1991 SC 101):
T 873/ = C.387* I.*7. W738 '7, 7@ 8=88 3 7, 4<* <8 >7;8/3 /. D*/ T87.,<83 C8<873/. @ DTC M78 C8<873/.
T '.387* J4,3/. /.@*@ /. 3 584< = '7,, 7,
#1
38 3 '*74,, <8>/33/.5 3 ><*8, 8 3 7438/3/, '.'8. 3 38>/.73 3 ><*>.3 = 3 854*78 8 <8>7..3 ><*, 5/@/.5 87,.7* .3/' 8 <7 /. */4 = .3/' 43 /343 */.5 7. .J4/8 78 '.,3/343/.7** @7*/ I= .3 73 4* 3 '.,J4.', = 38>/.73/. @/834 = ,4' '*74,, 8 <8, 7. =4838 38 ,4' <8, 7. '*74,, '4* , 87 . /3 ,4' /><*/ './3/., /' 4* >7 ,4' <8, '.,3/343/.7** 7. *57** @7*/
I. 373 '7, 3 8,<..3, 8 <8>7..3 ><*, 7**5* '7> /.==/'/.3 /. 3/8 8, 7. ,3783 /.'/3/.5 38 ,37== >>8, .3 3 <8=8> 3/8 43/, T 8 ,8@ /3 38>/.73/. .3/', 4.8 R54*73/. 9() = 3 D*/ R7 T87.,<83 A438/3 (C./3/., = A<</.3>.3 7. S8@/') R54*73/., 19$2 I. 3 8/3 <3/3/. 3 '.,3/343/.7* @7*//3 = 3 R54*73/. 7, '7**.5 T C.,3/343/. B.' * 373 R54*73/. 9 () 8 ,8@/' = 7 <8>7..3 ><* '4* 38>/.73 /,,4/.5 7 >.3, .3/' /343 7,,/5./.5 7. 87,., 7, 78/3878
4.=7/8
4.;4,3 7.
4.87,.7* I3 7, 7*, <<, 3 <4*/' <*/' 7. 38 @/ 4.8 S'3/. 2 = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2
R*/7.' 7, <*7' 3 '483 . 3 '/,/. /. Wes en3al Sae Elec!ici oa!" @ Des& an"&+ 4&os& 19!$ () SCC 116 8
3
'483 7, '.'8. /3
R54*73/., = 3 W,3 B.57* S373
E*'38/'/3 B78 /' ,7/ 373 /. 3 '7, = 7 <8>7..3 ><* /, ,8@/', >7 38>/.73 ,8@/.5 >.3, .3/' 8 . <7>.3 = ,7*78 =8 3 '88,<./.5 <8/ /. */4 38= T '483 7, = 3
#2
@/ 373 /3 7, .7 /8 7. =/8 84* 7. 34, ,384' . R54*73/. "
H@8 3 C483 7, '743/4, 3 *3 3 J4,3/. = 4.87,.7*.,, /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 7. <4*/' <*/' 8>7/. =*/* 7. ,8@ 373 3 >7./.5 7. ,'< = 3, >7 '7.5 <7,,75 = 3/>
LIC 70 Cons+2e! E"+caion B Resea!c& Cene!: #==@ 5@6 SCC ;(*
W .3 '> 3 7 '7, .3 /.@*@/.5 ,8@/' './3/., A '7, = 4.J47* 7857/./.5 <8 78, /. 3 '.33 = 7 */= /.,487.' <*/' /. LIC In"ia @ Cons+2e! E"+caion B Resea!c& Cene! T S4<8>
C483 /.38<83 7. /.,487.' <*/' /,,4 L/= I.,487.' C8<873/. = I./7 8/.5/.5 /. '837/. *>.3, = <4*/' <48<, T '483 '*78 7 38> /. 3 <*/' <837/./.5 3 8,38/'3/.5 3 .=/3 = 3 <*/' .* 3 3, <<* ><* /. 3 G@8.>.3 J47,/G@8.>.3 8 8<43 '>>8'/7* =/8>, 7, @/ 4.8 783/'* 1" = 3 C.,3/343/.
I3 7, ,373 373 /3 /, ,33* *7 373 /= 7 '.387'3 8 7 '*74, /. 7 '.387'3 /, =4. 4.87,.7* 8 4.=7/8 8 /8873/.7* . >4,3 * 3 3 8*73/@ 7857/./.5 <8 = 3 '.387'3/.5 <783/, I. 33 */. '.387'3, 38 4* . ''7,/. =8 7 78 <783 3 7857/. 7, 3 7,,4> 3 7@ J47* 7857/./.5 <8 H 7, /38 3 7''<3 8 *7@ 3 ,8@/' 8
#
5, /. 38>, = 3 33 */. '.387'3 H/, <3/. 4* /38 3 7''<3 3 4.87,.7* 8 4.=7/8 38>, 8 =85 3 ,8@/' =8 @8 W/3 7 @/ 3 7@ 3 ,8@/', = 3 5, 3 <783 .38, /.3 7 '.387'3 /3 4.87,.7* 8 4.=7/8 38>, '.37/. 38/. 7. 4* *=3 /3 . <3/. 43 3 ,/5. 3 '.387'3
A. 4.=7/8 7. 4.3.7* 8 /8873/.7*
'.387'3 '43 7 <4*/' 7438/3 /, 4.;4,3 7. 7>.7* 3 ;4/'/7* 8@/
LIC /.5 7 S373 /3/. 3 >7./.5 = 783/'* 12 = 3
C.,3/343/. 3 '483 /.@ 783/'* 1" = 3 C.,3/343/. 7. /. <787 2# /3 =4838 ,373:
I. 3 ,<8 = '.387'347* 8*73/., 3 ,373 /3, /.,384>.37*/3 <4*/' 7438/3/, 8 3, , 7'3, 78 /.,/5./7 = <4*/' *>.3 7'3/. 3 <4*/' 43 8 */573/. 78 .;/. 3 7'3 /. 7 >7..8 / =7/8 ;4,3 7. J4/37* 7=38 37/.5 ;'3/@* 7** 3 8*@7.3 <3/., /.3 '.,/873/. 7. /. 7 >7..8 373 /, 87,.7* 8*@7.3 7. 58>7. 3 =='3473 3 <48<, =8 <4*/' 5 7. /. 5.87* <4*/' /.38,3 7. /3 >4,3 .3 37 7. /88*@7.3 8 /8873/.7* =7'38, /.3 '.,/873/. 8 78/3878 /. /3, '/,/. D43 3 7'3 =7/8* /, <783 = =7/8 <8'48 .@/,75, 4.8 A83/'*, 1" 7. 21 E@8 7'3/@/3 = <4*/' 7438/3 8 3, 4.8 <4*/' 43 8 */573/. >4,3 /.=8> 87,. 7. 54/ 3 <4*/' /.38,3
Pa8an Allos Case' AIR #==) SC ,=#<:
W ,7** .3 8=8 3 7 4,/.,, 387.,7'3/. 8 ,'3/. 2 = 3 C.387'3 A'3 7, 7<<*/
I. Ms Pa8an Allos B Casin3 P70 L"0
Mee!+ @ U0P0S0E00 3 38 .3/=/'73/., = E*'38/'/3 B78 5/@/.5
#"
/.'.3/@ @*<>.3 873 3 . /.4,38/, /. 3 S373 = UP /. 8'/, = /3, ,373438 <8, 4.8 ,'3/. "9 = 3 E*'38/'/3 (S4<<*) A'3 19"! 87 /3 ,'3/. #!A 8 '7**.5 T 7<<**7.3 /.4,38/, ,37*/, . 7,/, = ,7/ <8>/, /. 3 .3/=/'73/. ,/5./.5 ,37.78 758>.3 =8 ,4<<* = *'38/'/3
T B78 3. 78/3878/* 7.
<8>7348* /38 3/, 873 T '483 * 373 /.'.3/@ 3 . /.4,38/, 7 = 37 */7 8 37 ><3/. '4* @7*/* =8> 3 ,4;'3 >7338 = <8>/,,8 ,3<<* 7, /3 4* .3 757/.,3 <4*/' <*/' 43 /. , =78 7, 7. 8<8,.373/. ,, 3 .7* 3 <8>/, 3 53 8=4. = 3 '**'3 ,7*, 37 /3 4* 8>7/. 4.'.,3/343/.7* /.5 @/*73/@ = 3 3773/. ,'> 7. 4* '.3878 3 <4*/' <*/' 7. 34, @/ 4.8 ,'3/. 2 = C.387'3 A'3
Concl+sion:
I3 /** ,. 373 3 A< C483 /38 7<<*/ A83/'* 1" /. '7,, 8 4.87,.7* 38> 8 /><, 7. .3/3 /' 7, 7 ?S373 /3/. A83/'* 12 8 7<<*/ ,'3/. 2 = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 T .* ,4,37.3/@ @*<>.3 7, 373 3 C483 7, .3 '.=/. 3 /,3/.5 7, = <4*/' <*/' T45 /. '837/. '7,, /3 7, ,8@ 373 A83/'* 1" '4* .3 7<<*/ 3 '>>8'/7* '.387'3, .38 .3/3/, /' 8 7 ?S373 /3/. A83/'* 12 = 3 C.,3/343/. /. ,> '7,, ,'3/. 2 7, /.@ 757/.,3 ,4' .3/3/, 3 587.3 8*/= T @78/4, '/,/., 8.8 3 C483 4* 8@7* 373 3 7@ <8'48, 8 7<3 '74, 3 '483 7, 38/, 7./'7<< /.
#$
5/@/.5 8*/= '74, = 3 7,.' = 7 5.87* <8 5/@. 7 ,37343 3 ,38/ . ?4.87,.7* '*74,,
#6
CHAPTER-V
UNFAIR TERMS IN CONTRACT - A COMPARATIVE STUD
T *7 8*73/.5 3 4.=7/8.,, 78/,/.5 =8> /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 7, @*< 784. 3 5* 7, 7 ,<7873 584. . /' '.387'3, '7. ,3 7,/ C*7,,/'7* *57* 38 @/ ,37.78 =8> '.387'3, . /==8.3* 37. /./@/47** .53/73 '.387'3, 7. .=8' 3> 7''8/.5 3 3/8 38>, . >7338 78, 8 4.;4,3 3 38>, 8 U.8 3 '*7,,/'7* 38 '483, '873 7 '.'*4,/@ <8,4><3/. 373 3 ,/5./.5 <783 4.8,3 3 38>, T/, 8,4*3 7, 7, . 3 43 3 87 '38/. /' 7, 7*, @*< 43 = 3 <787/5> = /./@/47** .53/73 '.387'3,
H@8 *57* ,'*78, 7. '483,
8'5./ 3 =4.7>.37* /==8.', 3. ,37.78 =8> '.387'3, 7. 3 '*7,,/'7* >*, = /./@/47** .53/73 '.387'3, P8=,,8 78* L***. QB R@/ $2 H78@78 L7 R@/ #00 #0" (199) .3 3 /><837.' = <83'3/.5 3 78 <783, 87,.7* <'373/., . /.38<83/.5 ,37.78 =8> '.387'3,:
F8 '.387'3 <8,4<<,, =8 7857/. 7. =8 7857/. <8,4<<,, =8 7857/./.5 7. 373 8 7857/./.5 /, 7,.3 /. =7'3 3 './3/., 7. '*74,, 3 87 /.3 7857/. 78 .3 3, /' 7<<. 3 <8/.3 . 3 4.87 <7<8 43 78 3, /' 7 ,7. >7. >/53 87,.7* <'3 3 =/. . 373 <7<8
##
Posiion in U0S0A0 : A2e!ican Resae2en 5Secon" E"iion6 an" UCC: Unconscionabili:
T .3/. = 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 /. '.387'3, /, . >7., . /. USA A, ,373 /. C7<38 III /3 7, 37. 7 . */= ,/.' /3 7, >/ 7, 7 3,3 = .=8'7/*/3 /. 3 U./=8> C>>8'/7* C 19## (8/.7=38 '7** UCC) T 5.87* '38/. = 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7, @*< /. 373 '4.38 *785* 3845 ;4/'/7* '/,/., W 7@ 7*87 8=88 3 3 <,/3/. 4.8 3 A>8/'7. L7 7, ,373 /. R,373>.3 = L7 (,'. /3/.) /. S'3/. 20! 7, 8=88 3 3 S4<8> C483 /. I.*7. W738, '7, AIR 199! SC 1$1 I3 ,373:
I= 7 '.387'3 8 38>, 38= /, 4.'.,'/.7* 73 3 3/> 3 '.387'3 /, >7 7 '483 >7 8=4, 3 .=8' 3 '.387'3 8 >7 .=8' 3 8>7/.8 = 3 '.387'3 /343 3 4.'.,'/.7* 38> 8 >7 , */>/3 3 7<<*/'73/. = 7. 4.'.,'/.7* 38> 7, 3 7@/ 7. 4.'.,'/.7* 8,4*3
T '38/. = 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7, 7*, . /.'*4 /. 3 UCC 345 /3 7, 7<<*/'7* .* 3 '.387'3, 8*73/.5 3 ,7*, = 5, I3 7, . 7<<*/ 7.7*5 8 7, 7 5.87* '38/. 3 38 /., = '.387'3 S'3/. 2 - 02 = 3 UCC <8@/,:-
I= 3 '483 7, 7 >7338 = *7 =/., 3 '.387'3 8 7. '*74, = 3 '.387'3 3 7@ . 4.'.,'/.7* 73 3 3/> /3 7, >7 3 '483 >7 8=4, 3 .=8' 3 '.387'3 8 /3 >7 .=8' 3
#!
8>7/.8 = 3 '.387'3 /343 3 4.'.,'/.7* '*74, 8 /3 >7 , */>/3 3 7<<*/'73/. = 7. 4.'.,'/.7* '*74, 7, 3 7@/ 7. 4.'.,'/.7* 8,4*3
T '>>.3 3 3/, ,'3/. 387'3 * 3 3 3.3 8*@7.3 ,'8/, 3 <48<, = 3/, ,'3/. 7, =**,:
T/, ,'3/. /, /.3. 3 .7* 3 '483, 3 <*/' <*/'/3* 757/.,3 3 '.387'3, 8 '*74,, /' 3 =/. 3 4.'.,'/.7* I. 3 <7,3 ,4' <*/'/.5 7, . 7''><*/, 7@8, '.,384'3/. = *7.5475 >7./<4*73/. = 3 84*, = ==8 7. 7''<37.' 8 38>/.73/., 373 3 '*74, /, '.3878 3 <4*/' <*/' 8 3 3 >/.7.3 <48<, = 3 '.387'3
S/.' S'3/. 2-02 8=88 3 7@ /, 78,, 3 3 C483 /. 7, >4' 7, 3 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 >4,3 38>/. 3 '483 7, 3 >7338 = *7 U.8 3/, <8@/,/. . /3 /, '*7/> 8 7<<78, 3 3 '483 373 3 '.387'3 8 7. '*74, 38= >7 4.'.,'/.7* 3 <783/, ,7** 7==8 7 87,.7* <<834./3 3 <8,.3 @/.' 7, 3 /3, '>>8'/7* ,33/.5 <48<, 7. 3 =='3 /. 88 3 7/ 3 '483 /. >7/.5 3 38>/.73/. T 8*/= 587.3 3 '483, '4* 8=4,7* 3 .=8' 3 .3/8 '.387'3 8 3 <783/'4*78 '*74,, =4. 3 4.'.,'/.7*
T '>>.3 3 ,'3/. 2-02 =4838 ,373, 7, =**,:
#9
A 7857/. /, .3 4.'.,'/.7* >8* '74, 3 <783/, 3 /3 78 4.J47* /. 7857/./.5 <8 .8 @. '74, 3 /.J47*/3 8,4*3, /. 7. 7**'73/. = 8/,, 3 3 78 <783 B43 58,, /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 3538 /3 38>, 4.87,.7* =7@487* 3 3 ,38.58 <783 >7 '.=/8> /./'73/., 373 3 387.,7'3/. /.@*@ *>.3, = '<3/. 8 '><4*,/. 8 >7 , 373 3 78 <783 7 . >7./.5=4* '/' . 87* 7*38.73/@ 8 / .3 /. =7'3 7,,.3 8 7<<78 3 7,,.3 3 3 4.=7/8 38>,
T4, 345 3 >8 /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 , .3 ,4==/' 7. 3 '483, ?8'5./ 373 3 <783/, 78 =3. 8J4/8 3 >7 3/8 '.387'3, J4/'* @. /= 3/8 7857/./.5 <8 >7 878* J47* ,3/** 3 '483 7, <8 3 /.38=8 /. '7,, =7**/.5 /3/. 3 <8@/,/., I3 /, J4/3 '*78 373 /. US 38 /, 7 ,373438 78 . 4.'.,'/.7* '.387'3, 7. 3 /.38,3 = 3 <783/, <8;4/' /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8
T UCC , .3 =/. 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 43
/./'73, /. 3 '>>.3 3 7,/' 3,3 38 /. 3 */53 = 5.87* '>>8'/7* 7'584. 7. 3 '>>8'/7* ., = 3 <783/'4*78 387 8 '7, 3 '*74,, /.@*@ 78 , .-,/ 7, 3 4.'.,'/.7* 4.8 3 '/8'4>,37.', /,3/.5 73 3 3/> = 3 >7/.5 = 3 '.387'3 T <8/.'/<* /, . = <<8,,/. 7. 4.=7/8 ,48<8/, ( Ca2bell So+ Co0 @ Wen) (8=88 3 8/.7=38) 7. .3 = /,3487.' = 7**'73/. = 8/,,
'74, = ,4<8/8 7857/./.5 <8 P8= MA E/,.85, T B7857/. P8/.'/<* 7. /3, L/>/3, (19!2) 9$ H78@ LR <#"1
Wen’s Case
!0
T '7, = Ca2bell So+ Co0 @ Wen 1#2 F 2 !0 '/8 (19"!) (7, '/3 /. F7.,83 C.387'3, < "19) /, '/3 /. '>>.3 1 3 UCC 2-02
T '7, '.'8. 7 ,37.78 =8>-'7883-588 '.387'3
T =.7.3 7 '>>/33 /, .3/8 '8< = '7883, 3 C7><** =8 7 <8/' = .3 >8 37. 0 7 3. A3 3 3/> = */@8 7 ,'78'/3 7 @*< 7. ,4' 5, 8 @/8347** 4.37/.7* 7. 3/8 <8/' 7 7*, 8/,. 3 73 *7,3 90 7 3. C7><**, ,4<<*/8 57. 3 ,** ,> = 3/8 '8<, 3 38, 7. C7><** 8453 7. 7'3/. 3 .;/. =4838 ,7*, *,8 3 =.7.3 7. =8 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.'
T C483 =
A<<7*, =4. ,@87* <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3 3 ;'3/.7* 7. 8=4, 3 587.3 J4/37* 8*/=
I3 ,7/ 373 3 '.387'3 7, @/4,*
87. ,/*=4* 87=3,>. /3 3 48, /.38,3, /. >/. 7. 373 /3 7, 3 78 7 7857/. 3 .3/3* 3 <*7/.3/== 3 8*/= /. 7 '483 = '.,'/.'
Ne8 P!inciles o% !oce"+!al an" S+bsani7e Unconscionabili 5USA6:
T =/./3/. = ?4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7, ,373 /. Willia2s @ Wal1e! T&o2as F+!ni+!e Co0 ($0 F2 ""$C DC C/8 96$) 7, . 5.87**
7''<3 /. 7,.' = =/./3/. /. 3 UCC T73 '7, =/.,: U.'.,'/.7/*/3 3 /.'*4 3 7,.' = >7./.5=4* '/' . 3 <783 = . = 3 <783/, 3538 /3 '.387'3 38>, /' 78 4.87,.7* =7@487* 3 3 38 <783 W38 7 >7./.5=4* '/' /, <8,.3 /. 7 <783/'4*78 '7, 8 .3 '7. .* 38>/. '.,/873/. = 7** 3 '/8'4>,37.', ,4884./.5 3 387.,7'3/. I. >7. '7,, 3
!1
>7./.5=4* '/' /, .573 58,, /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 A '.387'3 8 7 '*74, /. 7 '.387'3 /** ,7/ 3 4.'.,'/.7* /= /3 ,73/,=/, 3 3,3 = <8'487* 7, ** 7, ,4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 /./'73 8,<'3/@* 3 8, ?7,.' = >7./.5=4* '/' 7. ?38>, 4.87,.7* =7@487* /. 3 7@ =/./3/. 7. 8 >8 = . /, <8,.3 *,, = 3 38 /, 8J4/8 P8'487* 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 78/,, . 38 /, 7. *>.3 = <<8,,/. 8 8.5 /.5 /. 3 <8',, = 3 >7/.5 = 3 '.387'3 7. 4* /.'*4 4, = =/. <8/.3 8 3'./'7* *7.5475 *7' = .*5 8 4.8,37./.5 7. /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8
S4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 . 3 38 7.
7=='3, 3 7'347* ,4,37.' = 3 '.387'3 7. /3, 38>, 7. /** /.'*4 / '*4,/. '*74,, 8 ',,/@ <8/', 3'
W 7@ 8=88 3 3/, /'3> /. C7<38 I
W ,7** 7*,
8=88/.5 3 3, '.'<3, /. *7338 '7<38,
AUSTRALIA
N S43 W7*, (NSW) 7, 7 *5/,*73/. /. 8*73/. 3 4.=7/8 8 4.;4,3 '.,4>8 '.387'3, /. 5.87*
T&e Con!ac Re7ie8 Ac' #=(< 5Ne8 So+& Wales6:
!2
T C.387'3 R@/ A'3 19!0 (CRA) <83'3, <8,., =8> 4,/.5 4.;4,3 '.387'3, 8 <8@/,/., S'3/. 6(2) ,373, 373 8*/= 4.8 3 A'3 /, .3 7@7/*7* , =78 7, '.387'3, .38 /.3 /. 3 '48, = 8 =8 3 <48<, = 7 387 4,/.,, 8 <8=,,/. '788/ . 8 <8<, 3 '788/ . 3 <8,. 38 37. 7 =78>/.5 4.837/.5 /. N S43 W7*, U.8 S'3/. # 38 78 @78/4, 7@.4, 7@7/*7* 3 3 C483 . 7 =/./.5 = 7. 4.;4,3 '.387'3 8 '.387'347* <8@/,/., T CRA <8@/, 373 7 '483 '7. 587.3 8*/= /. 8*73/. 3 7 '.,4>8 '.387'3 /= /3 =/., 3 '.387'3 8 7 <8@/,/. = 3 '.387'3 3 7@ . 4.;4,3 /. 3 '/8'4>,37.', 8*73/.5 3 3 '.387'3 73 3 3/> /3 7, >7 T '483 '7. 8=4, 3 .=8' 7. 8 7** = 3 <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3 7. '*78 3 '.387'3 @/ /. * 8 /. <783 >7 7. 88 @78/.5 3 <8@/,/., = 3 /.,384>.3 8 38>/.73/.5 8 38/, 7=='3/.5 /3, <873/. 8 =='3, T CRA <873, '.'488.3* /3 3 U./=8> C.,4>8 C8/3 C (UCCC) (S U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, A D/,'4,,/. P7<8 7.478 200") (4.,*7. 7. V/'38/7)
U.;4,3 /, =/. /. 3 CRA 7, /.'*4/.5 73 /, 4.'.,'/.7* 78, 8 <<8,,/@
S'3/. 9(1) = 3 CRA ,3, 43 3 >7338, /' 3 '483 >4,3 '.,/8 /. 38>/./.5 /= 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> /, 4.;4,3: 3 <4*/' /.38,3 7. 7** 3 '/8'4>,37.', = 3 '7, /.'*4/.5 ,4' '.,J4.', 8 8,4*3, 7, 3, 78/,/.5 /. 3 @.3 =: (7) '><*/7.' /3 7. 8 7** = 3 <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3 8
!
() ..-'><*/7.' /3 8 '.387@.3/. = 7. 8 7** = 3 <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3
U.8 ,'3/. 9(2) 8@8 8*@7.3 3 C483 /, 7*, 3 7@ 8578 3 <8'487* /,,4, ,4' 7, >738/7* /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 8*73/@ '.>/' '/8'4>,37.', 4'73/.7* 7'584. */387' = 3 <783/, 7. 4.=7/8 <8,,48 38 8 .3 *57* 8 <83 7@/' 7, ,453 43 7*, ,4,37.3/@ /,,4, ,4' 7,: ()38 8 .3 7. <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3 /><, './3/., /' 78 4.87,.7* /==/'4*3 3 '><* /3 8 .3 87,.7* .',,78 =8 3 <83'3/. = 3 *5/3/>73 /.38,3, = 7. <783 3 3 '.387'3 7. (5)8 3 '.387'3 /, ** 8 <783* /. 8/3/.5 3 <,/'7* =8> = 3 '.387'3 7. 3 /.3**/5//*/3 = 3 *7.5475 /. /' /3 /, <8,,
S'3/. 9 /' 78, 3 3/3* ?M7338, 3 '.,/8 3 C483 87, 7, =**,:
?= Mae!s o be consi"e!e" b Co+!
(1)
I. 38>/./.5 38 7 '.387'3 8 7 <8@/,/. = 7 '.387'3 /, 4.;4,3 /. 3 '/8'4>,37.', 8*73/.5 3 3 '.387'3 73 3 3/> /3 7, >7 3 C483 ,7** 7@ 8578 3 3 <4*/' /.38,3 7.
!"
3 7** 3 '/8'4>,37.', = 3 '7, /.'*4/.5 ,4' '.,J4.', 8 8,4*3, 7, 3, 78/,/.5 /. 3 @.3 =: (7)
'><*/7.' /3 7. 8 7** = 3 <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3 8
()
..-'><*/7.' /3 8 '.387@.3/. = 7. 8 7** = 3 <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3
(2)
W/343 /. 7.7 7=='3/.5 3 5.87*/3 = ,4,'3/. (1) 3 >7338, 3 /' 3 C483 ,7** 7@ 8578 ,7** 3 3 3.3 373 3 78 8*@7.3 3 3 '/8'4>,37.', /.'*4/.5 3 =**/.5: 5a6
38 8 .3 38 7, 7. >738/7* /.J47*/3 /. 7857/./.5 <8 3. 3 <783/, 3 3 '.387'3
5b6
38 8 .3 <8/8 3 8 73 3 3/> 3 '.387'3 7, >7 /3, <8@/,/., 8 3 ,4;'3 = .53/73/.
5c6
38 8 .3 /3 7, 87,.7* <87'3/'7* =8 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 4.8 3/, A'3 3 .53/73 =8 3 7*3873/. = 8 3 8;'3 7. = 3 <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3
5"6
38 8 .3 7. <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3 /><, './3/., /' 78 4.87,.7* /==/'4*3 3 '><* /3 8 .3 87,.7* .',,78 =8 3 <83'3/. = 3 *5/3/>73 /.38,3, = 7. <783 3 3 '.387'3
5e6
38 8 .3: (/)
7. <783 3 3 '.387'3 (38 37. 7 '8<873/.) 7, .3 87,.7* 7* 3 <83'3 /, 8 8 /.38,3, 8
!$
(//)
7. <8,. 8<8,.3 7. = 3 <783/, 3 3 '.387'3 7, .3 87,.7* 7* 3 <83'3 3 /.38,3, = 7. <783 > 8 , 8<8,.3 '74, = /, 8 8 75 8 3 ,373 = /, 8 8 <,/'7* 8 >.37* '7<7'/3
5%6
3
8*73/@
'.>/'
'/8'4>,37.',
4'73/.7*
7'584. 7. */387' =: (/)
3
<783/,
3
3
'.387'3
(38
37.
7
'8<873/.) 7. (//)
7. <8,. 8<8,.3 7. = 3 <783/, 3 3 '.387'3
536
8 3 '.387'3 /, ** 8 <783* /. 8/3/.5 3 <,/'7* =8> = 3 '.387'3 7. 3 /.3**/5//*/3 = 3 *7.5475 /. /' /3 /, <8,,
5&6
38 8 .3 7. . /.<..3 *57* 8 38 <83 7@/' 7, 37/. 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 4.8 3/, A'3
5i6
3 3.3 (/= 7.) 3 /' 3 <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3 7. 3/8 *57* 7. <87'3/'7* =='3 8 7''4873* <*7/. 7. <8,. 3 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 4.8 3/, A'3 7. 38 8 .3 373 <783 4.8,3 3 <8@/,/., 7. 3/8 =='3
5/6
38 7. 4.4 /.=*4.' 4.=7/8 <8,,48 8 4.=7/8 37'3/', 8 83 . 8 4, 757/.,3 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 4.8 3/, A'3: (/)
7. 38 <783 3 3 '.387'3
!6
(//)
7. <8,. 7'3/.5 8 7<<78/.5 8 <48<83/.5 3 7'3 =8 8 . 7*= = 7. 38 <783 3 3 '.387'3 8
(///)
7. <8,. 3 3 .*5 (73 3 3/> 3 '.387'3 7, >7) = 7. 38 <783 3 3 '.387'3 8 = 7. <8,. 7'3/.5 8 7<<78/.5 8 <48<83/.5 3 7'3 =8 8 . 7*= = 7. 38 <783 3 3 '.387'3
516
'48,, = 7*/.5 3 /' 7. = 3> 7, . 7 <783 7.
5l6
3 '>>8'/7* 8 38 ,33/.5 <48<, 7. =='3 = 3 '.387'3
()F8 3 <48<,, = ,4,'3/. (2) 7 <8,. ,7** > 3 7@ 8<8,.3 7 <783 3 7 '.387'3 /= 3 <8,. 8<8,.3 3 <783 8 7,,/,3 3 <783 3 7 ,/5./=/'7.3 58 /. .53/73/., <8/8 3 8 73 3 3/> 3 '.387'3 7, >7 (")I. 38>/./.5 38 7 '.387'3 8 7 <8@/,/. = 7 '.387'3 /, 4.;4,3 3 C483 ,7** .3 7@ 8578 3 7. /.;4,3/' 78/,/.5 =8> '/8'4>,37.', 373 8 .3 87,.7* =8,7* 73 3 3/> 3 '.387'3 7, >7 ($)I. 38>/./.5 38 /3 /, ;4,3 3 587.3 8*/= /. 8,<'3 = 7 '.387'3 8 7 <8@/,/. = 7 '.387'3 373 /, =4. 3 4.;4,3 3 C483 >7 7@ 8578 3 3 '.4'3 = 3 <783/, 3 3 <8'/.5, /. 8*73/. 3 3 <8=8>7.' = 3 '.387'3 ,/.' /3 7, >7
!#
S'3/. # /' 7*, /3 ?<8/.'/<7* 8*/= /. 8,<'3 = 4.;4,3 '.387'3, 87, 7, =**,:
?P!incial !elie%:
(1)
W8 3 C483 =/., 7 '.387'3 8 7 <8@/,/. = 7 '.387'3 3 7@ . 4.;4,3 /. 3 '/8'4>,37.', 8*73/.5 3 3 '.387'3 73 3 3/> /3 7, >7 3 C483 >7 /= /3 '.,/8, /3 ;4,3 3 , 7. =8 3 <48<, = 7@//.5 7, =78 7, <87'3/'7* 7. 4.;4,3 '.,J4.' 8 8,4*3 7. . 8 >8 = 3 =**/.5: (7)
/3 >7 '/ 3 8=4, 3 .=8' 7. 8 7** = 3 <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3
()
/3 >7 >7 7. 88 '*78/.5 3 '.387'3 @/ /. * 8 /. <783
(')
/3 >7 >7 7. 88 @78/.5 /. * 8 /. <783 7. <8@/,/. = 3 '.387'3
()
/3 >7 /. 8*73/. 3 7 *7. /.,384>.3 >7 7. 88 =8 8 /3 8,<'3 3 8J4/8/.5 3 '43/. = 7. /.,384>.3 373: (/)
@78/, 8 7, 3 =='3 = @78/.5 3 <8@/,/., = 3 *7. /.,384>.3 8
(//)
38>/.73, 8 38/, 7=='3, 8 7, 3 =='3 = 38>/.73/.5 8 38/, 7=='3/.5 3 <873/. 8 =='3 = 3 *7. /.,384>.3
(2)
8 3 C483 >7, 7. 88 4.8 ,4,'3/. (1)() 8 (') 3 '*7873/. 8 @78/73/. ,7** 7@ =='3 7, =8> 3 3/>
!!
. 3 '.37'3 7, >7 8 (7, 3 3 * 8 7. <783 8 <783, = 3 '.387'3) =8> ,> 38 3/> 8 3/>, 7, ,<'/=/ /. 3 88 ()
T <873/. = 3/, ,'3/. /, ,4;'3 3 3 <8@/,/., = ,'3/. 19
S'3/. ! 8=8, 3 7.'/**78 8*/= /' '4* 587.3 7 C483 S'3/. ! 87, 7, =**,:-
?Ancilla! !elie%
S'4* 1 7, 3 =='3 /3 8,<'3 3 3 7.'/**78 8*/= 373 >7 587.3 3 C483 /. 8*73/. 3 7. 7<<*/'73/. =8 8*/= 4.8 3/, A'3
T CRA (NSW) /, .3 */>/3 3 ,37.78 38>, 7*345 38 7 38> 7, .53/73 8 .3 /, 7 '.,/873/. =8 3 '483 S'3/., 9(2) () 7. (5) /. <783/'4*78 *7. 378, 3 ,4,37.3/@ /,,4, A <8,., 8/53, 4.8 3 A'3 '7..3 '*4 8 8,38/'3 /. 7. 7
T A'3 7*, <8@/, 7 >'7./,> =8 8*/= 7. /./@/47* '.,4>8 . 7 '7, '7, 7,/, 7. =8 587.3 = ,,3>/' 8*/= /, <,,/* 4.8 ,'3/. 10 7, 4.8:
W8 3 S4<8> C483 /, ,73/,=/ . 3 7<<*/'73/. = 3 M/./,38 8 3 A338. G.87* 8 3 373 7 <8,. 7, >78 8 /, */* 3 >78 . 7 '48, = '.4'3 *7/.5 3
!9
3 =8>73/. = 4.;4,3 '.387'3, /3 >7 88 <8,'8/ 8 38/, 8,38/'3 3 38>, 4<. /' 373 <8,. >7 .38 /.3 '.387'3, = 7 ,<'/=/ '*7,,
T A'3 @,3, 3 S4<8> C483 7. 3 D/,38/'3 C483 /3 ;48/,/'3/. 3 '.,/8 '.387'3, 4.8 3 A'3 (/* 3 ;48/,/'3/. = 3 L'7* C483 7. 3 C.,4>8 T878 7. T.7.' T8/4.7* /, >8 */>/3) T D/,38/'3 C483, ;48/,/'3/. <., . /3, >.378 ;48/,/'3/.7* */>/3 I. 5.87* 3 <8@/,/., = 3 CRA >7 4, /38 /. 7'3/., '>>.' ,<'/=/'7** 8 7 = =.' /. 38 <8'/.5, 78/,/.5 43 = 8 /. 8*73/. 3 3 '.387'3
W/* /3 7<<78, 373 3 NSW C483 ,'8/ 3 A'3 7, 7 ?8@*43/.78 *5/,*73/. , @/.3 <48<, /, 3 @8'> 3 '>>. *7, =7/*48 3 <8@/ 7 '><8.,/@ '38/.7* =87>8 3 7* /3 ?4.;4,3 '.387'3, (W,3 @ AGC (A@7.',) (19!6)($) NSWCR 610 3 A'3 7, '8/3/'/ =8 =7/*/.5 3 /,3/.54/, 3. <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7, ?3 */,3 = =7'3 8 3 /' 3 C483 /, 8J4/8 3 7@ 8578 /. 38>/./.5 38 7 '.387'3 /, 4.;4,3 /, 7 >/,->7, = <8',,-8/.3 7. 43'> 8/.3 '.,/873/., (D4557. (1991)1# M. LR ,> 8=*'3/. , . '>>. <8@/,/. 7. 3 *7 8=8> <8',,
T!a"e P!acices Ac' #=); 5A+s!alia6:
A3 3 =87* *@* 3 T87 P87'3/', A'3 19#" /><*/, @78/4, <8@/,/., /.3 '.,4>8 '.387'3, =8 ,7* '7.5 *7, /8 8 /8
90
<48'7, A. 38> 373 733><3, 3 '*4 3, <8@/,/., /, 3873 7, @/
S'3/. $1AB = TPA 3538 /3 /3, >/888 <8@/,/., /. S373 7. 3 N73/.7* C7,37.', 4.'.,'/.7* /. 8*73/. 3 '837/. =/. ,/3473/., I. '//.5 38 3 '.4'3 /. 7 <783/'4*78 '7, /, 4.'.,'/.7* 3 '483 >7 7@ 8578 3 >7338, ,4' 7,:
•
3 8*73/@ 7857/./.5 ,38.53 = 3 <783/,
•
38 4.4 /.=*4.' 8 <8,,48 7, 83 8 4.=7/8 37'3/', 4,
•
38 3 '.,4>8 7, 8J4/8 3 '><* /3 './3/., /' 8 .3 87,.7* .',,78 =8 3 <83'3/. = *5/3/>73 /.38,3, = 3 ,4<<*/8 7.
•
3 7>4.3 =8 /' 7. 3 '/8'4>,37.', 4.8 /' 3 '.,4>8 '4* 7@ 7'J4/8 J4/@7*.3 5, 8 ,8@/', =8> 7.38 <783
O. =/./.5 4.'.,'/.7* '.4'3 3 '483 '7. /38 587.3 7. /.;4.'3/. 8 /3 '7. >7 '837/. 38 88, /= /3 '.,/8, 373 3 /** '><.,73 7 <783 /. * 8 /. <783 =8 *,, 8 7>75 8 /** <8@.3 8 84' 7. *,, 8 7>75
91
Uni%o!2 Cons+2e! C!e"i Co"e 5UCCC6 5A+s!alia6 580e0%0 #0#0#==$6:
I. 199 3 S373, 7. T88/38/, >7 3 U./=8> C8/3 L7, A58>.3 T 4.,*7. P78*/7>.3 <7,, 3 3><*73 *5/,*73/. /. 199" O38 ;48/,/'3/., =** 7. 3 4./=8> ,,3> 8/.7=38 8=88 3 7, UCCC '7> /.3 =='3 7'8,, A4,387*/7 . 1 N@>8 1996 (S U./=8> C.387'3, T8>, D/,'4,,/. P7<8 7. 200") (V/'38/7)
T UCCC /. 5.87* 7<<*/, 3 3 <8@/,/. = '8/3 3 7 .73487* <8,. 8 ,38737 '8<873/. 7 '8/3 <8@/8 <8@/, '8/3 /. 3 '48, = 8 /.'/.37* 3 7 4,/.,, 8 7 '785 /, >7 =8 <8@//.5 3 '8/3 , *.5 7, 3 '8/3 /, <8>/.7.3* =8 <8,.7* >,3/' 8 4,* <48<,, T UCCC 7*, 7<<*/, 3 '.,4>8 *7,, 8*73 /.,487.' '.387'3, 7. 8*73 ,7*, '.387'3, (7, =/.)
U.;4,3 '.387'3, '7. 8-<. 4.8 S'3/. #0 T =/./3/. = 4.;4,3 /, 3 ,7> 7, 373 /. 3 C.387'3 R@/ A'3 19!0 (NSW) 373 /, /3 /.'*4, 4.'.,'/.7* 78, 8 <<8,,/@ '.387'3,
S'3/. #0 = UCCC 8=88 3 7@ /, '.'8. /3 <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ /.;4,3/' T */,3 = >7338, /' >7 37. /.3 7''4.3 3 '483 4.8 S'3/. #0(2) 78 @8 ,/>/*78 3 3, /' 3 '483 >4,3 37 /.3 7''4.3 4.8 S'3/. 9(2) C.387'3 R@/ A'3 19!0 (NSW) W38 8 .3 7 38> 7, 3 ,4;'3 = .53/73/. /, 7 >7338 =8 3 '483 3 '.,/8
92
I= 3 '483 '.,/8, 373 7 >7338 /, 4.;4,3 /3 >7 8-<. 3 387.,7'3/. 373 57@ 8/, 3 3 '.387'3 I3 >7 3. /.38-7*/7 8-<. 7. 7''4.3 8*/@ 3 38 =8> <7>.3 3 3 3.3 /3 '.,/8, 87,.7* ,3 7,/ ** 8 /. <783 8 8@/, 8 7*38 7. 758>.3 >7 7. 88 =8 <7>.3 = 7. 7>4.3 /3 3/., /, ;4,3* 4 3 3 <783 4.8 3 '.387'3 7, <8 S'3/. #1 A'3/. /, .* 7@7/*7* 3 3 /./@/47* 38
U.8 ,'3/. #2 3 '483 >7 8@/ 4.'.,'/.7* /.38,3 =, 8 38 '785,
Fai! T!a"in3 Ac' #=== 5Vico!ia6:
Fai! T!a"in3 5A2en"2en6 Ac' *<<, 5Vico!ia6:
V/'38/7 7>. 3 F7/8 T87/.5 A'3 1999 /' '7> /.3 =8' . 93 O'38 200 I3 /.'*4 <8@/,/., 3 78,, 4.=7/8 '.387'3 38>, T <8@/,/., 87 7@/* . 3 U./3 /.5> U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.,4>8 C.387'3, R54*73/., (S U./=8> C.387'3, T8>, A D/,'4,,/. P7<8 7. 200") (4.,*7. 7. V/'38/7)
T <8@/,/., '@8 '.,4>8 '.387'3 /' /, =/. 7,: ?7. 758>.3 38 8 .3 /. 8/3/.5 7. 38 = ,<'/=/' 8 5.87* 4, 3 ,4<<* 5, 8 ,8@/', = 7 /. 8/.78/* 7'J4/8 =8 <8,.7* >,3/' 8 4,* 4, =8 3 <48<,, = 3 8/.78 <8,.7*
9
4,* 8 >,3/' 4, = 3, 5, 8 ,8@/', T ,4>>78 = 3 A'3 /, 7, =**,: (1)
A 38> /. 7 '.,4>8 '.387'3 /, 4.=7/8 /= '.3878 3 3 8J4/8>.3 = 5 =7/3 7. /. 7** 3 '/8'4>,37.', /3 '74,, 7 ,/5./=/'7.3 />7*7.' /. 3 <783/, 8/53, 7. */573/., 4.8 3 '.387'3 3 3 38/>.3 = 3 '.,4>8
(2)
I= 7 '.,4>8 */@, 7 38> 3 4.=7/8 8 , '7. 37 3 /,,4 3 '483 7 38> =4. 3 4.=7/8 /, @/: 3 8,3 = 3 '.387'3 '.3/.4, 3 /. 3 <783/, /= /3 /, '7<7* = /,3/.5 /343 3 38>
()
I. 7,,,,/.5 38 7 38> /, 4.=7/8 3 '483 '7. 7@ 8578 3 38 3 38> 7, /./@/47** .53/73 38 /3 /, 7 <8,'8/ 38> 7. 38 /3 7, 7. ;'3 8 =='3 ,3 43 /. 3 A'3
(")
S37.78 =8> '.387'3, 38>, '7. <8,'8/ 854*73/. 3 4.=7/8 7. /3 /, 7. ==.' 3 4, 8 8'>>. 3 4, = 7 <8,'8/ 38>
($)
T D/8'38 '7. 7<<* 3 3 T8/4.7* =8 7. /.;4.'3/. 8 /3 /, */@ 373 7 <8,. /, 4,/.5 8 8'>>./.5 3 4, = 7. 4.=7/8 38> /. 7 '.,4>8 '.387'3 8 7 <8,'8/ 38> /. ,37.78 =8> '.387'3, 7, <8 ,'3/. 2-A
A. 87* '.387'3 /, '@8 /3 8,<'3 3 '>>. '.387'3, 7 38> 8*73/.5 3 <8/' /, '@8 3 <8@/,/., 7 '.387'3 3 /' 3 UCCC
9"
(8=88 3 78*/8) 7<<*/, /, .3 '@8 7. 4,/.,, 3 4,/.,, '.387'3, 78 .3 '@8
W/*,3 3 /./@/47* '.,4>8 '7. 37 3/8 '.387'3 3 '483 3 V/'38/7. C/@/* 7. A>/./,3873/@ T8/4.7* '7. 7* /3 >7338, ,,3>/'7** /. 8*73/. 3 ,37.78 =8> '.387'3, U.*/ 3 U./3 /.5> V/'38/7 7, 3 7/*/3 3 @*< 7 ?*7' */,3 = 38>, 3845 854*73/., /' <8,'8/ 4.=7/8 38>, 7. /, 7*, 7* 3 <8,'43 /= 3, 78 4,
U.8 ,'3/. 16 7 5.87* <8@/,/. /. 3 (V/'38/7.) F7/8 T87/.5 A'3 1999 ,373, 373 7 8/33. '.387'3 >4,3 7,/* *5/* /. 7 >/./>4> = 10 </.3 /= <8/.3 7. >4,3 '*78* <8,, T D/8'38 '7. 7<<* 3 3 (V/'38/7.) C/@/* 7. A>/./,3873/@ T8/4.7* /= /3 /, */@ 373 7 38> , .3 '><* /3 3/, ,'3/. T T8/4.7* '7. <8//3 3 ,4<<*/8 4,/.5 3 <8@/,/. 7. 38 /, 7 <.7*3 =8 =7/*48 3 '><* /3 3 88
U.'.,'/.7/*/3
7,
<8@
<<4*78
/.
C>>.7*3
;48/,/'3/., 8 /3 7, 4.85. ,>3/.5 = 7 8.7/,,7.' /. 3 *7,3 '7 ,<'/7** /. A4,387*/7 T '.'<3 = 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7*345 <8,, /. / 38>, 3 '483, 8'/, 7. J4/37* ;48/,/'3/. 7''8/.5 3 8'5./ <8/.'/<*, T/, J4/37* ;48/,/'3/. /,3, . . = 3 <783/, ?,4==8, =8> ,> ,<'/7* /,7/*/3 8 /, <*7' /. ,> ,<'/7* ,/3473/. = /,7@7.375 C>>8'/7* B7. = A4,387*/7 L3 @ A>7/ (19!) 1$1 CLR ""# 7, '/3 /. M4**7, I./7. C.387'3 7. S<'/=/' R*/= A'3, 123
9$
. V*-I <"#9
T '483, .3 ,3 7,/ 7857/., ,/><*
'74, 3 7<<78 3 4.=7/8 78, 8 4.'.,'/.7* /. 3 , = 45, L43 @ D/<8, (1992) 1#$ CLR 621 7, '/3 /. M4**7, I./7. C.387'3 7. S<'/=/' R*/= A'3, 12 3 . V* 1 < "#9
A2a"io’s case
I. Co22e!cial an1 o% A+s!alia L"0 V, A2a"io (19!) 7** 3 =/@ 45, = 3 H/5 C483 '.=/8> 3 /,3.' = 7. J4/37* ;48/,/'3/. 3 ,3 7,/ '.387'3, . 3 7,/, = 4.'.,'/.7* 7*/.5,
T =7'3, = 3 '7, 78: T *8* I37*/7. >/587.3, 3 A4,387*/7 8 .3 =7>/*/78 /3 3 E.5*/, L7.5475 '43 73 3 8J4,3 = 3/8 ,. 7 >83575 /. =7@48 = 7 7. @8 3/8 *7. =8 ,'48/.5 7. @887=3 = 7 '><7. /' 3 ,. '.38**
T ,. 7 8<8,.3
3 /, <78.3, 373 3 >83575 4* */>/3 3 $0000 7. =8 ,/ >.3, T 7. / .3 /,'*, 3 3 '4<* 373 3 7. 7 . ,*'3/@* /,.8/.5 3 '><7., 'J4, 7. 373 3 7 758 373 3 @887=3 7, 3 84' 7. '*78 /3/. 7 ,83 3/> T '4<* ,/5. 3 >83575 */@/.5 /3 3 =8 7. 7>4.3 = $0000 7. =8 ,/ >.3, 43 3 '4>.3, 7'347** ,/5. 3 '4<* /.'*4 7 54787.3 '.37/./.5 7. ?7** >., '*74, ,'48/.5 7** 7>4.3, /.5 8 /' >/53 3 '><7. 3 3 7. T 7. 7, 778 373 3 '4<* 7, >/,/.=8> 743 3 /.,384>.3
T >7;8/3 =4. 373 3 A>7/, 8 4.8 7 ,<'/7* /,7/*/3 8 .3 5/@. =4** /.=8>73/. 743 3 3.3 = 3 54787.3 7. 8
96
/5.87.3 743 3 <8/*4, =/.7.'/7* ,373 = 3 '><7. T/8 ,. '4* 7@ 7,,/,3 3> 7 '/@ 3> A<<*/.5 3 ;'3/@ 3,3 3 >7;8/3 * 373 3 7. 7, 778 = 3 . = 3 A>7/, 3 7@ /.<..3 7@/' 7. /. <8'/.5 /3 3 387.,7'3/. /. 3 */53 = 3/, .*5 3 7. 7 7'3 4.'.,'/.7* T <8/.'/<* = 4.'.,'/.7* 7*/.5, /' 7, 7<<*/ 7, ,4>>78/ 7, =**,:
T ;48/,/'3/. /, *.5 ,37*/, 7, 3./.5 5.87** 3 '/8'4>,37.', /. /': (/) 7 <783 3 7 387.,7'3/. 7, 4.8 7 ,<'/7* /,7/*/3 /. 7*/.5 /3 3 38 <783 /3 3 '.,J4.' 373 38 7, 7. 7,.' = 7. 87,.7* 58 = J47*/3 3. 3> 7. (//) 3 /,7/*/3 7, ,4==/'/.3* @/.3 3 3 ,38.58 <783 3 >7 /3 <8/>7 =7'/ 4.=7/8 8 ?4.'.,'/.3/4, . <8'48, 8 7''<3, 3 78 <783, 7,,.3 3 3 /><45. 387.,7'3/. /. '/8'4>,37.', /' 78 ,. 3 7@ /,3 7. 7. .4, /, '7,3 4<. 3 ,38.58 <783 3 , 373 3 387.,7'3/. 7, =7/8 ;4,3 7. 87,.7*
U.8 3 A>7/ 7<<87' 3 78 <783 ><7,/, >7/.* 3 3 >7..8 /. /' 3 387.,7'3/. 7, '.'*4 T/, /, 3 <8'487* 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 /. /' 7 <783 >4,3 , 373 3 ,38.58 <783 7'3 4.'.,'/.7* O. 3 38 7. 3 J4,3/., = ,4,37.' .7>* 3 .7348 = 3 38>, 4* '.'8. 73 3 ,'. ,375 = 3 <8'/.5, . 3 .4, /, '7,3 . 3 ,38.58 <783 3 , 373 3 387.,7'3/. 7, ?=7/8 ;4,3 7. 87,.7*
Posiion in Unie" in3"o2:
9#
I. U 3 *7, 8*73/.5 3 '.387'3, 7''<3 3 7,/' <8/.'/<* = =8> = '.387'3 / 3 <783/, ,4* =8 3 758 . 7. 38>, 373 3 */ <8@/ 373 3/8 758>.3 /, .3 /**57* 8 38/, '.3878 3 <4*/' <*/' I. <87'3/' @8 38 7@ . 8,38/'3/., . 3/, <8/.'/<* T 8,38/'3/., 78 ;4,3/=/ 3 =7'3 373 <783/, >7 .3 7@ ,4==/'/.3 7857/./.5 <8 3 <83'3 3/8 /.38,3, 8 <783/, 78 .3 7*7, ,4==/'/.3* ** /.=8>
T <8/.'/<7* '.38* @8 4.=7/8 38>, 4.3/* 199" '.38 . '*4,/. 7. */>/373/. = */7/*/3 '*74,, 345 ,> *5/,*73/. 3 '>73 /3 3/, <8*> 7, =/8,3 <7,, /. 3 19 3 '.348 T '38/. = '>>. *7 7. 3 C483 = J4/3 8 /.7J473 3 7* /3 3 <8*> 373 >85 /3 3 @*<>.3 = ,37.78 =8> '.387'3, ,,.3/7** 3 <8-<8/.3 '.387'3, 87. 4< /. 7@7.' . <783 =8 4, . >8 37. . ''7,/.
Unconscionabili an" eG+i /+!is"icion o% Co+!s in Unie" in3"o2
T8 /, *.5-,37*/, ;48/,/'3/. 3 ,3 7,/ 78, 7. 4.'.,'/.7* 7857/., C483, = J4/3 /. 3 /53.3 '.348 =3. ,3 7,/ <8,, '.387'347* <8@/,/., . 584., = 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 H@8 .78* 7** 3, '7,, =** /.3 '837/. ,<'/7* '*7,,, 373 /, >83575, 7. ., 7. 3 ,7* = >83575 = 8@/,/.78 /.38,3, T J4/3 ;48/,/'3/. 7, 4, 3 4.4* 8'/, 3 8<. 7** 7857/., T J4/3 ;48/,/'3/. 7, /.@ 3 ,33/.5 7,/ 58,,* 4.=7/8 '.387'3,
9!
.38 /.3 <8 7. /5.87.3 <8,.,
T78, 3 . = 3
./.3.3 '.348 3 J4/37* ;48/,/'3/. =** /.3 /,4, <783* '74, './3/., '7.5 7. <783* '74, 3 M.*.8, A'3 = 1900 57@ ,373438 '.38* @8 ,> = 3 7'3/@/3/, =8>8* 854*73 3 J4/3 ;48/,/'3/. T J4/3 ;48/,/'3/. ,> '.3878 3 3 =4.7>.37* 7,/, = '*7,,/'7* '.387'3 38
I. >8. 3/>, 733><3, 7@ . >7 3 8@/@ 3 * J4/37* ;48/,/'3/.
L8 D../.5 /. Llo"’s an1 (19#"() A** ER #$#)
,455,3 373 38 7, 7 5.87* J4/37* ;48/,/'3/. 3 ,3 7,/ '.387'3, 8 3 <783/, 8 = 4.J47* 7857/./.5 <8 7. . = 3> 7 4, /, ,4<8/8 7857/./.5 <8 3 387'3 ,> 4.=7/8 8 4.'.,'/.7* 7@7.375 EJ4/3 7, .@8 <8'*7/> 7. 5.87* <8 3 8*/@ =8> 7857/., 7. /3, ;48/,/'3/. 3 /.38=8 7, 387/3/.7** . */>/3 3 '7,, 8 /3 4* 4.'.,'/.7* =8 7 <*7/.3/== 3 8* ,38/'3* 4<. /, *57* 8/53,
Unconscionabili a Co22on La8 in Unie" in3"o2
T >/@7* '>>. *7 <8@/ ,> =8> = 8> 4<. >7. /.=8>7* 758>.3, 3 4, = 3 8/3, = 3 7. 3/.4 T @*43/. = 3 7'3/. . 3 '7, = 7. 7,,4><,/3 7. 3 7'3/. . 3 '7, = 7 3 7*, <8>/33 '837/. 758>.3, = 7. /.=8>7* '787'38 3 ,4 4<. 73 '>>. *7 T *7 /. 3 U 743 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7857/., 7, . ,373 /. H7*,48, L7, = E.5*7. ("3 E. R/,,4 @* 16 EJ4/3 <787 6#) 7, =**,:
99
W8 87,. = 3 4.=7/8 >7..8 /. /' /3 7, 8453 /.3 /,3.' (?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,,) 7, 8 /3 7, /.4' 4.4 /.=*4.' 8 8 /3 '7> /.3 /.5 3845 7. 4.'.,'/.3/4, 4, = 3 <8 78/,/.5 43 = 3 '/8'4>,37.', 7. './3/., = 3 '.387/'3/.5 <783/, /. ,4' '7,, J4/3 >7 5/@ 7 8> 43 8 87,. = 3 =7'3 373 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 78 >8 4.=7@487* 3 . <783 37. 3 3 38 (?'.387'347* />7*7.') '.387'347* 8 /.7J47' = '.,/873/. /, .3 @8 /. /3,*= 7 584. =8 8*/= /. J4/3 43 /3 >7 7. *>.3 /. ,37*/,/.5 ,4' =874 7, /** 7@/ 3 387.,7'3/. 8 3 387.,7'3/. >7 , 4.'.,'/.7* 7, 3 7==8 /. /3,*= @/.' = =874 A 7857/. '7..3 4.=7/8 7. 4.'.,'/.7* @8 4.*,, . = 3 <783/, 3 /3 7, /><, 3 ;'3/.7* 38>, /. 7 >87** 8<8.,/* >7..8 373 /, 3 ,7 /. 7 7 /' 7=='3, /, '.,'/.' 7, 37/.5 7@7.375 = 3 7.,, 8 .',,/3 = 3 38
L8 D../.5 MR 7, 3 <8<4.8 8 <87<, 3 8/5/.738 73 *7,3 /. U = 3/, 38 /. 4illesie !os B Co0 L"0 @ Ro o8les T!anso! L" (19# B "00 73 "16) 8 L8 D../.5 =8 3 =/8,3
3/> '.,384 7. 4.87,.7* /.>./3 '*74, /. 7 '.387'3 7. J4,3/.: 78 3 '483, 3 <8>/3 <783 3 .=8' 4.87,.7* '*74, @. . /3 /, , 4.87,.7* 8 7<<*/ , 4.87,.7* 7, 3 4.'.,'/4, 7. ,373:
W. /3 53, 3 3/, </.3 I 4* ,7 7, I ,7/ >7. 78, 75 ? T8 /, 3 @/5/*7.' = 3 '>>. *7 /' /* 7**/.5
100
=8> = '.387'3 73', 3 , 373 /3 /, .3 74, I3 /** .3 7** 7 <783 3 ><3 />,*= =8> /, */7/*/3 73 '>>. *7 . /3 4* J4/3 4.'.,'/.7* =8 /> 3 ,
I3 7, /. Llo"s an1 L"0 @ +n" (19#" () A** ER #$#) 373 L8 D../.5 MR 3. .4.'/73 /, 38 = /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 B @/834 = /3 3 E.5*/, L7 5/@, 8*/= 3 . .38, /.3 7 '.387'3 . 38>, /' 78 @8 4.=7/8 8 387.,=8, <8<83 =8 7 '.,/873/. /' /, 58,,* /.7J473 . /, 7857/./.5 <8 /, 58/@4,* /><7/8 87,. = /, . ., 8 ,/8, 8 /, . /5.87.' 8 /.=/8>/3 T . ,3/<4*73, =8 7. 4.=7/8 7@7.375 >7 >@ ,** /, . ,*=-/.38,3 4.'.,'/4, = 3 /,38,, /, 8/.5/.5 3 3 38 O. /, /. 38> . >7 ./.5* '.,.3 3 7 >,3 /><8@/.3 7857/. ,** 3 8*/@ 3 ,387/., /. /' =/., />,*= I3 4* .3 >7.3 3 ,455,3 373 @8 387.,7'3/. /, ,7@ /.<..3 7@/' B43 3 7,.' = /3 >7 =737*
I. 3 H4, = L8, L8 D/<*' 43*/. 3 38 = 4.87,.7*.,, 8 4.=7/8.,, = 7 7857/. 7. 3 . 3 8*/@ 7 <783 =8> 7 '.387'3 8 3 8*73/@ 7857/./.5 <8 = 3 <783/, 7, .3 J47* I. A0 Sc&!oe"e! M+sic P+blis&in3 Co0 L"0 @ Maca+la (19#" () A** ER 616) 3 ,.5 8/38 7 '.387'3 /3 3 <4*/,8 . 38>, >8 .84, 3 /> 7. =7@487* 3 3 <4*/,8 T ,.5 8/38 7, 8*/@ =8> 3 7857/. = 3 '.387'3 . 3 38 = 3 8,387/.3 = 387 /' 7, <<, 3 <4*/' <*/' T /,3/.'3/. 7, >7 @. /. 8,<'3 = ,37.78 =8>, = '.387'3 ><7,//.5 373 . <783/, /. 7 '>>8'/7* 387.,7'3/. 7@/.5 J47* 7857/./.5 <8 7@ 7<3 3
101
,37.78 =8> = '.387'3 /3 7, /.3. 3 /./.5 3 3 <783/, T '483 4* .3 8*/@ 3 <783 =8> ,4' 7 '.387'3 43 3 '.387'3, 78 3. 3 <783/, 3 /3 8 7<<8@ 7. 857./73/. 8<8,.3/.5 3 /.38,3, = 3 78 <783 3 7@ . /8'3 373 <783 , 7857/./.5 <8 /38 8'/, 7*. 8 /. '.;4.'3/. /3 38, <8@//.5 ,/>/*78 5, 8 ,8@/', .7*, /> 3 ,7: I= 4 7.3 3, 5, 8 ,8@/', 73 7** 3, 78 3 .* 38>, . /' 3 78 37/.7* T7 /3 8 *7@ /3
T ,8@73/., = L8 D../.5 /. Le7ison @ Paen Sea2 Ca!e Cleanin3 Co0 L"0 (19## () A** ER "90) 78 7*, 4,=4* 7, 3
8/3873 373 4.87,.7* '*74,, /. 3 '.387'3 4* 7<<*/ 3 3 ,37.78 =8> '.387'3 8 38 7, /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8 T ;45>.3 /. Alec Lob 4a!a3es6 L"0 @ Toal Oil 4 L"0 (19! (1) A** ER 9"") ,4<<83 3 8'5./3/. = 7 5.87* <8/.'/<* .3/3*/.5 7 '483 3 /.38@. . 3 584., = 4.'.,'/.7* 7857/., 8 758>.3, 3 ,3 7,/ 387.,7'3/. . 3 584. = 3/8 /.5 4.'.,'/.7* 7857/., 7, .3 7''<3 T8 *>.3, = 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 /' 7@ 3 /.@78/7* <8,.3 =8 3 '483 '7. /.38=8 8 =8>4*73 7,: F/8,3 . <783 7, . 73 7 ,8/4, /,7@7.375 3 3 38 38 3845 <@83 8 /5.87.' 3' ,'. 3 7.,, = . <783 7, . <*/3 3 38 <783 /. ,> >87** '4*<7* >7..8 7. 3/8 3 8,4*3/.5 387.,7'3/. 7, . .3 >8* 78 8 /><8@/.3 43 @887'/.5 7. <<8,,/@
T ;45>.3 /.3, 73 8J4/8/.5 ,4;'3/@ .*5 . 3 <783 = 3 ,38.58 <783 3 = 3 7.,, = 3 38 <783 7. = 3 =7'3
102
373 7 7857/. 7, 37/. T 5.87* <8/.'/<* 7, .3 . 7''<3 /. 3 E.5*/, *7 '74, 3 '38/. = 4.4 /.=*4.' 7, . '.,/8 7, 7 <8=87* 3'./J4
Le3islaion in Unie" in3"o2:
T C7.7*, 7. R7/*7, A'3 = 1!$" /, ,7/ 3 3 =/8,3 ,37343 /.@7*/73/.5 ,4' '*74,, /. 7 '.387'3
O@8 3 78, @78/4, 38
*5/,*73/@ '.38*, 8 <8@/ /. 3 H/8 P48'7, A'3 19! W/8 '.38* @. = 3 '*4,/. 7. */>/373/. = */7/*/3 '*74,, / .3 '> 4.3/* 3 19#0, I. 1962 3 F/.7* R<83 = 3 C>>/33 . C.,4>8 P83'3/. (3 M7*. C>>/33) 7 8'>>. 7 <8//3/. . ,**8, /. '.,4>8, '.387'3 '.387'3/.5 43 = 3/8 /><*/ */573/., 4.8 3 S7* = G, A'3 1!9 (SGA) I. 1966 3 >7338 7, 8=88 3 3 L7 C>>/,,/. /' /. 1969 <4*/, 3 F/8,3 R<83 8'>>./.5 .4>8 = '7.5, 3 3 S7* = G, A'3 1!9 T 8'>>.73/., 8 <43 /.3 =='3 3 S4<<* = G, (I><*/ T8>,) A'3 19# (SOGITA) /' <8@.3 7. ,**8 =8> '*4/.5 8 8,38/'3/.5 */7/*/3 I. '.,4>8 ,7*, ,**8, 8 <8@.3 =8> '*4/.5 8 8,38/'3/.5 3/8 */7/*/3 4.8 ,'3/., 1-1$ = 3 SOGITA 19# (>8'7.37/*/3 =/3.,, =8 <783/'4*78 <48<, 7. '88,<./.5 /3 ,'8/<3/. 8 ,7><*): /. 38 ,7*, 3, */7/*/3/, '4* '*4 8 8,38/'3 43 .* 3 3 3.3 373 /3 '4* ,. 3 =7/8 7. 87,.7* 3 7** 8*/7.' . 3 '*4,/. 8 8,38/'3/.
I. 19#$ L7 C>>/,,/., <4*/, E><3/. C*74,, S'. R<83 (L7 C> N69 S'3 L7 C> N 9) /' 8'>>.
10
/8 '.38*, @8 '*4,/. 7. */>/373/. = */7/*/3 '*74,, /. '.387'3, 3. 4,/.,,>. 7. '.,4>8, 4,/.,,>. 7. 4,/.,,>. 7. <8/@73 '.387'3, T/, 8,4*3 /. .7'3>.3 = 3 U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, A'3 19## (8/.7=38 '7** UCTA) /' /.'8<873 /. ,*/53* >/=/ =8> 3 '.38*, /. SOGITA I. 1999 '7> 3 U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.,4>8 C.387'3, R54*73/., 1999 (UTCCR) 7. 7<<*/ 3 38>, 373 '*4 8 8,38/'3 */573/., 8 */7/*/3/,
T&e basic %ea+!es o% Un%ai! Con!ac Te!2s Ac' #=)) 5U6: 5UCTA6
T UCTA 7, ,<7873 <8@/,/. =8 E.5*7. 7. S'3*7. I3 , .3 7<<* 3 7** '.387'3, 43 7<<*/, 3 3 '.,4>8 '.387'3, (,'3/., " & $) 7. '.387'3, 3. 4,/.,, Q,'3/. 6(1) 7. () (,20 (/) 20(2) (//) 7. 7*, 3 38>, 7. .3/', '*4/.5 '837/. */7/*/3 /. 383 T A'3 7<<*/, .* 3 '*4,/. 7. */>/373/. = */7/*/3 '*74,, (7. /.>./3 '*74,, /. '.,4>8 '.387'3,) T A'3 >7, '837/. ><3/. '*74, 743>73/'7** /.=='3/@ 7, /3 733><3, 3 '*4 8 8,38/'3 */7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.3* '74, 73 8 <8,.7* /.;48 43 =8 >,3 <783 /3 8.8, ><3/. '*74,, /.=='3/@ 4.*,, 3 ,73/,= 3 8J4/8>.3 = 87,.7*.,, 7, <8 ,'3/. 11 = 3 7'3 W38 7 '.387'3 ,73/,=/, 3 8J4/8>.3 = 87,.7*.,, 8578 ,7** 7 /. <783/'4*78 3 3 >7338, ,<'/=/ /. S'4* 2 = 3 A'3 T 48. = <8= /, . 3 <783 '*7/>/.5 373 3 ><3/. '*74,, ,73/,=/, 3 8J4/8>.3 = 87,.7*.,,
10"
T&e basic %ea+!es o% Un%ai! Te!2s in Cons+2e! Con!acs Re3+laion' #=== 5UTCCR6:
UTCCR 78 .* '.'8. /3 '.387'3, 3. '.,4>8, 7. ,**8, 8 ,4<<*/8, T8 78 . 38>, 373 78 743>73/'7** = . =='3 B7,/'7** 3 R54*73/., 7<<* 7 ?=7/8.,, 3,3 3 38>, /. '.387'3, 3. ?'.,4>8, 7. ?,**8, 8 ?,4<<*/8, /' 7@ .3 . /./@/47** .53/73 7. 7. 4.=7/8 38> , .3 /. 3 '.,4>8 T 3,3 = 4.=7/8.,, (4.8 R54*73/. $) 8J4/8, 373 '.3878 3 3 8J4/8>.3 = 5 =7/3 38 ,4* ,/5./=/'7.3 />7*7.' /. 3 <783/, 8/53, 7. */573/., 78/,/.5 4.8 3 '.387'3 3 3 38/>.3 = 3 '.,4>8 I. 7/3/. S'4* 2 4.8 R54*73/. $($) '.37/., 7. /./'73/@ 7. ..-74,3/@ */,3 = 38>, /' >7 8578 7, 4.=7/8 C837/. ?C8 38>, 78 '*4 =8> /.5 3 ,4;'3 >7338 = =7/8.,, 3,3 <8@/ 3 78 /. <*7/. /.3**/5/* *7.5475 T D/8'38 G.87* = F7/8 T87/.5 7. J47*/=/.5 /, 78 5/@. <8, 3 38 3 <8@.3 3 '.3/.4 4, = 4.=7/8 38> 87. 4< =8 5.87* 4, U.8 3 R54*73/. /3 /, 7*7, =8 3 '.,4>8 3 <8@ 373 3 38> /, 4.=7/8
U00 La8 Co22issions Cons+laion Pae! 5*<<*6:
T UCTA 7. UTCCR 78 '><*3* 4.8*73 3 7' 38 7. 4, /==8.3 '.'<3, 7. 38>/.*5/, 8,4*3/.5 /. '><*/3 7. /.'.,/,3.' 3. 3 3 T UCTA , /, .3 '.'8. /3 4.=7/8 38>, W38 7 38> /, 4.=7/8 /, .3 7 3,3 = /3, @7*//3 4.8 3/, A'3 S> 38>, 78 ,/><* ,384' 43 38 38>, 78
10$
@7*/ /= 87,.7* S/>/*78* 3 854*73/., '7. 4, 3 7337' 7. 38> /' '7. 7854 3 4.=7/8
T8=8 /. 7.478 2001 3 U L7 C>>/,,/. 7. S'33/, L7 C>>/,,/. 8'/@ 7 ;/.3 8=8.' =8> 3 P78*/7>.3 U.8 S'8378 =8 S373 7. C.,4>8, 7. C8<873 A==7/8, 3 '.,/8 3 ,/87/*/3 7. =7,//*/3 = 8<*7'/.5 3 3 *57* 85/>, /3 7 4./=/ 85/> /' 4* '.,/,3.3 /3 C4.'/*, D/8'3/@ >8 7'',,/* 7. '*788 3 3 878
T L7 C>>/,,/., 34, . 8 4* 2002 /,,4 7 ;/.3 '.,4*373/. <7<8 N166 . ?U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.387'3, /.@/3/.5 <4*/' @/, . 3 <8@/,/.7* <8<,7*, ,455,3 38/.
T U L7
C>>/,,/. <8<, 7 ,/.5* , /, .@/,75 =8 3 '.,4>8, 7, ** 7, 4,/.,, '.387'3,
T .@/,75 4./=/ *5/,*73/. 4* ,4;'3 7**
38>, 3 7 =7/8 7. 87,.7* 3,3 T 7,/' 3,3 /. 3 . *5/,*73/. . 73 /, ?=7/8 7. 87,.7* ,4* 38 ;45 8=8.' 3 3 3/> 3 '.387'3 7, >7 T . *5/,*73/. 7*, '.37/., 37/* 54/*/., 8*73/.5 3 3 =7/8.,, /. ,4,37.' 7. 3 <8'487* =7/8.,, (S <787, "96 - "99-"101) T C>>/,,/., /.@/3 <4*/' @/, . 3 J4,3/. 38 3 48. ,4* /38 (/) . 3 <783 '*7/>/.5 373 3 38> /, =7/8 7. 87,.7* 3 , 373 /3 /, 8 (//) . 3 <783 '*7/>/.5 373 /3 /, .3 =7/8 7. 87,.7* 3 , 373 /3 /, .3 4.*,, /3 =7**, /3/. S'4*-2 /. /' '7, /3 /, =8 3 <783 '*7/>/.5 373 3 38> /, =7/8 7. 87,.7* 3 , 373 /3 /,
106
T&e U00 La8 Co22ission: Final Reo! 5No0*=*6 5*<<;6:
T /,,4 = 4.=7/8 38>, /. '.387'3 '.3/.4, 3 .575 3 733.3/. = *7 8=8> 75.'/, '483, 7. = 3 *5/,*7348 I. U./3 /.5> 3 L7 C>>/,,/. 7. 3 S'33/, L7 C>>/,,/. <8,.3 3 3 P78*/7>.3 . F8478 200" /3, R<83 (L7 C>>/,,/. N292) . U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.387'3 T R<83 '.,/8 3 >7;8 *5/,*73/., 7*/.5 /3 U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, @/ T U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, A'3 19## 7. 3 U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.,4>8 C.387'3, R54*73/. 1999 T U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, A'3 19## 3., 3 7** '.387'3, / '.,4>8 '.387'3, 4,/.,, '.387'3, ><*>.3 '.387'3, 7. <8/@73 '.387'3, T A'3 @8 ='4,, <8/>78/* . ><3/. '*74,, I3 ,38/, 73 '*74,, '*4/.5 8 8,38/'3/.5 */7/*/3 /. '837/. '*74,, = '.387'3 7. 7*, /.384', 3 3,3 = 87,.7*.,, T 87,.7*.,, 4* <. 4<. 3 4.=7/8.,, = 3 38>, /. 3 */53 = 3 '/8'4>,37.', /' 453 3 7@ . .. 8 /. 3 '.3><*73/. = 3 <783 I3 <43, 3 48. = <8@/.5 373 7 38> /, 87,.7* . 3 <783 ,/.5 3 8* . 3 '*74, T U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.,4>8 C.387'3 R54*73/., 1999 (/' /><*>.3, 3 E48<7. C4.'/* D/8'3/@ . U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.,4>8 C.387'3,) 7<<* 3 '.,4>8 '.387'3, = 7** /., /. 3 * = 3 U./3 /.5> 7. ,4;'3, 3 38>, 3 7 =7/8.,, 3,3 I3 , .3 '.37/. 37/* 54/*/., 7, 3 3 3,3 ,4* 7<<*/ 43 '.37/., 7 */,3 = 38>, /' >7 8578 7, 4.=7/8
10#
L7 C>>/,,/. 3 4< 3 37, 3 '.,/8 7, 3 8<*7' 3, 3 *5/,*73/., /3 7 ,/.5* 4./=/ A'3 373 /** ,3 43 3 *7 . 4.=7/8 '.387'3 38>, /. 7 '*78 7. 7'',,/* 7 T C>>/,,/. ,3 43 8'>>.73/., =8 7 4./=/ 85/> 3 7<<* 3 '.,4>8 '.387'3, =8 4,/.,, '.387'3, /. 5.87* 7. 3./.5 3 /8 '.38*, = 3 U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.,4>8 C.387'3, R54*73/., 3 '.387'3, /3 ,>7** 4,/.,, T R<83 7*, 78,,, 4<. 3 /,,4, 8*73/.5 3 ><*>.3 '.387'3, /.38.73/.7* '.387'3, 7. '/' = *7 (S4>>78 = R'8, 78 '.37/. /. <787, !2 3 !!9 A<<./ 1 38= '.37/., D87=3 B/** /3 E<*7.738 N3, /. $ ,'3/., 7. .4>8 = S'4*,)
P783 1 7*, /3 ?B4,/.,, L/7/*/3 =8 N5*/5.' S'3/. 1 S'3/. 2 7* /3 E'<3/., 7. S'3/. /3 V*4.378 A''<37.' = R/,
P783 2 7*, /3 ?C.,4>8 C.387'3, '.387'3, /. 5.87* S'3/. " 8=8, 3 38>, = /' 78 = . =='3 4.*,, =7/8 7. 87,.7* ,'3/. $ 3 ,7* 8 ,4<<* 3 '.,4>8 ,'3/. 6 3 ,7* 8 ,4<<* 3 4,/.,, ,'3/. # 3 R54*73/., 7. .=8'>.3 ,'3/. ! 3 7>/54/3
P783 7*, /3 ?N. C.,4>8 C.387'3, / B4,/.,, C.387'3, S'3/. 9 7*, /3 ,37.78 =8>, ,'3/. 10 3 ,7* 8 ,4<<* = 5, ,'3/. 11 3 ..-.53/73 38>, ,'3/. 12 3 W8/33. ,37.78 38>, ,'3/. 1 3 ,7* 8 ,4<<* = 5,
10!
P783 " 7*, /3 3 ?F7/8 7. R7,.7* T,3 (,'3/. 16) B48. = <8= /, '.37/. /. ,'3/. 1$ /. C.,4>8, L/7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.' ,'3/. 16 /. C.,4>8 C.387'3, ,'3/. 1# /. 4,/.,, '.387'3,
P783 $ 7*, /3 C/' = L7 S'3/. 1! 7*, /3 C.,4>8 C.387'3, ,'3/. 19 3 4,/.,, '.37'3, ,'3/. 20 /3 ,>7** 4,/.,, '.387'3,
P783 6 /, ?M/,'**7.4, & S4<<*>.378 S'3/. 21 7*, /3 4.=7/8.,, /,,4 87/, C483 ,'3/. 22 /3 '<3/., ,'3/. 2 /3 ,'.78 '.387'3, ,'3/. 2" /3 =='3 = 4.=7/8 38>, . '.387'3, ,'3/. 2$ 7*, /3 /.38<8373/. / =/./3/. = ?'.,4>8 '.387'3 7. 4,/.,, '.387'3 (,'3/. 26) ,'3/. 2# =/., ?,>7** 4,/.,, ,'3/. 2! =/., ?7,,'/73 <8,. ,'3/. 29 =/., ?,>7** 4,/.,, '.387'3 7. ,'3/. 0 /3 ?'*4/.5 8 8,38/'3/.5 */7/*/3 ,'3/. 1 =/., ?/8 <48'7, 8 /8 ,'3/. 2 8=8, 3 5.87* /.38<8373/. = @78/4, 38>, S'3/., 3 $ 78 5.87*
Cons+2e! Con!acs: T C>>/,,/., 8'>>. *5/,*73/. 3 7**
7 '.,4>8 3 '7**.5 7. /. = 38> 373 /, .3 7 ?'8 38> 38 8 .3 7 38> 7, .53/73 ?C8 38>, 78 3, 38>, /. '.,4>8 '.387'3, 373 ,3 3 <8/' 8 =/. 3 <84'3 8 ,8@/' /.5 ,4<<*/ T 38>, 38 37. '8 38> ,4* ,4;'3 3 3 =7/8 7. 87,.7* 3,3 F4838 3 48. = <8@/.5 373 7 38> /, =7/8 /** . 3 4,/.,,
109
+siness Con!acs: T C>>/,,/. 8'>>. 7 '><8.,/@
85/> =8 ..-'.,4>8 '.387'3, I3 <8@/, =8 3 8@/ = 38>, /. 4,/.,, '.387'3, 8 . <783 7*, . 3 8/33. ,37.78 38>, = 4,/.,, = 3 38 <783 A, 8578, ,>7** 4,/.,, '.387'3, 3 '*7,, = 38>, 373 '7. '7**.5 ,>7** 4,/.,,, /, ,/5./=/'7.3* .7888 T ,>7** 4,/.,,, 7@ =4838 3 78 3 48. = <8@/.5 373 3 38> /, .3 =7/8 7. 87,.7*
E2lo2en Con!acs: U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, A'3 199# 7, .
7<<*/ 3 ><*>.3 '.387'3, 3 C483, /38 3873/.5 3 ><* 7, 7 '.,4>8 8 3873/.5 3 ><*>.3 '.387'3 7, 3 ><*8, 8/33. ,37.78 38>,
=
4,/.,,
T C>>/,,/.
8'>>. 373 3 ><* '4* '7**.5 3 8*@7.3 38> = ><*>.3 .* 8 3 8*@7.3 38> /, 7 <783 = 3 ><*8, 8/33. ,37.78 38>, = 4,/.,, I. 38 8, 8 3 ><*>.3 /, . 3 ><*8, ,37.78 38>, 7 38> 373 <48<83, 3 '*4 8 8,38/'3 3 ><*8, */7/*/3 8 3 7** 3 ><*8 3 8.8 7 <8=8>7.' ,4,37.3/7** /==8.3 =8> 373 87,.7* <'3 /** ,4;'3 3 3 =7/8 7. 87,.7* 3,3
E+!oean Co+ncil Di!eci7e 5#==,6 Alicable o U an" &e Re3+laions o% #==;' #=== an" *<<#:
H@8 /. 199 3 E48<7. C4.'/* = M/./,38, <7,, 3 D/8'3/@ . U.=7/8 T8>, . C.,4>8 C.387'3, /' 7<<*/, (/3 */>/3 '<3/.,) 3 U.=7/8 T8>, . 7. 3< /. '.,4>8 '.387'3, T D/8'3/@ 7, /><*>.3 /. U 3 U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.,4>8
110
C.387'3, R54*73/., 199" (8/. 7=38 '7** UTCCR) /' 7@ . . 8<7* 7. 8<*7' 3 UTCCR 1999
T/, 7, =4838
7>. 3 U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.,4>8 C.387'3, (A>.>.3) R54*73/., 2001 T1999 R54*73/., ,3 43 3 387.,'8/ 3 ,
T R54*73/., / .3
7>. 8 8<7* UCTA 3 <8@/ 7. 7/3/.7* ,3 = '.38*,
T U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.,4>8 C.387'3, (A>.>.3) R54*73/., 2001 7>. 3 U.=7/8 T8>, /. C.,4>8 C.387'3, R54*73/., 1999 (3 <8/.'/<7* R54*73/.,) 7/.5 3 F/.7.'/7* S8@/', A438/3 3 3 */,3 = J47*/=/.5 /, /. P783 O. = S'4* 1 T, R54*73/., 7*, 7>. 3 <8/.'/<7* R54*73/., 3 8=*'3 '7.5, /. 3 .7>, = '837/. = 3 J47*/=/.5 /, */,3 /. P783 O. = S'4*1 7. 3 8=*'3 3 =7'3 373 3 =4.'3/., = 3 D/8'38 G.87* = E*'38/'/3 S4<<* 7. = 3 D/8'38 G.87* = G7, S4<<* 7@ . 387.,=88 3 3 G7, 7. E*'38/'/3 M783, A438/3 4.8 P783 I = 3 U3/*/3/, A'3 2000
T <8/.'/<7* R54*73/., <8@/ 7 <8 =8 3 D/8'38 G.87* 7. 3 <4*/' J47*/=/.5 /, 3 8J4/8 3878, 3 <84' '73/. 743 3/8 4, /. 88 3 =7'/*/373 /.@,3/573/. = '><*7/.3, 7. .,48 '><*/7.' /3 4.837/.5, 8 '483
T4, /. 3 =/* = C.387'3 L7 /. U 3 U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, A'3 19## (UCTA) 7. 3 U.=7/8 T8>, = C.,4>8 C.387'3, R54*73/., 1999 (UTCCR) 78 <87* 3 3 ,/.5* >,3
111
*5/,*73/., W73 3 L7 C>>/,,/., 7@ . <8<, /. 200" 3 /.35873 /.3 7 ,/.5* A'3
CANADA
I. C7.7/7. ;48/,/'3/., 4.'.,'/.7* '.4'3 /, 7. ==.' A** '>>. *7 P8@/.', 7@ 7. U.'.,'/.7* T87.,7'3/., R*/= A'3 /' 7**, =8 3 8-<./.5 = 4.=7/8 '8/3 387.,7'3/.,
(A)
T O.378/ B4,/.,, P87'3/', A'3 1990 >, 7. 4.'.,'/.7*
'.,4>8 8<8,.373/. 3 7. 4.=7/8 <87'3/' U.'.,'/.7/*/3 4* /.'*4 3 <8'487* >7338, ,4' 7, <,/'7* /.=/8>/3 /5.87.' /**/387' 7. /.7/*/3 3 4.8,37. 3 *7.5475 = 7. 758>.3 43 7*,: 22// 373 3 <8/' 58,,* ', 3 <8/' 73 /' ,/>/*78 5, 8 ,8@/', 78 87/* 7@7/*7* 3 */ '.,4>8, 22@ 373 3 <8<, 387.,7'3/. /, ',,/@* .,/ /. =7@48 = ,>. 38 37. 3 '.,4>8 7. 22@/373 3 38>, 8 './3/., = 3 <8<, 387.,7'3/. 78 , 7@8, 3 3 '.,4>8 7, 3 /.J4/37* (S D/,'4,,/. P7<8 U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>,) (200") (V/'38/7)
(B)
T S7,73'7. C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 1996 7*, <8//3,
4.=7/8 <87'3/', 7. ,'3/. 6(J) 8=8, 3:
112
T7/.5 7@7.375 = 7 '.,4>8 /.'*4/.5 /. 7 '.,4>8 758>.3 38>, 8 './3/., 373 78 78, <<8,,/@ 8 ',,/@* . ,/
(C)
T A*837 F7/8 T87/.5 A'3 199! /.'*4, /. 7 */,3 = 4.=7/8
<87'3/',:
S'6(2)() 8=8, 3 '785/.5 7 <8/' =8 5, 8 ,8@/', 373 58,,* ', 3 <8/' 73 /' ,/>/*78 5, 8 ,8@/', 78 87/* 7@7/*7* /343 /.=8>/.5 3 '.,4>8 = 3 /==8.' /. <8/' 7. 3 87,. =8 3 /==8.' 7. S' 6()(') 3 /.'*4 /. 7 '.,4>8 387.,7'3/. 38>, 8 './3/., 373 78 78, <<8,,/@ 8 ',,/@* .-,/
(D)
I. 3 B8/3/, C*4>/7 3 ,4,37.3/@ <8@/,/., = 3 B4,/.,,
P87'3/', 7. C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 200" 373 78,, 4.=7/8 '.387'3 38>, 78 /. *785 <783 7 8,373>.3 = 3 *7 7, /3 7, ,3 43 /. 3 B8/3/, C*4>/7, 3 =8>8 C.,4>8 P83'3/. S37343, 3 T87 P87'3/' A'3 1996 7. 3 C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 1996 T T87 P87'3/' A'3 1996 = B8/3/, C*4>/7 /. 38>/./.5 38 7. 7'3 8 <87'3/' /, 4.'.,'/.7* 8J4/8, 7 '483 3 '.,/8 7** 3 ,4884./.5 '/8'4>,37.', = /' 3 ,4<<*/8 . 8 453 3 7@ .. /.'*4/.5 <8'487* >7338, 7. S' "()(') 373 73 3 3/> 3 '.,4>8 387.,7'3/. 7, .38 3 <8/' 58,,* ' 3 <8/' 73 /' ,/>/*78 ,4;'3, = ,/>/*78 '.,4>8 387.,7'3/., 8 87/* 37/.7* ,/>/*78 '.,4>8, 7. S' ()() 373 3 38>, 8 './3/., . 8
11
,4;'3 3 /' 3 '.,4>8 387.,7'3/. 7, .38 3 '.,4>8 78 , 78, 8 7@8, 3 3 '.,4>8 7, 3 /.J4/37*
T B4,/.,, P87'3/', 7. C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 200" 7<3, 3 7<<87' = 3 T87 P87'3/' A'3 /' '.37/. 7 <8@/,/. 373 7, /.3. 3 ,373438 >/>.3 = 3 ;4/'/7* '38/. = 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 B87* 3 <8@/,/., = 3 B4,/.,, P87'3/', 7. C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 200" 8*73 3 3 '.,*/73/. 7. 854*738 ,384'348 8738 37. 3 ,4,37.3/@ *7
T B8/3/, C*4>/7 L7
I.,3/343 /. /3, 8'.3 R<83 . U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, QBCLI R<83 N$ F8478 200$ ,34/ @78/4, <3/., 3 8=8> 3 *7 = 4.=7/8 '.387'3 38>, H@8 /3 / .3 8'>>. 7. *5/,*73/@ '7.5 /. 8,<'3 = 4.=7/8 '.387'3 38>,
(E)
4' C/@/* C (1991) 7, 7 /==8.3 7<<87' 3 3 C>>.
L7 48/,/'3/. (,'3/., 1"2 3 1"!)
NEW EALAND
N 7*7. , .3 7@ 7 ,/.5* ,<'/=/' , /. '.,4>8 '.387'3, T 3 >7/. 8 *5/,*73/. /. N 7*7. 78 3 F7/8 T87/.5 A'3 19!6 (N FTA) 7. 3 C.,4>8 G4787.3, A'3 199 (CGA) (S U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, D/,'4,,/. P7<8 V/'38/7 200")
11"
T (N) FTA '@8, >/,*7/.5 7. '<3/@ '.4'3 /. 387 387 ,'8/<3/., 4.=7/8 <87'3/', '.,4>8 /.=8>73/. 7. <84'3 ,7=3 L/7/*/3 /, ,38/'3 (7, 3 87' >7 /..'.3) T 3< 7. 7>4.3 = 7. 778 '/@/* 8> /, /,'83/.78 U.*/ 3 TPA 19#" (A4,387*/7) . /' /3 /, *785* 7, /3 , .3 7@ 4.'.,'/.7* '.4'3 <8@/,/.,
T (N) CGA 7<<*/, 3 3 ,4<<* = 5, 8 ,8@/', /' 78 /.3. =8 8/.78 4,* 4, T A'3 <8@/, '.,4>8, /3 7 .4>8 = /><*/ 54787.3, I3 /><,, */573/., . ,**8, 7. >7.4=7'3488, 7. <8@/, 7 .4>8 = 8>/, 373 .7* 3 '.,4>8 3 <48,4 3 >7.4=7'3488 8 ,**8 = 3 5, 8 ,8@/',
T8 78 7 .4>8 = N 7*7. ,37343, 373 8=8> 3 C>>. L7 7<<87' 3 '.387'347* 8*73/.,/<,
T C.387'347* R>/, A'3 19#9 7**, 7 <783 3 7 '.387'3 3 8'@8 7>75, (7,,,, 7, /= 3 8<8,.373/. 7, 7 38> = 3 '.387'3) =8 7. /..'.3 8 .5*/5.3 >/,8<8,.373/. /' /.4' 3 '.387'3 7. 7*, 5@8., 3 '/8'4>,37.', /. /' 7 <783 /, .3/3* 3 '7.'* 7 '.387'3 C7.'**73/. = 7 '.387'3 8,4*3, /. 7** <783/, /.5 8*/@ =8> =4838 <8=8>7.' 43 3 A'3 7*, <8@/, 3 '483, /3 87 /,'83/.78 <8, 3 587.3 8>/7* 8*/= 3 7. <783 3 <8@.3 /.;4,3/' . 7 '.387'3 /, '7.'**
11$
T C.387'347* M/,37, A'3 19## 7. 3 I**57* C.387'3, A'3 19#0 *785* '/= 3 ,37*/, C>>. L7 84*, 8*73/.5 3 '.387'3, /' 78 .38 /.3 >/,37 8 '.3878 3 *7 B3 ,37343, @8 '.=8 . 3 '483 7 87 ,373438 /,'83/. 3 587.3 8>/7* 8*/= /. 8,<'3 = '.387'3, ,4;'3 3 3, A'3,
So+& A%!ican La8 Co22ission Disc+ssion Pae! $@ on Un!easonable Si+laions in Con!acs an" &e Reci%icaion o% Con!acs 5#==$6 a2" Final Reo! 5#==(6
T ;'3 = <8;'3 "# = SA L7 C>>/,,/. 7, 3 '.,/8 38 3 '483, ,4* .7* 3 8> '.387'3, 8 '.387'347* 38>, 373 78 4.;4,3 8 4.'.,'/.7* 7. 3. 3 >/= 3 7<<*/'73/. 3 <783/'4*78 ,/3473/., =8 3 '483, = ,4' '.387'3, 8 38>, , 7, 3 7@/ 3 /.;4,3/' /' 4* 38/, .,4 T .3 J4,3/. 7, 38 3 8@/ <8 = 3 '483, ,4* 3. 3 7** 3<, = '.387'3, 3 ..-'.,4>8 387.,7'3/., 3 /.38.73/.7* 758>.3, 8 3 ,37.78 38> '.387'3, .*
T/, D/,'4,,/. P7<8 6$ 7, <4*/, /. 1996 /. 88 3 /.=8> 3 <4*/' = 3 <8/>7 =7'/ @/, = 3 C>>/,,/. 7. <783/'/<73/. = 878, /. 3 73 7. @.347* =8>4*73/. = 7 *5/,*73/. /= /3 /, > .',,78 T W8/.5 C>>/33 @8 /. 3 D/,'4,,/. P7<8 6$ <8<, 373 '483, ,4* ><8 3 8,'/. 8 7>. 7 '.387'3 8 7. 38>, 38= 8 3 >7 ,4' 38 88 7, >7 /. 3
116
4,<8,. 3 .,48 373 <8-=8>4*73 ,37.78 '.387'3 38>, 78 .3 4.87,.7* 4.'.,'/.7* 8 <<8,,/@
T C>>/,,/. 57@ 3 8<83 /. A<8/* 199! 7=38 '.,/8/.5 3 @/ = 3 <783/'/<7.3, 7. 3 *57* <,/3/. /. @78/4, '4.38/, T C>>/,,/. 7, = 3 @/ 373 38 7, 7 . 3 *5/,*73 757/.,3 '.387'347*
4.=7/8.,,
4.87,.7*.,,
4.'.,'/.7/*/3
8
<<8,,/@.,, /. 7** '.387'347* <7,, .7>* 73 3 ,375, . 7 '.387'3 '>, /.3 /.5 . /3 /, '43 8 . /3, 38>, 78 .=8'
T C>>/,,/. 34, <8<, 7 B/** . 3 '.38* = 4.87,.7*.,, 4.'.,'/.7*.,, 8 <<8,,/@.,, /. '.387'3,:- T <8@/ 373 7 '483 >7 38>/. 38 '.387'347* 88, = '.387'3, 78 4.87,.7* 4.'.,'/.7* 8 <<8,,/@ 3 ,3 . 3 <8, = 3
H/5
C483
/.
8578
/3
38>,
/'
78
4.87,.7*
4.'.,'/.7* 8 <<8,,/@ 3 ,37*/, 3 ==/' = >4,<8,. 3 ,3 . 3 <8, = 3 >4,<8,. 3 <8@/ =8 7<</.3>.3 = ==/'8, 7. ,37== 3 3 ==/' = 3 O>4,<8,. 7. =8 >7338, '..'3 38/3 T C>>/,,/. 7*, =*3 3 . 3 <8@/ ,> =/./3/. 3 3 '.'<3, = 4.87,.7*.,, 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7. <<8,,/@.,, ,33/.5 43 54/*/., /. <8<, *5/,*73/.
11#
T =/.7* R<83 (199!) 5/@, 3 ,4>>78 = /3, 8'>>.73/., /. <783, (///) 3 () (<787 11 3 <787 112)
C7<38 1 8=8, 3 3 ?<8*> 7, =/. /. D/,'4,,/. P7<8 6$
C7<38 2 '.37/., <787 21 3 29$ (<75, 0 3 21) . 3 =**/.5:
(7)
,/87/*/3 = .7'3/.5 *5/,*73/. (<787 2)
()
,4* '483, 7.8 38/4.7*, ><8 3 7'3 757/.,3 4.=7/8 8 4.'.,'/.7* '.387'3, (<787 2)
(')
,83'>/.5, /. <8@//.5 88,, /. '483, (<787 2")
()
<8, 3 587.3 3 '483, (<787 2") ('><7873/@
,34)
()
3 =7/8.,, '8/38/. (<787 2$)
(=)
54/*/., (<787 26) ('><7873/@ ,34)
11!
(5)
,'< = <8<, *5/,*73/. (<787 2#) ('><7873/@
,34)
()
'7.5 '/8'4>,37.', 7=38 3 '.'*4,/. = '.387'3
(<787 2!)
(/)
<78* @/.' 84* (<787 29)
A..48 A '.37/., 3 S43 A=8/'7. L7 C>>/,,/., B/** /. 3 '.33 = 4.87,.7*.,, 4.'.,'/.7*.,, 8 <<8,,/@.,, /. '.387'3, 8 38>,
T B/** (199!) '.37/., 6 ,'3/., 78/.5 3 3/3*, 8=88 3 *:
S'3/. 1: C483 >7 38>/. 38 '.387'347* 38>, 78 4.87,.7*
4.'.,'/.7*
8
<<8,,/@
7.
/,,4
7<<8<8/73 88,
S'3/. 2: A C483 >7 37 54/*/., /.3 7''4.3 =8 38>/./.5
4.87,.7*.,,
<<8,,/@.,, /. '.387'3, 8 38>,
I3 7, '*74,, (7) 3 ()
4.'.,'/.7*.,,
8
119
S'3/. : A<<*/'73/. = A'3 (/ 3 7** '.387'3,)
S'3/. ": T7/.5 /.3 7''4.3 '/8'4>,37.', /' /,3 73 3 3/> = '.'*4,/. = 3 '.387'3 7. 3 =='3 = ,4,J4.3 '7.5, = '/8'4>,37.',
S'3/. $: A>/,,/* @/.' 3 7,,/,3 /.38<8373/. = 7 '.387'3
S'3/. 6: O>4,>7. T ,'3/. .4>873, 3 <8, = >4,>7. 3 8'/@ '><*7/.3 8J4/8 /.=8>73/. 854*73 <8<78 87=3 '8, 3 5/@ /8'3/. 3 <783/, 3 '> 4< /3 4.837/.5, 7. /. =7/*48 = 3 <783/, 3 7<<* 3 3 H/5 C483 =8 /8'3/.,
120
CHAPTER-VI
COMMON LAW: UNFAIRNESS IN RE4ARD TO SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACT TERMS
I. 3/, C7<38 ,7** 8=8 3 '>>. *7 <8/.'/<*, 8*73/.5 3 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.' = '.387'3, /. 3 '.33 = U.=7/8 T8>,
(7)
C>>.-*7: ?U.=7/8.,, /. ?S<'/=/' P8=8>7.' = '.387'3,:
U.8 '>>.-*7 /= 7 38> /, 4.=7/8 3 C483 >7 8'/, /,'83/. .3 3 .=8' 3 38>, 8 3 '.387'3 43 3 C483 '7..3 '*78 3 38>, 8 '.387'3 7, @/
T J4,3/. /, 7, 3 73 >7. 3 8 ?=7/8.,, /. C.387'3, /' 8J4/8, 3 <83'3 C483, /. ,4/3, =8 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.'
U.8 '>>.-*7 ?=7/8.,, 7, 7*7, 7 .',,78 './3/. =8 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.' = '.387'3, L8 H78/' ,373 /. B4,3. @, L/,37 ( A3 !6):
N3/.5 /, >8 ,37*/, /. 3/, C483 37. 373 @8 758>.3 = 3/, /. 453 3 '837/. =7/8 7. ;4,3 /. 7** /3, <783, I= 7. = 3, /.58/.3, 78 7.3/.5 /. 3 '7, 3/, C483 /** .3 '8 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.'
121
I. L8 W7*<* @, L8 O8=8 ( V, "20) L8 L45845 (7=3878, L8 R,,*.) ,373:
I *7 /3 . 7, 7 5.87* <8<,/3/. 3 /' I . . */>/373/. 373 7** 758>.3, /. 88 3 '43 /. 3/, C483 >4,3 '837/. 7. =/.: S'.* 3 >4,3 J47* 7. =7/8 =8 3/, C483 4.*,, 3 78 =7/8 /** .3 '43 3> 7. 3/8* 3 >4,3 <8@ /. ,4' >7..8 7, 3 *7 8J4/8,
W ,7** .3 8=8 3 3 '>>. *7 <8/.'/<*, 7, 3 ?=7/8.,, /. '.387'3,
()
C>>. *7: F8 . <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7. 78,/< /. '.387'3, 8*@7.3 3 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.':
F8 /. /, '*873 '>>.378 . ?S<'/=/' P8=8>7.' (6 3 E 1921) (I./7. 8<8/.3 199#) 7*, '*4,/@* (, <787 !#) /3 ?W7.3 = F7/8.,, /. 3 C.387'3 /. C7<38 V = /, 8 H ,7, 373 38 78 >7. /.,37.', /. /' 345 38 /, .3/.5 373 7'347** 7>4.3, 3 =874 38 /, .@83*,, 7 7.3 = 373 J47*/3 7. =7/8.,, /. 3 '.387'3 /' 7, 7@ ,. 78 ,,.3/7* /. 88 373 3 C483 >7 8'/, /3, 3878/.78 ;48/,/'3/. /. ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.' I. '7,, = =874 3 C483 /** .3 .* .3 <8=8> 3 '.387'3 43 /** 8,'/. /3 43 38 78 >7. '7,, /. /' 3 C483 /. 3 8'/, = 3 ;48/,/'3/. /. ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.' /** ,37. ,3/** 7. /.38=8 ./38 =8 3/, . <48<, .8 3 38 (W/**7. @, W/**7.) (16 @, !)
122
B43 4.8 3 >8. '.'<3 = ?4.=7/8.,, = 7 '.387'3 8 7 38> 3 C483 '7. '*78 3 '.387'3 8 38> .3 .* 7, 4..=8'7* 43 7*, 7, /.@7*/ 8 @/ H@8 373 7, .3 , 4.8 3 '>>. *7 /' .* 57@ /,'83/. 3 3 C483 .3 3 .=8' ?4.=7/8 38>, 8 '.387'3,
U.=7/8.,, 7''8/.5 3 F8 (, <787 !!) >7 /38 /. 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 /3,*= (/' 37 '7** ?S4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,) 8 /3 >7 /. >7338, 38/.,/' 7. 3 '/8'4>,37.', 4.8 /' /3 7, >7 (/' 3 7 '7** ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,,): /3 8578 3 3 *7338 <78* @/.' /, = '48, 7>/,,/*
A <8/.'/<* /' 7, . /. @54 @8 '.348/, /, 373 3 (, <787 09 = F8) ?=7/8.,, = 3 '.387'3 */ 7** 38 J47*/3/, >4,3 ;45 = 7, 73 3 3/> 3 '.387'3 7, .38 /.3 8 73 *7,3 . 3 '.387'3 '>, 7,*43 7. .3 ,4,J4.3 @.3, =8 3 =7'3 373 @.3, 4.'837/. 73 3 3/> = 3 '.387'3 >7 7=3878, 7<<. /. 7 >7..8 '.3878 3 3 <'373/. = . 8 3 = 3 <783/, /, . 87,. =8 */.5 3 '.387'3 3 7@ . 4.=7/8 T/, 7,<'3 7*, 7, . 7. 8J4/8, 3 '.,/8 /. 3 <8,.3 73
B43 ,373, F8 (, <787 9) /. 88 3 8/.5 7 '.387'3 /3/. 3/, <8/.'/<* 3 4.'837/.3 7, 3 3 ,4;'3 >7338 = 3 '.387'3 >4,3 73 3 3/> = 3 '.387'3 7@ . 7 87* . 3 3 <783/, /38 =8> 3 .7348 = 3/.5, 8 =8> 3 ,373 = .*5 = 3 <783/, F4838 (, <787 9) 3 <8/.'/<* /** .3 7<<* 8 345 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 >7 <8,, 7. 4.'837/.3 373 4.'837/.3 7, .3 4.8,3 3 <783/, 3 '><8/, 3 @.3 /' 7'347** 7<<.
12
A57/. /. '.387'3, 3 ,** 73 7 <8/' (, F8 <787 96) 3 =/ 7 3/8 <8,. 3 C483 4* . 43 '.,/8 3 4.=7/8.,, = 3 @7*48, '.4'3 7, 7 78 3 3 8/53 3 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.'
I. ;45/.5 3 =7/8.,, (/ <8'487* =7/8.,,) = 7 '.387'3 (,7, F8 /. <787 99) 3 C483 /** * .3 >8* 73 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 /3,*= 43 73 7** 3 ,4884./.5 '/8'4>,37.', ,4' 7, /.3/>/73/. 7. 48,, = 3 =.7.3 3 >.37* /.'7<7'/3 = 3 <783/, 345 =7**/.5 ,83 = /.,7./3 3/8 75 8 <@83 7. 3 >7..8 /. /' 3 '.387'3 7, '43 T '/8'4>,37.' 373 3 <783/, 8 7'3/.5 /343 7 ,*/'/38 373 3 <8<83 7, 8@8,/.78 8 373 3 <8/' 7, .3 3 =4** @7*4 78 8*@7.3 T87=38 ,7,: (, <787 "00)
.@8 38 78 @/.', = /,38,, /. 3 <783 757/.,3 > <8=8>7.' /, ,453 8 /, 7. /**/3873 <8,. 8 .@8 38 78 '/8'4>,37.', = ,48<8/, 8 7.3 = 7@/' 8 7.3/.5 /' ,>, 3 /><783 373 38 7, .3 7 =4** .3/8 7. /.3**/5.3 '.,.3 3 3 '.387'3 3 C483 /, 38>* '743/4, /. '788/.5 /3 /.3 =='3 S3/** /3 /, .3 3 '38/. = 3 C483 373 7 >7. '7..3 '.387'3 /343 /, ,*/'/38 73 /, * 8 373 7 >7. /. /.,*@.3 '/8'4>,37.', 8 /. <8/,. /, /,7* =8> ,**/.5 /, ,373 7. /= 7 '.387'3 >7 4.8 ,4' '/8'4>,37.', /** 78 3 '78=4* 7>/.73/. = 3 C483 7. 3 =4** */53 = 7 /3 /** ,<'/=/'7** .=8'
12"
I3 /, .3 .',,78 3 <8@ ?/.3.3/.7* 4.=7/8.,, 8 /,.,3 /3 /, ,4==/'/.3 /= 4.=7/8.,, /, <8@ (, <787 "01 = F8)
U.=7/8.,, 78/,/.5 43 = >/,,373>.3 = =7'3, /, '.,/8 7, <783 = >/,8<8,.373/. (<787 "02 = F8) 7. '7,, 8*73/.5 3 ,/*.' 8 ,4<<8,,/. = =7'3 . <783 78 '.,/8 7, <783 = =874 43 3 /3 ,>, <,,/* 373 38 >7 '7,, 8 ,/*.' /, .3 =8744*.3 43 3 '873, ,4' 7 '7, = 78,/< 7, <8@.3, C483, 7,,/,37.' C483, >7 7*, .3 .=8' 7. 758>.3 (, <787 "0") /' >7 /.;48/4, 3 3/8 <783/, L//, 3 C483 /** .3 (, <787 "0# = F8) 5.87** 8'/, /3, <8 3 .=8' 7. 758>.3 8 3 , 4* .',,/373 87' = 384,3 8 = 7 <8/8 '.387'3 /3 7 3/8 <8,. 8 4* '><* 7 <8,. 3 73 /, .3 *7=4** '><3.3 3 @. 345 73 3 3/> = '.387'3 3 7'3 >/53 7@ . *7=4*
O. ?78,/< (/' /, <783 = ,' 20 = 3 I./7. S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 190) F8 @3 7 =4** '7<38 (C7<38 VI) /. /, '*873 8 H78,/< >7 8 >7 .3 8*73 3 4.=7/8 38>,
W/* /3 /, 3
<8/.'/<* 373 ?78,/< /, 3 5.87** ;45 7, 73 3 3/> = 3 '.387'3 ,7, (<787 "2$) 373 /. '.,/8/.5 3 78,/< /' >7 =* =8> 3 '43/. = 7 '.387'3 3 C483 /** '.,/8 38 /3 /, 3 8,4*3 @/4,* =*/.5 =8> 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 , 373 /3 >4,3 7@ . <8,.3 73 3 3/> = 3 '.387'3 /. 3 >/., = 3 '.387'3/.5 <783/, 8 38 /3 78/,, =8> ,>3/.5 '**7387* 7. , =78 '.'7* 7. *73.3 7, 373 /3 >/53 .3 7@ . 34, <8,.3 /. 3/8 >/., I3 /, @/4, ,7, 373 7 =78 /58 58 = 78,/< >4,3 <8,.3 /. 3
12$
=8>8 37. /. 3 *7338 '*7,, = '7,, =8 /3 3 <873 . 3 /,'83/. = 3 C483
T 7@ 78 3 5.87* <8/.'/<*, 4.8 '>>. *7 /. 8578 3 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.' = '.387'3,
126
CHAPTER-VII
NEED TO HAVE PROCEDURAL AND SUSTANTIVE DIVIDE
S@87* 7438, 7@ '8/3/'/ /,3/.5 ,37343, 7, .3 7@/.5 >3 3 '7**.5 = 7*/.5 /3 ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, ,<7873* 7. /. .3 =/./.5 3, 8, .8 /. <8@//.5 ,<7873 54/*/., =8 ;45/.5 7' = 3> W 7@ 8=88 3 3/, 7,<'3 /. C7<38 I
M,3 ,37343, 8=8 /. 3 ,7> ,'3/., 3 ,4,37.3/@ 7. 4.=7/8.,, 7,<'3, = 3 '.387'3 345 38 /, . /.<..3 3873>.3 C483, 78 38=8 4.7* 3 ='4, 4<. 3, /,,4, /. <3 8 *7 . '*78-'43 <8/.'/<*, T73 /, /. C7<38 VIII <8<, 3 ,58573 3 <8'487** 4.=7/8 <8@/,/., /. ,37343, = 38 '4.38/, 7. /. C7<38 I% 3 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8 <8@/,/., /. 3, '4.38/, I. C7<38 % <8<, 3 */,3 43 3 <8'487* 4.=7/8 <8@/,/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 190
I. 3/, '7<38 ,7** 7* /3 3 '8/3/'/,> /. 8578 3 3 7,.' = ,<7873 ,373438 ='4, . 3, 3 '.'<3,
(7)
T U 7. S'33/, L7 C>>/,,/. R<83 200" , .3 8=8 3
3/, /,3/.'3/. '<3 /. . <*7' /* 7*/.5 /3 /3, '>>.3, . C*74, 1" = B/** <8<78 /3 S'3/. 1"(1)() = 3 B/** 7337' 3 3 U 7. S'33/, L7 C>>/,,/., R<83 200" 8=8, 3 3/, 7,<'3 /.
12#
3 E<*7.738 N3, P783 " (<787 "2) /' 7*, /3 '*74, 1" 7. S'4* 2 = 3 ?=7/8 7. 87,.7* 3,3 P787 "2 87, 7, =**,:
"2
P787587< () = '*74, 1"(1) 7. (2) 8J4/8, 373 /.
38>/./.5 38 /. 7. /./@/47* '7, 3 38> 8 .3/' 7, =7/8 7. 87,.7* 3 ,4,37.3/@ =7/8.,, (3 '/8'4>,37.', = 3 38>) 7. <8'487* =7/8.,, (3 '/8'4>,37.', /,3/.5 73 373 3/>) 37. /.3 7''4.3
()
T T7,>7./7 L7 R=8> C>>/,,/. <*7/. /. /3, ?R<83 .
H78, 7. U.'.,'/.7* C.387'3, (R<83 #1) 373
<8'487* 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 8*73, 3 7857/./.5 <8',, = 3 387.,7'3/. 7. 3 <783/'4*78 '.4'3 = 3 <783/, 87, ,4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 ='4,, . 3 '.3.3 = 3 '.387'3
(')
T R<83 = 3 N 7*7. L7 C>>/,,/. /* 8=88/.5 3
3 54/*/., 87=3 /3 ,373, 373 ?3 '.387'3 ,4,37.3/@* 7, ** 7, <8'487** =7/8
()
I. 3 D/,'4,,/. P7<8 . U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, 200" = V/'38/7
(A4,387*/7) <8<78 3 S37./.5 C>>/33 = O==/'/7*, = C.,4>8 A==7/8, /3 /, ,373 /. 3 E'43/@ S4>>78:
T C483, 7@ 3. 3 8J4/8 373 38 >4,3 ,> 7,<'3 = <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, (7 <8*> ,4884./.5 3 '/8'4>,37.', *7/.5 4< 3 7. 73 3 3/> = >7/.5 3 '.387'3)
12!
7. 3 P7<8 =4838 ,373, (73 <787 211) 373
38 78 3 '.387,3/.5 7,<'3, = 4.'.,'/.7* '.4'3 7, 8*73 3 '.387'3,: =/8,3* <8'487*
4.=7/8.,,
/' /, '.'8.
/3
3
'/8'4>,37.', *7/.5 4<3 7. 73 3 3/> = >7/.5 = 3 '.387'3 7. ,'.* ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, /' /, '.'8. /3 3 4.=7/8.,, = 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 3>,*@, /' *7 3 /.;4,3/'
T P7<8 </.3, 43 373 3 '>>. *7 7, >8 '.'8. /3 ?<8'487* /.;4,3/' /* ,' $1AB = 3 (C>>.7*3) T87 P87'3/', A'3 19#" .4>873 7<783 =8> 3 7857/./.5 ,38.53 4.4 /.=*4.' 8 <8,,48 7. '7<7'/3 3 4.8,37. <8@/,/., (/' 78 <8'487*) 3 =**/.5 ,4,37.3/@ 7,<'3,:
7
W38 3 '.,4>8 7, 8J4/8 3 '><* /3 './3/., /' 8 .3 87,.7* .',,78 =8 3 <83'3/. = 3 /.38,3, = 3 ,4<<*/8 7.
T 7>4.3 =8 /' 7. 3 '/8'4>,37.', 4.8 /' 3 '.,4>8 '4* 7@ 7'J4/8 J4/@7*.3 5, 8 ,8@/', =8> 7.38 <783
T P7<8 8=8, 3 3 =**/.5 '>>.3, P78/.,. (L7, = A4,387*/7) /. 8578 3 ,' $1AB = 3 (C>>.7*3) T87 P87'3/', A'3 19#":
129
T8 /, 7 J4,3/. 38 7. 3 73 3.3 ,' $1AB /, '.'8. /3 3 7857/./.5 <8',, 7.8 '.387'347* 43'>, T J4/37* '38/. /, '.=/. 3 <8'487* 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 373 /, 4.=7/8.,, /. 3 7857/./.5 <8',, 43 3 ,37343 /, .3 */>/3 /. 373 7 7. >7 <8>/3 8*/= =8> '.387'3, /' 78 4.=7/8 /. 3/8 38>, ,7 <*7/. /. 3 *5/,*73/. . 3/, </.3 T ,'3/. /8'3, 3 C483, 733.3/. 3 7 .4>8 = =7'38, ,> = /' 5 3 3 .53/73/., 7. 38, 3 3 43'> = 3> T =7'38, /. ,, $1AB(2)() 7. () ,455,3 373 3 C483 >7 7@ 8578 3 4.=7/8.,, /. 3 C.387'3 (,4,37.3/@)
T P7<8 </.3, 43 373 3 (N S43 W7*,) C.387'3, R@/ A'3 19!0 7*, 8=8, /. ,' 92 3 3 ?<8'487* /,,4, ,4' 7, >738/7* /.J47*/3
=
7857/./.5
<8
8*73/@
'.>/'
'/8'4>,37.',
4'73/.7* 7'584. */387' = 3 <783/, 7. 4.=7/8 <8,,48 38 8 .3 *57* 8 <83 7@/' 7, ,453 I3 7*, 8=8, /. '*74,, () 7. (5) 3 ,4,37.3/@ /,,4, ,4' 7,:
()
38 8 .3 7. <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3 /><,
'./3/., /' 78 4.87,.7* /==/'4*3 3 '><* /3 8 78 .3 87,.7* .',,78 =8 3 <83'3/. = 3 *5/3/>73 /.38,3, = 7. <783 3 3 '.387'3 7.
10
(5)
8 3 '.387'3 /, ** 8 <783* /. 8/3/.5 3
<,/'7* =8> = 3 '.387'3 7. 3 /.3**/5//*/3 = 3 *7.5475 /. /' /3 /, <8,,
I3 ,7, 373 3 C.387'3, R@/ A'3 19!0 (NSW) /, .3 */>/3 3 ?,37.78 38>, 7*345 38 7 38> 7, .53/73 8 .3 /, 7 '.,/873/. =8 3 C483 S4-,'3/., 9(2)() 7. (5) 8=88 3 7@ /. <783/'4*78 *7. 378, 3 ,4,37.3/@ A <8,., 8/53, 4.8 3 A'3 '7..3 '*4 8 8,38/'3 /. 7. 7
T P7<8 8=8, 3 3 =7'3 373 G*8/.5 3 7* (43/.5 D4557. ?S> R=*'3/., . C.,4>8 P83'3/. 7. 3 L7 R=8> P8',, (1991)1# M. LR 73 2#") 373 /. 3 TPA 7. 3 U./=8> C.,4>8 C8/3 C 38 7, =7/*48 3 3873 <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, ,<7873* T ,7/:
T C.387'3, R@/ A'3 7. /.=8.' 3 38 *5/,*73/. (TPA 7. U./=8> C.,4>8 C8/3 C) 7, . '8/3/'/ =8 =7/*/.5
3
/,3/.54/,
3.
<8'487*
7.
,4,37.3/@
4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7, ?3 */,3 = =7'38, 3 /' 3 C483 /, 8J4/8 3 7@ 8578 /. 38>/./.5 38 7 '.387'3 /, 4.;4,3 /, 7 >/,>7, = <8',,-8/.3 7. 43'>-8/.3 '.,/873/.,
O. = 3 '.'*4,/., = 3 D/,'4,,/. P7<8 = V/'38/7 73 3 . = P783 A /, 373 ?3 '488.3 ,373438 85/>, /. A4,387*/7 7@ '873 ,> '.=4,/. /. <87'3/' '74, = 3/8 =7/*48 3 /,3/.54/, 3. <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, (<8 G*8/.5 3 7* 7. D4557.)
11
A57/. /. C7<38 " (<787 "$) = 3 P7<8 /3 /, ,373 373 /*,3 /3 7, . 7854 373 38 /, <87* ,4==/'/.3 '@875 = 3 <8'487* 7,<'3 = 4.=7/8 '.387'3 38>, 3 '8/3/'/,> .3 78*/8 G*8/.5 3 7* 373 '488.3 A4,387*/7. *5/,*73/. /, <8*>73/' /. 373 /3 , .3 /,3/.54/, 3. <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ /,,4, /, '.,/8 3 @7*/ I. 88 3 '873 '*78/3 3 <<834./3 >/53 4.837. /*,3 78,,/.5 3 /,,4 = 4.=7/8 '.387'3 38>, 3 8'3/= 3/, ,/3473/. A3 3 . = 3 <787 /3 /, ,373
T8 4* 338 C483 43'>, =8 7558/@ /./@/47*, 4 3 3 /==8.3/73/. 3. <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ >7338,
()
A P7<8 . ?W >4,3 854*73 U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, <8<78
4.8 3 74,8, F873/. = A4,387*/7 /. '.;4.'3/. /3 3 A4,387*/7. C.,4>8, A,,'/73/. ,373, 4.8 3 7/.5 ?3 '488.3 *7, =7/* '.,4>8, 373 4.=834.73*
4.'.,'/.7* '.4'3 *7, 78 ='4, . <8'487* .3 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, P8'487* =7/8.,, *, 73 3 7'3/., = 3 <783/, 3 3 '.387'3 73 3 3/> = ,/5./.5 7. 3 '/8'4>,37.', /. /' 3 '.387'3 7, .38 /.3 T =7'3 373 7 <8,. >7 7@ 7 7 /,7/*/3 73 3 3/> = ,/5./.5 7 '.387'3 /, 7 5 7><* = <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, S4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, *, 73 73 /, 8/33. . 3 '.387'3 /3,*= 73 3 .7348 = 3 7857/. /, P7/.5 3. 3/>, 3 >783 @7*4 = ,>3/.5 /, 7 5 7><* = ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,
12
B'74, 3 78 <8'487** ='4, 4.'.,'/.7* '.387'3 *7, >4,3 '.,/8 3 /./@/47* '/8'4>,37.', = <783/'4*78 '7,, /= 3 78 3 7<<*/ 7. 38=8 '7. .* 7* /3 '7,, 73 . 3/> T/, >7., 373 3 78 . 5 =/53/.5 3 ,,3>73/' 4, = 4.=7/8 38>, /. ,37.78 =8> = '.387'3, /' /, >,3 4.=7/8 '.387'3 38>, 78 4,
B'74, 3 <. . ?87* @/.' 743 ? ,7/ 73 7. ?73 7<<. . '7,, 7, . <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 78 /==/'4*3 3 =/53 /. 3 C483, 8 **-8,48' 4,/.,,, '7. J4/'* 4354. 7 733*/.5 '.,4>8 A '7, 7, . ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, /, 7,/8 '74, 3 .* 8*@7.3 @/.' /, 7 '< = 3 4.=7/8 '.387'3 /3,*=
T P7<8 ,373, 373 /. U 3 O==/' = F7/8 T87/.5 (OFT) 8'/@ >8 37. 1000 '><*7/.3, 48/.5 2002-200 7*. 7. 1"## '.387'3 38>, 8 77.. 8 *3 7, 7 8,4*3 = OFT .=8'>.3 7'3/.
T A4,387*/7. P7<8 7@ 8=88 4.8 3 7/.5 ?W73 >4,3 . ,7, 373 3 @78/3 = '.,4>8 <83'3/. *7, 373 ='4, /38 ** 8 <8>/.7.3* . <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. <873 <8* 8 .3 7** /. 3 '.33 = ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, A, 7 8,4*3 7 / 87.5 = >783, 854*78* ><* '.387'3, 373 '.37/. 4.=7/8 '.387'3 38>, 757/.,3 /' '.,4>8, 78 5/@. . 7J473 8 7'',,/* 8>/,
1
T P7<8 =4838 ,373, 373 W/* <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /, 7*87 854*73 373 854*73/. /, ./38 4.=7/8 .8 '.,/,3.3 T8 /, */* 3 5873 .=/3 3 7** >783 <783/'/<7.3, /. '/=/.5 73 >7338, 78 */* 3 '.,3/343 4.=7/8 '.4'3 7. '*78/= 73 8>/, 78 7@7/*7* 3 '.,4>8, 78 /.4' 3 .38 /.3 4.=7/8 8 4.'.,'/.7* 387.,7'3/., W ,4<<83 4.=7/8 854*73/., = '.,4>8 '.387'3, /. 3/8 .3/83
(=)
T ,48' = 3 *7*, ?<8'487* 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7.
?,4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 /, 7. A>8/'7. *7 8@/ 783/'* A8348 A**.
L==
A,,3
P8=
W7,/.53.
U./@8,/3
L7
S'*
.
?U.'.,'/.7/*/3 7. 3 C T E><88, N C*74, (196#) 11$ U./@8,/3 = P..,*@7./7 L7 R@/ < "!$ W 7@ 8=88 3 /, @/, /. C7<38 I
P8= L== ,3783, /. /, *.53 <7<8 7 '8/3/'/,> = , 202 = 3 U./=8> C>>8'/7* C H ,7,:
I= 87/.5 3/, ,'3/. >7, 7.3/.5 '*78 /3 /, 373 87/.5 3/, ,'3/.
7*.
>7,
.3/.5
'*78
743
3
>7./.5
?4.'.,'/.7* '<3 <87<, 373 /3 /, <;873/@
=
M8
<783/'4*78* . '7..3 3** =8> 3 ,37343 38 3 '.'<3 /, ,>3/.5 3 <8/'73 . 3 7857/./.5 <8',, 8 . 3 7857/. 8 . ,> '>/.73/. = 3 3 373 /, 3 4, 48 38>/.*5 38 /3 /, <8'487* 8 ,4,37.3/@
N.3*,,
38>/./.5 38 3 ,'3/., 37853 /, 7 ,<'/, = J47,/-=874 8
1"
J47,/-48,, 8 38 /3 /, 7 ,<'/, = J47,/-/**57*/3 /, @/4,* 3 3 3 /3 7. ,'< = 3 <8@/,/. O. '.387* 3,/, = 3/, ,,7 /, 373 3 87=3,>7. =7/* =4** 3 7<<8'/73 3 ,/5./=/'7.' = 3 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 '.'<3, .',,78 <8'48-,4,37.' /'3> 7. 373 ,4' =7/*48 /, . = 3 <8/>78 87,., =8 ,'3/. 2-02, =/.7* 7>8<4, 4./.3**/5//*/3 7. /3, 7''><7./.5 '>>.378, /88*@7.'
H ,8@ (< $9):
T ,4>>78/, 38 78 3 ,<7873 ,'/7* <*/'/, /' 78 >/ /. 3 J4/3 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 '38/. T =/8,3 /, 373 7857/./.5 .7453/.,, .' /3 87', 7 '837/. *@* 453 3 7@7/* 3 <87'3/3/.8 .7453
T ,'. /, /8'3 .3 757/.,3
7857/./.5 '.4'3 ('<3 /. , =78 7, '837/. 8,4*3, =3. 78 ,38.5 @/.' = '837/. '.4'3 38/, 7<<8@) 43 757/.,3 8,4*3, 7. >/, 3 '38/. (7*, <8,.3 /.
laisio enormis ,37343,)
373 3 /.=*/'3/. = ,8/4, 78,/< >7., ,<'/7* ;4,3/=/'73/.
(5)
T/, /,3/.'3/. 3. 3 3 '.'<3, 7, /5*/53 L8
B8/53>7. /. 3 P8/@ C4.'/* /. H783 @, OC..8 :19!$ AC 1000 73 < 101#-1! (19!$(2) A** ER !!0 73 !!#) H ,7/:
I= 7 '.387'3 /, ,3/5>73/, 7, ?4.=7/8 /3 >7 4.=7/8 /. . = 3 7, I3 >7 4.=7/8 87,. = 3 4.=7/8 >7..8 /. /' /3 7, 8453 /.3 /,3.' 7 '.387'3 /.4' 4.4 /.=*4.' /, 4.=7/8 /. 3/, ,.,
I3 /** '.@./.3 3 '7** /3 ?<8'487*
1$
4.=7/8.,, I3 >7 7*, /. ,> '.3.3, ,'8/ (7''4873* 8 /.7''4873*) 7, ?4.=7/8 87,. = 3 =7'3 373 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 78 >8 =7@487* 3 . <783 37. 3 3 38 I. 88 3 /,3/.54/, 3/, ?4.=7/8.,, =8> <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /3 /** '.@./.3 3 '7** /3 ?'.387'347* />7*7.' T 3 '.'<3, >7 @8*7<
C.387'347* />7*7.' >7 , 38> 7, 3 87/, 7
<8,4><3/. = <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, ,4' 7, 4.4 /.=*4.' 8 ,> 38 =8> = @/'3/>/73/. EJ4/3 /** 8*/@ 7 <783 =8> 7 '.387'3 /' 7, . /.4' 3 >7 7, 7 8,4*3 = @/'3/>/73/. EJ4/3 /** .3 8*/@ 7 <783 =8> 7 '.387'3 . 3 584. .* 373 38 /, '.387'347* />7*7.' .3 7>4.3/.5 3 4.'.,'/.7* 7*/.5 O= 3 38 /./'/7 = 4.=7/8.,, 8*/ 4<. 3 45 /. A8'8 @, C43*8 (19!0)(1) NLR !6 (7,,4>/.5 4.=7/8.,, 3 7@ /,3) 3 =/8,3 7, '.387'347* />7*7.' 7. 3 ,'. 7. 3/8 8 <8'487* 4.=7/8.,,
I3 /, '74, EJ4/3 >7 .3 587.3 8*/= /. '7, = ?'.387'347* />7*7.' / ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 373 3 *5/,*7348, 7@ '> =878 3 8> .3 .* <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 43 7*, ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,
()
T /,3/.'3/. 3. ?<8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7,
7*, <*7/. /. 3 45>.3 = 3 N S43 W7*, S4<8> C483 M'H45 A /. W,3 @, AGC (A@7.',) L3 (19!6)($) NSWLR 610
16
S4>>78:
I. 3 */53 = 3 @/, <8,, 7, 7@ /3 7<<78, 3 4, 373 /= 7. *5/,*73/. /, 3 >8 =='3/@ 7. 87*/,3/' /3 /, .',,78 3 >7 ,<7873 <8@/,/., 7*/.5 /3 ?<8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,
W 78 778 373 /. '837/. J47838, /3 7, . '.,/8 373 /3 /, /==/'4*3 3 <43 3, '.'<3, /. ,<7873 '><783>.3, /. 7 ,37343 43 .3 758
W 7@ .3 =4. 7. /==/'4*3
I. =7'3 7, </.3
,@87* 7438, 3 ='4, ,4* .3 '.=/. .* 3 ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. >4,3 >@ =878 3 7* /3 ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7*, 8738 37. >8* ,373 373 8 <783/, 7@ ,/5. '.387'3, /3 3 , / <. /= ,4' '.387'3, '.37/. 7 38> /' 7, 4.=7/8 /. /3,*= 3 <783 7 />,*= 8 /3,*= 3 *7>
T/, 7, 3 >3 =
/.38<8373/. = '.387'3, 73 7 3/> . <8/.'/<*, = ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 8 .3 =='3/@* @*< T7 =/. /. <87'3/' 373 38 78 7 *785 .4>8 = ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8 38>, /. /==8.3 3<, = '.387'3, / '.387'3, 8 38>, /' 78 3>,*@, 4.=7/8 T8=8 3 *7 >4,3 8=8> 3 7* 3 ,383' /3, 7., 3 8'3/= ,4' ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,
1#
CHAPTER-VIII
PROCEDURAL UNFAIRNESS: COMPARATIVE LAW
I. 3/, '7<38 <8<, 7 '*,8 ='4, . 3 ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, <8@/,/., 7*3 /3 /. @78/4, '4.38/, 345 3 7@ .3 . <8,,* ,58573 /. 7. <783/'4*78 ,37343
Unie" in3"o2: !oce"+!al +n%ai!ness:
UCTA (19##): (<8'487* 4.=7/8.,,)
T (U) U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, A'3 19## (UCTA) '7> =878 /3 7 3,3 = ?87,.7*.,, /. ,' 11
S' 11(1) ,373 373 3 38>
>4,3 ?=7/8 7. 87,.7* 7@/.5 8578 3 3 '/8'4>,37.', /' 8 8 453 87,.7* 3 7@ . .. 3 8 /. '.3><*73/. = 3 <783/, . 3 '.387'3 7, >7
T/, 8*73, @/4,* 3 ?<8'487*
4.=7/8.,,
U ?54/*/., /. S'4* 2 = 3 19## A'3 7*, '.37/. <8@/,/., /' 7* <783* /3 <8'487* 7. <783* /3 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 345 3 78 >/ 4<
T, 373 8=8 3 ?<8'487*
4.=7/8.,, 78 '*74,, (7) () (') C*74, (7) 8=8, 3 3 ,38.53 = 3 7857/./.5 <,/3/. '*74, () 7, 3 38 3 '4,3>8 8'/@ /.4'>.3 3 758 3 7 38> 7. '*74, (') 3 38 3 '4,3>8 . 8 453 3 7@ .. = 3 /,3.' = 3 38>
1!
UTCCR (1999): (<8'487* 4.=7/8.,,)
U.8 3 (U) U.=7/8 T8>, C.,4>8 C.387'3, R54*73/. 1999 (UTCCR) - R54*73/. $(1) ,373 373 7 ?'.387'347* 38> /' 7, .3 . /./@/47** .53/73 ,7** 8578 7, 4.=7/8 /= '.3878 3 8J4/8>.3 = 5 =7/3 /3 '74,, 7 ,/5./=/'7.3 />7*7.' /. 3 <783, 8/53, 7. */573/., 4.8 3 '.387'3 3 3 38/>.3 = 3 '.,4>8 R54*73/. $(2) ,373, 373 7 38> ,7** 7*7, 8578 7, .3 7@/.5 . /./@/47** .53/73 8 /3 7, . 87=3 /. 7@7.' 7. 3 '.,4>8 7, 38=8 .3 . 7* 3 /.=*4.' 3 ,4,37.' = 3 38> R54*73/. $(") <43, 3 .4, . 3 ,4<<*/8 3 <8@ 373 7 38> 7, /./@/47** .53/73 3 , 373 /3 7, . 4.=7/8
R54*73/. 6 8=8, 3 3 . 3 '.,/8 3 '/8'4>,37.', 733./.5 3 '.'*4,/. = 3 '.387'3 7. 3 7** 3 38 38>, = 3 '.387'3 8 = 7.38 '.387'3 . /' /3 7, <..3
S'4* 2 = 3 R54*73/. 8=8, 3 ,@87* 54/*/., 3 '.,/8 /* ;45/.5 4.=7/8.,, 43 3 7** 7* /3 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, (I. 3 U L7 C>>/,,/. R<83 200" /. <787 91 /3 7, ,455,3 373 ?5 =7/3 '*74, 7, 3 >/33)
T N D87=3 B/** 200" (U & S'33/, L7 C>>/,,/.): (<8'487* 4.=7/8.,,)
T D87=3 B/** 200" 7.. 3 3 L7 C>>/,,/. R<83 7*, /3 ,@87* >7338, '.'8./.5 <8'487* 4.=7/8.,,
19
P783 1 7*, /3 ?B4,/.,, L/7/*/3 =8 N5*/5.' P783 2 /3 ?C.,4>8 C.387'3, P783 /3 ?N.-C.,4>8 C.387'3, /' 7*, /3 B4,/.,, C.387'3, ,>7** B4,/.,, C.387'3, E><*>.3 C.387'3, 7. P8/@73 C.387'3, P783 " 7*, /3 ?3 ?F7/8 7. R7,.7* T,3 P783 $ 7*, /3 C/' = L7 P783 6 /3 M/,'**7.4, 7. S4<<*>.378
S'4* 1 7*, /3 ?C.,4>8 C.387'3 T8>, 3': R54*73/. 7. E.=8'>.3 S'4* 2 7*, /3 ?'.387'3 38>, /' >7 8578 7, .3 =7/8 7. 87,.7* S'4* 7*, /3 E'<3/. S'4* " 7*, /3 '7*'4*73/.5 3 .4>8 = ><*, /. 7 B4,/.,, S'4* $ 7*, /3 ?>/.8 7. '.,J4.3/7* 7>.>.3,
W ,7** @8 8=8 3 7 = <8@/,/., = 3 B/** /' 7* /3 ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,,
T8>, 7, 3 ,4;'3 >7338 <8/':
S4-,'3/., (2) 3 (") = ,' " = 3 B/** 8J4/8 373 /. 8,<'3 = ?C.,4>8 '.387'3, 3 ,4;'3 >7338 7. 3 <8/' 78 4.=7/8 /= 3 78 .3 387.,<78.3 7. 7, 87,.7* <'3 3 '.,4>8 <8'487* ,7=5478,
T, 78
1"0
F7/8 7. R7,.7* T,3: (<8'487*)
S' 1" = 3 B/** 8=8, 3 3 ?=7/8 7. 87,.7* 3,3 7. '.37/., 3 >7..8 /. /' 3 ?<8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 7,<'3, = 4.=7/8.,, 7@ 3 3,3 S =78 7, 3 <8'487* 7,<'3, 78 '.'8. ,' 1"(") 8=8, 3 3 =**/.5:
S'3/. 1"(")(*): 3 .*5 7. 4.8,37./.5 = 3 <783 7@8,* 7=='3 3 38> 7. (/)
3 ,38.53 = 3 <783/, 7857/./.5 <,/3/.
(8,3 = 3 '*74,, (7) () = ,4,'3/. (1) '*74,, (7) 7. () = ,4,'3/. (2) (7) 3 () = '*74, () '*74, (7) 3 (5) 7. (;) = ,4,'3/. (") 7* /3 ?,4,37.3/@ =7/8.,, /' ,7** 8=8 3 /. 3 .3 '7<38)
A, =78 7, 3 3/> 73 /' =7/8.,, 8 87,.7*.,, /, 3 8'. <787 96 = 3 R<83 8/3873, 373 /3 /, 3 3/> = 3 '.387'3 373 /, 8*@7.3 7. . 7, 3 37 /.3 7''4.3 3 ,4,37.' 7. =='3 = 3 38>, /. 7** 3 '/8'4>,37.', = 3 '.387'3
N.-.53/73 38>,:
I. 8578 3 ..-.53/73 38>, /.'*4 /. 7 ,37.78 38> '.387'3 ,' 11 = 3 B/** ,373, 373 /= 7 38> .3 .53/73 /, 38/>.37* 3 7 <783 3 38 <783 '7..3 8* . /3 4.*,, /3 /, ?=7/8 7. 87,.7*
1"1
T ?=7/8 7. 87,.7* 3,3 /, 3 3873 7, ,73/,=/ /= 3 38> /, (7) 387.,<78.3 () ,4,37.3/7** 3 ,7> 7, 3 38 <783 87,.7* <'3 3' T, 78 <8'487* /. .7348
So+& A%!ica
P8'487* 4.=7/8.,,:
I. S43 A=8/'7 ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /, 8=88 3 L7 C>>/,,/. /. /3, R<83 199! (P8;'3 N"#) /. ?U.87,.7* S3/<4*73/., /. C.387'3, 7. 3 R'3/=/'73/. = C.387'3,
T B/**
7337' 383 '.37/., /><837.3 <8'487* <8@/,/.,
S' 1 = 3 D87=3 B/** ,373, 373
(1) I= 7 C483 /, = 3
3 7 /. /' 7 '.387'3 3. 3 <783/, 8 7 38> 38= '7> /.3 /.5 8
()
---
---
(')
3 '43/. = 7 '.387'3 8
()
---
---
---
---
/, 4.87,.7* 4.'.,/87* 8 <<8,,/@ 3 C483 >7 '*78 373 3 7**5 '.387'3 (77)
/ .3 '> /.3 /,3.' 8
() '7> /.3 /,3.' /,3 =8 7 <8/ 7. 3. =8 3 7'3/. 7, 8453 '7> 3 7. . 8 ('')
/, /. /,3.' 73 3 3/> 3 7'3/. /, 8453 7. /3 >7 3.
1"2
(/)
*/>/3 3 ,<8 = <873/. 7.8 3 <8/ = <873/. = 3 '.387'3 7.8
(//)
,4,<. 3 <873/. = 3 '.387'3 =8 7 ,<'/=/ <8/ 8 4.3/* ,<'/=/ '/8'4>,37.', 78 <8,.3 8
(///)
4.3/* ,4' 38 88 7, >7 /. 3
T, 78 <8'487* 7,<'3, /. 3 B/**
G4/*/., 3 C483: P8'487* 7,<'3,:
S' 20 = 3 D87=3 B/** /. S43 A=8/'7 <8@/, 373 7 C483 >7 37 '837/. 54/*/., /.3 7''4.3 =8 38>/./.5 4.87,.7*.,, 4.'.,'/.7*.,, 8 <<8,,/@.,, /. '.387'3, 8 38>,
T 78
*/,3 T ?<8'487* ., 78 7, =**,:
2(7) 3 7857/./.5 ,38.53 = 3 <783/, 3 3 '.387'3 8*73/@ 3 7' 38 ()
(')
()
/. 8*73/. 3 '>>8'/7* '.387'3, 87,.7* ,37.78, = =7/8 7*/.5 8 /. 8*73/. 3 '.,4>8 '.387'3, '>>.* 7''<3 ,37.78, = =7/8 7*/.5
()
38 8 .3 <8/8 3 8 73 3 3/> = '.387'3 7, >7 /3, <8@/,/., 8 ,4;'3 3 .53/73/.
1"
(=)
38 8 .3 /3 7, 87,.7* <87'3/'7* =8 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 4.8 3/, A'3 3 .53/73 =8 3 7*38.73/. = 3 '.387'3 8 3 8;'3 7. = 3 <8@/,/., 38=
(5)
38 L73/. <8,,/., 78 '.37/. /. 7 38> 8 38 3 38> = 7 '.387'3 /, 38/, /==/'4*3 3 87 8 4.8,37.
()
()
()
3 '.33 = 3 '.387'3 7, 7 * /. /' '7, 3 C483
>7 37 /.3 7''4.3: 3 /.3/3 = 3 <783/, 7. 3/8 8*73/@ 7857/./.5 <,/3/. 3 '/8'4>,37.', /. /' 3 '.387'3 7, >7 3 /,3.' 7. '48, = 7. .53/73/., 3. 3 <783/, 7. 4,47* <8@/,/., /. '.387'3, = 3 /. 8 7. 38 =7'38 /' /. 3
Cana"a 5!oce"+!al +n%ai!ness6:
O.378/ L7 C>>/,,/. 7, = 3 @/ 373 3 /,3/.'3/. 3. <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, /, 3 8/5/ 7. '7. *7 3 7 ,38/* 73 W .3 758
W 7@ 8=88 3 48 87,., /.
C7<38 VII 7, 3 ,4' 7 /@/,/. 7, 3 >7
1""
O.378/ B4,/.,, P87'3/', A'3 1990 7<<*/, 3 '.,4>8 '.387'3, 7. 8=8, 3 ?4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7, /.'*4/.5 <8'487* >7338, ,4' 7, /.=/8>/3 /5.87.' /**/387' 7. /.7/*/3 3 4.8,37. 3 *7.5475 = 3 758>.3
I. 3 R<83 = 3 B8/3/, C*4>/7 L7 I.,3/343 (200$) 3/3* ?U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>,: A. I.38/> R<83 38 /, *7873 /,'4,,/. /. C7<38 II = ,<'/=/' '7,, 7*/.5 /3 4.=7/8 '.387'3, ,4' 7, 743>73/' 8.7*, 7''*873/. '*74,, 38>, '*4/.5 8 */>/3/.5 */7/*/3 /. C7<38 III 3 3 '488.3* 7@7/*7* 3*, /. B8/3/, C*4>/7 3 7* /3 U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, 7. /. C7<38 IV 3 O<3/., =8 R=8>
T8 /, 7 @8 4,=4* /,'4,,/. . 3 <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ /@/ /. 3 38>, = '.387'3, /. ,@87* '4.38/, A, 3 R<83 /, 7. I.38/> R<83 38 78 . =/.7* '.'*4,/.,
W 7@ 8=88 3 3/,
R<83 /. C7<38 VII
A+s!alia 5!oce"+!al +n%ai!ness6:
I. A4,387*/7 7, =78 7, ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /, '.'8. 3 D/,'4,,/. P7<8 (200") = 3 S37./.5 C>>/33 = O==/'/7*, = C.,4>8 A==7/8, '.'*4 373 3 A4,387*/7. L7 7 8,<. 3 <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 373 /, 3 3 '/8'4>,37.', *7/.5 4< 3 7.8 73 3 3/> = >7/.5 = 3 '.387'3 /' '873 4.=7/8.,, (43 373 3 C483, 7@ . 8*4'37.3 3 =/. 4.=7/8.,, . ,4,37.3/@ 584.,) 7. 373 3 '488.3 ,373438 85/>, 7@ '873 ,> '.=4,/. /. <87'3/'
1"$
'74, = 3/8 =7/*48 3 /,3/.54/, 3. <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,
T NSW C.387'3 R@/ A'3 19!0 7, 7, 7*87 ,373 /. C7<38 VII . '>>.3 4<. /. 3 D/,'4,,/. P7<8 7, 7@/.5 =7/* 3 /,3/.54/, 3. <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/3
S'
9 = 373 A'3 8=8, 3 >7338, 3 '.,/8 3 '483 7. , =78 7, ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /, '.'8. ,4,'3/. (2) 38= ,373,:
S' 9(2): (7)
38 8 .3 38 7, 7. >738/7* /.J47*/3 /. 7857/./.5 <8 3. 3 <783/, 3 3 '.387'3
()
38 8 .3 <8/8 3 8 73 3 3/> 3 '.387'3 7, >7 /3, <8@/,/., 8 3 ,4;'3 = .53/73/.
(')
38 8 .3 /3 7, 87,.7* <87'3/'7* =8 7 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 4.8 3 A'3 3 .53/73 =8 3 7*38.73/@ = 8 3 8;'3 7. = 3 <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3
()
()
38 8 .3 (/)
7. <783 3 3 '.387'3 (38 37. 7 '8<873) 7, .3
87,.7* 7* 3 <83'3 /, 8 8 /.38,3, 8 (//)
7. <8,. 8<8,.3 7. = 3 <783/, 3 3
'.387'3 7, .3 87,.7* 7* 3 <83'3 3 /.38,3, = 7. <783 > 8 , 8<8,.3 '74, = /, 8 8 75 8 3 ,373 = /, 8 8 <,/'7* 8 >.37* '7<7'/3
1"6
(=)
3 8*73/@ '.>/' '/8'4>,37.', 4'73/.7* 7'584. 7. */387' =: (/)
3 <783/, 3 3 '.387'3 (38 37. 7 '8<873) 7.
(//)
7. <8,. 8<8,.3 7. = 3 <783/, 3 3
'.387'3 ()
38 8 .3 7. . /.<..3 *57* 8 38 <83 7@/' 7, 37/. 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 4.8 3/, A'3
(/)
3 3.3 (/= 7.) 3 /' 3 <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3 7. 3/8 *57* 7. <87'3/'7* =='3 8 7''4873* <*7/. 7. <8,. 3 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 4.8 3/, A'3 7. 38 8 .3 373 <783 4.8,3 3 <8@/,/., 7. 3/8 =='3
(;)
38 4.4 /.=*4.' 4.=7/8 <8,,48, 8 4.=7/8 37'3/', 8 83 . 8 4, 757/.,3 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 4.8 3/, A'3: (/)
7. 38 <783 3 3 '.387'3
(//)
7. 38 <8,. 7'3/.5 8 7<<78/.5 8 <48<83/.5 3
7'3 =8 8 . 7*= = 7. 38 <783 3 3 '.387'3 8 (///)
7. <8,. 3 3 .*5 (73 3 3/> 3 '.387'3
7, >7) = 7. 38 <783 3 3 '.387'3 8 = 7. <8,. 7'3/.5 8 7<<78/.5 8 <48<83/.5 3 7'3 =8 8 . 7*= = 7. 38 <783 3 3 '.387'3 ()
3 '.4'3 = 3 <783/, 3 3 <8'/.5, /. 8*73/. 3 ,/>/*78 '.387'3, 8 '48,, = 7*/.5 3 /' 7. = 3> 7, . 7 <783 7.
(*)
3 '>>8'/7* 8 38 ,33/.5 7. =='3 = 3 '.387'3
1"#
()
F8 3 <48<,, = ,4,'3/. (2) 7 <8,. ,7** > 3
7@ 8<8,.3 7 <783 3 7 '.387'3 /= 3 <8,. 8<8,.3 3 <783 8 7,,/,3 3 <783 3 7 ,/5./=/'7.3 58 /. .53/73/. <8/8 3 8 73 3 3/> 3 '.387'3 7, >7
(")
I. 38>/./.5 38 7 '.387'3 8 7 <8@/,/. = 7 '.387'3 /,
4.;4,3 3 C483 ,4* .3 7@ 8578 3 7. /.;4,3/' 78/,/.5 =8> '/8'4>,37.', 373 8 .3 87,.7* =8,7* 73 3 3/> 3 '.387'3 7, >7
($)
I. 38>/./.5 38 /3 /, ;4,3 3 587.3 8*/= /. 8,<'3 = 7
'.387'3 8 7 <8@/,/. = 7 '.387'3 373 /, =4. 3 4.;4,3 3 C483 >7 7@ 8578 3 3 '.4'3 = 3 <783/, 3 3 <8'/.5, /. 8*73/. 3 3 <8=8>7.' = 3 '.387'3 ,/.' /3 7, >7
S'3/. 1": E'43 C.387'3,:
S' 1" ,373, 373 3 C483 >7 587.3 8*/= /. 7''87.' /3 3/, A'3 /. 8*73/. 3 7 '.387'3 .3/3,37./.5 373 3 '.387'3 /, =4** '43
I. 199 3 S373, T88/38/, /. A4,387*/7 >7 3 U./=8> C.,4>8 C8/3 C /' 7<<*/, 3 '8/3 758>.3, 7. /3 =/. 3 8 ?4.;4,3 7, /. 3 19!0 A'3 /.'*4/.5 /. 3 =/./3/. 73 /, ?4.'.,'/.7* 78, 8 <<8,,/@
S' #0 '.'8. 3 7,<'3, =
<8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ /.;4,3/' T */,3 = >7338, /' 3 C483
1"!
7, 3 37 /.3 7''4.3 4.8 373 A'3 /, ,/>/*78 3 ,' 9(2) = 3 19!0 A'3 (3, (3, 78 7** ?<8'487* ?<8'487* /. .7348) T '483 7, 587.3 587.3 <8 3 8<. 3 387.,7'3/. 373 57@ 8/, 3 3 758>.3 ,3 7,/ ** 8 <783* 8 8@/, 8 7*38 3 758>.3 758>.3
U.8 3 F7/8 T87/.5 A'3 200 (V/'38/7) 3 <8@/,/., 8 ,/>/*7 ,/>/*788 3 U U.=7/8 U.=7/8 T8>, T8>, /. C.,4> C.,4>8 8 C.387 C.387'3, '3, R54*7 R54*73/. 3/., , 1999 1999 ?G =7/3 7, 7 '/8'4>,37.' /= /3 '873 7 ,/5./=/'7.3 />7*7.' /. 8/53, 7. */573/., = <783/, 3 3 38/>.3 = 3 '.,4>8 7. 3 C483 ,4* 7@ 8578 3 38 3 38> 7, /./@/47** .53/73 38 /3 7, /. 7 <8,'8/ =8> 7. 38 /3 7, /3/. /3/. 3 ;'3 ,3 43 /. 3 A'3
Ne8 ealan" 5!oce"+!al +n%ai!ness6:
N 7*7. L7 C>>/,,/. /. 1990 <8<, 54/*/., 7. 7>.5 3> 3 ?<8'487* ., 78 7, =**,:
A '.387'3 8 7 38> /. 7 '.387'3 >7 4.=7/8 /= 7 <783 3 3 '.387'3 '.387'3 /, ,8/4,* ,8/4,* /,7@7.375 /,7@7.375 /. 8*73/. 3 7.38 7.38 <783 <783 3 3 '.387'3 '74, 8 ,
(7) (7) /, 4.7* 7* 3 7<<8'/73 73 7J J473 73* 3 <8@/,/ ,/., 8 3 /><*/'73/., = 3 '.387'3 87,. = 75 ,/'.,, >.37* 4' 4'73 73/ /.7 .7** 8 */.5 */.54/ 4/,3 ,3/' /' /,7 /,7/ /*/ */3 3 > >3/. 3/.7* 7* /,3 /,38 8,, ,, 8 /5.87.' = 4,/.,, 7==7/8, 8
1"9
() /, /. . . = 3 .=/3, .=/3, =8 =8 /' /' 8 , , '.387'3 '.387'3 3 ,4' 7 58 7, 3 7@ . 87* '/' 38 8 .3 3 .38 /.3 3 '.387'3 8 (') /, *57** *57** 8 /. /. =7'3 <.7. <.7.33 4<. 8 ,4;'3 ,4;'3 3 3 /.=*4 /.=*4.' .' = 3 3 3 388 <783 <783 8 <8, <8,., ., '.. '..' '3 3 /3 /3 3 3 3 388 <783 <783 /. '//.5 38 3 .38 /.3 3 '.387'3 8 () 87,.7* 87,.7* 8*/, 8*/, . 3 3 ,/** '78 '78 8 7@/' 7@/' = 3 38 38 <783 <783 8 7 <8, <8,. . '.. '..' '3 3 /3 /3 3 3 3 388 <783 <783 /. .3 .38/ 8/.5 .5 /.3 /.3 3 3 '.387'3 8 () 7, . . /.4' /.4' 3 .38 /.3 /.3 3 '.387' '.387'33 <<8,,/@ <<8,,/@ >7., >7., /.'*4/.5 3873, 787,,>.3 8 /><8<8 <8,,48 8 (=) /, =8 7. 7. 38 38 87,. 87,. /. 3 3 /' 373 /,7@7.375 '7. 87,.7* /.=8>
T C483 4.8 7.38 <8@/,/. /, 8J4/8 3 , 38 3 /,7@7.375 <783 8'/@ 7<<8<8/73 *57* 7@/' 8 38 <8=,,/.7* 7@/'
W 7@ 7@ 34, 34, ='4,, ='4,, ,<787 ,<7873* 3* . 3 ?<8' ?<8'48 487* 7* 7,<'3, 7,<'3, = 4.=7/8.,, 4.=7/8.,, /. '.387' '.387'3, 3, /. /==8.3 /==8.3 '4.38/ '4.38/, , I. 3 .3 .3 '7<38 '7<38 (C7<38 (C7<38 I%) I%) ,7** ,7** *// *//, , ,<787 ,<7873* 3* ='4, ='4, . 3 ?,4,37 ?,4,37.3/@ .3/@ 7,<'3 7,<'3,, = 4.=7/8.,, = '.387'3, /. ,@87* '4.38/,
1$0
CHAPTER-IJ
SUSTANTIVE UNFAIRNESS: COMPARATIVE LAW
I. 3/, '7<38 ,7** 8=8 3 3 ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, <8@/,/. /. ,@87* '4.38/, 345 3 7@ .3 . <8,,* ,58573 /. 7. <783/'4*78 ,37343
Unie" in3"o2
UCTA 5#=))6 5s+bsani7e +n%ai!ness6
S'3/. 2: R*@7.3 >7338,
S'4* 2 = 3 U U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, A'3 19## (UCTA) ,373 373 7>.5 8*@7.3 >7338, 78 3 =**/.5:
() () W8 W8 3 38> 38> /.'*4 /.'*4, , 8 8,3 8,38/ 8/'3 '3,, 7. 7. 8* 8*@7 @7.3 .3 */7/* */7/*/3 /3 /= ,> './3/. /, .3 '><*/ /3 38 /3 7, 87,.7* 73 3 3/> = 3 '.387'3 3 <'3 373 '><*/7.' /3 3 './3/. 4* <87'3/'7*
1$1
UTCCR' #===: 5s+bsani7e +n%ai!ness6
I. 3 3 U.=7 U.=7/8 /8 T8> T8>,, = C.,4 C.,4> >88 C.3 C.387 87'3, '3, R54 R54*73 *73/. /., , 19 1999 99 R54*73/. # ,373, 373 7 ,**8 8 ,4<<*/8 ,7** .,48 373 7. 8/33. 38> = 7 '.387'3 /, <8,, /. <*7/. /.3**/5/* *7.5475
S'4* 2 = 3 R54*73/. .4>873, /. ,' 1 3 7 .4>8= 54/ 54 /*/ */. .,, =8 =8 ;45 ;45/. /.5 5 4. 4.=7 =7/8. /8.,, ,,
A** A** 3 3 '*74 '*74, ,,, (7) (7) 3 (J) 8= 8=88 3
,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, T 38> /, . /' 38>,: 38>,:
(7) (7)
7*, 7*, /3 /3 '* '*4,/ 4,/. . 8 8 */>/ */>/3/ 3/.5 .5 */7/ */7/*/3 */3 = 7 ,* ,** *88 8 ,4<< ,4<<*/ */88 /. 3 @.3 = 73 = 7 '.,4>8 8 <8,.7* /.;48 3 /> . 7''4.3 = 7'3, 8 >/,,/., = 3 ,**8 8 ,4<<*/8
() ()
/.7< /.7<<8 <8< <8/ 8/73 73* * '*4 '*4/ /.5 .5 8 */>/ */>/3/ 3/.5 .5 *57* *57* 8/5 8/53, 3, = '., '.,4> 4>8 8 /. /. 3 @.3 = 87'
(') (')
/>< /><,/ ,/.5 .5 '. './3 /3/ /., ., /' /' < <. . . 3 ,* ,* /** /** = ,** ,**8 8 8 ,4<<*/8
() ()
83 83.3 .3/. /. = = '., '.,4> 4>8 8, , >. >. /3 /3 43 43 * */@ /@8 8/.5 /.5 5 5, ,
() ()
8J4 8J4/8 /8/. /.5 5 '., '.,4> 4>8 8 3 <7 <7 /,< /,<8 8< <83 83/ /.7 .73 3* * 4<. 4<. 3 3 *733 *7338 8, , 87'
(=) (=)
743 7438 8/ / ,** ,**8 8 8 ,4< ,4<<*/ <*/8 3 87' 87' 3 '. .38 387' 7'33 4./*7 ./*73387* 87*** /343 7 '88,<./.5 8/53 5/@. 3 '.,4>8
(5) (5)
.7 .7*/. */.5 5 ,** ,**88 8 ,4<< ,4<<*/ */88 3 38> 38>/. /.73 73 3 '. '.38 387' 7'33 7''8 7''8/ /.5 .5 3 /, /,'83/.
() ()
743 743>7 >73/ 3/'7 '7** ** 3 3. ./. /.5 5 7 '.3 '.387 87'3 '3 = = =/ =/ 487 4873/ 3/. .
(/ )
/88@' @'7 7** /. /./.5 '.,4 ,4> >8 3 38>, =8 /' 7 . <<834./3 3 '> 7'J47/.3
1$2
(;)
.7*/.5 3 ,**8 8 ,4<<*/8 3 7*38 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 4./*7387** /343 7 @7*/ 87,.
()
.7*/.5
3
,**8
8
,4<<*/8
3
7*38
4./*7387**
3
'787'38'/,3/', = 3 5, 8 ,8@/' 3 <8@/ (*)
7**/.5 ,**8 8 ,4<<*/8 3 4./*7387** /.'87, <8/' = 5,
(>)
5/@/.5 4./*7387* 8/53 3 ,**8 8 ,4<<*/8 3 38>/. 38 3 5, 8 ,8@/', 78 /. '.=8>/3 /3 3 '.387'3
(.)
*/>/3/.5 ,**8, 8 ,4<<*/8, */573/. /. 8,<'3 = '>>/3>.3, 4.837. 3/8 75.3,
()
*/5/.5 '.,4>8 3 <8=8> */573/., @. /= ,**8 8 ,4<<*/8 , .3
(<)
5/@/.5 ,**8 8 ,4<<*/8 <<834./3 3 387.,=8 /, 8/53, 8 */573/., 3 3 38/>.3 = '.,4>8
(J)
'*4/.5 3 8/53, = '.,4>8 3 37 *57* 7'3/.
ill o% *<<; !ea!e" b U an" Scois& La8 Co22issions: 5s+bsani7e +n%ai!ness6
(7)
E'*4,/. = */7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.': (7) '*4,/. /. '7, = 73 8 /.;48 @/ () '*4,/. /. 38 '7,, >4,3 =7/8 7. 87,.7*:
O. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 3 B/** 7337' 3 3 U 7. S'3, L7 C>>/,,/. R<83 200" 8=8, /. P783 1 3 ?B4,/.,, */7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.' I3 ,7,:
S'1: B4,/.,, */7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.'
1$ (1) B4,/. B4,/.,, ,, */7/* */7/*/3 /3 =8 73 73 8 <8,.7 <8,.7** /.;48 /.;48 8,4*3/ 8,4*3/.5 .5
=8> =8> .5* .5*/5 /5.' .' '7.. '7..3 3 '* '*4 4 8 8,3 8,38/ 8/'3 '3 7 '.387'3 38> 8 7 .3/' (2) B4,/. B4,/.,, ,, */7/*/ */7/*/3 3 =8 38 38 */7/* */7/*/3 /3 =8 *,, 8 7>75 7>75
8,4*3/.5 8,4*3/.5 =8> .5*/5.' '7..3 '*4 8 8,38/'3 8,38/'3 7 '.387'3 38> 8 7 .3/' 4.*,, 3 38> 8 .3/' /, =7/8 7. 87,.7* () ?B4,/.,, ?B4,/.,, */7/*/3 */7/*/3 >7., >7., */7/*/3 */7/*/3 78/,/.5 78/,/.5 =8> =8> (7) (7) 7. 7.3/. 3/.5 5 373 373 7, 8 ,4 ,4* * 7@ 7@ . . . . =8 <48<,, 8*73 3 7 4,/.,, 8 () 3 ''4<73/. ''4<73/. = <8>/,, <8>/,, 4, =8 <48<,, 8*73 8*73 3 3 ''4< ><* * = 373 373 4 4,/ ,/. .,, ,, /3 /3/. /. 3 3 ,'< ,'< = /, /, ><*>.3 ($) ?N5* ?N5*/5 /5.' .' >7., >7., 3 3 87' 87' = (7) (7) 7. */5 */573 73/ /. . 3 37 37 87, 87, .7* .7* '78 '78 8 8 8'/ '/, , 87,.7* ,/** /. 3 <8=8>7.' = 7 '.387'3 8 3 */573/. 78/,, =8> 7. <8,, 8 /><*/ 38> = 3 '.387'3 () 7 '>>. '>>. *7 *7 43 43 3 37 87,.7 87,.7* * '78 8 8'/, 8'/, 87,.7* ,/** (') (') 3 3 '>> '>>. . 43 43 = '78 '78 />< /><, , 3 O''4< O''4
1$"
() 3 43 43 = 87,.7 87,.7* * '78 /><, /><, ,' ,' 2(1) 2(1) = 3 O''473 >733 388 (7) 38 38 7 87' = */573/. */573/. 8 43 7, 8 7, .3 /.7@83.3 8 () 38 */7/*/3 =8 /3 78/,, 78/,, /8'3* 8 @/'78/4,*
S'3/. 0 8=88 3 8/. * <*7/., 3 >7./.5 = ?'*4/.5 8 8,38/'3/.5 */7/*/3
() ()
S'3 S'3//. 2: E E' '< <3/. 3/.,, 3 3 ,,' ' 1: 1:
(1) (1)
S' S' 1 , , . .33 <8@ <8@. .33 7. ><* ><* =8> =8> '* '*4 4/. /.5 5 8
8,38/'3/.5 /, */7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.' 3 /, ><*8 (2)
S' 1 , .3 7<<* 3 3 4,/.,, */7/*/3 = 7. ''4
<8>/,, 3 7 <8,. 37/., 7'',, 3 3 <8>/,, =8 8'873/.7* 8 4'73/.7* <48<,, /= (7) 373 <8,. ,4==8, ,4==8, *,, 8 7>75 7>75 '74, = 3 7.584, 7.584, ,373 = 3 <8>/,, 7. () 7**/.5 373 <8,. 7'',, 7'',, 3 3, <8>/,, <8>/,, =8 3, <48<,, /, .3 /3/. 3 <48<,, = 3 ''4
(') (')
S'3 S'3/ /. . : : V* V*4. 4.37 378 8 7'' 7''<3 <37. 7.' ' = 8/, 8/,::
T =.' 373 7 <8,. @*4.378/* 7''<3 7 8/, '7..3 4, 757/.,3 /> ;4,3 '74, 758 3 8 . 743 7 '.387'3 38> 8 7
1$$
.3/' 7<<78/.5 3 '*4 8 8,38/'3 4,/.,, */7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.' /. 3 '7, /. J4,3/.
() ()
T8> T8>,, = . == =='3 '3 4. 4.* *,, ,, =7/8 =7/8 7. 7. 87 87, ,.7 .7*: *:
S'3 S'3/. /. ": S' S' "(1) "(1) '* '*78 78, , 38> 38>,, 3 = . == =='3 '3 4. 4.* *,, ,, =7/8 =7/8 7. 7. 87,.7* 87,.7*
S' "(2) ,373, 373 ,4,'3/. ,4,'3/. (1) , .3 7<<* 3 7 38>
/' /' =/ =/. .,, 3 3 >7/. >7/. ,4 ,4;' ;'33 >733 >7338 8 = 7 '.,4 '.,4> >88 '.3 '.387 87'3 '3 /= 3 3 =/./3/. /, (7) 387.,<78.3 387.,<78.3 7. () () ,4, ,4,37 37.3 .3/7 /7*** 3 3 ,7> ,7> 7, 3 =/ =/./ ./3/ 3/ . = 3 '., '.,4> 4>8 8 87,.7* <'3
O38 ,4,'3/., () 3 (6) 8=8 3 3 ,7> './3/., /. 3 >7338 = <8/' 8 38 '*74,, /= 3 78 7, /. (7) () 7@ 7. .3 <8<, 3 37/* 3>
()
S'3/. !: I. I.38< 8<8373/ 73/. .::
A, =78 7, ?/.38<8373/. /, '.'8. ,' ! 8=8, 3 ?A>/54/3 /. '.,4>8 '.387'3, 7. ,373, 7, =**,:
(1)
I= /3 /, 87,.7* 3 87 7 8/33. 38> = 7 '.,4>8 '.387'3
/. 3 (8 >8) 7, 3 38> /, 3 87 /. /'@8 = 3, 7, /3 /, 87,.7* 3 3 3 >8 (8 3 >,3) =7@487* 3 3 '.,4>8
1$6
(2)
(=) (=)
S'3 S'3/ /. . 9: 9: W8/ W8/33 33. . ,37. ,37.78 78 38> 38>,, (' ('.,4 .,4> >88 '. '.38 387' 7'3,) 3,)::
S' 9(1) /' 7<<*/, 7<<*/, 3 ..-'.,4> ..-'.,4>8 8 4,/.,, '.387'3, '.387'3, 8=8, 3 ?8/33. ,37.78 38>, 7. ,7, (,4,'3/. (2)) 373 ?4.*,, 3 38> /, =7/8 7. 87,.7* /3 '7..3 8*/ 4<. 3 '*4 8 8,38/'3 */7/*/3 =8 87' 87' = '.387'3 S4,'3/. () ,373, 373 4.*,, 3 38> /, =7/8 =7/8 7. 87,.7* 7 <783 3 /3 '7..3 8* . 7. = 3, 38>, 3 '*7/> 373 /3 7, 3 8/53
(7)
3 '788 43 /3, */573/., 4.8 3 '.387'3 /. 7 7 ,4,37 ,4 ,37.3 .3/7 /7** ** /== /==8 8. .33 =8> =8> 3 3 7 7 /. /' /' 3 3 3 388 <783 <783 87,.7* <'3 3> 3 '788/ 43 8
() ()
(5) (5)
.33 3 '788 . '788 43 43 7** 7** 8 8 <78 <7833 = 3, 3, * */5 /573 73/ /., .,
S'3 S'3//. 10 10:: S7* S7* 8 8 ,4 ,4<< <<* * = 5 , ,::
S' 10 : ,7* 8 ,4<<* = 5,: (1)
I. 3 3 '7, '7, = 7 4,/. 4,/.,, ,, '.387 '.387'3 '3 =8 =8 3 3 ,7* = = 5, 5, 3 3
,**8 '7..3 8* . 7 38> = 3 '.387'3 3 '*4 8 8,38/'3 */7/*/3 78/,/.5 4.8 ,' 12 = 3 19#9 A'3 (/><*/ 38> 373 ,**8 .3/3* 3 ,**) (2) (2)
I. 3 3 '7, = 7 4,/. 4,/.,, ,, '.3 '.387' 87'33 =8 3 3 /8/8-<4 <48' 8'7 7, , =
5, 3 ,4<<*/8 '7..3 8* . 7 38> = 3 '.387'3 3 '*4 8 8,38/'3 */7/*/3 78/,/.5 4.8 ,' ! = 3 19# A'3 (/><*/ 38> 373 ,4<<*/8 .3/3* 3 ,4<<*)
1$#
()
I. 3 '7, = 7. 38 4,/.,, '.387'3 =8 3 387.,=8 =
<8<83 /. 5, 3 ,4<<*/8 '7..3 8* . 7 38> = 3 '.387'3 3 '*4 */7/*/3 78/,/.5 4.8 ,' 2 8 11B = 3 19!2 A'3 (/><*/ 38> 373 ,4<<*/8 .3/3* 3 ,4<<*)
(N3: A'3 = 19#9 /, S7* = G, A'3 19#9 A'3 = 19# /, S4<<* = G, (I><*/ T8>) A'3 19# A'3 = 19!2 /, S7* = G, 7. S8@/', A'3 19!2
T, <8@/,/., 7* /3 ,**8 3/3* 8 8/53 3 ,**
5, 3 3 <48'7,8 T <48<83 = ,' 10 7, <8<, /, 373 3 ,**8 '7..3 ,3/<4*73 373 /, .3 */7* /= /3 =4. 373 7, . 8/53 3 ,**)
(W 7@ 7*87 8=88 3 ,' 11 = 3 <8<, U B/** /' 8=8, 3 ?..-.53/73 38>, /* 7*/.5 /3 ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,,)
()
F7/8 7. R7,.7* T,3: S4,37.3/@:
W 7@ 8=88 3 ,' 1" = 3 <8<, B/** /' 8=8, 3 3 ?F7/8 7. R7,.7* T,3
S4,'3/., (1) (2) () 7. ,> '*74,, =
,4,'3/. (") 7* /3 ?,4,37.3/@ =7/8.,, T, 78 7, =**,:
S' 1" : T 3,3: (1)
W38 7 '.387'3 38> /, =7/8 7. 87,.7* /, 3
38>/. 37/.5 /.3 7''4.3 (7) 3 3.3 3 /' 3 38> /, 387.,<78.3 7. () 3 ,4,37.' 7. =='3 = 3 38> 7. 7** 3 '/8'4>,37.', /,3/.5 73 3 3/> /3 7, 758
1$!
(2)
W38 7 .3/' /, =7/8 7. 87,.7* /, 3 38>/.
37/.5 /.3 7''4.3 (7) 3 3.3 3 /' 3 .3/' /, 387.,<78.3 7. () 3 ,4,37.' 7. =='3 = 3 .3/' 7. 7** 3 '/8'4>,37.', /,3/.5 73 3 3/> 3 */7/*/3 78/, (8 43 =8 3 .3/' 4* 7@ 78/,.) ()
?T87.,<78.3 >7., (7) <8,, /. 87,.7* <*7/. *7.5475 () *5/* (') <8,.3 '*78* 7. () 87/* 7@7/*7* 3 7. <8,. */* 3 7=='3 3 '.387'3 38> 8 .3/' /. J4,3/.
(")
M7338, 8*73/.5 3 3 ,4,37.' 7. =='3 = 7 '.387'3 38>
7. 3 7** 3 '/8'4>,37.', /,3/.5 73 3 3/> /3 7, 758 /.'*4/.5 3 =**/.5: (7) 3 38 38>, = 3 '.387'3 () 3 38>, = 7. 38 '.387'3 . /' 3 '.387'3 <., (') 3 7*7.' = 3 <783/, /.38,3, () 3 8/,, 3 3 <783 7@8,* 7=='3 3 38> () 3 <,,//*/3 7. <87/*/3 = /.,487.' (=) 38 7, /. /' 3 /.38,3, = 3 <783 7@8,* 7=='3 3 38> >/53 7@ . <83'3 (5) 3 3.3 3 /' 3 38> (38 7*. 8 /3 38,) /==8, =8> 73 4* 7@ . 3 '7, /. /3, 7,.' () (/)
1$9
(;) 3 .7348 = 3 5, 8 ,8@/', 3 /' 3 '.387'3 8*73,
(N3/' 8=88 /. ,4,'3/. (2) 8=8, 3 .3/', 5/@. 7=38 3 '.387'3 '*4/.5 */7/*/3 =8 383 =8 .5*/5.') (,' 1"(")() & (/) 7* /3 ?<8'487* =7/8.,, 7. 7@ 7*87 . 8=88 3)
(/)
S'3/. 1$: B48. = <8=: 4,/.,, */7/*/3 '*4,/.:
S' 1$ 8*73, 3 48. = <8= 7. ,373, 373 /. 3 >7338 = B4,/.,, */7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.' 4.8 ,' 1(2) (/ =8 .5*/5.' 38 37. =8 73 8 <8,.7* /.;48) /3 /, =8 3 <8,. /,/.5 3 8* . 7 '.387'3 38> 8 7 .3/' /' <48<83, 3 '*4 8 8,38/'3 */7/*/3 = 3 /. >.3/. /. ,' 1(2) 3 <8@ 373 3 38> 8 .3/' /, =7/8 7. 87,.7*
(;)
S'3/., 16 1#: 48. = <8=: '.,4>8 '.387'3, 7. 4,/.,, '.387'3,
I. ,' 16 7. 1# 8,<'3/@* 8*73 3 '.,4>8 '.387'3, 7. 4,/.,, '.387'3, W/* ,4,'3/. (1) = 7' = 3> *7, 3 48. = <8= 3 <8@ =7/8.,, = 7. 38> /, . 3 <8,. 8*/.5 38. 7. 38 /, 7. '<3/. /. 3 '7, 8,<'3/@* = ?854*73/. 7. .=8'>.3 = '.,4>8 '.387'3, 7. ?..-.53/73 38>, /. ,>7** 4,/.,, '.387'3, 373 /3 /, =8 3 <8,. /, '*7/>/.5 373 3 38> /, .3 =7/8 7. 87,.7* 3 <8@ 373 /3 /, .3
160
()
S'3/. 21: 4.=7/8.,, /,,4, 87/, C483:
S' 21 /, /><837.3 7. 8=8, 3 ?4.=7/8.,, /,,4 87/, C483 (/ ,4 >34)
I3 87, :
A '483 >7 /. <8'/.5, =8 /3 87/, 7. /,,4 743 38 7 '.387'3 38> 8 7 .3/' /, =7/8 7. 87,.7* @. /= .. = 3 <783/, 3 3 <8'/.5, 7, 87/, 3 /,,4 8 /./'73 373 /3 /.3., 3 ,7/ /3
(*)
S'3/. 2": =='3 = '837/. 38>, /.5 '*78 4.=7/8:
S' 2" ,373, 3 ?=='3 = 4.=7/8 38> . '.387'3
I3 ,7, 373
?8 7 '.387'3 38> '7..3 8*/ . 7 <8,. 7, 7 8,4*3 = 3/, A'3 3 '.387'3 '.3/.4, 7, =78 7, <87'3/'7* 3 7@ =='3 /. @8 38 8,<'3
(>)
S'3/. 0: '*4/.5 8 8,38/'3/.5 */7/*/3:
S' 0 =/., ?'*4/.5 8 8,38/'3/.5 */7/*/3 7, =**,:
S' 0: A 8=8.' 3 '*4/.5 8 8,38/'3/.5 7 */7/*/3 /.'*4, (7) >7/.5 7 8/53 8 8> /. 8,<'3 = 3 */7/*/3 ,4;'3 3 8,38/'3/@ 8 .84, './3/. () '*4/.5 8 8,38/'3/.5 7 8/53 8 8> /. 8,<'3 = 7 */7/*/3 (') <433/.5 7 <8,. 73 7 /,7@7.375 /= <48,4, 7 8/53 8 8> /. 8,<'3 = 7 */7/*/3
161
() '*4/.5 8 8,38/'3/.5 84*, = @/.' 8 <8'48
(2)
()
A 8/33. 758>.3 3 ,4>/3 '488.3 8 =4348 /,<43, 3
78/3873/. /, .3 3 8578 7, '*4/.5 8 8,38/'3/.5 3 */7/*/3 /. J4,3/.
S'4* 2 P783 2 */,3, /3>, 2 3 21 7, 7><* = 4.=7/8 38>, 7. P783 8=8, 3 '<3/., 3' S'4* 7*, 8=8, 3 '<3/., T8 78 38 ,'4*, /' 5 /.3 @78/4, 37/*,
T8 78 3 <8@/,/., = 3 U B/** 200" 7*/.5 /3 ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,
So+& A%!ica: P!o7isions o% &e D!a% ill aac&e" o &e S0A0 La8 Co22ission Reo!' #==( 5 ;)6: 5s+bsani7e +n%ai!ness6
S'3/. 1(1): ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,: W73 8*/=, '7. 587.3
S' 1 (1) I= 7 C483 /, = 3 8 3 '.3.3 = 7 '.387'3 8 (') () 3 .=8'>.3 = 7 '.387'3 /, 4.87,.7* 4.'.,'/.7* 8 <<8,,/@ 3 C483 >7 '*78 373 3 7**5 '.387'3
162
(77) / .3 '> /.3 /,3.' 8 () '7> /.3 /,3.' /,3 =8 7 <8/ 7. 3. =8 7'3/. 7, 8453 '7> 3 7. . 8 () /, /. /,3.' 73 3 3/> 7'3/. /, 8453 7. /3 >7 3. (/)
*/>/3 3 ,<8 = <873/. 7.8 3 <8/ = <873/. = 3 '.387'3 7.8
(//)
,4,<. 3 <873/. = 3 '.387'3 =8 7 <8/ 8 4./3,<'/=/ '/8'4>,37.', 78 <8,.3 8
(///)
>7 ,4' 38 88 7, >7 /. 3
S'3/. 1(): P8@.3/.5 4.=7/8.,,:
P8@.3/@ 7'3/. /, <8<, /. ,' 1()
1() 8 3 H/5 C483 /, ,73/,=/ =8 3 7<<*/'73/. = 7. 857./73/. 8 7. 8 <8,. 373 7 <8,. 7, >78 8 /, */* 3 >78 . 7 '48, = '.4'3 *7/.5 3 3 =8>73/. = '.387'3, 8 38>, /' 78 4.87,.7* 4.'.,'/.7* 8 <<8,,/@ /3 >7 88 <8,'8/ 8 38/, 8,38/'3 3 38>, 4<. /' 373 <8,. >7 .38 /.3 '.387'3, = 7 ,<'/=/ '*7,,
S'3/. 2: G4/*/., 3 C483: S4,37.3/@
16
A>.5 3 ?,4,37.3/@ 54/*/., /. ,' 2 /' 7 C483 >7 37 /.3 7''4.3 =8 ;45/.5 38 7 '.387'3 8 38> /, 4.87,.7* 4.'.,'/.7* 8 <<8,,/@ 78 3 =**/.5:
2 (7) ()
38 3 5, 8 ,8@/', /. J4,3/. '4* 7@ .
37/. *,8 /343 3 38> ;'3 3 (')
7. <8/', ',3, 8 38 <.,, 373 >/53 87,.7*
<'3 3 7@ . /.'488 /= 3 '.387'3 7 . '.'*4 . 38>, 7. './3/., 38 37. 3, . /' /3 7, '.'*4: <8@/ 373 7 C483 ,7** .3 =/. 7 '.387'3 8 38> 4.87,.7* 4.'.,'/.7* 8 <<8,,/@ =8 3 <48<,, = 3/, A'3 ,** '74, /3 /><,, .84, */573/., . 7 <783 8 3 38> 8 '.387'3 , .3 8,4*3 /. ,4,37.3/7* 8 87* .=/3 3 7 <783 8 7 <783 >7 7@ . 7* 3 '.'*4 7 ,/>/*78 '.387'3 /3 7.38 <8,. . >8 =7@487* 38>, 8 './3/., ()
()
(=)
(5)
38 . ,/ */>/373/., 78 /><, . 3 8/53 =
8'48, = 3 <783 757/.,3 > 3 38> /, <8=88 ()
(/)
38 3 >7..8 /. /' 7 38> ,373, 3 *57* <,/3/.
373 7<<*/, /, .-,/ 8 >/,*7/.5 (;)
38 3 <783 <8=88/.5 3 38> /, 7438/ 3 >7 7
<8=8>7.' >738/7** /==8.3 =8> 373 758 4<. /343 3 <783 757/.,3 > 3 38> /, <8=88 /. 373 @.3 /.5 7* 3
16"
'7.'* 3 '.387'3 8348./.5 373 /' 7, 7*87 . <8=8> /343 /.'488/.5 7. 7/3/.7* */573/. ()
38 <8;4/'/7* 3/> */>/3, 78 /><, . 3 38 <783
(*)
38 3 38> /** '74, 7 <8;4/'/7* 387.,=8 = 3 .8>7*
387 8/, 3 3 <783 757/.,3 > 3 38> /, <8=88 (>)
38 7 38> /, 4.4* /==/'4*3 3 =4*=/** 8 /><,,
*/573/., 8 */7/*/3/, . 7 <783 /' 78 .3 87,.7* .',,78 3 <83'3 3 <783 (.)
38 3 '.387'3 8 38> '*4, 8 */>/3, 3 */573/.,
8 */7/*/3/, = 7 <783 3 7. 3.3 373 /, .3 87,.7* .',,78 3 <83'3 /, 8 8 /.38,3, ()
38 38 /, 7 *7' = 8'/<8'/3 /. 7. 38/, 8'/<8'7*
'.387'3 (<)
38 3 '><3.' = 3 <783 757/.,3 > 3 38> /,
<8=88 3 74' @/.' = 7. >7338 /' >7 .',,78 3 3 '.387'3 8 3 '43/. 38= /, '*4 8 */>/3 7. 38 3 .8>7* /.'/.' = 48. = <8= /, 7*38 3 3 38/>.3 = 3 <783 757/.,3 > 3 38> /, <8=88 (J)
38 3 38> <8@/, 373 7 <783 757/.,3 > 3 38> /,
<8=88 ,7** > 3 7@ >7 8 .3 >7 7 ,373>.3 3 /, 38/>.3 /= 8 , , 8 =7/*, 3 ,>3/.5 4.*,, (/)
7 ,4/37* <8/ = 3/> /, 587.3 3 /> 8 8 =8 3 >7/.5 = 7. <8,, '*7873/. 38. 7.
(//)
73 3 '>>.'>.3 = 3 <8/ 3 <783 <8=88/.5 3 38> 4.837, 3 87 3 733.3/. = 3 <783 757/.,3 > 3 38> /, <8=88 3 3 >7./.5 373 /** 7337' 3 /, 8 8 '.4'3
16$
(8)
38 7 38> <8@/, 373 7 ,373>.3 >7 3 <783
<8=88/.5 3 38> /' /, = <783/'4*78 /.38,3 3 3 <783 757/.,3 3 38> /, <8=88 ,7** > 3 7@ 87' 3 <783 757/.,3 > 3 38> /, <8=88 4.*,, ,4' ,373>.3 7, . ,.3 <8<7/ 85/,38 <,3 3 3 ',. 78,, = 3 <783 757/.,3 > 3 38> /, <8=88 (,)
38 7 38> <8@/, 373 7 <783 757/.,3 > 3 38> /,
<8=88 ,7** /. 7. '/8'4>,37.', 7,*43* 7. 4.'./3/.7** =8=/3 /, 8 8 '><3.' 3 >7. <8=8>7.' (3)
38 7 <783, 8/53 = ./7* /, 37. 77 8 8,38/'3
(4)
38 3 <783 <8=88/.5 3 38> /, >7 3 ;45 = 3
,4..,, = /, 8 8 . <8=8>7.' 8 38 3 <783 757/.,3 > 3 38> /, <8=88 /, '><** 3 ,4 7 3/8 <783 =/8,3 =8 /** 7* 3 7'3 757/.,3 3 <783 <8=88/.5 3 38> (@)
38 3 38> /8'3* 8 /./8'3* 7>4.3, 3 7 7/@8 8
*/>/373/. = 3 '><3.' = 3 <783 757/.,3 > 3 38> /, <8=88 3 7<<* ,3 == ()
38 3 3 <8;4/' = 3 <783 757/.,3 > 3 38> /,
<8=88 3 <783 <8=88/.5 3 38> /, 38/, <*7' /. 7 <,/3/. ,4,37.3/7** 338 37. 373 /. /' 3 <783 <8=88/.5 3 38> 4* 7@ . 4.8 3 854*738 *7 7 /3 .3 . =8 3 38> /. J4,3/. ()
3 58 3 /' 3 '.387'3 8J4/8, 7 <783 3 7/@ 8/53,
3 /' 8 , 4* 38/, .3/3* ()
()
7. 38 =7'3 /' /. 3
37. /.3 7''4.3
166
S'3/. : A<<*/'7/*/3 = 3 A'3
S =78 7, 3 7<<*/'7/*/3 = 3 A'3 /, '.'8. 3 <8@/,/. = ,' (1) ,373 373 (,4;'3 3 ,4,'3/. (2)) 3 <8@/,/. 7<<* 3 7** '.387'3, '.'*4 7=38 3 '>>.'>.3 = 3/, A'3 7. 3. 7** '.387'3/.5 <783/,
S4-,'3/. (2) = ,'3/. '*4,
(7) '.387'347* 7'3, 7. 8*73/., /' 78/, 43 = 8 /. '..'3/. /3 3 L748 R*73/., A'3 (60 = 199$) 8 /' 78/, 43 = 3 7<<*/'73/. = 373 A'3 () '.387'347* 7'3, /' 78/, 43 = 8 /. '..'3/. /3 8 43 = 3 7<<*/'73/. = 3 B/**, = E'7.5 A'3 (A'3 " = 196") (') '.387'347* 7'3, 3 /' 3 C><7./, A'3 (A'3 616) 8 3 C8 C><7./, A'3 (A'3 69 = 19!") 7<<* 8 /' 78/, 43 = 3 7<<*/'73/. = 3, A'3, () '.387'347* 38>, /. 8,<'3 = /' >7,48, 78 <8@/ /. /.38.73/.7* 3873/, 3 /' 3 R<4*/' = S43 A=8/'7 /, 7 ,/5.738 7. /' <783 =8> 3 <8@/,/., = 3/, A'3
S'3/. (): O@88//.5 =='3:
S' () 38/, 5/@ @88//.5 ==8 3 3 A'3 I3 ,7, 373 7. <8@/,/. . '.387'347* 38> <48<83/.5 3 '*4 3 <8@/,/., = 3/, A'3 8 3 */>/3 3 7<<*/'73/. 38= ,7** @/
16#
S'3/. ("): A'3 /./.5 . S373: S' (") /, /><837.3 I3 ,7, 373 3 ?A'3 ,7** /./.5 4<. 3 S373
T/, /, '.,/,3.3 /3 3 <8/.'/<* *7/ . C483, /. ,@87*
'7,, 373 3 S373 ,4* 7. /7* =8 38, 3 =**
S'3/. ": S4,J4.3 '7.5 /. '/8'4>,37.',:
O. 38 . /..@73/. /. 3 S43 A=8/'7. B/** /, 7, 3 3 ?=='3 = ,4,J4.3 '7.5 /. 3 '/8'4>,37.', A=38 '.,/87* /,'4,,/. 373 .8>7** 3 './3/., 37/./.5 73 3 '.387'3 7*. 37. /.3 7''4.3 3 SA L7 C>>/,,/. >7 7. /><837.3 '<3/. 3 3/, <8/.'/<* . /3 ,373 /. ,' " 373 3 '<3/. /, .3 3 5/@. =='3 3 /= /3 '> ?',,/@* .84, 7, <<, 3 ?>8 .84, I3 ,7,:
S'": T7/.5 /.3 7''4.3 '/8'4>,37.', /' /,3 73 3 3/> = 3 '.'*4,/. = 3 '.387'3 7. 3 =='3 = 7 ,4,J4.3 '7.5 = '/8'4>,37.',: "(1) I. 3 7<<*/'73/. = 3/, A'3 3 '/8'4>,37.', /' /,3 73 3 3/> = 3 '.'*4,/. = '.387'3 ,7** 37. /.3 7''4.3 7. 7 <783 /, 4. 3 =4*=/** /, 8 8 */573/., 4.8 3 '.387'3 @. /= <8=8>7.' 7, '> >8 .84, 38 '74, 3 ',3 = <8=8>7.' 7, /.'87, 8 '74, 3 @7*4 = 3 <8=8>7.' 8 , 8'/@, 7, />/./, (2)
I= @8 <8=8>7.' = 3 '.387'3 '>, ',,/@*
.84, '74, = 7 '7.5 = '/8'4>,37.', 3 <783/, 78 4.
16!
3 .38 /.3 .53/73/., /3 7 @/ 3 77<3/.5 3 '.387'3 8 38>/.73/.5 /3 <8@/ 373 (7) 3 '7.5 = '/8'4>,37.', ''488 7=38 3 3/> =
'.'*4,/. = 3 '.387'3 8 7 7*87 ''488 73 373 3/> 43 7, .3 7. '4* .3 87,.7* 7@ . .. 3 3 <783/, 7. () 3 <,,//*/3 = 7 '7.5 = '/8'4>,37.', 7, .3 .
/' '4* 87,.7* 7@ . 37. /.3 7''4.3 73 3 3/> = '.'*4,/. = 3 '.387'3 7. (') 3 8/, = 3 '7.5 = '/8'4>,37.', /, .3 . /' 7''8/.5 3 3 '.387'3 3 <783 7=='3 ,4* 8J4/8 3 78 ()
I= 3 <783/, =7/* 3 87' 758>.3 /3/. 87,.7* <8/
3 C483 >7 (7) 38>/.73 3 '.387'3 73 7 73 7. . 38>, 3
38>/. 3 C483 8 () 77<3 3 '.387'3 3 /,38/43 3. 3 <783/, /. 7 ;4,3
7. J4/37* >7..8 3 *,,, 8 57/., 8,4*3/.5 =8> 3 '7.5 = '/8'4>,37.', 7. (') /. /38 '7, 778 7>75, =8 3 *,, ,4==8 3845
3 38 <783 8=4,/.5 3 .53/73 8 87/.5 == .53/73/., /. 7 =7/3
S'3/. $: A>/,,//*/3 = @/.'
A, 3 3 3< = @/.' 373 '7. 74' ,' $ 7*, /3 7>/,,//*/3 = @/.' 3 7,,/,3 /. 3 /.38<8373/. = 7 '.387'3
169
S' $:
W38 8 .3 3 8, = 3 '.387'3 7<<78 3
7>/544, @/.' = 73 <7,, 48/.5 .53/73/., 3. 3 <783/, 7. 7=38 3 '43/. = 3 '.387'3 7. ,4884./.5 '/8'4>,37.', /, 7>/,,/* 3 7,,/,3 /. 3 /.38<8373/. = 7. '.387'3
T 7@ <8@/,/., <8<, /. 3 B/** 7''><7./.5 3 199! R<83 = 3 S43 A=8/'7 L7 C>>/,,/. /. '.37/. '837/. ,<'/7* =7348, .3 =4. /. 38 '4.38/,
Cana"a: 5s+bsani7e +n%ai!ness6
T B8/3/, C*4>/7 L7 I.,3/343 /. /3, I.38/> R<83 . ?U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, (200$) ,373 373 3 R<83 /** '.'8. /3,*= /3 3 J4,3/.,:
7 8@/ = ,<'/=/' '.387'3 38>, 7. 7<<*/'73/., = <8/.'/<*, = '.387'347* =7/8.,, /. 787, 38 37. '.,4>8 <83'3/.
T R<83 ><*, 3 8 ?4.=7/8 /. 3 <*7' = ?4.'.,'/.7* I3 3873, '7,, = 743>73/' 8.7*, 7''*873/. '*74,, (/ <7>.3 = 7. 7>4.3 . 3 7<<./.5 = 7. @.3) 38>, '*4/.5 8 */>/3/.5 */7/*/3 7, ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8 I3 7*, 8J4/8, 373 /3 /, 3 43 = 3 <783 /' 37, 7@7.375 = .84, 38>, 3 <43 3 38 <783 . ,<'/7* .3/' = ,4' 38>, F4.7>.37* 87' = 7 '.387'3 854*73, 3 .=8'>.3 =
1#0
'.387'3-38>, 373 */>/3 8 '*4 */7/*/3 <8,.3/.5 7 <783 87', 7 '.387'3 =8> 8*/.5 . 3, '.387'3 38>,
W.@8 7
C483 38>/. 373 7 =4.7>.37* 87' ''488 3 '.387'3 4* ?8453 3 7. . 7. 3 84* = *7 4* <873 T I.38/> R<83 8=8, 3 @78/4, <3/.,
A** 3 '>>. *7 <8@/.', 7@ 7. U.'.,'/.7* T87.,7'3/. R*/= A'3 /' 7**, =8 3 8<./.5 = 4.=7/8 '8/3 387.,7'3/., I. C7.7/7. ;48/,/'3/., 4.'.,'/.7* '.4'3 /, 7. ==.'
O.378/ B4,/.,, P87'3/', A'3 1990 ,373, 373 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 /.'*4, 8
(/) 3 <8/' 58,,* ', 3 <8/' 73 /' ,/>/*78 5, 8 ,8@/', 78 87/* 7@7/*7* 3 '.,4>8, (//)
3 <8<, 387.,7'3/. /, ',,/@* .-,/ /. =7@48 =
,>. 38 37. 3 '.,4>8 8 (///)
3 38>, 8 './3/., = 3 <8<, 387.,7'3/. 78 ,
7@8, 3 3 '.,4>8 7, 3 /.J4/37*
T S7,3'7. C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 199! <8//3, 4.=7/8 <87'3/', 7. 8=8, 3 (7) 3 ?37/.5 7@7.375 = 7 '.,4>8 /.'*4/.5 /. 7 '.,4>8 758>.3 38>, 8 './3/., 373 78 78, <<8,,/@ 8 ',,/@* .-,/ 7. () /.'*4 /. 7 '.,4>8 387.,7'3/. 38>, 8 './3/., 373 78 78, <<8,,/@ 8 ',,/@* .-,/
1#1
T T87 P87'3/', A'3 1996 = B8/3/, C*4>/7 7<783 =8> <8'487* >7338, /.'*4 8
(7) 73 3 3/> 3 '.,4>8 387.,7'3/. 7, .38 3 <8/' 58,,* ' 3 <8/' 73 /' ,/>/*78 ,4;'3, = ,/>/*78 '.,4>8 387.,7'3/., 8 87/* 37/.7* ,/>/*78 '.,4>8, 7. () 3 38>, 8 './3/., . 8 ,4;'3 3 /' 3 '.,4>8 387.,7'3/., 8 .38 /.3 3 '.,4>8, 78 , 78, 8 7@8, 3 3 '.,4>8 7, 3 /.J4/37*
T 4' C/@/* C 1991 ,373, /. ,' 1"$ 373 /. 7 '.,4>8 '.387'3 8 7 '.387'3 = 7,/. @8 7. 38.7* '*74, /, .4** /= 73 3 3/> = =8>73/. = 3 '.387'3 /3 7, .3 <8,,* 8453 3 3 733.3/. = 3 '.,4>8 8 78/.5 <783 4.*,, 3 38 <783 <8@, 373 3 '.,4>8 8 78/.5 <783 38/, . /3
S' 1"6 8=8, 3 '*74,, /' 78 /**5/* 8 /.'><8.,/* 3 7 87,.7* <8,. 4.*,, 3 38 <783 <8@, 373 7. 7J473 <*7.73/. = 3 .7348 7. ,'< = 3 '*74, 7, 5/@. 3 3 '.,4>8 8 78/.5 <783
S' 1"# ,'8/, 7. ?74,/@ '*74, 7, . /' /, ',,/@* 7. 4.87,.7* 38/>.37* 3 3 '.,4>8 8 3 78/.5 <783 7. /, 38=8 .3 /. 5 =7/3 /. <783/'4*78 7 '*74, /' , <783, =8> 3 =4.7>.37* */573/., 78/,/.5 =8> 3 84*, .8>7** 5@8./.5 3 '.387'3 373 /3 '7.5, 3 .7348 = 3 '7, S4' '*74,, '7. '*78 .4** 8 3 */573/., >7 84'
1#2
A+s!alia: 5s+bsani7e +n%ai!ness6
U.8 3 (NSW) C.387'3 R@/ A'3 19!0 345 ,' 6(2) ,373, 373 7 <8,. >7 .3 587.3 8*/= 4.8 3 A'3 /. 8*73/. 3 7 '.387'3 , =78 7, 3 '.387'3 7, .38 /. 3 '48, =8 3 <48<, = 7 387 4,/.,, 8 <8=,,/. 38 37. 7 =78>/.5 4.837/.5 ,3/** ,> = 3 <8@/,/., 78 J4/3 4,=4*
S' S' " =/ =/. .,, ?4. 4.;4 ;4,3 ,3 7, /.'* /.'*4 4/. /.5 5 4. 4.' '., .,'/ '/. .7 7* * 78, 78, 8 <<8,,/@ <<8,,/@ 38>, 7. ?/.;4,3/' ?/.;4,3/' /, 7*, 3 '.,/8 /. 7 '88,<./.5 '88,<./.5 >7..8
S' 9 8=8, 3 >7338, 3 '.,/8 3 C483 /. 38>/./.5 38 7 ?'.387'3 /, ?4.;4,3 7. 3 >7338, 8*@7.3 3 ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,
S4,'3/. (1) 5.87** ,373, 373 3 C483 /** 7@ 8578 3 ?<4*/' /.38,3 7. 7** 3 '/8'4>,37.', = 3 '7, 7. 3 3 =**/.5:
S' (2): (7)
()
(')
() ()
38 38 8 .3 .3 7. 7. = 3 3 <8@/ 8@/,/ ,/. .,, = 3 3 '. .38 387' 7'33 /><,
'./3/., /' 78 4.87,.7* /==/'4*3 3 '><* /3 8 .3
1#
87,.7* .',,78 =8 3 <83'3/. = 3 *5/3/>73 /.38,3, = 7. <783 3 3 '.387'3 ()
(=)
(5) (5)
8 8 3 '.3 '.387 87'3 '3 /, * ** * 8 <783 <783* * /. 8/3 8/3/. /.5 5 3 3 <,/ <,/'7 '7**
=8> = 3 '.387'3 7. 3 /.3**/5//*/3 = 3 *7.5475 /. /' /3 /, <8,, ()
(*)
E'43 '.387'3,:
A, 7*87 ,373 ,' 1" 3 A'3 7<<*/, 7<<*/, ?=4** '43 '43 '.387'3, '.387'3, E'*4,/. = <8@/,/. = 3 A'3 /, @/ 4.8 ,' 1# 7. 7. ==.' 4.8 ,' 1!
U./=8> C.,4>8 C8/3 C 199 /, 7<<*/'7* 3 7** S373, 7. T88/ T88/38 38/, /,
I3 7<<*/ 7<<*/,, 3 '8/3 '8/3 387.,7'3 387.,7'3/., /., 8 8 '8/ '8/33 /, 5/@. =8 =8 7
@78/3 = <48<,, /.'*4/.5 =8 87* <48<,, ?4.;4,3 '.387'3, '7. 8<.
?U.;4,3 /.'*4, ?4.'.,'/.7* 78, 8 <<8,,/@
S'
#0 '.37/., '.37/., <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ >7338, L/,3 /, ,/>/*78 3 ,' 9(2) = 3 3 19!0 19!0 A'3 A'3
T '483 T '483 '7. '7. 8< 8<. . 387., 387.,7' 7'3/ 3/. . 7. ,3 ,3 7,/ 7,/ 3
'.387'3 ** 8 <783* S' #2 7<<*/, 3 4.'.,'/.7* /.38,3 /.38,3 =, 8 '785,
T F7/8 T87/.5 A>.>.3 A'3 200 (V/'38/7) 7>. 3 F7/8 T87/.5 A'3 1999 7. /.384' <8@/,/. ,/>/*78 3 3, /. (U) U.=7/8
1#"
T8>, /. C.,4>8 C.,4>8 C.387'3, R54*73/.,
A 38> 38> /, 4.=7/8 /, '.3878 '.3878 3
5 =7/3 (T U L7 C>>/,,/. /. /3, R<83 200" >/33 5 =7/3 '8/3 '8/38/ 8/7) 7)
?S37 ?S37. .78 78 =8> =8> '. '.387 387'3 '3,, '7. <8, <8,'8/ '8/ 7, 4.=7/8 4.=7/8
854*73/. 7. /3 /, 7. ==.' 3 4, 8 8'>>. 3 4, = 7 <8,'8/ 38>
T87 P87'3/', A'3 19#" =/., ?4.'.,'/.7* '.4'3 /. ,' $1AB(2) 3
(7)
() ()
3 3 8 8 7, 7, 7 8,4 8,4*3 *3 = = '. '.4' 4'33 .57 .575 5 /. 3 3 '8 '8< <87 873/ 3/. .
3 '.,4>8 7, 8J4/8 3 '><* /3 './3/., 373 8 .3 .' .',, ,,78 78 =8 =8 3 3 <83 <83' '3/ 3/. . = 3 3 *5/ *5/3/ 3/>7 >73 3 /.3 /.38 8,3 ,3,, = 3 3 '8<873/. (')
()
() ()
3 3 7>4 7>4.3 .3 =8 =8 /' /' 7. 7. 3 '/8' '/8'4> 4>,3 ,37. 7.' ',, 4.8 4.8 /' /' 3 3
'.,4 '.,4> >88 '4* '4* 7@ 7@ 7'J4 7'J4/8 /8 /. /.3/' 3/'7* 7* 8 J4/ J4/@7 @7* *.3 .3 5 5 ,, 8 ,8@/', =8> 7 <8,. 38 37. 3 '8<873/.
S' $1AC() '.37/., ,/>/*78 <8@/,/.,
Ne8 ealan": 5s+bsani7e +n%ai!ness6
N 7*7. L7 C>>/,,/. 1990 /. 3 R<83 . ?4.=7/8 '.387'3, (N411) <8<, 7 =/./3/. 7, =**,:
1#$
(1) (1)
A 38 38> = 7 '. .3387'3 87'3 /, 7*, 7*, 4.=7 4.=7//8 /= /= /. 3 3 '.3 '.3 33 = 3
'.387'3 7, 7 * /3 /, <<8,,/@ (2) (2)
A 38> 38> = 7 '. '.38 387' 7'33 /, /, << <<8 8,, ,,/@ /@ /= /= /3: /3: (7) (7) /><, /><,,, 7 48. 48.,> ,> */573 */573/. /. 8 */7/* */7/*/3 /3 /' /' /, .3 87,.7* .',,78 3 <83'3 3 /.38,3, = 3 38 <783 7. () /, '.3878 '.3878 3 '>>.* '>>.* 7''<3 7''<3 ,37.78, ,37.78, = =7/8 7*/.5 7*/.5
() ()
A 387 387.,7' .,7'3/ 3/. . 373 373 '., '.,/, /,33, = 3 3 8 > >8 '. '.38 387' 7'3, 3, /, 3
3873 7, 7 ,/.5* '.387'3 /= /3 /, /. ,4,37.' 7. =='3 7 ,/.5* 387.,7'3/.
T C> T C>>/,, >/,,/ /. . 57@ 57@ 7 .4 .4> >8 8 = 7> 7><* <*, , = ?,4 ?,4,3 ,37. 7.3/ 3/@ @ 4.=7/8.,,
I3 7*, ,373 373 7 '.387'3 /, .3 4.=7/8 4.*,, /. 3 '.33 = 3 '.387'3 7, 7 *
(7) /3 8,4*3, /. 7 ,4,37.3/7** ,4,37.3/7** 4.J47* 4.J47* '7.5 '7.5 = @7*4, 8 () () 3 3 . .=/ =/3, 3, 8' 8'/@ /@ 7 /,7 /,7@7 @7.3 .375 75 <783 <783 78 78 >7./ >7./= =,3* ,3* /.7<<8<8/73 3 /, 8 8 '/8'4>,37.', 8 (') 3 /,7@7.37 /,7@7.375 5 <783 <783 7, /. 7 =/4'/ =/4'/78 78 8*73/ 8*73/.,/ .,/< < /3 /3 3 38 <783
T 7@ 78 3 ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8 38>, /. '.387'3 8 54/*/., 8*73/.5 383 /' 78 =4. /. 38 '4.38/,
1#6
CHAPTER-J
SE4RE4ATIN4 PROCEDURAL PROCEDURAL AND SUSTANTIVE PROVISIONS OF THE INDIAN CONTRACT ACT' #()* AND THE SPECIFIC RELIEF ACT' #=$,
I. 3/, C7<38 ,7** 38 3 ,58573 3 /,3/.5 <8@/,/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 /. , =78 7, <8'487* 7. 4.=7/8.,, = '.387'3, /, '.'8.
B=8 8=8 3 I./7. ,37343, . ?4.=7/8.,, ,7** >7 7 8/= 8=8.' 3 R7>7.737 R7>7.737 I8, L7 L/'.
T 7438 ,373, 373 3 8 ?4.=7/8 >7., ?.3 =7/8 >78 /.;4,3/' <783/7*/3 8 '<3/. .3 .3 J4/37* /. 4,/.,, 7*/.5, (,' 16 (1) = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2)
H =/., ?U.'.,'/.7* 7857/. 7, . /' . >7. /. /, ,.,, .3 4.8 7 *4,/. 4* >7 . 3 . 7. 7. /' . =7/8 7. .,3 .,3 >7. 4* 7''<3 7''<3 . 3 38 38 I88'.'/*7 I88'.'/*7* * /3 73 /, 8/53 8/53 8 87, 87,.7 .7* *
(,' (,' 16() 16() /**4,387 /**4,3873/ 3/. . (') = I./7 I./7. . C.387' C.387'33 A'3
1!#2)
?O<<8,,/@ ?O<<8,,/@ >7., >7., 4.;4,3* 4.;4,3* ,@8 ,@8 8/584, 8/584, 8 78, 78,
(,' 9# =
I./7. C><7./, A'3 19$6 7. O88 # R4* 11 = 3 C = C/@/* P8'48 190!)
A. 7'3 8 >/,,/. >7 7>4.3 3 <<8,,/@ '.4'3 /=
1##
/3 /, ,/5. 3 7'/@ 7. 4.=7/8 7@7.375: (I. 8 F/@ M/.43, C78 W7, S8@/' L3: 1966 (1) A** ER 2"2 O<<8,,/. >7., ?48.,> 8 78, 8 8.5=4* 7''8/.5 7''8/.5 3 L8 S/>., S/>., /. S'33/, C5./3/@ C5./3/@ S'/3 L3 @ M78 M78 19$ 19$! ! () A** ER 66 7, =** =** 3 O8/,,7 O8/,,7 H/5 C483 /. S7.3/<87,7 7/. @ 7*/.57 T4, AIR 1962 O8/,,7 202)
5A6 5A6
P!oc P!oce" e"+! +!al al +n% +n%ai ai!n !nes ess: s: In" In"ia ian n sa sa+ +ee la8: la8:
5a6 In"ian Con!ac Ac' #()* 5P!oce"+!al +n%ai!ness6:
T I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 8=8, 3 ,@87* 7,<'3, = <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 4.=7/8.,, S' 1 8J4/8, 8J4/8, '.,.3 '.,.3 = 7** 3 <783/, 3 7 '.387'3 =8 =8 /3, =8>73/.
S' 1" 7*, /3 ?=8 '.,.3 7. ,373, 373 7 ?'.,.3 /, =8 8 /3 /, .3 '74,
(1) '8'/. '8'/. 7, =/. =/. /. ,' 1$ 8 (2) 4.4 /.=*4.' /.=*4.' 7, =/. =/. /. ,' 16 8 () =874 =874 7, =/. =/. /. ,' 1# 8 (") >/,8<8,. >/,8<8,.373/. 373/. 7, =/. =/. /. ,' 1! 8 ($) >/,37 >/,37 ,4;'3 ,4;'3 3 ,'3/., 20 21 7. 22 8 (6) 4.4 /.=*4.' /.=*4.' 7, =/. =/. /. ,' 19A
S' S' 19 ,373 373, 373 73 '. .3387' 87'3, @/3/7 /3/733 ' '8'/ 8'/. . =874 874 8 >/,8<8, >/,8<8,.373/ .373/. . 78 ?@/7* ?@/7*
I. 3/, 3/, ,'3/. ,'3/. ?4.4 ?4.4 /.=*4. /.=*4.' ' 7, 7,
/./3/7** 38 43 7, *3 ,' = A'3 6 = 1!!9 7. 4.8 3 ,7>
1#!
A'3 = 1!!9 ,' 19A 7, /.,83 3 ,7 373 7. '.387'3 @/3/73 ?4.4 /.=*4.' >7 ,3 7,/ /38 ** 8 ,4;'3 3 './3/., S' 20 ,373, 373 7 '.387'3 '.387'3 /, ?@/ ?@/ /= 3 <783/, <783/, 78 4.8 7 >/,37 7, 3 7 >7338 = =7'3
T, 78 <8@/,/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 /' 7* /3 ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,,
5b6 Seci%ic Relie% Ac' #=$, 5P!oce"+!al +n%ai!ness6:
P8/.'/<*, = ?=7/8.,, 78 3 7,/, = ,' 20 = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 A'3 19 196 6 /' /' 7* 7*,, /3 /3 3 3 ?D/, ?D/,'8 '83 3/ /. . 7, 3 '8 '8 /.5 /.5 ,<' ,<'/=/ /=/'' <8=8>7.'
D/,'83/. ,7, ,4,'3/. (1) /, .3 3 78/3878 43
,4. ,4 . 7. 7. 87,. 87,.7 7* * 54/ 54/ ;4/ ;4/'/7 '/7** <8/.' <8/.'/< /<*, *,
S4, S4,'3 '3/ /. . (2)
.4>873, '837/. 54/*/., /. /' 3 C483 >7 <8<8* 8'/, .3 3 '8 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.' <8=8>7.' C*74,, (7) 7. (') (') = ,4-,'3/. (2) = ,' 20 7* /3 <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. 8=8 3 3 =**/.5 ,/3473/.,:
(7) 8 3 '.4'3 = 3 <783/, 73 3 3/> =
.38/.5 /.3 3 '.387'3 8 3 38 '/8'4>,37.', 4.8 /' 3 '.387'3 7, .38 /.3 78 ,4' 373 3 '.387'3 345 .3 @/ @ /7 7* * 5/@ 5/@,, 3 3 <*7/ <*7/.3 .3/= /=== 7. 4. 4.=7 =7/8 /8 7@7 7@7.3 .375 75 @ @8 8 3 3 =.7.3 8 () 8 3 =.7.3 .38 /.3 3 '.387'3 4.8 '/8'4>,37.',
/' /' 34 345 5 . .33 8. .88 3 '.3 '.387 87'3 '3 @/7 /7* * >7 7, /3 /.J4/37* 3 .=8' ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.'
1#9
T8 78 3 E<*7.73/., * ,4-,'3/. (2) = ,' 20 E<*7.73/. I ,373, 373 >8 /.7J47' = '.,/873/. 8 3 >8 =7'3 373 3 '.387'3 /, .84, 3 3 =.7.3 8 /><8@/.3 /. /3, .7348 ,7** .3 > 3 '.,3/343 7. 4.=7/8 7@7.375 /3/. 3 >7./.5 = '*74, (7) 8 78,/< /3/. '*74, ()
E<*7.73/. II ,373, 373 3
J4,3/. 38 3 <8=8>7.' = 7 '.387'3 4* /.@*@ 78,/< . 3 =.7.3 /3/. 3 >7./.5 = '*74, () ,7** '<3 /. '7,, 8 3 78,/< 7, 8,4*3 =8> 7. 7'3 = 3 <*7/.3/== ,4,J4.3 3 3 '.387'3 38>/. /3 8=8.' 3 3 '/8'4>,37.', /,3/.5 73 3 3/> = 3 '.387'3
S4,'3/. () = ,' 20 ,373, 373 3 ?C483 >7 <8<8* 8'/, /,'83/. 3 '8 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.' /. 7. '7, 8 3 <*7/.3/== 7, . ,4,37.3/7* 7'3, 8 ,4==8 *,,, /. '.,J4.' = 7 '.387'3 '7<7* = ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.'
S4,'3/. (") = ,' 20 ,373, 373 3 ?C483 ,7** .3 8=4, 3 7. <783 ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.' = 7 '.387'3 >8* . 3 584. 373 3 '.387'3 /, .3 .=8'7* 73 3 /.,37.' = 3 38 <783
56
S+bsani7e +n%ai!ness: In"ian Sa+e La8:
5a6 In"ian Con!ac Ac' #()*: 5s+bsani7e +n%ai!ness6
T8 78 ,@87* <8@/,/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 /' 7* /3 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, = 3 38>, = 7 '.387'3 T8 78 38>, /' 78 3>,*@, 4.=7/8
1!0
S'3/. 10 ,373, 373 7** 758>.3, 78 '.387'3, /= 3 78 >7 3 =8 '.,.3 = <783/, '><3.3 3 '.387'3 =8 7 *7=4* '.,/873/. 7. /3 7 *7=4* ;'3 7. 78 .3 <8,,* '*78 3 @/
S'3/. 2 ,7, 373 3 '.,/873/. 8 ;'3 = 7. 758>.3 /, *7=4* 4.*,, /3 /, =8/. 8 /, = ,4' 7 .7348 373 /= <8>/33 /3 4* =73 3 <8@/,/., = *7 8 /, =8744*.3 8 /.@*@, 8 /><*/, /.;48 3 3 <8,. 8 <8<83 = 7.38 8 3 C483 8578 /3 7, />>87* 8 <<, 3 <4*/' <*/' S4' 758>.3, , ;'3 8 '.,/873/. /, 4.*7=4* 78 @/
S'3/. 2" ,373, 373 /= 7. <783 = 7 ,/.5* '.,/873/. =8 . 8 >8 ;'3, 8 7. . 8 7. <783 = 7. . = ,@87* '.,/873/., =8 7 ,/.5* ;'3 /, 4.*7=4* 3 758>.3 /, @/
U.8 ,'3/. 20 7. 758>.3 /, @/ 8 3 <783/, 78 4.8 7 >/,37 = =7'3 ,' 21 ,373, 373 7 '.387'3 /, .3 @/7* '74, /3 7, '74, 7 >/,37 = *7 /. =8' /. I./7 43 7 >/,37 7, 3 7 *7 .3 /. =8' /. I./7 7, 3 ,7> =='3 7, 7 >/,37 = =7'3 S'3/. 22 ,373, 373 7 '.387'3 /, .3 @/7* '74, = >/,37 = =7'3 = . = 3 <783/,
U.8 ,' 2$ 7. 758>.3 /343 '.,/873/. /, @/ 4.*,, /3 /, /. 8/3/.5 7. 85/,38 8 /, 7 <8>/, 3 '><.,73 =8 ,>3/.5 . 8 /, 7 <8>/, 3 <7 7 3 788 */>/373/. *7
S' 26 ,373, 373 7. 758>.3 /. 8,387/.3 = >788/75 /, @/
1!1
S' 2# ,373, 373 7. 758>.3 /. 8,387/.3 = 387 /, @/
S' 2! ,373, 373 758>.3 /. 8,387/.3 = *57* <8'/.5, /, @/
S' 29 ,373, 373 758>.3, 3 >7./.5 = /' /, 4.'837/. 8 /, .3 '7<7* = /.5 >7 '837/. 78 @/
S' 0 >7, 758>.3 7 = 758 @/
S' $6 7*, /3 '.387'3, ?=84,3873 7. 38 '> @/
T, 78 <8@/,/., /. 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 /' '7. ,7/ 3 7* /3 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,
5b6 Seci%ic Relie% Ac' #=$, 5S+bsani7e +n%ai!ness6:
T8 78 3 <8@/,/., /. ,' 20 = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 /. <783 = '*(7) 7. /. '*() /' 8*73 3 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7. 3 78 7, =**,:
U.8 '*74, (7) = ,4 ,'3/. (2) = ,' 20
(7)
W8 3 38>, = 3 C.387'3 78 ,4' 373 3 '.387'3 345 .3 @/7* 5/@, 3 <*7/.3/== 7. 4.=7/8 7@7.375 @8 3 =.7.3 8
1!2
U.8 C*74, () = ,4 ,'3/. (2) = ,' 20:
()
W. 3 <8=8>7.' = 3 '.387'3 4* /.@*@ ,>
78,/< . 3 =.7.3 /' / .3 =8, 87, /3, .. <8=8>7.' 4* /.@*@ . ,4' 78,/< . 3 <*7/.3/==
A8 3 7@ <8@/,/., = I./7. *7 7, 3 ?<8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, ,4==/'/.3
I3 /** ,. 373 3 ,'3/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 /' 7* /3 <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /* 3 7* /3 4.4 /.=*4.' '8'/. =874 7. >/,8<8,.373/. 7. 3, = ,' 20 = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 .3 7* /3 38 '/8'4>,37.', 4.8 /' 7 '.387'3 /, .38 /.3 /' >7 *7 3 7. 4.=7/8 7@7.375 3 . <783 38 >7/.5 /3 4.=7/8 ,4' 7, (7) 8 3 38>, 78 .3 .53/73 8 () 8 3 78 '.37/. /. ,37.78 38>, = '.387'3 8 (') 8 3 38>, 78 /. ,>7** <8/.3 8 78 '7>4=*75 7. .3 387.,<78.3 7. 38 ,/3473/., T, 7. 38 7,<'3, /. 48
L//, /. 3 >7338 = ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 3 ,'3/., 10 21 3 0 = 3 C.387'3 A'3 7* /3 ,@87* 3<, = ?@/ '.387'3, 7. ,' 20 = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 /3 38 ,/3473/., 43 .3 /3 '.387'3, 8 38>, /' 78 38/, <<8,,/@ 78, 8 '7,3
1!
4.87,.7* 48. . . = 3 <783/, S4' <8@/,/., 8J4/8 3 '.,/8 7. 7
N8 , ,' 6#A 7, <8<, /. 3 108 R<83 = 3 L7 C>>/,,/. (19!") 7* /3 3 38 ?<8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 7,<'3, = 4.=7/8.,, /' 37 7@ . 8453 /.3 3 *7 /. ,@87* '4.38/,
W 7@ 7*87 ,58573 3 ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,,
<8@/,/., /. 38 '4.38/, =8> 3 ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, <8@/,/., /. 3, '4.38/, /. C7<38, VIII 7. I% /3 7 @/ 3 '.,/8 /' = 3> '7. 8453 /.3 48 *7 /3 ,4' >/=/'73/., 7, >7 ,4/3 48 '4.38
I3 /, 38=8 <8<, 3 7* /3 '837/. . <8@/,/., 8578/.5 4.=7/8.,, 3 <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ /' 8J4/8 3 /.'8<873 /.3 3 ,37343 *7 /. 7/3/. 3 73 78 '.37/. /. 3 C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 7. ,4' 5.87* <8@/,/., = 4.=7/8.,, <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ /** 7*3 /3 /. C7<38 %I
1!"
CHAPTER-JI
NEED TO DEFINE 94ENERAL PROCEDURAL UNFAIRNESS’ AND 94ENERAL SUSTANTIVE UNFAIRNESS’ UNDER THE INDIAN LAW
N '4.38 /. /3, *5/,*73/. 7, , =78 .7'3 <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 7,<'3, = 4.=7/8.,, /,3/.'3/@* /. /3, ,37343, S@87* 8/38, 7@ ,373 373 *5/,*73/., 7@ 3 ='4, . 3, 7,<'3, ,<7873* 37. 3 >7 7 >/, >7, = 3 /. 7' ,'3/. W 7@ 8=88 3 3, @/, /. C7<38 VII
W ,7** =/8,3 5/@ 7 8/= ,3' = 7.3 3 5 743 ,4' ,58573/. /. 3 <8<, B/**
(7)
E/,3/.5 <8'487* <8@/,/., = 3 C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 3 */,3 /. 3 B/**:
S@87* ,'3/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7* /3 ?@/7* '.387'3, (<8'487* 4.=7/8.,,) 7, 8=88 3 /. C7<38 % 78 7, =**,:
(7)
,'3/. 1$ /' 7*, /3 '8'/.
()
,'3/. 16 /' 7*, /3 4.4 /.=*4.'
(')
,'3/. 1# /' 7*, /3 =874
()
,'3/. 1! /' 7*, /3 >/,8<8,.373/.
()
,'3/. 19A /' 7*, /3 4.4 /.=*4.'
1!$
S/>/*78* , =78 7, <8'487* <8@/,/., 78 '.'8. 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 '.37/., ,> <8@/,/., /' 8=8 3 3 >7..8 = .=8'>.3 = @/7* '.387'3, /.
(7)
,'. <783 = '*74, (7) = ,4,'3/. (2) = ,'3/. 20
()
'*74, (6) = ,4,'3/. (2) = ,'3/. 20
(')
'*74, (7) = ,4,'3/. (1) = ,'3/. 2#
W 7@ */873* 4, 3 8 ?*/,3 '74, <8<, ;4,3 3 /5*/53 3 ?<8'487* 8 ?,4,37.3/@ .7348 = 3 <8@/,/., = 3, 3 ,37343, W .3 <8<, 3 /.38=8 /3 3> 8 /.@*@ 3> /. 3 ?4.=7/8.,, <8/.'/<* W >8* <8<, 3 8=8 3 3, 7, ?<8'487* <8@/,/.,
()
E/,3/.5 <8@/,/., = C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 78 .3 74,3/@:
I. 48 @/ 38 '7. 38 ,/3473/., 37. 3, /. 3, 7'3, 8 4 3 3 '.4'3 = 3 <783/, 8 3 '/8'4>,37.', 4.8 /' 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 78 788/@ 73 8 3 '.387'3 /, .38 /.3 /' >7 7@ 8,4*3 /. ,> 4.=7/8 7@7.375 8 4.=7/8 /,7@7.375 3 . = 3 <783/, T/, <8<, 3 ,'8/ 7, ?5.87* <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /. 3 B/**
(7)
S@87* ,4' '/8'4>,37.', 7@ . 8=88 3 /. C7<38 VIII
C><7873/@ L7 P8'487* U.=7/8.,, 7. C7<38 I% ?C><7873/@
1!6
L7 - S4,37.3/@ U.=7/8.,,
W .3 7.3 3 8<73 7** 3,
'/8'4>,37.', 8=88 3 /. C7<38 V .7>* 3 ,37343, 8 B/**, /. U C7.77 A4,387*/7 N 7*7. 7. S43 A=8/'7 7. , .
S4'
'/8'4>,37.', 78 J47** /. /,3.' /. I./7
A, ,373 /. M4**7, '>>.378 . 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 /. 3 P8*/>/.78 C7<38
T C.387'3 A'3 , .3 <8=,, 3 7 '><*3 C 7*/.5 /3 3 *7 8*73/.5 3 '.387'3, A, 7<<78, =8> 3 <87>* 3 A'3 <48<83, 3 . >8 37. =/. 7. 7>. '837/. <783, = 373 *7
I3 3873, ,> <783/'4*78 '.387'3, /. ,<7873 '7<38, 43
38 /, .3/.5 3 , 373 3 L5/,*7348 /.3. 3 7* 74,3/@* /3 7. <783/'4*78 '7<38 8 ,4/@/,/. = 3 *7 8*73/.5 3 '.387'3,
I. I8877 F*3/**7 C @, ILR 1! C7* 620 (PC) 3 P8/@ C4.'/* ,8@:
B43 38 /, .3/.5 3 , 373 3 *5/,*7348 /.3. 3 7* 74,3/@* /3 7. <783/'4*78 '7<38 = ,4/@/,/. 8*73/.5 3 3 *7 = '.387'3,
B43 /3 7, . 7*, * 373 3 3 3.3 /3 7*, /3 7 ,4;'3 /3 /, 74,3/@ 4<. 3 ,7> 7. /3 /, .3 <8>/,,/* 3 /><83 3 <8/.'/<*, = E.5*/, *7 8 3 ,373438 <8@/,/.,
(S7378737 G, @,
M45.87> B7.548 & C: AIR 19$" SC "") 4.*,, 3 ,37343 /, ,4' 373
1!#
/3 '7..3 4.8,3 /343 3 7/ = E.5*/, L7 (S373 = W,3 B.57* @, BM.7* AIR 1962 SC ##9)
()
L//, /= 37 4< 3 <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, <8@/,/. = 3
S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 7, </.3 757/. /. M4**7, C>>.378 . 3 C.387'3 A'3 7. S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 /. 3 <8*/>/.78 C7<38 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 /, 7*, .3 74,3/@
I>>/73* 7=38 3 <7,,75 8=88 3 7@ =8> 373 3873/, /3 7, =4838 ,373 38/.
T ,7> @/ 7, 37. /= 3 ,/>/*78/3 8 <87>* = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 (A'3 1 = 1!##) R7>7, 7/37. & C @, A3*7, M/**, L3 AIR 191 B> 1$1 M54 M/7. @, /,7. R7> AIR (19$") <73 "##
T <8@/,/., = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 78 38=8 .3 757/. 74,3/@ I. =7'3 7*/.5 /3 ,'3/. 20 = 373 A'3 3 S4<8> C483 /. S7878 S/.5 @, 8/,.7 D@ 199"(") SCC /3 ,373 373 3 '/8'4>,37.', ,<'/=/ /. ,' 20 78 .* ?/**4,3873/@ 7. .3 74,3/@ T C483 4* 37 /.3 '.,/873/. 3 '/8'4>,37.', /. 7' '7, 3 '.4'3 = 3 <783/, 7. 3 8,<'3/@ /.38,3 4.8 3 C.387'3 A'3
I= 3 <8@/,/., = 3 C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 78 .3 74,3/@ . ?<8'487** 4.=7/8.,, /3 =**, 373 3 <8@/,/., = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 78 J47** .3 74,3/@
1!!
(')
?G.87* <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 3 =/. /. 3 B/** 7. G4/*/., 5/@.:
T8=8 /* <8<, 373 3 *7 8*73/.5 3 @/7* '.387'3, 4.8 3 C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 . .3 /,348 /3 /** .',,78 7. /** <8>/,,/* 3 7 . <8@/,/., =8 <48<, = ?5.87* <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 8=88 3 /. 3 ,/3473/., ,373 /. C7<38 VII
W 7@ 8=88 3 >7./.5 = ?<8'487* =7/8.,, /. 3 78*/8 '7<38, I. 7/3/. ,7** 8=8 3 B*7, L7 D/'3/.78 # 3 E (1999) I3 =/., ?<8'48 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7, =**,:
<8'487* 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7, ?4.'.,'/.7/*/3 8,4*3/.5 =8>
/><8<8/3/,
/.
C.387'3
=8>73/.
(,4'
7,
87*
>/,8<8,.373/., 8 /,<78/3/, /. 7857/./.5 <,/3/.) 8738 37. =8> 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 /3,*= T/, 3< = 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 ,455,3, 373 38 7, . >3/.5 = 3 >/.,
()
T 5.87* <8@/,/. 7, 3 ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /** 5/@ 7
5.87* =/./3/. = ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,,
()
T ,4<<*>.3 373 . <8@/,/. <8<, 3 7 7.38 ,'3/.
/' /** 5/@ 7 ..-74,3/@ */,3 = 54/*/., 87. =8> C7<38 VII /' >7 *< /. '//.5 38 7 <783/'4*78 '.387'3 8 38> /, @/3/73 . 7''4.3 = ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,,
1!9
W <8<, 3 =/. ?5.87* <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, (/343 <8;4/' 3 3 ,<'/=/' <8@/,/., = 3 C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 8=88 3 7@) /. 3 =**/.5 8,:
7 '.387'3 8 7 38> /, <8'487** 4.=7/8 /= /3 7, 8,4*3 /. 7. 4.;4,3 7@7.375 8 4.;4,3 /,7@7.375 3 . <783 . 7''4.3 = 3 '.4'3 = 3 38 <783 8 3 >7..8 /. /' 8 3 '/8'4>,37.', 4.8 /' 3 '.387'3 7, . .38 /.3 8 3 38> 38= 7, . 788/@ 73 3 <783/,
()
E/,3/.5 ?,4,37.3/@ <8@/,/., = 3 C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 78 .3 74,3/@:
S@87* ,'3/., = 3 C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 78 ,4,37.3/@ /. .7348 7. 3 8=8 3 ?@/ '.387'3,
T, 78 3 */,3 /. 3 B/** T
78:
(7)
,'3/., 10 2 2": U.8 /' 3 '.,/873/. 8 ;'3, = 7 '.387'3 78 .3 *7=4* 8 3 <783/, 78 .3 '><3.3 3 '.387'3
()
S'3/. 20: 4.8 /' 7. 758>.3 '7. @/ 8 3 <783/, 3 7. 758>.3 78 4.8 7 >/,37
(')
S'3/. 2$: 4.8 /' 7. 758>.3 /, /343 '.,/873/.
()
S'3/. 26: 4.8 /' 7. 758>.3 /, /. 8,387/.3 = >788/75 = 7. <8,. 38 37. 7 >/.8
()
S'3/. 2#: 4.8 /' 7. 758>.3 /, /. 8,387/.3 = 387
(=)
S'3/. 2!: <8'/.5,
4.8 /' 7. 758>.3 /, /. 8,387/.3 = *57*
190
(5)
S'3/. 29: 4.8 /' 7. 758>.3 /, 4.'837/.
()
S'3/. 0: 4.8 /' 7. 758>.3 /, 7 = 758
(/)
S'3/.$6: 4.8 /' 7. 758>.3 3 7. 7'3 /><,,/* /. /3,*= /, @/ 7. 7 '.387'3 3 7'3, 7=38 '>/.5 /><,,/* 8 4.*7=4* '>, @/
W <8<,- /343 >/=/.5 3, <8@/,/., - 3 ;4,3 */,3 3> 7, 7><*, = 3 '*7,, = '.387'3, /' 78 ,4,37.3/@
L//, /. 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 38 /, 757/. . /343 /,348/.5 3 <8@/,/., 3 '*7,,/= '837/. <8@/,/., 7, 8*73/.5 3 3 '*7,, = '.387'3, /' 78 ,4,37.3/@ T, 78:
(7)
4.8 ,' 1! '837/. 38>, 7@ '> /.3 3 '.387'3 /' 8 .3 758 3:
()
3 =/8,3 <783 = '*74, (7) = ,4,'3/. (2) = ,'3/. 20 = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 8 3 38>, = 7 '.387'3 5/@ 3 <*7/.3/== 7. 4.=7/8 7@7.375 @8 3 =.7.3
(')
W8 7, ,373 /. '*74, () = ,4 ,'3/. (2) = ,'3/. 20 = 3 ,7> A'3 3 <8=8>7.' = 3 '.387'3 4* /.@*@ ,> 78,/<, . 3 =.7.3 /' 7 .3 =8,. 8 /3, ..-<8=8>7.' 4* /.@*@ . ,4' 78,/<, . 3 <*7/.3/==
() G.87* ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 3 =/. /. 3 B/** 7. 54/*/., 5/@.:
191
W ,7** 8=8 3 73 >7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, /. 78*/8 '7<38,
H8 ,7** 8=8 3 B*7', L7 D/'3/.78
I3 =/.,
?,4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7, 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 8,4*3/.5 =8> 7'347* '.387'3 38>, 373 78 4.4* 78, '>>8'/7** 4.87,.7* 7. 58,,* 4.=7/8 5/@. 3 /,3/.5 '/8'4>,37.',
W 7@ 8=88 3 @78/4, 38 ,/3473/., /. C7<38 VIII ?C><7873/@ L7 S4,37.3/@ U.=7/8.,, /' >7, 7 '.387'3 ?,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8
W .3 757/. <8<, 3 8<73 7** 3,
'/8'4>,37.', 8=88 3 /. C7<38 VIII .7>* 3 <8@/,/., = 3 ,37343, 8 B/**, /. U C7.77 A4,387*/7 N 7*7. 7. S43 A=8/'7 7. , . S4' '/8'4>,37.', 78 J47** /. /,3.' /. '.387'3, /. I./7
W <8<, 3 */,3 /,3/.5 ,4,37.3/@ <8@/,/., = 3 3 A'3, C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 >8* 7, ,4,37.3/@ <8@/,/.,
W 7*, <8<, 3 7@ 7 . 7. ,<7873 <8@/,/. - /' 7*, /3 ?5.87* ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, T ,4<<*>.3 3 ,7> <8<, 7.38 ,'3/. /' /** 5/@ 54/*/., /' 7@ 3 '.,/8 =8 '//.5 /= 7 '.387'3 8 38> /, ?,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8
W <8<, 3 =/. ?5.87* ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7, 8=88/.5 (/343 <8;4/' 3 3 ,<'/=/' <8@/,/., = 3 C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196) - /. 3 =**/.5 8,:
192
7 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= /, ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8 /= ,4' '.387'3 8 3 38> 38= /, /. /3,*= 78, <<8,,/@ 8 4.'.,'/.7* 3 . = 3 <783/,
I. 3 .3 '7<38 ,7** 5/@ 48 8'>>.73/., 7*.5 /3 3 '88,<./.5 <8@/,/., = 3 B/**
19
CHAPTER-JII
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DRAFT ILL 5*<<$6 ON UNFAIR TERMS 5PROCEDURAL AND SUSTANTIVE6
W 7@ 8=88 /. C7<38 N %I 3 ,> = 3 <8@/,/., = 3 <8<, B/** W 7@ ,373 373 ,7** 8/.5 /. . <8@/,/., 3 7* /3 ?<8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7. 373 73 3 ,7> 3/> .3 <8<, 3 /,348 3 /,3/.5 <8@/,/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 I. =7'3 7, ,373 78*/8 <8<, 3 >8* */,3 /,3/.5 <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ <8@/,/., = 3, A'3, =8 <48<, = >8 '*7,,/=/'73/. 7. /** .3 /,348 3> H@8 <8<, 3 7@ ?5.87* <8@/,/., 3 =8 ?<8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, /. 3 . B/** 7, ,373 78*/8 W . <8' 3 <*7/. '837/. 7,<'3, = 3 <8<, B/**
I./3/7** <8<, 3 5/@ '837/. 5.87* =/./3/., = ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 43 , =78 7, 3 /,3/.5 <8'487* <8@/,/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 78 '.'8. .3 7.3 3 4, 3 8 ?4.=7/8.,, *,3 /3 >7 8.5* 4.8,3 373 3 /,3/.5 <8@/,/., 78 ,4;'3 3 3 . =/./3/.,
I.,37 7, ,373 7@ <8<, ;4,3 3 ,'8/ 3
8,<'3/@ <8@/,/., 7, >8* ?<8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 7. ,7** ,' 4,/.5 3 8 ?4.=7/8.,, /* 8=88/.5 3 3, ,'3/.,
19"
(A)
C7<38 I = 3 B/** /** '.37/. =/./3/., T8 78 7 = 8,
/' 8J4/8 =/./3/.,
(7)
?'.387'3:
T I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 =/., 3 ?758>.3 7. ?'.387'3 ,<7873* 7. ,@87* ,'3/., 3 4, 3, 8, ,<7873*
S'3/. 2() = 3 C.387'3 A'3 =/., 7. ?758>.3 7, =**,:
2():
E@8 <8>/, 7. @8 ,3 = <8>/,, =8>/.5
'.,/873/. =8 7' 38 /, 7. ?758>.3
S'3/. 2() =/., 7 ?'.387'3 7, =**,:
2(): 7. 758>.3 .=8'7* *7 /, 7 '.387'3
S'3/. 10 = 3 C.387'3 A'3 ,373, 7, 3 ?73 758>.3, 78 '.387'3, /* ,@87* 38 ,'3/., 4, 3 8 ?'.387'3
S'3/. 19 8=8, 3
?@7*//3 = 758>.3 /343 '.,.3 ,' 20 7*, /3 @/ 758>.3, , ,'3/., 2 2" 2$ 26 2# 2! 29 7. 0
S'3/. 2(/) =/., ?@/7* '.387'3 7, =**,:
2(/) A. 758>.3 /' /, .=8'7* *7 73 3 <3/. = . 8 >8 = 3 <783/, 383 43 .3 73 3 <3/. = 3 38 8 38, /, 7 @/7* '.387'3
19$
S'3/. 2(;) =/., ?@/ '.387'3, 7, =**,:
2(;): A '.387'3 /' '7,, 3 .=8'7* *7 '>, @/ . /3 '7,, 3 .=8'7*
F8 3 <48<, = =/./3/. = ?'.387'3 7@ '.,/8 38 /3 /, ,4==/'/.3 >8* 3 =/. '.387'3 7, =/. /. ,' 2() = 3 C.387'3 A'3 8 38 /3 ,4* /.'*4 3 8 ?758>.3
W =4. 373 ,'3/., 1$ 16 1# 1! 19 19A /' 7* /3 ?@/7* '.387'3, / /= 3 78 @/3/73 ?'8'/. ?4.4 /.=*4.' ?=874 ?>/,8<8,.373/.- 3 7** ,7 373 3 ?758>.3 /' /, 7 ?'.387'3 /, @/7* T, 7* /3 ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, = '.387'3,
O. 3 38 7. ,'3/., 10 20 2 2" 2$ 26 2# 2! 29 0 7. $6 7* /3 ?@/ 758>.3, T/, /, @/4,* '74, 3 78 .3 .=8'7* 7. 78 /,3/.'3 =8> .=8'7* 758>.3, /' 78 '7** '.387'3, 43 /' '.387'3, 78 @/7*
T, ,'3/., 7* /3
758>.3, /' 78 @/ '74, = 7,.' = '.,/873/. 8 4 3 >4347* >/,37 4.*7=4* '.,/873/. 8 78 758>.3, /. 8,387/.3 = >788/75 8 /. 8,387/.3 = 387 8 /. 8,387/.3 = *57* <8'/.5, 8 758>.3, /' 78 4.'837/. 8 7 = 758 8 /><,,/* = <8=8>7.'
T, 7* /3 ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, = 758>.3,
196
I. 88 38=8 3 '@8 3 ?<8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 7,<'3, /. 7 ,/.5* =/./3/. 7@ <8<, 3 =/. ?'.387'3 =8 3 <48<, = 3/, A'3 7, '@8/.5 3 ?'.387'3,
(/ 758>.3, /' 78
.=8'7*) 7. ?758>.3, ,/><*/'/38 /' 78 @/ W. 7* /3 ?<8'487* 7,<'3, 3 8 /** >7. ?'.387'3 7. . 7* /3 ?,4,37.3/@ 7,<'3, 3 8 /** >7. ?758>.3
O48 =/./3/. = ?'.387'3 /. ,' 2(7) = 3 B/** /** 7, =**,:
S'3/. 2(7): ?C.387'3 >7., 7 '.387'3 7, =/. /. '*74, () = ,'3/. 2 = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 (9 = 1!#2) 7. /.'*4, 7. 758>.3 7, =/. /. '*74, () = ,'3/. 2 = 373 A'3
()?C483: S =78 7, 3 =/./3/. = ?C483 /, '.'8. @/4,* /3 >4,3 /.'*4 '/@/* '483, = '><3.3 ;48/,/'3/. T =/./3/. >4,3 /.'*4 ?78/387* 38/4.7*, 7*, /' .=8' '.387'3, A3 . 3/> 38 7, ,> 43 /= 7. 78/387* 38/4.7* '4* /8'3 8 8=4, ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.'
B43 3 '/,/. = 3 S4<8> C483 /.
O*><4, S4<8,384'348, P@3 L3 @, M.7 V/;7 737/. : (1999 ($) SCC 6$2) 7, '*78* * 373 345 38 /, 7. *>.3 = /,'83/. /.@*@ 3 78/387* 38/4.7* /, '><3.3 3 8'/, /,'83/. 7. /8'3 8 8=4, ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.' T ;45>.3 = 3 C7*'4337 H/5 C483 7, 7<<8@ 7. 3 ;45>.3 = D*/ H/5 C483 7, @884*
19#
S =78 7, 3 @78/4, '.,4>8 =87 4.8 3 C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 19!6 78 '.'8. 78 = 3 @/ 373 3 ,7/ =87 >4,3 7@ 3 .=/3 = 3 <8@/,/., 8*73/.5 3 ?5.87* <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /. ,' $ 7. 3 3 54/*/., /. ,' 6 7. , =78 7, ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, /, '.'8. 3 ,'3/., 9 10 11 12 7. 3 54/*/., /. ,' 1 7. 3 48. = <8= /. ,' 1"
I. =7'3 /. ,@87* '4.38/, 3 4.=7/8 38>,
'.387'3 <8@/,/., 78 7<<*/ 3 '.,4>8 '.387'3, I. U 38 /, 7 ,<7873 '7<38 =8 '.,4>8 '.387'3, 7. /. ,> '4.38/, 38 78 ,4' ,37343, ,<7873* =8 '.,4>8 '.387'3,
H.' <8<, 3 =/. ?C483 /. ,' 2() 7, =**,:
2(): ?C483 >7., 7 C/@/* C483 = '><3.3 ;48/,/'3/. 7. /.'*4, @8 C.,4>8 D/,<43 R8,,7* A5.' 8=88 3 /. ,'3/. 9 = 3 C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 19!6 (6! = 19!6) 7. 7. 78/387* 38/4.7* 8=88 3 '*74, () = ,4 ,'3/. (1) = ,' 2 = 3 A8/3873/. 7. C.'/*/73/. A'3 1996 (26 = 1996)
I. 7/3/. <8<, ,' 2(') 3 ,7 373 ?8, 7. <8,,/., .3 =/. /. 3/, A'3 7. =/. /. 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 (9 = 1!#2) ,7** 7@ 3 >7./.5, 7,,/5. 3 3> /. 8,<'3/@* /. 373 A'3
T ,'> = 3 B/** /, 373 ?<8'487* <8@/,/., 7. <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 78 7*3 /3 3538 /. C7<38 II P8'487* <8@/,/., 78 /. ,' " /* <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /, /. ,' $
19!
S'3/. 7*, /3 >8 */,3/.5 = 3 ?<8'487* <8@/,/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 .7>* ,'3/., 1$ 16 (19A) 1# 1! 19 /' 7* /3 ?@/7* '.387'3, 373 /, '.387'3, /' >7 7@/ /= 3 78 @/3/73 '8'/. 4.4 /.=*4.' =874 >/,8<8,.373/. 8 7,.' = =8 '.,.3 W .8 4, 3 8 ?4.=7/8 /. 3/, ,'3/.
L//, <8<, ,' " 3 >8* */,3 3 /,3/.5 <8'487* <8@/,/., = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 /' 7* /3 7@/7.' = '.387'3, .7>* ,' 20(2)(7) (,'. <783) ,' 20 (2)(') 7. ,' 2#(1) (7) H8 3 .3 4, 3 8 4.=7/8.,,
A=38 ,373/.5 373 ,'3/., 7. " 7* /3 ?<8'487* <8@/,/., = 3 7@ ,7/ 3 .7'3>.3, 7. 37/.5 '78 3 , 373 .3 4, 3 8, ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, .3 '> 3 3 '84'/7* <8@/,/. 7*/.5 /3 ?5.87* <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 4.8 3 <8<, *7 /. C7<38 II
W <8<, ,' $ 3 7* /3 3 '.'<3 = ?5.87* <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7 '.'<3 /' <8<, 3 /.384' =8 3 =/8,3 3/> T 103 R<83 = 3 L7 C>>/,,/. (19!") 345 /3 7*3 /3 3 '.'<3 = ?4.=7/8 38>, / .3 8=8 3 3 /'3> = ?<8'487* 7. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, S'3/. 6#A 7, <8<, /. 373 8<83 4, 3 8, ?4.'.,'/.7* /. 3 =/8,3 ,4 ,'3/. /' '>/. 3 <8'48 7. ,4,37.3/@ 7,<'3, T ,'. ,4,'3/. 6#(2) 7*3 /3 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, '><8.,/@
T <8,.3 =/./3/. /. 3/, B/** /, >8
199
P8'487* 4.=7/8.,, ,<7873* =/. /. ,' $:
W73 >7. ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /, ,3 43 /. ,' $ = 3 B/** 7, =**,:
S'3/. $: W/343 <8;4/' 3 3 <8@/,/., = ,'3/., 7. " 7 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= /, <8'487** 4.=7/8 /= /3 7, 8,4*3 /. 7. 4.;4,3 7@7.375 8 4.;4,3 /,7@7.375 3 . <783 . 7''4.3 = 3 '.4'3 = 3 38 <783 8 3 >7..8 /. /' 8 '/8'4>,37.', 4.8 /' 3 '.387'3 7, . .38 /.3 8 3 38> 38= 7, . 788/@ 73 3 <783/,
I3 /** .3/' =8> 3 <8@/4, '7<38 373 ,4' 7 5.87* ,373>.3 = 73 /, ?<8'487** 4.=7/8 7, . 733><3 /. 38 ;48/,/'3/., 7*, 345 . ,37343 <8'/,* @/,, 7 =4** ,<7873 ,'3/. =8 5/@/.5 3 >7./.5 = 3, ,7/ 8,
H8 . /><837.3 =7'3 7, 3 .3/' U.8 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 /3 /, <8@/ /. ,' 19 373 '837/. '.387'3, 78 @/7* 7. 7@/ I3 /, 7*, ,373 373 3 <783 '.'8. >7 7@/ 3 '.387'3 8 >7
200
/.,/,3 373 3 '.387'3 ,7** <8=8> 7. 373 ,7** <43 /. 3 <,/3/. /. /' 4* 7@ . /= 3 8<8,.373/., >7 7 . 384
T =7'3 8>7/., 373 /= 3 <783 7.3, 3 7@/ 7 @/7* '.387'3 7, 4.8 ,' 19 = 3 C.387'3 A'3 1!62 .* 3 <8@ . 8 38 = 3 584., .7>* 373 /, '.,.3 3 3 758>.3 7, '74, '8'/. =874 8 >/,8<8,.373/. H . .3 .',,78/* <8@ 373 7. 4.;4,3 7@7.375 7, . 57/. 3 38 <783 8 373 7, ,4==8 7. 4.;4,3 /,7@7.375 7, 78 . <8<,/.5 /. ,'3/. $
H@8 ,' 19A = 3 C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 /' 7*, /3 ?4.4 /.=*4.' /* <8>/33/.5 7@/7.' = 7 '.387'3 ,373, 373 A. ,4' '.387'3 >7 ,3 7,/ /38 7,*43* 8 /= 3 <783 7, .3/3* 3 7@/ /3 7, 8'/@ 7. .=/3 384.8 4<. ,4' 38>, 7. './3/., 7, 3 3 C483 >7 ,> ;4,3
B43 73 <8<, 4.8 ,' $ /, .3 73 <78 /3 ,' 19 43 ,>73 . <78 /3 ,' 19A
W <8<, 373 8 <8'487*
4.=7/8.,, /, 7**5 / =7'3, 8*73/.5 3 3 '.4'3 8 >7..8 8 '/8'4>,37.', 4.8 /' 3 '.387'3 /, .38 /.3 8 7 38> /, 788/@ 73 3. /. 7/3/. 3 <783 ,/.5 3 7@/ 7, 3 <8@ 4.;4,3 7@7.375 3 3 <<,/3 <783 8 4.;4,3 /,7@7.375 3 />,*=
D73 38 >8 <8= = <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7, 3 '4<* /3 ,> 4.=7/8 7@7.375 8 4.=7/8 /,7@7.375:
201
T8 /, '.,/87* 73 . 3 J4,3/. 38 /3 /, ,4==/'/.3 =8 7 <783 3 >8* <8@ =8 <48<,, = ,' $ <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, '.4'3 8 '/8'4>,37.', 7. >7..8 /. /' 3 '.387'3 8 /3, 38>, 7@ . 788/@ 73 8 .38 /.3 8 38 ,>3/.5 >8 7, 3 <8@
I. 3 USA /* ,> '483, 7@ 37. 3 @/ 373 8 38 /, <8'487* 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 /3 /, .3 .',,78 3 <8@ ,4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7*, /* ,> 38 C483, 7@ 37. 3 @/ 373 /3 /, .',,78 3 <8@ ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7*,
O. 3 '.@8,
<8<,/3/. 38 <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, /= <8@ 38 /3 /, 7*. ,4==/'/.3 38 /, 757/. 7 '.=*/'3 = @/, T, /@85.3 @/, 7@ . 8=88 3 8'.3* /. S387. @, US B7. N73/.7* A,,'/73/. ND (S4<8> C483 = D737) 200$ ND 6! X 69 NW 2 91! (200$) 7<,.8 ,<7/.5 =8 3 C483 ,4>>78/ 3 <,/3/. /. US 7, =**,:
I. C.,384'3/. A,,',: ""6 NW 2 (73 2"2-"") @8 /><*/* * 373 ,> >7,48 = 3 <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 >4,3 ,. 3 7** 7 C483 3 8=4, 3 .=8' 4.'.,'/.7* <8@/,/.,
C483, /. 38 ;48/,/'3/., 7@ 87' @78/.5 8,4*3, . 3/, /,,4 S> C483, * 373 7 ,/.5 = /38 <8'487* 8 ,4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 /, ,4==/'/.3 3 /.@7*/73 7 '.387'3 S L4.7 @, H4,* F/. C8< III 26 F S4<87 2 1166 (11#") (WD W7, 2002)
O38 C483, 7@ * 373 <8'487*
4.'.,'/.7/*/3
/3,*=
/,
.3
.45
43
,4,37.3/@
4.'.,'/.7/*/3 /3,*= >7 (S M7** @, F/*/3 F/.
202
S8@, I.' 1!" A8/ !2 90# P 2 $1 ($!-60) (A8/ 199$) , G/**>7. @, C7, M7.7337. B7. NA: # NK 21 X $" NE 2 !2" (!2!-29) $# NKS 2 #!# (NK 19!!) (.3/.5 373 7 38>/.73/. = 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 5.87** 8J4/8, 7 ,/.5 373 3 '.387'3 7, 3 <8'487** 7. ,4,37.3/@* 4.'.,'/.7* . >7 43 8'5.//.5 373 38 7@ . '<3/.7* '7,, 8 7 <8@/,/. = 3 '.387'3 /, , 438754, 7, 3 7887.3 */.5
/3
4..=8'7*
4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7*.)
.
3
584.
=
,4,37.3/@
T >7;8/3 = C483, @8 7@
* 373 7 ,/.5 = ,> >7,48 = 3 <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/ /, 8J4/8 7. '483, 78 3 ><* 7 7*7.'/.5 3,3 */.5 73 3 337*/3 = '/8'4>,37.', 3 38>/. 38 7 <783/'4*78 <8@/,/. /, 4.'.,'/.7* 7. 4..=8'7* S R4,,7*/, @, W>/.5 M C38 I.' " P 209 (2"6)(W 2000) (>,3 '483, 8J4/8 7 J47.34> = 3 7. 37 7 7*7.'/.5 7<<87' /. 7<<*/.5 3>) 1 7>, W/3 & R83 S4>>8, U./=8> C>>8'/7* C <787 "-# (" 3 E 199$) (M,3 C483, 37 7 7*7.'/.5 7<<87' 3 3 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 J4,3/. 7. 3 3/< ,'7*, /. =7@48 = 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 >,3 '483, ,> 3 8J4/8 7 '837/. J47.34> = <8'487* <*4, 7 '837/. J47.34> = ,4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/3)
T *78. 45 8=88 3 73 R/'78 A L8 ,373 /. 3 C>>.378 . W/**/,3. . C.387'3, (" 3 E) (199!):
T '.'<3 = 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 7, >7.3 3 '4.387'3 3 5.8/' =8>, = 74,,: 3 =/8,3 = /' 8*73, 3 <8'487*
20
=/'/.'/, /. 3 '.387'3 =8>73/. <8',, ,4' 7, '<3/. 8 7 8=4,7* 3 7857/. @8 '.387'3 38>, 37 =3. 7.7*, /. 38>, = 38 3 /><,-4<. <783 7 >7./.5=4* '/' 743 38 7. 3 .38 /.3 3 387.,7'3/. 7. 3 ,'. = /' 8*73, 3 3 ,4,37.3/@ '.387'3 38>, 3>,*@, 7. 38 3, 38>, 78 4.87,.7* =7@487* 3 3 >8 <8=4* <783 ,4' 7, 38>, 373 /><7/8 3 /.358/3 = 3 7857/./.5 <8',, 8 38/, '.387@. 3 <4*/' /.38,3 8 <4*/' <*/' 38>, (4,47** = 7. 7,/. 8 /*8<*73 .7348) 373 733><3 3 7*38 /. 7. /><8>/,,/* >7..8 =4.7>.37* 43/, 38/, /><, 3 *7 =/.-<8/.3 38>, 8 <8@/,/., 373 , 3 .573 3 87,.7* <'373/., = 3 ..-87=3/.5 <783 8 4.87,.7* 7. 4.<'3* 78, 38>, 7@/.5 3 /3 <8/' 8 38 '.387* 7,<'3, = 3 387.,7'3/.
T *78. 45 8=88 3 3 @/, = 3 7@ 7438, =4838 7, =**,:
I3 7, . ,7/ 373 3/, =8>4*73/. 8J4/8, 7 ,/.5 373 3 '.387'3 7, 3 <8'487** 7. ,4,37.3/@* 4.'.,'/.7* . >7 I3 7, =3. . ,455,3 73 7 =/./.5 = 7 <8'487* 74, /.8.3 /. 3 =8>73/. <8',, >4,3 '4<* 7, ** /3 7 ,4,37.3/@ 74, ,4' 7, 7. 4.=7/8 8 4.87,.7* 78, '.387'347* 38> /' .=/3, 3 87=3/.5 <783 73 3 38 <783, <., A.38 7 = @//.5 3/, <8*> /, 373 3 =7'3 373 7 '.387'3 /, . = 7,/. , .3 /3,*= 8.8 3 '.387'3 4.'.,'/.7* T /,3/.'3/. 3. <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@
20"
74,,
@8 >7 '> J4/3
*488 @8*>/.5
7857/./.5 ,38.53 8 4, = =/. <8/.3 8 /.'><8.,/* *57*, >7 8=*'3 <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /. 373 /3 37, 7@7.375 = 8 ,48<8/,, 3 @/'3/> = 3 '*74, 3 3 38>, '.37/. /. 3 8,4*3/.5 '.387'3 38 /. =/. <8/.3 8 *57* ?5*54* 78* = '.'8. 4.*,, 3 8 ,4,37.3/@* 78>=4* 3 3 ..-87=3/.5 <783 7, ** T4, 3 854*78/3 = 3 7857/./.5 <8'48 >7 = *,, /><837.' /= /3 8,4*3, /. 78, 8 4.87,.7* ,4,37.3/@ 38>, 8 ,4,37.3/@ 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 >7 ,4==/'/.3 /. /3,*= @. 345 <8'487** 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 /, .3
I. 48 @/ 3 *7,3 <783 = 3 7@ 7.7*,/, /, >8 384 T45 3 '7,, = <8'487** @/7* ,/3473/., 8=88 3 /. 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!62 .3 8J4/8 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 3 <8@ 7. .3 /,348 373 ,373 = 3 *7 ,3/** 48 =8>4*73/. = ,' $ /, 373 <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7, . =/. 8J4/8, ,> ?4.=7/8 7@7.375 8 ?4.=7/8 /,7@7.375 3 . <783 3 <8@ B43 , =78 7 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, /, '.'8. /3 '7. *7 3 4..=8'7/*/3 /343 /3 /.5 ,/>4*37.4,* 4.=7/8 <8'487** W87, . 48 =8>4*73/. = .3 .* <8'487* 7,<'3, 43 ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, /. ,' 12 /, 38=8 373
7 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= /, ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8 /= /3 /, /. /3,*= 78, <<8,,/@ 8 4.'.,'/.7* 3 . = 3 <783/,
20$
87, 48 =8>4*73/. = ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /. ,' $ 8J4/8, .3 .* <8'487* 7,<'3, 43 ,> ,4,37.3/@ 7,<'3, ,4' 7, 4.;4,3 7@7.375 8 4.;4,3 /,7@7.375
W ,7** 8=8 3 ,> >8 @/, *,8
T B8/3/, C*4>/7 L7 I.,3/343 /. /3, I.38/> R<83 . ?U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, (F 200$) 7, 8=88 3 M88/,. @, C7,3 F/.7.' L3: (196$) $$ DLR (2) #10 (BCCA) /' 8=8, 3 <8= = /.J47*/3 /5.87.' . 8 /,38,, = . <783 43 7*, 3 <8= = 4.=7/8.,, = 3 7857/. L//, H788 @, 843/58 (19#!)9$ DLR () 21 (CA) 7*, ,<7, = 3 . =8 <8= . 3:
8 7 '*7/> /, >7 373 7 7857/. /, 4.'.,'/.7* /3 >4,3 ,. =8 ,4'',, 373 38 7, /.J47*/3 /. 3 <,/3/. = 3 <783/, 4 3 /5.87.' . 8 /,38,, = 3 78 /' 4* *7@ /> /. 3 <8 = 3 ,38.58 '4<* /3 <8= = ,4,37.3/7* 4.=7/8.,, /. 3 7857/. (<8 M' I.38 A)
T73 4* >7. 373 /. 3 '7, = <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7<783 =8> 3 '/8'4>,37.', <8@7/*/.5 73 3 3/> . 3 '.387'3 7, .38 /.3 ,4,37.3/7* 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 = 3 38>, >4,3 7*, <8@
T R<83 = 3 B8/3/, C*4>/7 I.,3/343 =4838 387', 3 /.J47*/3 = 7857/./.5 <8/.'/<* 3 73 L8 D../.5 ,373 /. L*, B7. L3@, B4.: 19#"() A** ER #$#(CA) T R<83 ,8@, ,373/.5 373 /. B8/3/, C*4>/7 7, =78 7, 4.'.,'/.7/*/3 /, '.'8. 3
206
><7,/, /, ,3/** >8 . <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, *7/.5 3 4.=7/8 38>, 43 (, < $ = 3 R<83) 3 7<<*/'73/. = 373 '38/. /. B8/3/, C*4>/7 7, .3 <8@ =='3/@ /. 7*/.5 /3 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, I3, ='4, 7, . . <83'3/.5 @4*.87* <<* =8> <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, T/, 7<<87' >7 =7** / = 3 >78 /. 7*/.5 /3 3 /,,4, 87/, /. 3 R<83 I3 '.'*4, ,373/.5 (, < !):
T <3/., 3 8=8> 3 *7 = 4.=7/8 38>, /,'4,, /. 3/, R<83 8>7/. ,3783/.5 </.3, =8 /,'4,,/. 73 3/, 3/> T**/.5* 3 8 .3 .575 /. 7. ,4,37.3/@ 7 3 8,<..3, 3 48 '.,4*373/.
W ,7** .3 8=8 3 3 D/,'4,,/. P7<8 . ?U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, (200") = 3 S37./.5 C>>/33 = O==/'/7*, = C.,4>8 A==7/8, V/'38/7 (A4,387*/7)
I3 /,'4,, @78/4, >*, /.'*4/.5 3, /'
7* /3 <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 8 3 T A4,387*/7. *7 /. ,' $1AB = 3 T87 P87'3/', A'3 19#" '.'.3873, . <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7, 7, 3 <,/3/. 4.8 C>>. *7 '<3 =8 3 '*74,, () 7. () = $2AB(2) /' 7* /.<..3* /3 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, T P7<8 ,7,: H@8 /. <87'3/' C483, 7@ . 8*4'37.3 3 7, 7 '/,/. . $1AB ,** . ,4,37.3/@ 584.,
T R<83 ,7, (<787 212) 373 /. N S43 W7*, 4.8 3 C.387'3 R@/ A'3 19!0 /* 3 ><7,/, /, 757/. . <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, '<3 /. '*74,, () 7. (5) = ,' 9 /' 7* /3 ,4,37.3/@ /,,4,
A.7*,/, = '7, *7 = 20 78, T C78*/. (@* 2)
(S. L7 R@/ < 1) 8@7* 373 43 = 160 '7,, .* /. .
20#
'7, 7, ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7<<*/ 3 C483, /.<..3* G*8/.5 3 7* 7@ '8/3/'/ 3 7@ A'3 =8 .3 7*/.5 ,<7873* /3 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, I. U 345 54/*/., 8*73/.5 3 <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 78 '.37/. /. 3 ,37343 3 ,'3/., 7@ >/ 4< 3 '.'<3, /.,37 = 7*/.5 /3 3> ,<7873*
T R<83 ,8@ (<787 22) 373 /. U 3 ='4, /, . ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 8738 37. <8'487* T U L7 C>>/,,/. P7<8 .3, (, <787 222) 373 /3 >4,3 3 '7, 373 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7*. '7. 7 38> 4.=7/8 4.8 (3 U R54*73/.,)
T R<83 (<787 22) ,7, 373 /. US ,' 202 >/ 4< 3 '.'<3,
I. C7.77 3 <,/3/. 7''8/.5 3 3 R<83 (<787 2) /, 373 3 <,/3/. /, ,7> 7, /. A4,387*/7 I3 ,7,:
H@8 ,/>/*78 3 A4,387*/7 /3 4* ,> 373 C7.7/7. '>>. *7 ;48/,/'3/., 7@ .3 /==8.3/73 3. ,4,37.3/@ 8 <8'487* >7338,
C483, /. A4,387*/7 3 R<83 ,7, 78 8*4'37.3 3 7<<* ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7*.
I3 /, /. 3 7@ 7'584. = @78/4, 7438/3/, 373 /. ,' $ 7@ <8<, 373 , =78 7, ?<8'487* 4.=7/8.,, /, '.'8. /3 /, .',,78 3 <8@ ,> 4.=7/8 7@7.375 8 4.=7/8 /,7@7.375 3 . =
20!
3 <783/,
F8 373 <48<, 7@ <8@/ 54/*/., /. ,' 6 =8
'//.5 38 38 /, <8'487* 4.=7/8.,,
(S =78 7, ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7, <8<, /. ,' 12 /, '.'8. /. 48 @/ /= 3 '.387'3 8 38>, 78 <<8,,/@ 78, 8 4.'.,'/.7* 3 >4,3 /.<..3* '*78 4..=8'7* 7. /3 /, .3 .',,78 3 7*, <8@ <8'487* 4.=7/8.,,)
G4/*/.,: =8 <8'487* 4.=7/8.,,: ,'3/. 6
W 7@ '4** 43 7 .4>8 = 54/*/., =8 ;45/.5 38 7 '.387'3 8 /3, 38>, 78 ?<8'487** 4.=7/8 =8> 3 7@7/*7* *57* */387348 ,3 43 /. C7<38 VIII
T 78 7, =**, 7, ,373 /. ,' 6:
6
F8 3 <48<,, = ,'3/. $ 3 C483 >7 37 /.3
7''4.3 3 =**/.5 '/8'4>,37.', .7>*:-
(7)
3 .*5 7. 4.8,37./.5 = 3 <8>/, /. 8*73/. 3 3 >7./.5 = 3 38>, 38= 8 3/8 =='3
()
3 7857/./.5 ,38.53 = 3 <783/, 3 3 '.387'3 8*73/@ 3 7' 38
(')
87,.7* ,37.78, = =7/8 7*/.5 8 '>>.* 7''<3 ,37.78, = 7*/.5
209
()
38 8 .3 <8/8 3 8 73 3 3/> = .38/.5 /.3 3 '.387'3 3 38>, 8 ,4;'3 3 .53/73/. 8 8 <783 = 7 ,37.78 38>, '.387'3
()
38 8 .3 /3 7, 87,.7* <87'3/'7* =8 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 3 .53/73 =8 3 7*3873/. = 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= 8 3 8;'3 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38=
(=)
38 <8,,/., '.37/. /. 3 '.387'3 78 /. =/. <8/.3 8 78 /==/'4*3 3 87 8 4.8,37.
(5)
38 8 .3 @. /= 8 , 7 3 '><3.' 3 .38 /.3 3 '.387'3 7, . /, 8 8 '7<7'/3 7. ,4..,, = >/. 8 , (/)
7, .3 87,.7* 7* 3 <83'3 /, 8 8 . /.38,3, 8 = 3, > 8 , 8<8,.3 73 3 3/> 3 '.387'3 7, .38
(//)
,4==8 ,8/4, /,7@7.375, /. 8*73/. 3 38 <783/, '74, 8 , 7, 4.7* 3 7<<8'/73 7J473* 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= 8 3/8 /><*/'73/., 87,. = 75 ,/'.,, <,/'7* >.37* 4'73/.7* 8 */.54/,3/' /,7/*/3 >3/.7* /,38,, 8 /5.87.' = 4,/.,, 7==7/8,
()
38 8 .3 /.<..3 *57* 8 38 <83 7@/' 7, 37/. 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 4.8 3/, A'3
(/)
3 3.3 (/= 7.) 3 /' 3 <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= 8 3/8 *57* 8 <87'3/'7* =='3 8 7''4873* <*7/. 7. <8,. 3 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 4.8 3/, A'3
210
(;)
3 '.4'3 = 3 <783/, 3 3 '.387'3 /. 8*73/. 3 ,/>/*78 '.387'3, 8 '48,, = 7*/.5 3 /' 7. = 3> 7 . <783 8
()
38 7 <783 8*/ . 3 ,/** '78 8 7@/' = 3 38 <783 8 7 <8,. '..'3 /3 3 38 <783 /. .38/.5 /.3 3 '.387'3
G.87* ,4,37.3/@ =7/8.,,: ,'3/. 12
A, ,373 78*/8 7@ =/. ?,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 7, =**, :
7 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= /, ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8 /= ,4' '.387'3 8 3 38> 38= /, /. /3,*= 78, <<8,,/@ 8 4.'.,'/.7* 3 . = 3 <783/,
G4/*/., =8 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,: ,'3/. 1
W 7@ 7*, '4** 43 /. ,' 1 ,@87* 54/*/., 3 ;45 /= 7 '.387'3 8 /3, 38>, 78 ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8 T 78 7, =**,:
1 F8 3 <48<,, = ,'3/., 9 3 12 3 '483 >7 37 /.3 7''4.3 3 =**/.5 '/8'4>,37.', .7>*:-
(7)
38 8 .3 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= /><, './3/., /' 78 (/)
4.87,.7* /==/'4*3 3 '><* /3 8
211
(//) 78 .3 87,.7* .',,78 =8 3 <83'3/. = 3 *5/3/>73 /.38,3, = 7. <783 3 3 '.387'3 ()
38 3 '.387'3 /, 87* 8 ** 8 <783* /. 8/3/.5
(')
38 3 '.387'3 /, /. ,37.78 =8>
()
38 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= /, '.3878 3 87,.7* ,37.78, = =7/8 7*/.5 8 '>>.* 7''<3 ,37.78, = 7*/.5
()
38 3 '.387'3 758>.3 8 7 38> 38= 7, 8,4*3 /. 7 ,4,37.3/7** 4.J47* '7.5 = >.378 @7*4, 8 /. 7 ,4,37.3/@ />7*7.' 3. 3 <783/,
(=)
38 3 .=/3, 3 8'/@ 3 /,7@7.375 <783 78 >7./=,3* /,<8<83/.73 8 /.7<<8<8/73 3 /, 8 8 '/8'4>,37.',
(5)
38 3 /,7@7.375 <783 7, /. 7 =/4'/78 8*73/.,/< /3 3 38 <783 8
()
38 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38=
(/)
8J4/8, >7./=,3* ',,/@ ,'48/3 =8 3 <8=8>7.' = '.387'347* */573/., 8
(//)
/><,, <.7*3/, /' 78 /,<8<83/.73 3 3 '.,J4.', = 7 87' = '.387'3 8
(///)
./, 8 <.7*/,, 3 78* 8<7>.3 = 3, 8
(/@)
.3/3*, 7 <783 3 38>/.73 3 '.387'3 4./*7387** /343 5 87,. 8 /343 <7/.5 87,.7* '><.,73/. 8
(@)
.3/3*, 7 <783 3 >/= 3 38>, = 7 '.387'3 4./*7387**
212
I3 /** ,. 373 38 >7 ,> 54/*/., /. ,'3/., 6 7. 1 /' 78 '>>. 3 3 <8'487* 4.=7/8.,, 7. ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, T73 /, J4/3 87*
S<'/7* <8@/,/., 7, 3 ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,,: '*4,/. = '837/. */7/*/3/, 3 ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8:
A<783 =8> 3 ?5.87* ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, =/. /. ,' 12 4<. /' 3 C483 >7 7@ 3 '/ . =7'3, 7@ =8>4*73 ,'3/., 9 10 11 7, ,<'/7* <8@/,/., 8 3 @8 /,3.' = '837/. 38>, /, ,4==/'/.3 3 '*78 3> 7, ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8
T 108 R<83 = 3 L7 C>>/,,/. =8>4*73 ,' 6#A 3 /.384' /.3 3 C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7. /* ,4,'3/. (1) 7, 5.87* ,4,'3/. (2) <8<,:
S'3/. 6#A(2):
W/343 <8;4/' 3 3 5.87*/3 = 3
<8@/,/., = 3/, ,'3/. 7 '.387'3 8 <783 = /3 /, > 3 4.'.,'/.7* /= /3 ><3, 7. <783 383 =8>
(7)
3 */7/*/3 =8 /*=4* 87' = 3 '.387'3 8
()
3 '.,J4.', = .5*/5.'
S4' 7 <8@/,/. /, 7*, '.37/. /. ,' = 3 (U) U.=7/8 C.387'3 T8>, A'3 19## /' ,373 373 */7/*/3 78/,/.5 /. '.387'3 '7..3
21
'*4 8 8,38/'3 '<3 /. , =78 7, 3 38> ,73/,=/, 3 8J4/8>.3 = 87,.7*.,,
S4' <8@/,/., 78 7*, '.37/. /. 3 U R54*73/., 1999 7. 78 7*, =4. /. B/** 7337' 3 3 U 7. S'33/, L7 C>>/,,/. R<83 = 200"
I3 ,4* .3 <8>/,,/* =8 '*4/.5 */7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.' I3 ,4* .3 <8>/,,/* 3 '*4 */7/*/3/, =8 87' = '.387'3 , =78 7, . <783 /, '.'8. /343 ;4,3/=/7* 87,.,
W 7@ <8<, ,'3/. 9 7, =**,:
E'*4,/. 8 8,38/'3/. = */7/*/3 3 ,4,37.3/7** 4.=7/8: 9 A '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= ,7** > 3 ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8 7. @/ /= /3 (7)
'*4, 8 8,38/'3, */7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.'
()
'*4, 8 8,38/'3, */7/*/3 =8 87' = <8,, 8 /><*/ 38>, = '.387'3 /343 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/.
I. '*74, () 7@ 7 3 8, ?/343 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/. /. 7, >4' 7, /. 48 /,,/* 8 38 /, 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/. 3 '*4 8 8,38/'3 */7/*/3 =8 87' = <8,, 8 /><*/ 38>, = '.387'3,
W .3 '> 3 3 <8<, ,' 10 = 3 B/** /' 7*, /3 7.38 ,/3473/. '.'8./.5 ,' 62 = 3 S7* = G, A'3 190
21"
S'3/. 62 = 3 S7* = G, A'3 ,373,:
S'3/. 62: E'*4,/. = /><*/ 38>, 7. './3/.,:
W8 7. 8/53 43 8 */7/*/3 4* 78/, 4.8 7 '.387'3 = ,7* /><*/'73/. = *7 /3 >7 .573/@ 8 @78/ <8,, 758>.3 8 3 '48, = 7*/.5 3. 3 <783/, 8 4,75 /= 3 4,75 /, ,4' 7, 3 /. 3 <783/, 3 3 '.387'3
T <8@/,/. /. U 7. 38 '4.38/, .3 <8>/3 . <783 3 '*4 3 @78/4, 8/53, 43/, 8 */7/*/3/, = . 8 38 <783/, 4.8 '.387'3, <783/'4*78* /. 8*73/. 3 ,7* = 5,
E@. 38>, /><*/
'48, = 7*/.5 8 4,75 /** ,4;'3 3 ,'3/. 9 T S7* = G, A'3 190 /' /, 5.87** 7<<*/'7* 3 >,3 '.387'3, 8*73/.5 3 5, ,* 8 ,4<<*/ 3 '.,4>8, <8>/3, . <783 3 ,'7< =8> /3, 43/, 7. */7/*/3/, 8 '*4 8/53, = '.,4>8, /' 78 '.37/. /. 373 A'3
S4' <8@/,/., 78 '.,/8 /.8.3* ./4, 4.*,, 38 /,
7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/.
W 38=8 <8<, ,' 10 7, =**,:
?E>cl+sion o! !es!icion o% !i3&s' "+ies o! liabiliies !e%e!!e" o in secion $* o% &e Sale o% 4oo"s Ac' #=,< 5, o% #=,<6 o be s+bsani7el +n%ai! +nless &e!e is a"eG+ae /+si%icaion
10
I. '.387'3, 3 /' 3/, A'3 7<<*/, 7, ,373 /. ,4-
,'3/. (1) = ,'3/. 1! 7. '*4,/. 8 8,38/'3/. = 3 8/53, 43/,
21$
8 */7/*/3/, 8=88 3 /. ,'3/. 62 = 3 S7* = G, A'3 190 ( = 190) ,7** > 3 ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8 4.*,, 38 /, 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/. 38=8
T />7 C.,4>8 C.387'3, A'3 '.37/., 54/*/., /. ,' $ (1)() 7, =**,:
()
I= 3 '.,4>8 '.387'3 '*4, 8 */>/3, */573/., 8
*/7/*/3/, = 7 <783 3 7. 3.3 373 /, .3 87,.7* .',,78 3 <83'3 /3, /.38,3
I. 3 S'4* 3 3 A'3 /3 /, ,373 373 ?7. <8@/,/. 8 3 ,**8 8 ,4<<*/8 = 5, 38 37. 4, 5, '*4, 8 */>/3, /, */7/*/3 =8 *73.3 ='3, /. 3 5, >7 3873 7, 4.=7/8 3 C483 L//, /= /3 '*4, 8 */>/3, */7/*/3 = ,**8 8 ,4<<*/8 = 5, 8 ,8@/'
S4' 7 <8@/,/. /, 7*, '.37/. /. A83/'* ()() = 3 E48<7. D/8'3/@ /' 8=8, 3 /.7<<8<8/73* '*4/.5 8 */>/3/.5 3 *57* 8/53, = 3 '.,4>8 @/,--@/, 3 ,**8 8 ,4<<*/8 8 7.38 <783 /. 3 @.3 = 337* 8 <783/7* .. <8=8>7.' 8 /.7J473 <8=8>7.' 3 ,**8 8 ,4<<*/8 = 7. '.387'347* */573/., (T 7@ <8@/,/. /, . 3 */., '.37/. /. ,' 1(2) = 3 B/** 7337' 3 3 U & S'33/, L7 C>>/,,/., R<83 200")
C/' = L7:
216
W .3 '> 3 '/' = *7 /,,4
T/, 7,<'3 /, 7*3 /3 /.
,' 11
I3 /, ** .. 373 .@8 7 =8/5. *>.3 /, /.@*@ /. 7
'.387'3 '/' = *7 /,,4, 78/, H8 @/4,* 78 '.'8. /3 3 *7 7<<*/'7* 3 3 ,4,37.' = 3 '.387'3 P783/, ,4* .3 7** 3 ', 7 *7 '*4/.5 3 *7, = I./7 8 38 /, . =8/5. *>.3 73 7** /.@*@ /. 3 '.387'3 I3 /, ,>3/>, '>>. =8 . <783 3 ,7 373 7 =8/5. *7 4* 7<<* 3 3 ,4,37.3/@ 8/53, = 3 <783/, 7. ,4' ,3/<4*73/. /, >7 @. 8 38 /, . =8/5. *>.3 / .. = 3 <783/, /, 7 =8/5.8 3 '.387'3 /, .3 .38 /. 7 =8/5. '4.38 .8 /3, <8=8>7.' /, /. 7 =8/5. '4.38 3' I= 38 /, . =8/5. *>.3 /3 ,4* .3 <8>/,,/* 3 /><, 7 =8/5. *7 7. '*4 7<<*/'7/*/3 = I./7. *7
T (U) U.=7/8 C.387'3 = T8>, A'3 19## '.37/. 7 ,*/53* /==8.3 <8@/,/. /' ,373 /. ,' 2#(2)(7) 373 3 <83'3/@ <8@/,/., = 3 A'3 7<<* .3/3,37./.5 7. '/' = =8/5. *7 8
?3 38> 7<<78, 3 3 C483, 3 7@ . /><, ** 8 >7/.* =8 3 <48<, = .7*/.5 3 <783 3 @7 3 <873/. = 3 A'3
T ,7/ <8@/,/. 7, '8/3/'/ 7, /.5 /5* ,4;'3/@ (, <787, #1 3 #" = 3 U & S'33/, L7 C>>/,,/., R<83 200")
A
. <8@/,/. /, =8>4*73 . 3 U 7. S'33/, L7
21#
C>>/,,/.,
A, 8578 ,' 2#(2)(7) = 3 UCTA 3 C>>/,,/.,
,373 7, =**,:
#1 T/, ,'3/. 7, . '8/3/'/ . 3 584., 373 /3 /.384', 7 /5* ,4;'3/@ *>.3 /.3 3 *7 W =*3 373 /3 /, /><837.3 3 /.@,3/573 7*38.73/@ >7., /' /.7<<8<8/73 @7,/. = 3 . *5/,*73/. >/53 <8@.3
F**/.5 7
,455,3/. >7 D8 S/>. W/33778 /. /, R<83 3 DTI * 73 3 <,,//*/3 = /.384'/.5 7 <8@/,/. 7*.5 3 */., = A83 () = 3 R> C.@.3/. T73 A83/'* <8@/, 373 3 7<<*/'73/. = 3 >7.738 84*, = 3 '4.38 /3 /' 7 ?,/3473/. /, ** '..'3 ,7** .3 <8;4/' 3 <783/, /==8.3 '/' = *7 '*74, /. 3 '.387'3
#2 A*345 7/.5 7 *'> 58 = ;'3/@/3 3 7<<87' >/53 7** 4,/.,,, 3 @7 3 '.38*, = 3 . *5/,*73/., /. 7 /8 87.5 = '/8'4>,37.', 37. ,'3/. 2#(2)(7) 4* D<./.5 . 3 '/8'4>,37.', = 3 '7, ,'3/. 2#(2)(7) '4* <3.3/7** 7<<* /. 7. '7, 8 3 <783/, 7<3 7 '/' = =8/5. *7 O. 3 38 7. 7 <8@/,/. >* . A83/'* () 4* .* <8@.3 @7,/. /. 3, '7,, 8 3 '.387'3 7<783 =8> 3 '/' = *7 /, ** '..'3 3 3 U
# W '/ 373 3 <,,/* ;'3/. / .3 ==8 7 '><**/.5 87,. =8 8;'3/.5 3 <8<, 7<<87' G/@. 373 78 8'>>./.5 ,38/'38 '.38*, @8 '.387'3, /3 ,>7** 4,/.,,, /' /** >7 /3 788 3 @7 3 <83'3/@ 85/>
21!
7 '/' = =8/5. *7 3/. 373 7 ,>7** 58 = 8*773/. /. 3 '.38*, @8 '.387'3, 3. *7858 4,/.,,, /, 7''<37* T/, /, <783/'4*78* '><**/.5 8 38 /, 7 =8/5. *>.3 3 3 '.387'3 7, 38 >4,3 =8 3 '.387'3 3 =7** 43,/ 3 38>, = 3 <8<, 7.3/-7@/7.' <8@/,/. W =4. ,4<<83 =8 3/, @/ /. 3 =7'3 373 78 .3 778 = 7. 7438/3/, /. /' ,'3/. 2#(2)(7) 7, <*7 7 8* /. 38>/./.5 3 <783, '.387'347* 8/53,
I= 3 <783/, ,/.5 3 8/.5 3>,*@, /3/.
UCTA (19##), <83'3/. .3 . 8* 4<. 3 878 <8@/,/., = ,'3/. 2#(2)(7) /3 ,4* .3 >7338 /= 3, <8@/,/., 78 8,38/'3 T8=8 8'>>. 373 3 8@/, UCTA-3< 85/> /' /, /.,3/343 3 4,/.,, '.387'3 '*74,, = 3 . *5/,*73/. ,4* 7<<* .3/3,37./.5 7 '/' = =8/5. *7 8 3 '.387'3 /, 38/, ** '..'3 3 3 U
#" W 8'>>. 373 3 4,/.,, '.387'3 <783 = 3 . *5/,*73/. ,4* 7<<* .3/3,37./.5 7 '/' = =8/5. *7 8 3 '.387'3 /, /. @8 38 8,<'3 ** '..'3 3 3 U
S'3/. 19(2) = 3 D87=3 B/** 200" <8<78 3 C>>/,,/. . 3 7,/, = 3/, 8'>>.73/. 87, 34,:
S'3/. 19(2): T/, A'3 7, =='3 /. 8*73/. 3 7 4,/.,, '.387'3 , = 3 '.387'3 /' 7<<*/, (8 7<<78, 3 7<<*) 3 *7 = ,>8 43,/ 3 U./3 /.5> /= 3 '.387'3 /, /. @8 8,<'3 ** '..'3 /3 3 U./3 /.5>
219
W 758 373 3/, =8>73 /, 338 37. ,' 2#(2)(7) = 3 UCTA 19## 7. =4838 7''8/.5 3 ** ,33* <8/.'/<*, 7<<*/'7* 3 '/' = *7 8 7 '.387'3 38/, 5@8. I./7. *7 '.37/., 7,*43* . =8/5. *>.3 /3 ,4* .3 <8>/,,/* =8 <783/, 3 758 373 7 =8/5. *7 /** 7<<*/'7* 3 3 ,4,37.' = 3 '.387'3
O. 3, */., <8<, ,' 11 7, =**,:
C/' = *7 '*74,, 11
W8 7 '.387'3 '.37/., 38>, 7<<*/.5 8 <48<83/.5 3 7<<* 3 *7 = 7 =8/5. '4.38 ,, ,7** > 3 ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8
B48. = P8=
W .3 '> 3 3 J4,3/. = 48. = <8= /. '7,, =7**/.5 4.8 3 7 = ,4,37.3/@ 4.=7/8.,, 4.8 '*74, () = ,' 10 7. ,' 11 T/, /** 8=88 3 /. ,' 1" = 3 <8<, B/**
W 7@ .3 373 4.8 '*74, () = ,' 9 /= 7 '.387'3 8 7 38> '*4, 8 8,38/'3, */7/*/3 =8 87' = <8,, 8 /><*/ 38>, = 7 '.387'3 /343 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/. 38=8 3 '.387'3 8 38> ,7** > 3 ,4,37.3/7** 4.=7/8 L//, 4.8 ,' 10 7. '*4,/. = 3 8/53, 43/, 8 */7/*/3/, 8=88 3 /. ,' 62 = 3 S7* = G, A'3 ,7** ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8 4.*,, 38 /, 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/.
220
38=8 I. 3, 3 <8@/,/., 7@ 4, 3 J47*/=/'73/. 373 ,4' '*4,/. >4,3 =8 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/.
T <48<83 = ,' 1" 7, <8<, /** 3 <*7' 3 48. = <8= = 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/. = ,4' '*4,/., . 3 <783 8 /' 8*/, . ,4' '*4,/.
I3 /** .3 373 4.8 ,' 11($) 7. 2"(") = 3 (U) UCTA 19## 3 48. = <8@/.5 373 7 '.387'3 8 38> /, =7/8 8 87,.7* /, . 3 <783 '*7/>/.5 /3 3 87,.7* T8 7, . <8@/,/. /. 3 (U) 854*73/. UTCCR 1999
T L7 C>>/,,/. = U 7. S'3*7. /. 3/8 /.3 R<83 200" (, <787, 12" 3 10) 8'>>. 373 8 7. /,,4 7, . 87/, 38 7 38> /, =7/8 7. 87,.7* 3 48. /** . 3 4,/.,, / . 3 ,**8 8 ,4<<*/8
W @8 8'>>. ,4' 7 ,<'/7* <8@/,/. .* =8 <48<,, = '*74, () = ,' 9 /' 7*, /3 '*4,/. 8 8,38/'3/. = */7/*/3 =8 <8,, 8 /><*/ 38> = 7 '.387'3 /343 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/. 8 4.8 ,' 10 /' 7*, /3 '*4,/. 8 8,38/'3/. = 3 8/53, 43/, 8 */7/*/3/, 8=88 3 /. ,' 62 = 3 S7* = G, A'3 190 '74, = 3 . =8 <8= = 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/. =8 ,4' '*4,/. 8 8,38/'3/.
W 38=8 <8<, ,' 1" /. 3 =**/.5 *7.5475:
S'3/. 1": B48. = P8=
221
I= 7 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= '*4, 8 8,38/'3, */7/*/3 7, ,373 /. '*74, () = ,' 9 8 '*4, 8 8,38/'3, 8/53, 43/, 7. */7/*/3/, 8=88 3 /. ,' 62 = 3 S7* = G, A'3 190 7, ,373 /. ,' 10 /3 /, =8 3 <8,. 8*/.5 . ,4' '*4,/. 8 8,38/'3/. 3 <8@ 373 /3 /, .3 /343 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/.
S'3/. 1$: A'3 3 7<<* 3 '43 '.387'3,
A.38 /><837.3 7,<'3 = 3 B/** /, 38 3 4.=7/8.,, <8@/,/., 3 <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ >4,3 7<<* .3 .* 73 3 ,375 3 /><*>.373/. = 3 '.387'3 43 7*, 73 7. *738 ,375 . 3 '.387'3 /, /38 <783* 8 =4** '43
T .=/3 = 8*/= =8>
4.=7/8.,, >4,3 38=8 3. 4<3 3 '43/. = 3 '.387'3 /38 /. <783 8 /. =4** 43 3/, /, .73487** ,4;'3 3 7 8/8 373 3 C483 >7 587.3 8*/= . 3 7,/, = ,'3/., $ 6 9 3 1" 7. =8 373 <48<,
/3 >7 '.,/8 38 7. 3 73 3.3 8,3/343/. /, <,,/* /. 3 =7'3, 7. '/8'4>,37.', = 3 '7, 7. 8 ,4' 8,3/343/. /, .3 <,,/* /38 ** 8 <783* 38 7. '><.,73/. /, <77*
S4' 7 <8@/,/. 7<<*/.5 3 <8@/,/., = 7. 4.=7/8 38> = '.387'3 *7 3 '43 '.387'3, /, 7@7/*7* 4.8 ,' 1" = 3 C.387'3 R@/ A'3 19!0 = N S43 W7*, (A4,387*/7) H@8 7@ <43 ,> J47*/=/'73/., /' 78 .3 =4. /. 373 A'3 /' 78 4.8*/. 7, 7@
222
S'3/. 16: C483, <8 3 87/, 7. /,,4 = 4.=7/8.,, = 7 '.387'3 8 38> 38=
W 7@ =*3 /3 .',,78 3 '.=8 <8 . 3 C483 / '/@/* '483 '.,4>8 =87 7. 7*, 3 38/4.7* 3 87/, 7. /,,4 = 4.=7/8.,, . /3, . 4.8 ,'3/., $ 9 3 12 @. /= .. = 3 <783/, 7, 87/, /3 /. /, 8 /3, <*7/.5, T8 /, ,4' 7 <8@/,/. 8'>>. 3 U 7. S'33/, L7 C>>/,,/. 7. /, '.37/. /. ,' 21 = 3 D87=3 B/** 200" <8<78 3>
S'3/. 1#: R*/=, 3 587.3 C483
A, 7*87 ,373 /. 3 =/./3/. = ?C483 C483 >7., 7 C/@/* C483 = '><3.3 ;48/,/'3/. 7. /.'*4, 3 '.,4>8 =87 4.8 3 C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 19!6 7. 78/3873/. 38/4.7*, 4.8 3 A8/3873/. = C.'/*/73/. A'3 1996
1#(1)
W/343 <8;4/' 3 3 <8@/,/., /. 3 I./7.
C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 (9 = 1!#2) S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 ("# = 196) S7* = G, A'3 ( = 190) 8 3 3 <8@/,/., = 7. 38 *7 =8 3 3/> /.5 /. =8' 8 3 C483 '>, 3 3 '.'*4,/. 7@/.5 8578 3 ,'3/., $ 6 9 3 1" 373 7 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= /, /38 <8'487** 8 ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8 8 3 3 C483 >7 587.3 7. . 8 >8 = 3 =**/.5 8*/=,:-
(7) 8=4,/.5 3 .=8' 3 '.387'3 8 3 38> 38=
22
() '*78/.5 3 '.387'3 8 3 38> /, 4..=8'7* 8 @/ (') @78/.5 3 38>, = '.387'3 , 7, 3 8>@ 3 4.=7/8.,, () 8=4. = 3 '.,/873/. 8 <8/' <7/ () '><.,73/. 8 7>75, (=) <8>7..3 /.;4.'3/. (5) >7.738 /.;4.'3/. 8 () 7. 38 8*/= /' 3 /.38,3, = ;4,3/' 8J4/8 7, 7 '.,J4.' = 3 ..-.=8'>.3 = 3 '.387'3 8 3 38> 38= /' /, 4.=7/8
<8@/ 373 8 3 '.387'3 8 /3, 38> /, <8'487** 4.=7/8 7, ,373 /. ,'3/. $ 3 <8,. ,4==8, 3 /,7@7.375 >7 73 /, <3/. /.,/,3 373 3 '.387'3 8 38> ,7** <8=8> 7. 373 ,7** <43 /. 3 <,/3/. /. /' 4* 7@ . /= 3 '.4'3 >7..8 8 '/8'4>,37.', 8=88 3 /. 373 ,'3/. / .3 <8>/3 3 /,7@7.3754, 38> 3 =8> <783 = 3 '.387'3
(2)
F8 3 <48<, = 587.3/.5 3 8*/=, 4.8 ,4,'3/. (1) 3
C483 >7 38>/. /= 7. = 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 /' 78 4.=7/8 78 ,@87* 7. 387=38 38 7. 3 73 3.3 7. /. 73 >7..8 3 8>7/./.5 38>, = 3 '.387'3 '7. .=8' 8 5/@. =='3 3
T C483 4.8 ,' 1# '7. 587.3 . 8 >8 = 3 8*/=, . 3 7,/, = 3 <8@/,/., (38 37. " # !) / 4.=7/8.,,:
22"
(7)
8=4,/.5 3 .=8' 3 '.387'3 8 3 38> 38=
()
'*78/.5 3 '.387'3 8 3 38> @/
(')
@78/.5 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 , 7, 3 8>@ 3 4.=7/8.,,
()
8=4. = 3 '.,/873/. 8 <8/' <7/
()
'><.,73/. 8 7>75,
(=)
<8>7..3 /.;4.'3/.
(5)
>7.738 /.;4.'3/. 8
()
7. 38 8*/= /' 3 /.38,3, = ;4,3/' 8J4/8
A, /. ,' 19 = 3 C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 7@ 7 7 <8@/, /. ,' 1# 7, =**,:
<8@/ 373 8 3 '.387'3 8 /3, 38> /, <8'487** 4.=7/8 7, ,373 /. ,'3/. $ 3 <8,. ,4==8, 3 /,7@7.375 >7 /. /, <3/. /.,/,3 373 3 '.387'3 8 38> ,7** <8=8> 7. 373 ,7** <43 /. 3 <,/3/. /. /' 4* 7@ . /= 3 '.4'3 >7..8 8 '/8'4>,37.', 8=88 3 /. 373 ,'3/. / .3 <8>/3 3 /,7@7.375 38> 3 =8> <783 = 3 '.387'3
S4 ,'3/. (2) = ,' 1# 7*, /3 ,@87/*/3 = 38>,
1! T <8@/,/., = 3/, A'3 (38 37. ,'3/., " # 7. !)
(1)
,7**
7<<*
3
7**
'.387'3,
'>>.'>.3 = 3/, A'3 7.
.38
/.3
7=38
3
22$
(2)
,7** .3 7<<* 3 (7) '.387'3, 7. 8*73/., 3. ><*8, 7. 8>. 4.8 3 *748 *7, /. =8' () <4*/' ><*>.3 4.8 3 C.387* G@8.>.3 8 7 S373 G@8.>.3 8 3/8 /.,384>.37*/3/, 8 4.8 *'7* 7438/3/, (') ><*>.3 4.8 <4*/' ,'38 4.837/.5, = 3 C.387* G@8.>.3 8 7 S373 G@8.>.3 () ><*>.3 4.8 '8<873/., 8 /, ,37*/, 8 4.8 ,37343, >7 P78*/7>.3 8 S373 L5/,*7348, () '.387'347* 38>, /. 8,<'3 = /' >7,48, 78 <8@/ /. /.38.73/.7* 3873/, 8 758>.3, /3 =8/5. '4.38/, 3 /' 3 C.387* G@8.>.3 /, 7 ,/5.738
S'3/. 1! 7<<*/'7/*/3 = 3 A'3 7. ><3/.,:
I. 7, >4' 7, 7@ /.384' . '.'<3, = 4.=7/8.,, <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ /. ,'3/., $ 6 9 3 1" /3 /, 43 .',,78 3 ,7 373 3 <8<, A'3 ,7** <8,<'3/@ /. <873/. /. 3 ,., 373 /3 /** 7<<* .* 3 '.387'3, .38 /.3 7=38 3 '>>.'>.3 = 3/, A'3
I. 7/3/. 7@ ,455,3 '837/. ><3/., /' /. 48 @/ 78 @8 >4' .',,78 T 78:
226
(7)
'.387'3, 7. 8*73/., 3. ><*8, 7. 8>. 4.8 3 *748 *7, /. =8'
()
<4*/' ><*>.3 4.8 3 C.387* G@8.>.3 8 7 S373 G@8.>.3
8
3/8
/.,384>.37*/3/,
8
4.8
*'7*
7438/3/, (')
><*>.3 4.8 <4*/' ,'38 4.837/.5, = 3 C.387* G@8.>.3 8 7 S373 G@8.>.3
()
><*>.3 4.8 '8<873/., 8 /, ,37*/, 8 4.8 ,37343, >7 P78*/7>.3 8 S373 L5/,*7348,
()
'.387'347* 38>, /. 8,<'3 = /' >7,48, 78 <8@/ /. /.38.73/.7* 3873/, 8 758>.3, /3 =8/5. '4.38/, 3 /' 3 C.387* G@8.>.3 /, 7 ,/5.738
W 8'>>. 7''8/.5*
D87=3 B/** /, 7.. 8/3
(4,3/' M 757..77 R7) C7/8>7.
(RL M.7) V/'-C7/8>7.
(D8 DP S78>7) M>8-S'8378
22#
D73: 1!2006
22!
ANNEJURE
Un%ai! 5P!oce"+!al an" S+bsani7e6 Te!2s in Con!ac ill' *<<$
A B/** 3 '*78 '837/. <8@/,/., = 3 *7, 8*73/.5 3 '.387'3, 7. ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.' 7, <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 3 =4838 =/. 4.=7/8.,, /. '.387'3, 7, <8'487* 7. ,4,37.3/@ 3 38>/. /><7'3 = 4.=7/8.,, . '.387'3, 3 <8@/ 54/*/., =8 ,4' 38>/.73/. 7. 3 .7* C483, 3 587.3 '837/. 8*/=, 3 8*/@ <783/, =8> 3 =='3 = 4.=7/8.,, /. '.387'3,
B /3 .7'3 P78*/7>.3 /. 3 F/=3 S@.3 K78 = 3 R<4*/' = I./7 7, =**,:-
C7<38 I P8*/>/.78
S&o! ile' e>en an" co22ence2en
1
(1)
T/, A'3 >7 '7** 3 U.=7/8 (P8'487* 7. S4,37.3/@)
T8>, = C.387'3, A'3 2006
(2)
I3 3., 3 3 * = I./7 '<3 3 S373 = 7>>4 7. 7,>/8
229
()
I3 ,7** '> /.3 =8' . ,4' 73 7, 3 C.387* G@8.>.3
>7 Q .3/=/'73/. /. 3 O==/'/7* G733 7<</.3
De%iniions
2
I. 3/, A'3 4.*,, 3 '.33 38/, 8J4/8,-
(7) ?'.387'3 >7., 7 '.387'3 7, =/. /. '*74, () = ,'3/. 2 = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 (9 = 1!#2) 7. /.'*4, 7. 758>.3 7, =/. /. '*74, () = ,'3/. 2 = 373 A'3 () ?C483 >7., 7 C/@/* C483 = '><3.3 ;48/,/'3/. 7. /.'*4, @8 C.,4>8 D/,<43 R8,,7* A5.' 8=88 3 /. ,'3/. 9 = 3 C.,4>8 P83'3/. A'3 19!6 (6! = 19!6) 7. 7. A8/387* T8/4.7* 8=88 3 /. '*74, () = ,4-,'3/. (1) = ,'3/. 2 = 3 A8/3873/. 7. C.'/*/73/. A'3 1996 (26 = 1996) (') 8, 7. <8,,/., .3 =/. /. 3/, A'3 7. =/. /. 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 (9 = 1!#2) ,7** 7@ 3 >7./.5, 7,,/5. 3 3> 8,<'3/@* /. 373 A'3
C7<38 II P!oce"+!al P!o7isions an" P!oce"+!al Un%ai!ness
P!oce"+!al !o7isions o% &e In"ian Con!ac Ac' #()* 5= o% #()*6
20
T =**/.5 <8@/,/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 (9 =
1!#2) 78 <8'487* .7>*:-
(7)
S'3/. 1$ /' 7*, /3 '8'/.
()
S'3/., 16 7. 19A /' 7* /3 4.4 /.=*4.'
(')
S'3/. 1# /' 7*, /3 =874
()
S'3/. 1! /' 7*, /3 >/,8<8,.373/.
()
S'3/. 19 /' 7*, /3 758>.3, /343 =8 '.,.3
P!oce"+!al !o7isions o% &e Seci%ic Relie% Ac' #=$, 5;) o% #=$,6
" T =**/.5 <8@/,/., = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 ("# = 196) 78 <8'487* .7>*:-
(7) '*74, (7) = ,4-,'3/. (2) = ,'3/. 20 /. , =78 7, /3 7*, /3 3 '.4'3 = 3 <783/, 73 3 3/> = .38/.5 /.3 3 '.387'3 8 3 38 '/8'4>,37.', 4.8 /' 3 '.387'3 7, .38 /.3 78 ,4' 373 3 '.387'3 345 .3 @/7* 5/@, 3 <*7/.3/== 7. 4.=7/8 7@7.375 @8 3 =.7.3 () '*74, (') = ,4-,'3/. (2) = ,'3/. 20 /' 7*, /3 7 =.7.3 .38 /.3 3 '.387'3 4.8 '/8'4>,37.', /' 345 .3 8.8/.5 3 '.387'3 @/7* >7, /3 /.J4/37* 3 .=8' ,<'/=/' <8=8>7.' (') '*74, (7) = ,4-,'3/. (1) = ,'3/. 2# /' 7*, /3 7 '.387'3 @/7* 8 38>/.7* 3 <*7/.3/== 7. 8 7. <8,. /.38,3 /. 3 '.387'3 ,4, 3 7@ /3 8,'/. 7. ,4' 8,'/,,/. /, 7;45
21
4ene!al !oce"+!al +n%ai!ness
$
W/343 <8;4/' 3 3 <8@/,/., = ,'3/., 7. " 7 '.387'3 8
7 38> 38= /, <8'487** 4.=7/8 /= /3 7, 8,4*3 /. 7. 4.;4,3 7@7.375 8 4.;4,3 /,7@7.375 3 . <783 . 7''4.3 = 3 '.4'3 = 3 38 <783 8 3 >7..8 /. /' 8 '/8'4>,37.', 4.8 /' 3 '.387'3 7, . .38 /.3 8 3 38> 38= 7, . 788/@ 73 3 <783/,
4+i"elines %o! +!oses o% "ee!2inin3 3ene!al !oce"+!al +n%ai!ness +n"e! secion @
6
F8 3 <48<,, = ,'3/. $ 3 C483 >7 37 /.3 7''4.3 3
=**/.5 '/8'4>,37.', .7>*:-
(*)
3 .*5 7. 4.8,37./.5 = 3 <8>/, /. 8*73/. 3 3 >7./.5 = 3 38>, 38= 8 3/8 =='3
(>)
3 7857/./.5 ,38.53 = 3 <783/, 3 3 '.387'3 8*73/@ 3 7' 38
(.)
87,.7* ,37.78, = =7/8 7*/.5 8 '>>.* 7''<3 ,37.78, = 7*/.5
()
38 8 .3 <8/8 3 8 73 3 3/> = .38/.5 /.3 3 '.387'3 3 38>, 8 ,4;'3 3 .53/73/. 8 8 <783 = 7 ,37.78 38>, '.387'3
22
(<)
38 8 .3 /3 7, 87,.7* <87'3/'7* =8 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 3 .53/73 =8 3 7*3873/. = 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= 8 3 8;'3 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38=
(J)
38 <8,,/., '.37/. /. 3 '.387'3 78 /. =/. <8/.3 8 78 /==/'4*3 3 87 8 4.8,37.
(8)
38 8 .3 @. /= 8 , 7 3 '><3.' 3 .38 /.3 3 '.387'3 7, . /, 8 8 '7<7'/3 7. ,4..,, = >/. 8 , (/)
7, .3 87,.7* 7* 3 <83'3 /, 8 8 . /.38,3, 8 = 3, > 8 , 8<8,.3 73 3 3/> 3 '.387'3 7, .38
(//)
,4==8 ,8/4, /,7@7.375, /. 8*73/. 3 38 <783/, '74, 8 , 7, 4.7* 3 7<<8'/73 7J473* 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= 8 3/8 /><*/'73/., 87,. = 75 ,/'.,, <,/'7* >.37* 4'73/.7* 8 */.54/,3/' /,7/*/3 >3/.7* /,38,, 8 /5.87.' = 4,/.,, 7==7/8,
(,)
38 8 .3 /.<..3 *57* 8 38 <83 7@/' 7, 37/. 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 4.8 3/, A'3
(3)
3 3.3 (/= 7.) 3 /' 3 <8@/,/., = 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= 8 3/8 *57* 8 <87'3/'7* =='3 8 7''4873* <*7/. 7. <8,. 3 3 <783 ,/.5 8*/= 4.8 3/, A'3
(4)
3 '.4'3 = 3 <783/, 3 3 '.387'3 /. 8*73/. 3 ,/>/*78 '.387'3, 8 '48,, = 7*/.5 3 /' 7. = 3> 7 . <783 8
2
(@)
38 7 <783 8*/ . 3 ,/** '78 8 7@/' = 3 38 <783 8 7 <8,. '..'3 /3 3 38 <783 /. .38/.5 /.3 3 '.387'3
C&ae! III
S+bsani7e !o7isions an" s+bsani7e +n%ai!ness
S+bsani7e !o7isions o% &e In"ian Con!ac Ac' #()* 5= o% #()*6
#
T =**/.5 <8@/,/., = 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3 1!#2 (9 =
1!#2) 78 ,4,37.3/@ .7>*:-
(7) S'3/. 10 /' 7*, /3 758>.3, /' 78 '.387'3, /= >7 =8 '.,.3 = <783/, '><3.3 3 '.387'3 =8 7 *7=4* '.,/873/. 7. /3 7 *7=4* ;'3 .3 38/, <8,,* '*78 3 @/ () S'3/. 20 /' 7*, /3 3 3 <783/, 3 7. 758>.3 78 4.8 7 >/,37 (') S'3/., 2 7. 2" /' 7* /3 '.,/873/. 8 ;'3, = 7. 758>.3 /' 78 .3 4.*7=4* () S'3/. 2$ /' 7*, /3 7. 758>.3 /343 '.,/873/. () S'3/. 26 /' 7*, /3 7. 758>.3 /. 8,387/.3 = >788/75 = 7. <8,. 38 37. 7 >/.8
2"
(=) S'3/. 2# /' 7*, /3 7. 758>.3 /. 8,387/.3 = 387 (5) S'3/. 2! /' 7*, /3 7. 758>.3 /. 8,387/.3 = *57* <8'/.5, () S'3/. 29 /' 7*, /3 7. 758>.3 /' /, 4.'837/. (/) S'3/. 0 /' 7*, /3 7. 758>.3 7 = 758 7. (;) S'3/. $6 /' 7*, /3 7. 758>.3 3 7. 7'3 /><,,/* /. /3,*=
S+bsani7e !o7isions o% &e Seci%ic Relie% Ac' #=$, 5;) o% #=$,6
!
T =**/.5 <8@/,/., = 3 S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 ("# =
196) 78 ,4,37.3/@ .7>*:(7) C*74, (7) = ,'3/. 1! 8 . 7''4.3 = =874 >/,37 = =7'3 8 >/,8<8,.373/. 3 8/33. '.387'3 = /' <8=8>7.' /, ,453 /, /. 38>, 8 =='3 /==8.3 =8> 73 3 <783/, 758 3 8 , .3 '.37/. 7** 3 38>, 758 3 3. 3 <783/, . 3 7,/, = /' 3 =.7.3 .38 /.3 3 '.387'3 () C*74, (7) = ,4,'3/. (2) = ,'3/. 20 /. , =78 7, /3 7*, /3 3 38>, = 7 '.387'3 /' 5/@, 3 <*7/.3/== 7. 4.=7/8 7@7.375 @8 3 =.7.3 (') C*74, () = ,4,'3/. (2) = ,'3/. 20 /' 7*, /3 3 <8=8>7.' = 7 '.387'3 /' 4* /.@*@ ,> 78,/< . 3 =.7.3 /' 7 .3 =8,. 8 /3, ..-<8=8>7.' 4* /.@*@ . ,4' 78,/< . 3 <*7/.3/==
2$
E>cl+sion o! !es!icion o% ce!ain liabiliies o be s+bsani7el +n%ai!
9
A '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= ,7** > 3 ,4,37.3/@*
4.=7/8 /= /3 (7) '*4, 8 8,38/'3, */7/*/3 =8 .5*/5.' () '*4, 8 8,38/'3, */7/*/3 =8 87' = <8,, 8 /><*/ 38>, = 7 '.387'3 /343 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/. 38=8
E>cl+sion o! !es!icion o% !i3&s' "+ies o! liabiliies !e%e!!e" o in secion $* o% &e Sale o% 4oo"s Ac' #=,< 5, o% #=,<6 o be s+bsani7el +n%ai! +nless &e!e is a"eG+ae /+si%icaion
10
I. '.387'3, 3 /' 3/, A'3 7<<*/, 7, ,373 /. ,4-,'3/. (1) =
,'3/. 1! 7. '*4,/. 8 8,38/'3/. = 3 8/53, 43/, 8 */7/*/3/, 8=88 3 /. ,'3/. 62 = 3 S7* = G, A'3 190 ( = 190) ,7** > 3 ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8 4.*,, 38 /, 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/. 38=8
C&oice o% la8 cla+ses
11
W8 7 '.387'3 '.37/., 38>, 7<<*/.5 8 <48<83/.5 3 7<<* 3
*7 = 7 =8/5. '4.38 ,, ,7** > 3 ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8
26
4ene!al s+bsani7e +n%ai!ness
12
W/343 <8;4/' 3 3 <8@/,/., = ,'3/., # 7. ! 7 '.387'3 8
7 38> 38= /, ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8 /= ,4' '.387'3 8 3 38> 38= /, /. /3,*= 78, <<8,,/@ 8 4.'.,'/.7* 3 . = 3 <783/,
4+i"elines %o! +!oses o% "ee!2inin3 3ene!al s+bsani7e +n%ai!ness +n"e! secions = o #*
1
F8 3 <48<,, = ,'3/., 9 3 12 3 '483 >7 37 /.3 7''4.3
3 =**/.5 '/8'4>,37.', .7>*:-
(/)
38 8 .3 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= /><, './3/., /' 78 (/)
4.87,.7* /==/'4*3 3 '><* /3 8
(//) 78 .3 87,.7* .',,78 =8 3 <83'3/. = 3 *5/3/>73 /.38,3, = 7. <783 3 3 '.387'3 (;)
38 3 '.387'3 /, 87* 8 ** 8 <783* /. 8/3/.5
()
38 3 '.387'3 /, /. ,37.78 =8>
(*)
38 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= /, '.3878 3 87,.7* ,37.78, = =7/8 7*/.5 8 '>>.* 7''<3 ,37.78, = 7*/.5
(>)
38 3 '.387'3 758>.3 8 7 38> 38= 7, 8,4*3 /. 7 ,4,37.3/7** 4.J47* '7.5 = >.378 @7*4, 8 /. 7 ,4,37.3/@ />7*7.' 3. 3 <783/,
2#
(.)
38 3 .=/3, 3 8'/@ 3 /,7@7.375 <783 78 >7./=,3* /,<8<83/.73 8 /.7<<8<8/73 3 /, 8 8 '/8'4>,37.',
()
38 3 /,7@7.375 <783 7, /. 7 =/4'/78 8*73/.,/< /3 3 38 <783 8
(<)
38 3 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= (/)
8J4/8, >7./=,3* ',,/@ ,'48/3 =8 3 <8=8>7.' = '.387'347* */573/., 8
(//)
/><,, <.7*3/, /' 78 /,<8<83/.73 3 3 '.,J4.', = 7 87' = '.387'3 8
(///)
./, 8 <.7*/,, 3 78* 8<7>.3 = 3, 8
(/@)
.3/3*, 7 <783 3 38>/.73 3 '.387'3 4./*7387** /343 5 87,. 8 /343 <7/.5 87,.7* '><.,73/. 8
(@)
.3/3*, 7 <783 3 >/= 3 38>, = 7 '.387'3 4./*7387**
+!"en o% !oo%
1"
I= 7 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= '*4, 8 8,38/'3, */7/*/3 7, ,373 /.
'*74, () = ,'3/. 9 8 '*4, 8/53, 43/, 7. */7/*/3/, 8=88 3 /. ,'3/. 62 = 3 S7* = G, A'3 190 ( = 190) 7, ,373 /. ,'3/. 10 /3 /, =8 3 <8,. 8*/.5 . ,4' '*4,/. 8 8,38/'3/. 3 <8@ 373 /3 /, .3 /343 7J473 ;4,3/=/'73/.
2!
P!o7isions o% &e Ac o al %o! e>ec+e" con!acs
1$
T C483 >7 587.3 8*/= . 3 7,/, = ,'3/., $ 6 9 3 1" =
3/, A'3 /. 8*73/. 3 7 '.387'3 .3/3,37./.5 373 3 '.387'3 7, . ** 8 <783* '43 7. =8 373 <48<, /3 >7 '.,/8 38 7. 3 73 3.3 8,3/343/. /, <,,/* /. 3 =7'3, 7. '/8'4>,37.', = 3 '7, 7. 8 ,4' 8,3/343/. /, .3 /38 ** 8 <783* <,,/* 38 7. '><.,73/. /, <77*
Co+!’s o8e! o !aise an iss+e o% +n%ai!ness o% con!ac o! a e!2 &e!eo%
16
A C483 >7 /. <8'/.5, =8 /3 87/, 7. /,,4 7, 3 38 7
'.387'3 8 /3, 38>, 78 4.=7/8 4.8 ,'3/., $ 9 3 12 @. /= .. = 3 <783/, 7, 87/, 3 /,,4 /. /3, <*7/.5,
Relie% &a 2a be 3!ane" b Co+!
1#(1)
W/343 <8;4/' 3 3 <8@/,/., /. 3 I./7. C.387'3 A'3
1!#2 (9 = 1!#2) S<'/=/' R*/= A'3 196 ("# = 196) S7* = G, A'3 ( = 190) 8 3 3 <8@/,/., = 7. 38 *7 =8 3 3/> /.5 /. =8' 8 3 C483 '>, 3 3 '.'*4,/. 7@/.5 8578 3 ,'3/., $ 6 9 3 1" 373 7 '.387'3 8 7 38> 38= /, /38 <8'487** 8 ,4,37.3/@* 4.=7/8 8 3 3 C483 >7 587.3 7. . 8 >8 = 3 =**/.5 8*/=,:-
() 8=4,/.5 3 .=8' 3 '.387'3 8 3 38> 38=
29
() '*78/.5 3 '.387'3 8 3 38> /, 4..=8'7* 8 @/ (') @78/.5 3 38>, = '.387'3 , 7, 3 8>@ 3 4.=7/8.,, () 8=4. = 3 '.,/873/. 8 <8/' <7/ () '><.,73/. 8 7>75, (=) <8>7..3 /.;4.'3/. (5) >7.738 /.;4.'3/. 8 () 7. 38 8*/= /' 3 /.38,3, = ;4,3/' 8J4/8 7, 7 '.,J4.' = 3 ..-.=8'>.3 = 3 '.387'3 8 3 38> 38= /' /, 4.=7/8
<8@/ 373 8 3 '.387'3 8 /3, 38> /, <8'487** 4.=7/8 7, ,373 /. ,'3/. $ 3 <8,. ,4==8, 3 /,7@7.375 >7 73 /, <3/. /.,/,3 373 3 '.387'3 8 38> ,7** <8=8> 7. 373 ,7** <43 /. 3 <,/3/. /. /' 4* 7@ . /= 3 '.4'3 >7..8 8 '/8'4>,37.', 8=88 3 /. 373 ,'3/. / .3 <8>/3 3 /,7@7.3754, 38> 3 =8> <783 = 3 '.387'3
(2)
F8 3 <48<, = 587.3/.5 3 8*/=, 4.8 ,4,'3/. (1) 3
C483 >7 38>/. /= 7. = 3 38>, = 3 '.387'3 /' 78 4.=7/8 78 ,@87* 7. 387=38 38 7. 3 73 3.3 7. /. 73 >7..8 3 8>7/./.5 38>, = 3 '.387'3 '7. .=8' 8 5/@. =='3 3
Alicabili o% &e Ac an" e>e2ions
1!
T <8@/,/., = 3/, A'3 (38 37. ,'3/., " # 7. !)
