182 Mandos de Sistemas Electroneumaticos

PC\QG@GN FE@GNFEI BC EBGCPR\EJGCFRN CF R\ELEON GFBSPR\GEI

N@SXE@GÐF @NFR\NIGPRE BC JÅUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

JEFSEI BC EX\CFBG_EOC

•

JEFBNP BC PGPRCJE CIC@R\NFCSJÅRG@N

Rç`fg`n bc Fgvci Npcretgvn

ESRN\G_E@GÐF W BGASPGÐF JERC\GEI BGBÅ@RG@N CP@\GRN

CIC@R\NRC@FGE AEJGIGE N@SXE@GNFEI N@SXE@GÐF @NFR\NIGPRE BC JÅUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP FGQCI

RÇ@FG@N NXC\ERGQN

@nf ie agfeigbeb bc ae`gigter ci eprcfbgzeoc cf ci bcserrniin bc ie anrje`gðf y èpe`gte`gðf cf ie nùpe`gðf bci @NFR\NIGPRE BC JÅUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP e fgvci fe`gnfei y bcoefbn ie pnsglgigbeb bc uf jconrejgcftn y e`tueigze`gðf pcrjefcftc, sc eutnrgze ie EXIG@E@GÐF W BGASPGÐF bc jetcrgei bgbå`tg`n cs`rgtn rcacrgbn e JEFBNP BC PGPRCJEP CIC@R\NFCSJÅRG@NP.

Ins Bgrc`tnrcs _nfeics y Ocacs bc Sfgbebcs Npcretgves snf ins rcspnfselics bc su bgausgðf y epigè`gðf npnrtufe.

BN@SJCFRN EX\NLEBN XN\ CI KC\CFRC RÇ@FG@N BCI PCFERG

F¸ bc Xåkgfe…522…… Agrje …………………………………….. Fnjlrc? Onrkc Peevcbre Kejðf Ac`de? ………82.81.87…………….

\ckgstrn bc bcrc`dn bc eutnr?

JEFBNP BC PGPRCJEP CIC@R\NFCSJERG@NP

Cicjcftns `nf rctcf`gðf? Gftcrruptnrcs n scic`tnrcs, nùpef uf bctcrjgfebn cstebn ùefbn snf e``gnfebns y in jeftgcfcf sgf quc sce fc`csergn sckugr e``gnfåfbnins. Xnr in kcfcrei, cstns cicjcftns bgspnfcf bc uf sgstcje bc linqucn jc`åfg`n. Pnin sg snf e``gnfebns fucvejcftc rckrcsef e su pnsg`gðf gfg`gei. Xnr cocjpin, `nfjutebnr bc leief`êf (cfìevejgcftn)

@nfte`tnelgcrtn

@nfte`tn`crrebn

Gftcrruptnr fnrjeijcftc elgcrtn, pnr in kcfcrei bc e``gnfejgcftn jefuei

Gftcrruptnr fnrjeijcftc elgcrtn, cfìevejgcftn.

Gftcrruptnr bc pnsg`gnfcs fnrjeijcftc `crrebn, e``gnfejgcftn fnrjei tgrefbn

Gftcrruptnr bc pnsg`gnfcs fnrjeijcftc elgcrtn, e``gnfejgcftn jefuei kgrefbn

@NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

53


Bctc`tnrcs jc`åfg`ns Sf cicjcftn bc bctc``gðf jc`åfg`n cfvêe `nf eyube bc uf aêf bc èrrcre jc`åfg`n ufe scõei cf ci jnjcftn cf quc uf ùcrpn cxtreõn sc cfùcftre cf ufe pnsg`gðf bctcrjgfebe.

Agf bc èrrcre jc`åfg`n

Ci evgsn pucbc scr cfvgebn cf bgstgftes jekfgtubcs aêsgès, pcrn ie jås usuei y quc prcveic`c cs ie scõei ciç`trgè. @njefbn n rckuie`gðf

Agf bc èrrcre jc`åfg`n @uefbn ie icve bc `nfte`tn pese pnr ci puftn bnfbc sc cfùcftre ci agf bc èrrcre jc`åfg`n, çstc sc e``gnfe y cftrcke ufe scõei ei `njefbn n e ie rckuie`gðf.

@njefbn jcbgeftc agf bc èrrcre jc`åfg`n

Sf prnlicje quc eperc`c cf cstns `njpnfcftcs cs ci bcskestc bc ins `nfte`tns cf uf e``gnfejgcftn pnr cac`tn bc `dgspe cftrc ejlns. Bebn quc cstns cicjcftns snf juy c`nfðjg`ns y `nfagelics, cfùcftref epigè`gðf arcùcftc cf ie gfbustrge.

Pêjlnins pere gftcrruptnrcs jc`åfg`ns

Agf bc èrrcre fnrjei elgcrtn e``gnfejgcftn bc rnbgiin.

Csqucje bc auf`gnfejgcftn bc uf agf bc èrrcre

Agf bc èrrcre fnrjei elgcrtn e``gnfejgcftn bc rnbgiin lesùieftc. @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

51


CICJCFRNP BC X\N@CPEJGCFRN BC PCÕEICP CIÇ@R\G@EP \CIÇ Ci rciç cs uf cicjcftn pere ci tretejgcftn ciç`trg`n bc scõeics. Sfe vcz epigèbe ie tcfsgðf cf ie `nfcxgnfcs bc ie lnlgfe (;), `grùie `nrrgcftc ciç`trgè pnr ci lnlgfebn (0) pnr in quc sc anrje uf èjpn jekfçtg`n. Ie erjebure (2) cs etreêbe ei fÿìcn bc ie lnlgfe (5), qucbefbn `nfouftn bc `nfte`tns (3). E Sfe trevçsvcz bc ies `nfcxgnfcs bc `nfte`tn (1) sce``gnfebn `gcrref ycielrcf `grùgtns ciç`trg`ns. bcs`nfc`tebe ie tcfsgðf, ci èjpn jekfçtg`n qucbe efuiebn y ie erjebure `nf ci `nfouftn bc `nfte`tns ebnpte su pnsg`gðf gfg`gei pnr jcbgn bc uf juciic rcùpcrebnr (<). <

0

Xertcs bci rciç 2 5

3

E5

E<

;

1

Pêjlnins E5 M5 E<

E5 M5 E<


5;


Cf ie lnlgfe pnr ie quc aiuyc ufe `nrrgcftc ciç`trgè, sc anrje uf èjpn jekfçtg`n. Cstc èjpn jekfçtg`n pucbc e`tuer snlrc ntres ufgbebcs tç`fgès, prnùrefbn ie auf`gðf `nfjutebnre bc rciçs y bc `nfte`tns cic`trnjekfçtg`ns. Ie bgrc``gðf bc ies iêfces bc aucrze pucbc bctcrjgfersc pnr ie ’rckie bci seè`nr`dns‚ Ei de`cr evefzer ci seè`nr`dns cf scftgbn `nftrergn e ie `nrrgcftc bc cic`trnfcs, su scftgbn bc kgrn `ngf`gbc `nf ci bc ies iêfces bc aucrze.

Pg ie `nrrgcftc quc `grùie pnr ci `nfbu`tnr cs eitcrfe, tejlgçf sc `rce uf èjpn jekfçtg`n. Pgf cjlerkn, cf cstc èsn bg`dn èjpn èjlge `nfsteftcjcftc bc veinr y bc scftgbn, pnr in quc cs bcfnjgfebn èjpn jekfçtg`n eitcrfeftc. Rretefbnsc bc `nrrgncftc-`nftgfue, ci veinr y ci scftgbn bci èjpn jekfçtg`n fn verêef. Cfrniiefbn uf dgin `nfbu`tnr cf ie anrje bc cspgrei, sc nltgcfc ufe lnlgfe `nf ufe èftgbeb bctcrjgfebe bc cspgres. @ebe ufe bc ies cspgres `rce iêfces bc aucrze `grùiercs bgspucstes cf scrgc.

Bgrc``gðf bc ies iêfces bc aucrze

Bgrc``gðf bc ie `nrrgcftc

Lnlgfe

@nfc`tefbn tcfsgðf e ie lnlgfe, aiuyc ufe `nrrgcftc quc `rce uf èjpn jekfçtg`n quc bcspieze ei gfbu`gbn de`ge ci fÿìcn bc ie lnlgfe. Ci gfbu`gbn, pnr su pertc, cstå prnvgstn bc `nfte`tns jc`åfg`ns quc pucbcf elrgr n `crrer. Ci cstebn bcs`rgtn sc jeftgcfc jgcftres cstç epigèbe ie tcfsgðf. Ei gftcrrujpgrie, ci gfbu`gbn vucivc e su pnsg`gðf fnrjei pnr e``gðf bc uf juciic


54


Xere sgjpigagèr ie ic`ture bc ins csqucjes ciç`trg`ns, sc utgigzef sêjlnins pere ins rciçs. E5

50

<0

00

20

M5 E<

52

<2

02

22

Ins rciçs snf bcfnjgfebns M5, M<, M0 ... Ies `nfcxgnfcs ciç`trgès (cf ie lnlgfe) sc iiejef E5 y E<.

Qcfteoes  

  

Aå`gi ebepte`gðf e bgvcrses tcfsgnfcs bc treleon. Gfscfsglgigbeb tçrjgè arcftc ei jcbgn ejlgcftc. Ins rciçs auf`gnfef agelicjcftc e tcjpcretures cftrc 030 M (48¿@) deste <00 M (-28¿@). \csgstcf`ge rcietgvejcftc cicvebe cftrc ins `nfte`tns bc treleon bcs`nfc`tebns. Xnsglgigbeb bc e`tgver vergns `grùgtns gfbcpcfbgcftcs cftrc sg. Xrcscf`ge bc ufe scpere`gðf keivåfgè cftrc ci `grùgtn bc jefbn y ci `grùgtn prgf`gpei.

Bcsvcfteoes 

Bcskestc bc ins `nfte`tns pnr er`n vniteg`n u nxgbe`gðf.

 

Fc`csgbeb bc jås cspe`gn quc ins trefsgstnrcs. \ugbns ei `nfjuter. Qcin`gbeb bc `nfjute`gðf igjgtebe bc 0 js deste 5; js. Gftcracrcf`ges pnr su`gcbeb (pnivn) cf ins `nfte`tns.

 

Cspc`gagè`gnfcs Rgcjpn bc rcspucstes Rgcjpn bc bcs`nfcxgðf @nfjute`gðf jåx. Rcfsgðf bc treleon

Eprnx. 4-<< js sckÿf cx`gte`gðf eprnx. <-<8 js eprnx. 53 pnr sckufbn 0,1,5<,<2,01,24,18,558,<<8,<28 Q 0,2,1,4,5<,51,<2,01,24,18,78,503,<88 Q:

Rcfsgðf bc `njprnle`gðf

<888 Q ca.

Xntcf`ge bc treleon

5,8 - 5,3 [ : /<,8 - <,< [

@erke jåx. bc ie lnlgfe

0 [/ 0,2 Q E

Qgbe ÿtgi jc`åfgè

588 jgiinfcs bc `nfjute`gnfcs

@nfte`tns

< ð 0 `nfte`tns eitcrfeftcs

@ep. jåx. bc `nfjute`gðf

<88 Q / 1E bc èrke ðdjgè


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QÅIQSIE BGPR\GLSGBN\E 0/<, BC JEFBN CIC@R\NJEKFÇRG@N Ins cic`trngjefcs sc cjpicef pere ci e``gnfejgcftn bc våivuies ùefbn ie scõei bc jefbn prnvgcfc bc uf cicjcftn ciç`trg`n, teics `njn agfeics bc èrrcre, puisebnrcs, tcjpnrgzebnrcs, prcsnstetns n prnkrejebnrcs ciç`trg`ns. Pnlrc tnbn ùefbn ies bgstef`ges bc jefbn scef krefbcs. Pgf cx`gte`gðf cf ie lnlgfes jekfçtgè, ci fÿìcn `gcrre, pnr cac`tn bci juciic, ie `nfcxgðf X, y E cstå purkebn pnr \. @uefbn sc cx`gte ci snicfngbc, etrec ie erjebure de`ge su gftcrgnr, `crrefbn \ y `njufgè X `nf E \ Pêjlnin

W

PNICFNGBC W

E

R

R X \ E\JEBS\E

e) Pgf cx`gte`gðf JSCIIC

X

E

\

W

l) @nf cx`gte`gðf

X


E

<8


QÅIQSIE BGPR\GLSGBN\E 2/<, BC JEFBN CIC@R\NJEKFÇRG@N, PC\QNXGINREBE Ie våivuie bc 2/< vêes, cstå `njpucste pnr bns våivuies bc 0/< vêes y tgcfc ie auf`gðf bc `nftrnier `gigfbrns, jntnrcs n cfèrkersc bci `nftrni bc ntres våivuies. Sfe scõei tgcfc `njn `nfscùcf`ge quc ci gfbu`gbn elre ci pesn. Ci egrc `njprgjgbn quc pese pnr ci èfei bc egrc bc prcpginteoc e`tÿe snlrc ins bns çjlnins bc ie våivuie pcrjgtgcfbn ie `nfjute`gðf rcspc`tgve. Cf cstebn bc `nfjute`gðf cstå elgcrtn ci pesn cftrc ies `nfcxgnfcs 5(X) y 2(E), ie `nfcxgðf <(L) cxpuise ci egrc cf bgrc``gðf bc ie `nfcxgðf 0(\). @uefbn sc gftcrrujpc ie scõei ciç`trgè, ejlns çjlnins bc ie våivuie vucivcf e su pnsg`gðf fnrjei, `nf in quc qucbe elgcrtn ci pesn bc 5 (X) de`ge <(L) jgcftres quc ie `nfcxgðf 2(E) cxpuise egrc pnr ie `nfcxgðf 0 (\) Pêjlnin

E

L

W X \

l) @nf cx`gte`gðf

e) Pgf cx`gte`gðf

W

W

\ E

X

L

\ E

L

X


<5


QÅIQSIE BGPR\GLSGBN\E 2/<, GJXSIPNP CIÇ@R\G@NP, PC\QNXGINREBE Cs fc`csergn bgspnfcr bc bns scõeics pere cac`tuer ie `nfjute`gðf, ei gkuei quc cf ie fcujåtgè. Sfe scõei bc cftrebe cf W5 (ciç`trgè) tgcfc `njn `nfscùcf`ge quc ci çjlnin bc ie våivuie sc bcspie`c de`ge ie bcrc`de cf ie pertc fcujåtgè . Ie `nfcxgðf 5(X) cxpuise egrc pnr < (L) y ie `nfcxgðf 2(E) in de`c pnr 0(\). Ie `nfjute`gðf sc prnbu`c pnr ufe lrcvc scõei (gjpuisn) y ci çjlnin bc ie våivuie jeftgcfc cse pnsg`gðf deste quc ie cftrebe W< (ciç`trgè) rc`glc ufe lrcvc scõei (gjpuisn). Pg ie cftrebe W< rc`glc ufe scõei, ci çjlnin bc ie våivuie sc bcspieze de`ge ie gzqugcrbe. Bc cstc jnbn pcrjgtc ci pesn bc egrc bc 5(X) de`ge 2(E) y ie purke bc egrc bc <(L) de`ge 0(\). Cste våivuie cs èpez bc jcjnrgzer ies scõeics.

W5

W< X

e) Xnsg`gðf 5

Pêjlnin

E L

W5 L

W<

E X \

\

W5

W< X

e) Xnsg`gðf <

L

E \


<<


QÅIQSIE BGPR\GLSGBN\E 3/2, GJXSIPNP CIÇ@R\G@NP, PC\QNXGINREBE Cste `njlgfe`gðf bc våivuies cstå `njpucste bc ùetrn våivuies bc
e

Pêjlnin

W5

e R

8

el

l

l R

W<

3(\) (P)0 5(X)

W5

W<

3 (\)

0 (P)

2 (E)

< (L)

5 (X) Xnsg`gðf fnrjei?

- Rnbes ies seigbes cståf linqucebes. - Ins juciics jeftgcfcf cstc cstebn.


<0


CIC@R\NGJEFCP CF B@ W E@ Cic`trnjekfctgsjn Eircbcbnr bc uf `nfbu`tnr etrevcsebn pnr ufe `nrrgcftc sc anrje uf èjpn cic`trnjekfçtg`n. Ies iêfces bc èjpn tgcfcf anrje bc `êrùins `nf`çftrg`ns.

+

Ci scftgbn bci èjpn bcpcfbc bci scftgbn bc ie `nrrgcftc.

Pcftgbn bc ufe `nrrgcftc cf uf `nfbu`tnr

Ie bctcrjgfe`gðf bci scftgbn bc ies iêfces bc èjpn sc `nfsgkuc `nf ie eyube bc ie rckie bci tnrfgiin, n lgcf bci tgreluzðf.

+

\ckie bci tnrfgiin Pc pgcfse cf uf tnrfgiin `nf rnsè e bcrc`de quc sc etnrfgiie cf ci scftgbn cftreftc bci `nrrgcftc. Ci scftgbn bci kgrn bc tnrfgiin be ci scftgbn bc ies iêfces bci èjpn.

Pcftgbn bc uf èjpn jekfçtg`n

@ejpn jekfçtg`n bc ufe lnlgfe `nf `nrrgcftc Cf ufe lnlgfe ins èjpns kcfcrebns pnr èbe cspgre anrjef uf èjpn jekfçtg`n `njÿf. Ci cac`tn jekfçtg`n sc rcprcscfte `nf iêfces bc èjpn y sc bcfnjgfe aiuon jekfçtg`n ô. Rgcfc `njn ufgbeb ci Qnitsckufbn (Qs) . Ies iêfces bc èjpn trefsùrrcf pnr ci gftcrgnr bc ie lnlgfe cf anrjes pereicie y `nf gkuei gftcfsgbeb. Eiiê ci èjpn cs dnjnkçfcn. Ci pnin fnrtc y ci pnin sur bc ufe lnlgfe sc pucbcf bctcrjgfer `nf ie rckie bc ie lnlgfe.

P

F

+

Iêfces bc èjpn

-

@ejpn jekfçtg`n bc ufe lnlgfe pnr ie ùei pese ufe `nrrgcftc

\ckie bc ie lnlgfe

Cspgres

Pg `ninèjns ie jefn bcrc`de snlrc ufe lnlgfe bc jnbn tei quc ins bcbns sgkef ci scftgbn bc ie `nrrgcftc, cftnf`cs ci bcbn puiker fns gfbgèrå ci scftgbn bc ies iêfces bci èjpn cf ci gftcrgnr bc ie jgsje. Sf dgcrrn gftrnbu`gbn cflnlgfe. ci èjpn jekfçtg`n eujcfte ci aiuon jekfçtg`n bc ie Cf ci èjpn bc ie cic`trðfgè y bc ie cic`trnfcujåtgè sc utgigze ie aucrze cic`trnjekfçtgè pere `crrer `nfte`tns n `nfjuter våivuies. Cs equê bnfbc cfùcftre epigè`gðf arcùcftc ci snicfngbc n cic`trngjåf ligfbebn. Ei epigèr ufe tcfsgðf ci fÿìcn cs etreêbn pnr ci èjpn jekfçtg`n, pubgcfbn rceigzer bc cste jefcre uf treleon jc`åfg`n @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

Fÿìcn

Cic`trngjåf ligfbebn

<2


CIC@R\NGJEFCP BC @N\\GCFRC @NFRGFSE Ci fÿìcn bc ufe lnlgfe bc `nrrgcftc `nftêfue sgcjprc cs bc dgcrrn bui`c y jesgvn, `nf in quc su cstru`ture cs scf`giie y rnluste. Ies pcrbgbes tçrjgès bureftc ci auf`gnfejgcftn snf bctcrjgfebes cxìusgvejcftc pnr ie rcsgstcf`ge ðdjgè bc ie lnlgfe y pnr ie gftcfsgbeb G. Ebcjås, ie cstru`ture jesgve bci fÿìcn bc dgcrrn narc`c ufe `nfbu`tglgigbeb ðptgje pere ci èjpn jekfçtg`n. Cf `nfscùcf`ge, ie dnikure rcsteftc fn gf`gbc snlrc ci èicftejgcftn. Ei `nfc`ter ie lnlgfe, eujcfte icftejcftc ie `nrrgcftc G. Ei `rcersc ci èjpn jekfçtg`n, ie lnlgfe kcfcre uf `nftretcfsgðf pnr gfbu``gðf quc e`tÿe cf `nftre bc ie tcfsgðf epigèbe. Cste `grùfstef`ge cxpigè ie etre``gðf suevc (icfte) bci gjåf.

(@nrrgcftc) G

t (tgcjpn) Es`cfsn bc ie `nrrgcftc ei `nfc`ter ufe lnlgfe `.`.

Bebn quc ei bcs`nfc`ter eperetns gfbu`tgvns bcseperc`c ci èjpn jekfçtg`n, pucbc surkgr ufe tcfsgðf eutngfbu`tgve juy supcrgnr e ie tcfsgðf bc ie lnlgfe. Ciin sgkfgagè quc ie tcfsgðf `rcebe pnr ie bcs`nfcxgðf pucbc sgkfgagèr uf beõn bci egsiejgcftn bc ie lnlgfe n prnvnèr ufe èrke `nfsgbcrelic cf ins `nfte`tns pnr ci cac`tn bc ins er`ns vniteg`ns. Xere `nftrerrcster cstns cac`tns, pucbc gf`nrpnrersc uf ’cxtgftnr bc `dgspes‚ Xereiciejcftc e ie gfbu``gðf I sc e`npie, pnr cocjpin, ufe rcsgstcf`ge \ quc sc cfèrke bc bcsèrker ie cfcrkêe eùjuiebe cf ci èjpn jekfçtg`n e èuse bc ie bcs`nfcxgðf. @elc efnter, sgf cjlerkn, quc ùeiqugcr jcbgbe quc tgcfbe e cxtgfkugr `dgspes gjpigè uf jeynr tgcjpn bc bcs`nfcxgðf.

Qcfteoes?      

Rreleon y `nfjute`gðf suevcs Aå`gi `nfcxgðf Leoe pntcf`ge bc `nfcxgðf Leoe aucrze bc rctcf`gðf Qgbe ÿtgi jås ierke quc ie vcrsgðf bc `nrrgcftc eitcrfe Pgicf`gnse

Bcsvcfteoes?    

Pnlrctcfsgðf ei bcs`nfc`ter Fc`csgbeb bc cxtgfkugr `dgspes Csaucrzn `nfsgbcrelic pere ins `nfte`tns Fc`csgbeb bc gfìugr uf rc`tgagèbnr sg snin sc bgspnfc bc `nrrgcftc eitcrfe


<3


CIC@R\NGJEFCP BC @N\\GCFRC EIRC\FE Ci gfbu`gbn y ie ùiete jekfçtgè cståf `njpucstns bc `depes iejgfebes (èpes bc verges `depes bcikebes). Epertc bc ies pçrbgbes quc sc prnbu`cf cf ci cjlnlgfebn bc `nlrc, tejlgçf sc prnbu`cf pçrbgbes cf ci dgcrrn. Cstes pçrbgbes snf èigagèbes bc pçrbgbes pnr `nrrgcftcs peresgterges y pnr dgstçrcsgs. @nf ci agf bc quc bg`des pçrbgbes sc jeftcfkef cf fgvcics jêfgjns, sc rcùrrc e uf fÿìcn bc `depes iejgfebes supcrpucstes, pcrn, e pcser bc ciin, ies lnlgfes bc `.e. sc èigcftef `nfsgbcrelicjcftc. Ei `nfc`ter ufe lnlgfe bc `.e. surkc ufe aucrtc `nrrgcftc G cf auf`gðf bc ie rcsgstcftc epercftc _ (pçrbgbes), bc ie rcsgstcf`ge \ y bc ie gfbu``gðf I. Ie aucrze bc tre``gðf cs rcietgvejcftc krefbc cf `nf`nrbef`ge `nf ci eitn veinr bc ie `nrrgcftc G. Bc cstc jnbn sc nltgcfc tgcjpns bc `nfcxgðf rcietgvejcftc lrcvcs. Ie dnikure cftrc ci gfbu`gbn y ci fÿìcn tgcfc ufe gfaiucf`ge `nfsgbcrelic snlrc ie jekfgtub bc ie `nrrgcftc rcjefcftc G. Bureftc ci auf`gnfejgcftn fn bclcrêe delcr dnikure.

(@nrrgcftc) G

R (tgcjpn)

Ci er`n vniteg`n quc sc prnbu`c ei bcs`nfc`ter cs jcfns pcigkrnsn quc equçi quc sc prnbu`c cf ufe lnlgfe bc `.`., ye quc sc epeke cf ci pesn `crn bc ie `nrrgcftc. Ins pg`ns bc tcfsgðf quc surkcf eÿf esê, pucbcf jeftcfcrsc cf fgvcics jêfgjns jcbgeftc ufe `njlgfe`gðf bc rcsgstcf`ge y `nfbcfsebnr.

Qcfteoes?



Rgcjpn bc `nfjute`gðf lrcvcs Kref aucrze bc tre``gðf Xnr in kcfcrei fn cs fc`cserge ufe cxtgf`gðf bc `dgspes



Fn dey fc`csgbeb bc uf rc`tgagèbnr bc `.`.

 

Bcsvcfteoes?     

@nfsgbcrelics csaucrzns jc`åfg`ns Jeynr èicftejgcftn sg ie dnikure sc jeftgcfc e pcser bc ufe cicvebe elsnr`gðf bc `nrrgcftc. Jcfns burelgigbeb (`nfjute`gnfcs) @eftgbeb igjgtebe bc `nfjute`gnfcs cf auf`gðf bc ie èrrcre _ujlgbn


<1


\csgstcf`ge ciç`trgè Pg lgcf cf `nfbu`tnrcs ciç`trg`ns ufe rcsgstcf`ge cicvebe kcfcreijcftc fn cs bcscebe, ie rcsgstcf`ge `njn `njpnfcftc cic`trðfg`n tgcfc ufe kref gjpnrtef`ge.

\csgstcf`ge \

Sfe igjgte`gðf cf ie gftcfsgbeb bc `nrrgcftc, n lgcf, ufe bgvgsgðf bc ie tcfsgðf sgf ciie scrêe juy bgaê`gi. Ci aiuon bc `nrrgcftc cf ufe rcb bcpcfbc bc ie tcfsgðf y bc ie rcsgstcf`ge bci jetcrgei `nfbu`tnr.

+

\

-

Gftcfsgbeb bc `nrrgcftc G cf E (Ejpcrc)

S cf Q (Qnit)

Rcfsgðf

\csgstcf`ge \

cf



(Ndj)

\csgstcf`ge \

Ie gftcrrcie`gðf bc cstes trcs jekfgtubcs ciç`trgès sc cxprcse e trevçs bc ie -icy bc Ndj -.

\: S G

cf

 :Q E

@nf ciin pucbc èiùiersc pnr cocjpin, ufe `nrrgcftc cf uf `grùgtn `crrebn.

Cocjpin bc `åiùin 5 Uuç veinr tgcfc ie `nrrgcftc G cf uf `grùgtn sg ie tcfsgðf epigèbe cs bc 5< Qnit y ie rcsgstcf`ge bci `nfsujgbnr tgcfc 58 

G:>

5< Q

+ -

Pniu`gðf \: S G

G: S \

58 

G: 5< Q 58  G: 5,< E Ie gftcfsgbeb bc `nrrgcftc cf cstc `grùgtn cs bc?

G: 5,< Ejpcrc @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

<;


\cbcs ciç`trgès `nf rcsgstcf`ges Pckÿf ie icy cf ufe `nfcxgðf ciç`trgè cf scrgc? S5

- \csgstcf`ge tntei \k

\<

S<

\ k: \ 5+ \ <+ \ 0+ .....+ \ f - Rcfsgðf tntei S k

\ 0

S 0

S k: S 5+ S <+ S 0+ .....+ S f - @nrrgcftc tntei G k

\5

Gk : G 5 : G <: G 0 : .....:G f @nfcxgðf cf scrgc bc rcsgstcf`ges ciç`trgè s

Pckÿf ie icy cf ufe `nfcxgðf cf pereicin? - \csgstcf`ge tntei \ —k G<

G5 S5

S<

G S

\5

0

<

5 \

5+ 5\

- Rcfsgðf

5 + <\

5 + + .... \ 0 f

tntei S k

S k: S 5: S <: S 0: .....: S f

\0

\<

5: \ k

Gk Gk : G 5 + G <+ G 0 + .....+G f

- @nrrgcftc tntei

@nfcxgðf cf pereicin bc rcsgstcf`ges ciç`trgès

Cocjpin bc `åiùin < Pniu`gðf? @eiùic ie rcsgstcf`ge per`gei \<0, ie rcsgstcf`ge tntei \k, ies tcfsgnfcs S5 y S< y ies `nrrgcftcs G5, G< c G0.

G

\ k : \5 + \<0 : 58 + 53 S5

G<

\0: 58

Gk

: G5 : Sk :08 Q :
S5: \5 G k: 58
G0 \ <0

\< : 58

5 : 5 + 5 : 5 5 : 3 + \ <\ 058  58 <0

5

\5: 58

S:08Q

\

S<

S<: \<0 G <: 3

G <: S<: 58Q : 5 E \< 58 G 0: S<: 58Q : 5 E \0 58


<4


\ce`tef`ge y pntcf`ge epercftc \ce`tef`ge gfbu`tgve Pg `nfc`tejns ufe lnlgfe e ufe `nrrgcftc eitcrfe bctcrjgfercjns quc su rcsgstcf`ge cs jeynr.

Csqucje bc ufe lnlgfe

Cste jeynr rcsgstcf`ge bc lnlgfes e `nrrgcftc eitcrfe arcftee e ie ies rce`tef`ge bc `nrrgcftc `nftêfue sc bclc gfbu`tgve T I . Ie rce`tef`ge gfbu`tgve bc ufe lnlgfe eperc`c bclgbn e ie `nftretcfsgðf quc sc kcfcre pnr eutngfbu``gðf. Ie rce`tef`ge gfbu`tgve eperc`c pnr

Csqucje bcteiiebn TI

\

rcsgstcf`ge ndjgè

rcsgstcf`ge gfbu`tgve

- eutngfbu``gðf. Xnr ciin ufe lnlgfe tejlgçf sc bcfnjgfe

Csqucjes bc ufe lnlgfe

- gfbu`tef`ge I. Bebn quc ie rce`tef`ge sc suje cf ufe pertc bctcrjgfebe e ie rcsgstcf`ge ðdjgè pure, ci rcsuitebn bc ejles in bcfnjgfejns? - gjpcbef`ge _ I Pgf cjlerkn, ci `åiùin fn pucbc de`crsc pnr suje bgrc`te, bebn quc cxgstc uf åfkuin bc aesc, quc bclc scr tcfgbn cf ùcfte .

_

I TI

- åfkuin bc ie aesc  

Pc rcqugcrc ies anrjuies sgkugcftcs? T _

II

:

I 



 <

\ + TI

\

cf

<

cf 

: <..A

Bctcrjgfe`gðf vc`tnrgei bc ie gjpcbef`ge (trgåfkuin bc gjpcbef`ges)

I :gfbu`tef`ge cfD(Dcfry) T : rce`tef`ge gfbu`tgve cf  I \ : rcsgstcf`ge ndjgè cf  _  rcsgstcf`ge gfbu`tgve cf  I @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

<7


Xntcf`ge epercftc Pg cf uf `grùgtn bc `nrrgcftc eitcrfe tcfcjns ufe lnlgfe `nfc`tebe cf scrgc quc cstå `njpucste bc ufe gfbu`tef`ge pure y ufe rcsgstcf`ge e`tgve, bclcf bgacrcf`gersc trcs tgpns bc pntcf`ges e selcr? XP X U

: pntcf`ge epercftc cf QE

X

: pntcf`ge e`tgve

g

t f

b

gb s f

: pntcf`ge rce`tgve cf QE\ cf [

+

g r r

t fg

8

b e

u

f

-

018¿ 78¿

548¿

<;8¿

f g s

Åfkuin bc aesc  cf ¿

t

QE (Qnitejpcrc) QE\ (Qnitejpcrc rce`tgvn) [ (Qetgns)

gftcfsgbeb bc `nrrgcftc g tcfsgðf u Bcsaesc cftrc `nrrgcftc y tcfsgðf cf ufe lnlgfe

Ies pntcf`ges tejlgçf sc pucbcf rcprcscfter cf uf trgåfkuin. Xere ufe `nfcxgðf cf scrgc bc rcsgstcf`ge e`tgve `nf rce`tef`ge gfbu`tgve ci trgåfkuin bc pntcf`ges cs sgjgier ei bc ies gjpcbef`ges. Ci åfkuin cftrc X y X cf cstc èsn cs P tejlgçf ci åfkuin bc aesc . Cf ufe lnlgfe ie `nrrgcftc sc ebciefte rcspc`tn e ie tcfsgðf cf uf åfkuin bc aesc .

ge f` tc n X

Ies pntcf`ges sc pucbcf èiùier `njn sgkuc?



X

P

<

<

X

P :

X

U :

X

X

:X +

X

XP

<

Xntcf`ge e`tgve X

U

<

e

c ft rc pe

<

+ XU

Rrgåfkuin bc pntcf`ges

X < - X< P

< : XP -

X

<

U


08


@EXE@GBEB Sf `nfbcfsebnr `nfste lesgèjcftc bc bns pieès jctåigès y uf jetcrgei egsieftc sgtuebn cftrc ies bns pieès, iiejefbn - bgciç`trg`n Pg `nfc`tejns uf `nfbcfsebnr e ufe aucftc bc `nrrgcftc `nftgfue vcrcjns quc aiuyc ufe `nrrgcftc bc èrke quc bcpcfbc bci tejeõn bc

`nfjutebnr jefuei èrke

Ejpcrêjctrn

bcsèrke

E

Bgiç`trg`n

èrke bci jgsjn y bc ie rcsgstcf`ge eftcpucste. ++++++ @uefbn ci `nfbcfsebnr iicke e su èrke, ci aiuon bc èrke ve bc`rc`gcfbn deste `crn. + S Iuckn bc rceigzebn ci prn`csn bc èrke sc `nrte ie aucftc bc `nrrgcftc `nftgfue bci `nfbcfsebnr. -+- + - -+ - -+- -+- + Pnlrc ufe bc ies pieès bci `nfbcfsebnr eperc`c uf cx`csn bc cic`trnfcs, jgcftres quc cf ie ntre pieè cxgstc ufe aeite bc cic`trnfcs. @nfbcfsebnr cf uf `grùgtn bc `nrrgcftc `nftêfue Cftrc ies pieès bci `nfbcfsebnr sc cstelic`c ufe bgacrcf`ge bc pntcf`gei. Ei bcsèrker ci `nfbcfsebnr ie `nrrgcftc bc bcsèrke aiuyc ednre cf scftgbn `nftrergn. Sf `nfbcfsebnr eije`cfe èrke ciç`trgè. Cste èpe`gbeb bc èrke ciç`trgè sc bcfnjgfe. -èpe`gbeb @Bcpcfbc bc ie supcrag`gc bc ie pieè E, bci cspcsnr b bci bgciç`trg`n y bc ies prnpgcbebcs cspc`gagès bc su jetcrgei r (`nfsteftc bgeiç`tgè) esê `njn bc ie `nfsteftc n (`nfbu`tgvgbeb bgciç`trgè cf ve`ên / `nfsteftc ciç`trgè bc èjpn).

r

: `nfsteftc bgciç`trgè



: `nfsteftc ciç`tr. bc èjpn : 4,43 x 58 A/j       

5<

b

Ie èrke `rc`c `nf ie èpe`gbeb y `nf ie tcfsgðf. U : @» S cf @ (@nuinjl) @ : èpe`gbeb cf A (Aereb) S :tcfsgðfcfQ Ci `nfbcfsebnr sc `njpnrte cf ci `grùgtn bc `nrrgcftc eitcrfe `njn ufe rcsgstcf`ge, ye quc cxgstc èrke y bcsèrke cf anrje `nftêfue ( `nf ie arcùcf`ge eitcrfe)

Jetcrgei

r

Egrc E`cgtc trefsanrjebnrcs E`rêig`n Xepci burn \csgfe acfðigè Xnr`ciefe Qgbrgn Jgè

5,8 <,< 0,3 2,8 3,8 3...1 2...1 1...4

Nxgbn bc eiujgfgn

1...7

@nfsteftcs bgciç`trgès bc bgstgftns jetcrgeics

Cf uf `grùgtn bc `nrrgcftc `nftêfue ci `nfbcfsebnr sc `njpnrte `njn ufe rcsgstcf`ge gfjcfsejcftc krefbc quc iuckn bc rc`glgr ie prgjcre èrke ye fn bcoe peser aiuon ciç`trg`n cf cse bgrc``gðf. @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

05


Jcbg`gðf bc jekfgtubcs ciç`trgès Xere pnbcr jcbgr jekfgtubcs ciç`trgès, teics `njn tcfsgðf, gftcfsgbeb bc `nrrgcftc y rcsgstcf`ge fc`csgtejns uf gfstrujcftn bc jcbg`gðf.

\ckies pere ufe jcbg`gðf Xere jcbgr ie tcfsgðf ciç`trgè S cf ci `nfsujgbnr sc `nfc`te ci vnitêjctrn e ins lnrfcs jgsjns bci `nfsujgbnr Xere jcbgr ie tcfsgðf bc uf kcfcrebnr bclc `nfc`tersc ci vnitêjctrn prc`gsejcftc e ins lnrfcs bci kcfcrebnr. Ie tcfsgðf sc jgbc cf anrje pereicie.

Jcbgbnr bc vniteoc (vnitêjctrn)

Q - +

S

\

\

Q

Q

Jcbg`gðf bc tcfsgnfcs

Ci gfstrujcftn pere jcbgr ie gftcfsgbeb bc ie `nrrgcftc ciç`trgè sc bcfnjgfe `njÿfjcftc ejpcrêjctrn. Xere jcbgr cs fc`csergn quc ie `nrrgcftc aiuye e trevçs bci eperetn. Xere ciin sc bclc gftcrrujpgr ci `grùgtn y `nfc`ter ci eperetn cf iêfce. Ci ejpcrêjctrn cstå cftnf`cs `nfc`tebn cf scrgc `nf ci `nfsujgbnr.

- +

Xere jcbgr `nrrgcftcs, ci ejpcrêjctrn bclc `nfc`tersc cf iêfce.

\

Sfe jcbg`gðf bc rcsgstcf`ges pucbc rceigzersc cf anrje gfbgrc`te sg sc jgbcf tcfsgnfcs y `nrrgcftcs y iuckn sc prn`cbc ei `åiùin bc ie rcsgstcf`ge.

S



Jcbgbnr bc E `nrrgcftc (ejpcrêjctrn)

Jcbg`gðf bc `nrrgcftcs

@nf ci jcbgbnr bc rcsgstcf`ges (ðdjctrn) sc pucbc `nfsckugr ufe jcbg`gðf bgrc`te bc rcsgstcf`ges. Cstc eperetn `nftgcfc uf vnitêjctrn y ufe letcrêe. Xere quc fn cxgstef jcbg`gnfcs crrðfces cs fc`csergn quc ie letcrêe jeftcfke ufe tcfsgðf `nfsteftc. Ies csèies bc cstns eperetns ye vgcfcf krebuebns cf Ndj. @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

0<


PGJLNINKÊE BC CPUSCJEP CIC@R\NFCSJÅRG@NP Xere pnbcr jnfter ufe gfsteie`gðf ciç`trgè n cic`trnfcujåtgè Sb. fc`csgte bc rcprcscfte`gnfcs fnrjeigzebes n lgcf bc piefns ciç`trg`ns. Cf ie gfbustrge snf trcs ins piefns delgtueics quc ic lrgfbef ie jeynr gfanrje`gðf pnsglic snlrc èbe prn`csn. Rgpns bc piefns bc `nfcxgðf? - Xiefn ciç`trg`n - Csqucje bc `nfcxgnfcs - Xiefn bc gfsteie`gnfcs

P

<<8 Q



M

<

Xiefn ciç`trg`n P

Cf uf piefn ciç`trg`n sc rcste gjpnrtef`ge e ie ulgè`gðf y ei cspe`gn bnfbc bclcf gr inèigzebns ins cicjcftns.

5

Qåivuie cic`trnjekfçtgè

Rcjp.

\ciç M 5

@ebes cicjcftn sc bgluoe `njn uf `nfbu`tnr ufgagier pere pnbcr rc`nfn`cr su nrbcf pnr auf`gðf

M

M P2 5

<

W M

<

Xiefn ciç`trg`n

Ins `nfbu`tnrcs ufgagiercs sc bgluoef cftrc ins pntcf`geics bc tcfsgðf y `crn, pere pnbcr bcagfgr esê auf`gnfcs iðkgès bc errgle de`ge eleon. <<8 Q P

Csqucje bc `nfcxgnfcs Rejlgçf equê sc rcste gjpnrtef`ge e ie ulgè`gðf y ei cspe`gn bc inèigze`gðf bc ins cicjcftns.

M

5 M

<

W

Rnbns ins cicjcftns sc bgluoef `nf tnbes sus `nfcxgnfcs bc iickebe y pertgbe. Cs pnsglic sckugr ins èlics bc `nfcxgðf y bctcrjgfer ie `njpicogbeb ciç`trgè bc ie gfsteie`gðf. Cicjcftns `nf auf`gnfcs gfbgvgbueics `njn pnr co. pere uf `nfte`tnr, ie lnlgfe y sus `nfte`tns, ye fn snf rcprcscftebns cf anrje scperebe. @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

P2

P<

Csqucje bc `nfcxgnfcs

00


Xiefn bc gfsteie`gðfcs <

<

Rnbns ins cicjcftns sc rcprcscftef cf su ulgè`gðf y inèigze`gðf cspc`êagè pere

<<8 v

<

pnbcr bctcrjgfer ie `njpicogbeb bc ie gfsteie`gðf. Ins `njpnfcftcs ye `nf su

P W

anrje rcei eèlebe snf `nfc`tebns `nf

2 <

1 <

ufe snie `nfcxgðf y èbe iêfce iicve ufe gbcftgagè`gðf fujcrebe pere `nfn`cr ie

P

èftgbeb bc iêfces e gfsteier.

<

3

Pêjlnin pere `grùgtns y `nfcxgnfcs bc `grùgtns. BGF CF 1815;-0/1815;-<, -2,-1/185;-;

M

5

@nfbu`tnrcs

+

2

M

<

Xiefn bc gfsteie`gnfcs

@nfbu`tnr e tgcrre @ru`c bc `nfbu`tnrcs @nfcxgðf bc `nfbu`tnrcs @nfcxgðf bc iêfces, bgs`nfc`telics @nfbu``gðf bc `nfbu`tnr e trevçs bc èrèze @nfbu`tnr epefteiiebn @nfbu`tnr e tgcrre cf kcfcrei Rnje pere èlic bc prntc``gðf

Jese @nfc`tnr Cf`duac @nfcxgðf cf`duaelic +++ 5<02

@nfc`tnr jÿitgpic Lnrfcre


02


@G\@SGRNP CIC@R\NFCSJERG@NP LÅPG@NP @uefbn ie bgstef`ge e ùlrgr pnr ies `nfbu``gnfcs fcujåtgès snf krefbcs, ies scõeics bc jefbn sc bclgigtef y rctresef sus cac`tns, bclgbn e ie pçrbgbe bc èrke, in quc sgkfgagè quc ye fn tgcfc ie `nfbg`gðf bc råpgbes y sckures. Xnr ntrn iebn , ies `nfbu``gnfcs ierkes rcprcscftef uf `nfsujn juy cicvebn bc egrc y ins kestns quc bc ciins sc bcrgvef pucbcf rcsuiter gftnicrelics. Xnr cstes reznfcs gftcrcse, `nf arcùcf`ge, `njlgfer ies vcfteoes bci jefbn ciç`trg`n `nf ie sgjpig`gbeb y cagè`ge bc ie fcujåtgè, in quc fns iicve e ies epigè`gnfcs cic`trnfcujåtgès.

Pgstcje fcujåtg`n

E W5

R

E W5

R

X

R

L R

\

\

P

X

Pgstcje ciç`trg`n

Pniu`gðf e

+

Pniu`gðf l

+ P5

P5

W5

-

M5

M5

W5

5 FE

< F@

<


03


Cocjpin < ? Jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n bc uf `gigfbrn, `nf puisebnrcs. E. @nf cic`trnvåivuie 3/<, jnfncstelic.

Pgstcje fcujåtg`n

Pgstcje ciç`trg`n

+ \

M5

E

M5

L

E

M5

W5

R

R

\

W5

-

P

<

5

X FE

0

F@

< 0

L. @nf cic`trnvåivuie 3/<, lgcstelic Pgstcje fcujåtg`n

L

E W5

R

W<

R

\

P X

Pgstcje Ciç`trg`n Pniu`gðf l

Pniu`gðf e

+

+ E

\

E

M5

\

M<

-

M5

M<

M5

M<

M5

W5

M<

W<

W5

W<

-

5

<

0

2

FE

F@

FE

F@

<

0

2

5


3

1

01


Cocjpin 0

? Jefbn scjgeutnjåtg`n `gìn ÿfg`n. Pgstcje fcujåtg`n

Pgstcje ciç`trg`n

+ P<

M5

P5

P<

M5

L

E

M5

W5

R

R

\

W5

-

P

<

5

X

FE

0

F@

< 0

Cocjpin 2 ?

Jefbn jefuei y eutnjåtg`n bc uf `gigfbrn. Pgstcje fcujåtg`n

L5

E W5

L<

L

R

W<

R

\

P X

Pgstcje ciç`trg`n

+

R S E

N

R Å J

@G

N

M5

M5

P5

M0

M<

PRNX M5

P<

L<

P0

M<

L5

\CRN\FN (JEFSEI)

L5

L<

M<

M0

M5

M<

-

W5

M0

<

5

P2

M0

EQEF@C (JEFSEI)

PRE\

2

0

3

;

1

FE

F@

FE

F@

FE

F@

<

-

2 7

1 -

; 58

0 -


4

W<

7

58

0;


X\C@ES@GNFCP BC PCKS\GBEB CF IE CIC@@GÐF BCI RGXN BC RCFPGÐF XE\E CI @G\@SGRN BC JEFBN Ies pertcs bc uf cqugpn quc sc cfùcftref leon tcfsgðf ciç`trgè sucicf cster prntckgbns jcbgeftc egsiejgcftns pere cvgter `nfte`tns gfvniuftergns. Pg ci egsiejgcftn cstå beõebn cs pnsglic quc sc prnbuzèf `nfte`tns pcigkrnsns `nf ins ùcrpns jctåig`ns bc ins cqugpns rcspc`tgvns. Rcfsgnfcs supcrgnrcs e 13 v snf pcigkrnsns pere ci scr dujefn (pere efgjeics e pertgr bc <2 v). Ie fnrje QBC cstelic`c quc ins cqugpns `nf jås bc 13 v e tgcrre bclcråf cster prnvgstns bc bgvcrses jcbgbes bc prntc``gðf. Ci ùcrpn dujefn sc `njpnrte `njn ufe rcsgstcf`ge ciç`trgè vergelic cf auf`gðf bc ufe scrgc bc `grùfstef`ges, `njn ie cbeb, ci scxn, ci cstebn bc seiub, ct`.. Esê pnr cocjpin, ies juocrcs y ins fgõns snf jås vuifcrelics quc ins dnjlrcs e ies bcsèrkes ciç`trgès cf leoe tcfsgðf= cstn cs bclgbn e quc tgcfcf ufe pgci jås scfsglic y, pnr teftn, jcfnr rcsgstcf`ge ei pesn bc ie `nrrgcftc ciç`trgè. @uefbn ci ùcrpn dujefn cstå snjctgbn e ufe tcfsgðf, `grùie ufe gftcfsgbeb e trevçs bc çi, jås n jcfns aucrtc cf auf`gðf bc cste tcfsgðf y `njn sc de `njcftebn, bc ie rcsgstcf`ge bci ùcrpn. Cste gftcfsgbeb cs èpez bc prnbu`gr icsgnfcs quc pucbcf iicker e èuser ie jucrtc. Cftrc ins cac`tns èlc scõeier?

- 5 e < jgigejpcrgns (jE) : `nsqugiicn - 7 jE : `nftre``gðf jusùier - 58 jE : snpnrtelic - 53 jE : Rctefgze`gðf - <3 jE : Rctefgze`gðf jusùier bci tðrex, esagxge sg fn sc `nrte. - 38 jE : Aglrgigze`gðf vcftrgùier bci `nrezðf (rcspgre`gðf ertgag`gei) -5E

: Jucrtc èsg sckure

Ntrns cac`tns bc ie `nrrgcftc ciç`trgè snlrc ies pcrsnfes snf ies qucjebures quc sc prnbu`cf, jås n jcfns krevcs cf auf`gðf bc ie znfe bci ùcrpn eac`tebn y bci tgcjpn quc bure ci `dnquc ciç`trg`n.


04


X\C@ES@GNFCP CF IE @NFCTGÐF BC IE IÊFCE BC RGC\\E Ie prntc``gðf pnr pucste e tgcrre trefsanrje uf `nfte`tn `nf ci ùcrpn dujefn cf uf `nrtn`grùgtn. Ie `nrrgcftc bc bcac`tn `nfbu`gbe pnr ie `nfcxgðf e tgcrre e`tgve ies ufgbebcs prntc`tnres `nftre snlrctcfsgðf. Cf uf sgstcje bc `nfbu`tnrcs bc prntc``gðf, tnbes ies pertcs bc uf cqugpn quc pucbcf cftrer cf `nfte`tn `nf ci ùcrpn dujefn cståf `nfc`tebns cftrc sg jcbgeftc `nfbu`tns bc prntc``gðf y, ebcjås, cstå `nfc`tebns e tgcrre. Cstc sgstcje bc prntc``gðf cs ebjgsglic sðin cf bctcrjgfebns tgpns bc cqugpns. Cf uf `grùgtn bc prntc``gðf pnr bcs`nfcxgðf bc tcfsgðf bc bcac`tn, cf èsn bc prnbu`grsc uf `nfte`tn `nf ci ùcrpn dujefn, ci `grùgtn bc prntc``gðf pnr bcs`nfcxgðf bc `nrrgcftc bc bcac`tn prnvnè ufe bcs`nfcxgðf gfjcbgete (8,5 sckufbns) bc tnbns ins pnins bc ie ufgbeb bc treleon. Ie tcfsgðf bc bcac`tn iicke e uf gftcrruptnr bc sckurgbeb quc cstå e`npiebn cftrc ie ufgbeb `nfsujgbnre y ie `nfcxgðf euxgiger bc tgcrre.

I5 I< I0 F

Gftcrruptnr bc sckurgbeb

S

Xuisebnr bc `nftrni

D

M

Iêfce euxgiger e tgcrre

Iêfce bc sckurgbeb

@nfcxgðf euxgiger e tgcrre


07


RGXNP BC X\NRC@@GÐF XE\ECUSGXEJGCFRN GFBSPR\GEI PCKßF BGF 28838 Cste fnrje cxpigè `ðjn prntckcr ei pcrsnfei `nftre e``gbcftcs pnr `nfte`tn `nf cicjcftns bc tcfsgðf ciç`trgè n cicjcftns jc`åfg`ns gf`nrpnrebns cf èoes. Ebcjås, cste fnrje sc rcagcrc tejlgçf e `ðjn prntckcr e ins cqugpns jc`åfg`ns `nftre ie gfagitre`gðf bc ùcrpns sðigbns y bc ekue. Ie cspc`gagè`gðf bci tgpn bc prntc``gðf sc `njpnfc cf prgjcr iuker bc bns ictres jeyÿsùies GX (Gftcrfetgnfei Xrntc`tgðf) y bc bns `gares pere ci krebn bc prntc``gðf. GX

2

2

Cocjpin? @ere`tcrêstgè 5e. @gare êfbg`c
Xrgjcre `gare êfbg`c

Bcfnjgfe`gðf

Pgkfgagèbn

Pgf prntc``gðf cspc`gei pere pcrsnfes `nftre `nfte`tn gfvniuftergn bc pgczes cståtgès n jðvgics leon tcfsgðf. Pgf prntc``gðf bci jcbgn bc scrvg`gn `nftre pcfctre`gðf bc ùcrpns

8

Pgf prntc``gðf

5

Xrntc``gðf `nftre ùcrpns cxtreõns krefbcs

<

Xrntc``gðf `nftre ùcrpns cxtreõns jcbgefns

Xrntc``gðf `nftre `nfte` tn `nf ins bcbns bc pgczes leon tcfsgðf n pgczes gftcrfes jðvgics. Xrntc``gðf `nftre pcfctre`gðf bc ùcrpns cxtreõns sðigbns `nf uf bgåjctrn bc jås bc 5< jj.

0

Xrntc``gðf `nftre ùcrpns cxtreõns pcqucõns

Xrntc``gðf `nftre `nfte`tn bc pgczes leon tcfsgðf n pgczes gftcrfes jðvgics `nf dcrrejgcftes, eiejlrcs n sgjgiercs, `nf uf cspcsnr bc jås bc <,3 jj. Xrntc``gðf `nftre pcfctre`gðf bc ùcrpns cxtreõns sðigbns `nf uf bgåjctrn bc jås bc <,3 jj.

2

Xrntc``gðf `nftre pertgùies cxtreões

Xrntc``gðf `nftre `nfte`tn bc pgczes leon tcfsgðf n pgczes jðvgics `nf dcrrejgcftes, eiejlrcs n sgjgiercs `nf uf cspcsnr bc jås bc <,3 jj. Xrntc``gðf `nftre pcfctre`gðf bc

cxtreõns sðigbns. Xrntc``gðf `nftre `nfte`tn gfvniuftergn bc pgczes leon tcfsgðf y pgczes gftcrfes jðvgics. Xrntc``gðf `nftre pcfctre`gðf bc ùcrpns cxtreõns sðigbns `nf uf bgåjctrn supcrgnr e 38 jj.

sðigbes cxtreões `nf uf bgåjctrn bc jås bc 5pertêùies jj.

3

Xrntc``gðf `nftre escftejgcftn bc pnivn

Xrntc``gðf tntei `nftre `nfte`tn bc pertcs cståtgès n jðvgics gftcrfes leon tcfsgðf. Xrntc``gðf `nftre escftejgcftn bc pnivns beõgfns. Ie cftrebe bc pnivn fn sc cvgte `njpictejcftc, pcrn ci pnivn fn bclc pcfctrer cf èftgbebcs teics quc pucbef eac`ter ci fnrjei auf`gnfejgcftn.

1

Xrntc``gðf tntei `nftre ie cftrebe bc pnivn

Xrntc``gðf tntei `nftre `nfte`tn bc pgczes cståtgès n jðvgics gftcrfes leon tcfsgðf . Xrntc``gðf `nftre ie cftrebe bc pnivn.


28


Gbcftgagè`gðf bc ie sckufbe `gare êfbg`c sckÿf BGF 28 838

Pckufbe `gare êfbg`c

Bcfnjgfe`gðf

Pgkfgagèbn

8

Pgf prntc``gðf .

Pgf prntc``gðf cspc`gei.

5

Xrntc``gðf `nftre èêbe vcrtgèi bc kntes bc ekue

Ies kntes bc ekue cf èêbe vcrtgèi fn bclcf eitcrer ci auf`gnfejgcftn bci cqugpn

<

Xrntc``gðf `nftre èêbe gfìgfebe bc kntes bc ekue

Ies kntes bc ekue cf èêbe gfìgfebe cf uf åfkuin ùeiqugcre bc deste 53¿ rcspc`tn bc ie vcrtgèi fn bclcf eitcrer ci auf`gnfejgcftn fnrjei bci cqugpn

0

Xrntc``gðf `nftre iinvgzfe bc ekue

Ekue cf èêbe gfìgfebe cf uf åfkuin ùeiqugcre bc deste 18¿ rcspc`tn bc ie vcrtgèi fn bclc eitcrer ci auf`gnfejgcftn fnrjei bci cqugpn

2

Xrntc``gðf `nftre seipgèbures bc ekue

Ekue quc seipgquc bcsbc ùeiqugcr bgrc``gðf fn bclc eitcrer ci fnrjei auf`gnfejgcftn bci cqugpn.

3

Xrntc``gðf `nftre `dnrrn bc ekue

Sf `dnrrn bc ekue quc seic bc ufe lnqugiie, bgrgkgbn `nftre ci cqugpn bcsbc ùeiqugcr bgrc``gðf fn bclc eitcrer ci auf`gnfejgcftn fnrjei bci jgsjn.

1

Xrntc``gðf `nftre gfjcrsgðf per`gei

Pujcrkgcfbn cicqugpn cf ekue, leon ufe prcsgðf bctcrjgfebe y bureftc uf tgcjpn bcagfgbn, fn bclc pcfctrer ekue cf èftgbeb tei quc eac`tc ci auf`gnfejgcftn fnrjei bci jgsjn

;

Xrntc``gðf `nftre gfjcrsgðf tntei.

Pujcrkgcfbn ci cqugpn cf ekue, leon ufe prcsgðf bctcrjgfebe y sgf iêjgtc bc tgcjpn, fn bclc nlscrversc ufe cftrebe bc ekue tei quc pucbe eac`ter ci fnrjei auf`gnfejgcftn bci jgsjn.

Cocjpin ? G X <5 Cstc cocjpin sgkfgagè quc ci cqugpn cstå prntckgbn `nftre `nfte`tns tå`tgics cf ins cicjcftns bc tcfsgðf n ins cicjcftns jc`åfg`ns gftcrgnrcs, esê `njn `nftre ie pcfctre`gðf bc ùcrpns cxtreõns `nf jås bc 5< jj. bc bgåjctrn y `nftre ie prc`gpgte`gðf vcrtgèi bc kntes bc ekue.


25


Gbcftgagè`gðf bc ins tgpns bc prntc``gðf jcbgeftc sêjlnins sckÿf QBC 8;58 y 81<8

Rgpn bc prntc``gðf

Pêjlnin

Eièf`c bc ie prntc``gðf

Ei bcsùlgcrtn

Pgf prntc``gðf .

Xrntc``gðf e knte bc ekue

Xrntc``gðf `nftre dujcbeb cicvebe, vepnrcs y kntes bc ekue quc ècf cf anrje vcrtgèi.

Xrntc``gðf `nftre iiuvge

Xrntc``gðf e ie èêbe bc kntes bc ekue quc ècf cf åfkuin bc deste 08¿ rcspc`tn bc ie vcrtgèi

Xrntc``gðf `nftre seipgèbures

Xrntc``gðf `nftre kntes bc ekue prnvcfgcftcs bc ùeiqugcr bgrc``gðf.

Xrntc``gðf bc ekue `nftre `dnrrn

Xrntc``gðf `dnrrn bc ekue prnvcfgcftc bc ùeiqugcr`nftre bgrc``gðf.,

E prucle bc ekue

Xrntc``gðf `nftre pcfctre`gðf bc ekue sgf prcsgðf

E prucle bc ekue leon prcsgðf

... etù

Xrntc``gðf `nftre pcfctre`gðf bc ekue leon prcsgðf

Xrntc``gðf `nftre pnivn

Xrntc``gðf `nftre pcfctre`gðf bc pnivn sgf prcsgðf.

E prucle bc pnivn

Xrntc``gðf `nftre pcfctre`gðf bc pnivn leon prcsgðf.


2<


@NFREJGFE@GÐF BCI JCBGN EJLGCFRC Ins Pgstcjes Fcujetg`ns pucbcf `nftejgfer ci jcbgn ejlgcftc bc bns jefcres?  

\ugbns nèsgnfebns pnr csèpcs bc egrc. Fgclies bc e`cgtc? sc trete bc fgclies nèsgnfebes pnr e`cgtc cf ci `njprcsnr n pnr e`cgtc ekrckebn ei egrc cf ie ufgbeb bc jeftcfgjgcftn. Cste fgclie bc e`cgtc `nftejgfe ci jcbgn ejlgcftc ei bcsèrker ci egrc.

Cf `nfscùcf`ge, cs fc`csergn ebnpter ins jcbgns eprnpgebns pere cvgter uf fgvci bc rugbn bcjesgebn cicvebn cf ins puftns bc csèpc bc egrc. @nf csc agf, pucbc rcùrrgrsc e ins sgkugcftcs cicjcftns? Pgicf`gebnrcs pere csèpc bc egrc. Ins sgicf`gebnrcs bgsjgfuycf ci fgvci bc rugbn cf ins puftns bc bcsèrke bc egrc bc ies våivuies.. Pu auf`gðf `nfsgstc cf bgsjgfugr ie vcin`gbeb bc egrc. Cstå ère`tcrêstgès pucbc sgkfgagèr ufe bgsjgfu`gðf bc ie vcin`gbeb bci våstekn bc uf `gigfbrn. Ntre sniu`gðf cs ie bc rckuier ie rcsgstcf`ge ei aiuon bc egrc cf ins sgicf`gebnrcs bc cstrefkuie`gðf. Bc csc jnbn cs pnsglic rckuier ie vcin`gbeb bc ins `gigfbrns y ins tgcjpns bc `nfjute`gðf bc ies våivuies. Ntres pnsglgigbebcs bc rcbu`gr ci fgvci bc rugbns `nfsgstc cf kuger ci egrc bc csèpc bc verges våivuies de`ge uf sgicf`gebnr krefbc e trevçs bc uf `nic`tnr bc csèpc.

Fgclie bc egrc Ci egrc bc csèpc bc sgstcjes fcujåtg`ns `nftgcfc ufe fgclie bc e`cgtc quc sucic pcrjefc`cr cf ci jcbgn ejlgcftc agfejcftc puivcrgzebn bureftc uf tgcjpn prninfkebn, `nf in quc pucbc eac`ter ies vêes rcspgretnrges. Ci beõn nèsgnfebn ei jcbgn ejlgcftc cs teftn jeynr, ùeftn jås jntnrcs fcujåtg`ns y `gigfbrns bc krefbcs bgjcfsgnfcs sc utgig`cf. Xere cvgter csc prnlicje e`tueijcftc ins cicjcftns sc aelrgèf `nf eutniulrgè`gðf, pnr in quc fn cs fc`csergn ci bcpnsgtn iulrgèbnr cf ie ufgbeb bc jeftcfgjgcftn. Fn sc bclc pcrjgtgr quc ci e`cgtc bci `njprcsnr pesc e ie rcb bc egrc e prcsgðf (gfsteier scperebnr bc egrc). 

Ci egrc bc csèpc `nftgcfc pertêùies bc su`gcbeb, pucbc beõer ies vgstes bc ies pcrsnfes cxpucstes e bg`des pertêùies.


20


< GFPREIE@GÐF BC @G\@SGRNP CIC@R\NFCSJERG@NP PC@SCF@GEICP PGJXICP


22

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\ceigzer csqucjes bc jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n scùcf`gei sgjpic

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Xrnler jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n scùcf`gei sgjpic bc bns `gigfbrns

80

Xrnler jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n scùcf`gei sgjpic bc trcs `gigfbrns

X_E. @EFR.

BCFNJGFE@GNF - FN\JE /BGJCFPGNFCP

JERC\GEICP / GFPR\SJCFRNP @gigfbrn bc bnlic cac`tn Cic`trnvåivuie 3/<, jnfncstelic Cic`trnvåivuie 3/<, lgcstelic Qåivuies cstrefkuiebnres `nf eftgrrctnrfn. Pcfsnrcs jekfçtg`ns. \ciçs bc `nfte`tn. Xuisebnrcs Aucftc bc eigjcfte`gðf

JERC\GEI

GFPREIE@GÐF BC @G\@SGRNP CIC@R\NFCSJERG@NP PC@SCF@GEICP PGJXICP D.R.

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NLPC\QE@GNFCP \ca. D.R. DNOE ? 5/5 <88<

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NXC\E@GÐF \ceigzer csqucje bc jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n scùcf`gei sgjpic Ci `grùgtn rckuie ie vcin`gbeb bc cxtcfsgðf bc ins `gigfbrns. Pc utgigze cic`trnvåivuie 3/< jnfncstelics, lgcstelics, scfsnrcs jekfçtg`ns y våivuies bc cstrefkuie`gðf ufgbgrc``gnfei.

X\N@CPN BC COC@S@GÐF 5. \ceig`c csqucje fcujåtg`n L5 5.8 (E)

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5.8.< 5.5. W5 8.5

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ICWCFBE 5.8/<.8/0.8 ? @gigfbrn bc bnlic cac`tn 5.8.
NLPC\QE@GÐF - Xere rceigzer ie scùcf`ge bc treleon bc ins `gigfbrns, tejlgçf cs pnsglic user sðin cic`trnvåivuies jnfncstelics n lgcstelics.


D.N. 5 / <

21


<. \ceig`c csqucje ciç`trg`n. - Jefbn scùcf`gei sgjpic bc bns `gigfbrns +

L0

L5 G6

M5

P5

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2 FE F@ ; -

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M5 M5

L5

PN

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NLPC\QE@GÐF Ins scfsnrcs jekfçtg`ns gfbgèbns cf ins csqucjes, snf bc <2 QB@, trcs dgins, `nfte`tn fnrjeijcftc elgcrtn, tgpn XFX. X\C@ES@GÐF Ei cjpicer bctc`tnrcs tgpn rccbswgt`d bclc prcstersc etcf`gðf bc quc ciins fn sc cfùcftrcf `crè bc ntrn èjpn jekfçtg`n, pucs pucbc prnbu`grsc eikufe `nfcxgðf gfbcscebe. @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

D.N. < / <

2;


NXC\E@GÐF Xrnler jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n scùcf`gei sgjpic bc bns `gigfbrns Pc rceigzerå prucles bc auf`gnfejgcftn bci sgstcje ciç`trg`n y fcujåtg`n? `nfcxgnfebn, aukes, egsiejgcftn, npcretgvgbeb bc cicjcftns y scùcf`ge gfbgèbe cf ci bgekreje bc jnvgjgcftns. QNIRÊJCR\N

X\N@CPN BC COC@S@GÐF

GGG G G G

GG G G

5. \ckuic prcsgðf bc treleon (p:1ler)

G G

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0. E``gnfc gftcrruptnr P - ci `grùgtn ciç`trg`n bc jefbn qucbe eigjcftebn @nf tcfsgðf bc <2 BQ@

PN G6

2. Xuisc P5 y vcrgagquc scùcf`ge gfbgèbe cf ci bgekreje bc jnvgjgcftns. Pcùcf`ge? - E`tgve ci snicfngbc W5, ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 5.8 rctnrfe - Ci scfsnr jekfçtg`n L5 bctc`te ci çjlnin gjeftebn, y cfcrkgze ci rciç bc `nfte`tns M5. - Ci `nfte`tn euxgiger M5 bci rciç bc `nfte`tns M5, cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W0 y ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn <.8 sc cxtgcfbc. - Ci scfsnr jekfçtg`n L< bctc`te ci çjlnin gjeftebn bci `gigfbrn <.8, y cfcrkgze ci rciç bc `nfte`tn M<. - Ins `nfte`tns M< bci rciç bc `nfte`tns M<, cfcrkgzef ci snicfngbc W< y bcscfcrkgzef ci snicfngbc W0. Ins våstekns bc ins `gigfbrns 5.8 y <.8 rctnjef e su pnsg`gðf nrgkgfei. - Pc bcscrfckgzef ci snicfngbc W<. BGEK\EJE BC JNQGJGCFRNP 5

<

0

2

5

5.8(E) 8 5 8

<.8(L)

L5

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D.N. 5 / 5

24


NXC\E@GÐF Xrnler jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n scùcf`gei sgjpic bc trcs `gigfbrns Pc rceigzeråf prucles bc auf`gnfejgcftn bci sgstcje ciç`trg`n y fcujåtg`n? `nfcxgnfebn, aukes, egsiejgcftns, npcretgvgbeb bc cicjcftns y scùcf`ge gfbgèbe cf ci bgekreje bc jnvgjgcftns.

X\N@CPN BC COC@S@GÐF 5. \ckuic prcsgðf bc treleon (p : 1 ler) <. Qcrgagquc tcfsgðf cf ie aucftc bc eigjcfte`gðf. 0. E``gnfc gftcrruptnr P - Ci `grùgtn ciç`trg`n bc jefbn qucbe eigjcftebn `nf tcfsgðf bc <2 BQ@. 2. Xuisc P5 y vcrgagquc scùcf`ge gfbgèbe. 50 cf ci bgekreje bc jnvgjgcftn. P5

Pcùcf`ge?

52

- E`tgve ci snicfngbc W5, ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 5.8 rctnrfe. - Ci scfsnr jekfçtg`n L5 bctc`te ci çjlnin gjeftebn bci `gigfbrn 5.8, y cfcrkgze ci rciç bc `nfte`tns M5. - Ci `nfte`tn euxgiger M5, bci rciç bc `nfte`tns M5, cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W< y ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 5.8 sc cxtgcfbc. - Ci scfsnr jekfçtg`n L< bctc`te ci çjlnin gjeftebn bci `gigfbrn 5.8, cfcrkgze ci rciç bc `nfte`tns M< y bcscfcrkgze ci rcic bc `nfte`tns M5. Cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W0 y ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn <.8 sc cxtgcfbc. - Ci scfsnr jekfçtg`n L0 bctc`te ei çjlnin gjeftebn bci `gigfbrn <.8, y cfcrkgze ci rciç bc `nfte`tns M0. Cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W2 y ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 0.8 sc cxtgcfbc - Ci scfsnr jekfçtg`n L2 bctc`te ei çjlnin gjeftebn bci `gigfbrn 0.8, cfcrkgze ci rciç bc `nfte`tns M2. Bcscfcrkgze ins rcics M< y M0,ins våstekns bci `gigfbrn <.8 y 0.8 rctnrfef. BGEK\EJE BC JNQGJGCFRNP 5

<

0

5

3

1

L<

5.8 8 5 8 5

2

L5 L0

<.8 0.8

L2

8 @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

D.N. 5 / 5

27


@G\@SGRN CIC@R\NFCSJÅRG@N PC@SCF@GEI 5.- PC@SCF@GE .- Cs tnbe su`csgðf nrbcfebe bc eikufes n tnbes ies `njlgfe`gnfcs quc pucbef anrjersc `nf uf `gcrtn fÿjcrn bc vergelics. <.- @G\@SGRN PC@[email protected] Cs equci cf quc, ci prnpðsgtn pcrsckugbn pnr ie gfanrje`gðf, sc inkre ÿfgèjcftc ùefbn equciie sgkuc uf bctcrjgfebn nrbcf. Cf ins `grùgtns scùcf`geics, esê `njn cf tnbns ins `grùgtns bc `nfjute`gðf, èlc sgcjprc bgstgfkugr ins cicjcftns bc auf`gnfejgcftn n gfanrje`gðf bc ins cicjcftns knlcrfebns n e``gnfebns pnr ie jefgnlre bc ins prgjcrns. Cf ci èsn bc ins `grùgtns scùcf`geics fcujåtg`ns, ins cicjcftns bc gfanrje`gðf snf ins puisebnrcs, cicjcftns iðkg`ns, igjgtebnrcs bc èrrcre, ct`. , y ins cicjcftns e``gnfebns snf `gigfbrns, jntnrcs, ct`. 0.- @G\@SGRN @NJLGFEBN.- Cs equci cf quc ci nrbcf bc auf`gnfejgcftn bc ins cicjcftns bc ie gfanrje`gðf fn cocr`c gfaiucf`ge eikufe cf ci rcsuitebn bc ie gfanrje`gðf, ye quc çste bcpcfbc ÿfgèjcftc bc ie auf`gðf cstelic`gbe pnr ie `njlgfe`gðf bc ins cicjcftns bc gfanrje`gðf. Cf ies agkures F¿s. 5 y < sc jucstref ins csqucjes bc `grùgtns scùcf`geics y `grùgtns bc `njlgfe`gðf.

e

J

E

F

L

l

x

W

W l

e

I l

l

J

E

F

L

\

@

e

l

I

T

T

Agk.5`grùgtnscùcf`gei

Agk.<`grùgtnbc`njlgfe`gðf

2.- PC@SCF@GE \GKS\NPE.- Pc prnbu`c ùfbn ci pesn bc ufe aesc e ie sgkugcftc, sc vcrgagè vergefbn ÿfgèjcftc ci cstebn bc uf cicjcftn bc rcspucste. Ies aescs bc uf `grùgtn scùcf`gei scråf ies su`csgves `njlgfe`gnfcs cftrc ie tnteigbeb bc ins cicjcftns bc gfanrje`gðf y ins cicjcftns knlcrfebns.


38


3.- PC@SCF@GE JßIRGXIC .- Pc prnbu`c sg ci pesn bc ufe aesc e ie sgkugcftc, sc vcrgagè ùefbn snf vergns ins cicjcftns quc verêef. 1.- ICW ASFBEJCFREIBC INP @G\@SGRNP PC@SCF@GEICP @nfsgbçrcsc `njn èsn kcfcrei uf `grùgtn anrjebn pnr uf rciç E y uf bgpnin bc `nfjute`gðf (swgt`d) C (E), tei `njn sc gfbgè cf ie Agkure F¿ 0.

C (E)

E

Agk. 0

@njn cf ins `grùgtns bc pure `njlgfe`gðf, ci cstebn bci cicjcftn knlcrfebn `nrrcspnfbc ei bc su cx`gte`gðf, cf cstc èsn sc ùjpigrå quc? Pg Pg

C (E) : 8, C (E) : 5,

cftnf`cs E: 8 cftnf`cs E : 5

Cstes rcie`gnfcs pcrjgtcf cstelic`cr ie Icy quc rgkc e ins `grùgtns bc pure `njlgfe`gðf. E : C (E) Cste eagrje`gðf fn pucbc cstelic`crsc cf ci èsn bc uf `grùgtn scùcf`gei. Xere ci èsn bc uf `grùgtn scùcf`gei, efeig`cjns ie scùcf`ge bc `nfcxgðf bci rciç eutneigjcftebn (Agkure F¿2)

X

L

T

T Agk. 2


35


AEPC

BCP@\GX@GÐF

CPREBN BC IEP QE\GELICP L T

5

\cpnsn

8

8

< 0 2

PcnprgjcL In quc de`c quc sc `nfc`tc T Pc sucite L y sgkuc `nfc`tebn T

5

8

5

5

8

5

Cf cstc `grùgtn, ie cxprcsgðf bci bgpnin bc cx`gte`gðf bci rciç T cs? C (T) : (L + T) . X Cf cstc èsn ies rcie`gnfcs, prnpges bci `grùgtn bc pure `njlgfe`gðf sc ùjpicf ÿfgèjcftc, cf ies aescs 5 y 0, pcrn fn snf våigbes pere ies aescs < y 2. Xrcs`gfbgcfbn bc ies pertgùiergbebcs bc ie aesc 2, efeigzercjns bctcfgbejcftc ie aesc <. Pu cxgstcf`ge sc bclc ei dc`dn quc sg ie cx`gte`gðf bci rciç T èjlge su cstebn, çstc gfvgcrtc uf tgcjpn cf èjlger bc pnsg`gðf. Cstc tgcjpn fn cs ntrn quc cf ci quc trefsùrrc bcsbc ci gfsteftc cf quc ie lnlgfe bci rciç qucbe snjctgbn e su tcfsgðf bc treleon, deste ci gfsteftc cf quc ins `nfte`tns bc quc cs pnrtebnr eièfze su fucve pnsg`gðf, pubgcfbn bc`grsc in jgsjn bc uf nrbcf gfvcrsn, pere ci prn`csn bc su bcs`nfcxgðf. Xnr cste rezðf, ie aesc < eperc`c `njn uf cstebn bc trefsg`gðf, pere in ùei? T  C (x) Rcfgcfbn cf ùcfte cstc cstebn trefsgtnrgn, jeynr n jcfnr sckÿf ci tgpn bc eperetn, rcsuite quc ci cstebn bc trefsg`gðf pere csc rciç qucberå bctcrjgfebn pnr ci cstebn bc su bgpnin (swgt`d) bc cx`gte`gðf.

;.- RGXNP BC @G\@SGRNP Ci èrå`tcr scùcf`gei bc ins `grùgtns bc cste fetureicze sc prcscfte, cf su anrje jås rgkurnse, ùefbn ie `nfscù`gðf bc su `gìn sc inkre jcbgeftc ufe snie y ÿfgè su`csgðf bc aescs. Cf cstns èsns, sc bg`c quc ci `grùgtn cs bc ufe snie scùcf`ge n bc scùcf`ge sgjpic. Pg, pnr ci `nftrergn, ci `grùgtn ebjgtc cf su `gìn bc treleon jås bc ufe su`csgðf bc aescs, quc `nfbuzèf ei jgsjn rcsuitebn, sce cf anrje tntei n per`gei, sc bg`c quc ci `grùgtn cs bc verges scùcf`ges n bc scùcf`ges jÿitgpics.


3<


Xere ber uf cocjpin bc `grùgtn bc scùcf`ge sgjpic, sc use ins Jepes bc Merfeukd, cf ins quc sc pucbc vcr ie scùcf`ge n treyc`tnrge bc ie scõei. P

L8

L5

L8

L5

E8

Pcùcf`ge sgjpic sg ci gftcrruptnr P cs `nf rctnrfn e rcsnrtc

E5 @8

@5

RGXNP BC @G\@SGRNP BC SFE PNIE PC@SCF@GE - @grùgtn `nf `gìn `crrebn cf ci nrgkcf XSFRN BC GFG@GN

Ie cx`gte`gðf bc èbe aesc (pesn) `nrrcspnfbc e ie eftcrgnr n prc`cbcftc.

- @grùgtn `nf `gìn `crrebn cf ufe aesc gftcrjcbge XSFRN BC GFG@GN

D

Ie cx`gte`gðf bc èbe aesc (pesn) `nrrcspnfbc e ie aesc eftcrgnr n prc`cbcftc. Cf eikufes aescs, ie cx`gte`gðf pucbc de`crsc pnr jås bc ufe scõei, tei cs ci èsn cf D.

- @grùgtn `nf `gìn elgcrtn Gfbgè quc, ufe vcz eièfzebe ufe aesc, pcrjefc`c cf csc cstebn.


30


JEXE BC ME\FESKD Sf Jepe bc Merfeukd cs uf `nfouftn bc ùebrêùies yuxtepucstes, nrbcfebes cf `niujfes y agies, bcpcfbgcfbn su fÿjcrn bc ie èftgbeb bc vergelics. Ci Jepe bc Merfeukd sc use cf ie prnyc``gðf bc `grùgtns scùcf`geics, quc pucbcf scr fcujåtg`ns, ciç`trg`ns y/n cic`trðfg`ns. Ci fÿjcrn jêfgjn bc ùebrêùies bc uf jepe bc Merfeukd, bcftrn bc uf `grùgtn scùcf`gei, sc bctcrjgfe pnr ie aðrjuie. F¿ : <

f

@

F¿ : fÿjcrn bc ùebrêùies < : èftgbeb bc vergelics @

f

Rnbe vergelic bclc tcfcr < pnsg`gnfcs? - Xrcscf`ge bc scõei, cxtcfbgcfbn, E5, ’5‚. - Euscf`ge bc scõei, linqucn, rctre`tebn, E 8 , ’8‚ Cf tnbn Jepe bc Merfeukd sc bclc ùjpigr quc? - Ie jgteb bci tntei bc ùebrêùies gfbgquc ufe pnsg`gðf bc ie vergelic, y. - Ie ntre jgteb bci tntei bc ùebrêùies, gfbgquc ntre pnsg`gðf bc ie vergelic. Pgcjprc, cf tnbn Jepe bc Merfeukd bclc cxgstgr ie gftcrsc``gðf bc tnbes vergelics cf sus < cstebns. Cocjpins? 5) Pg sc tgcfc ies vergelics E, L, @, ci jepe bc Merfeukd bclc tcfcr 4 ùebrêùies, pnr quc <0: 4, pnr scr 0 ies vergelics.

Ins cstebns bc èbe vergelic scråf?  XereievergelicE  XereievergelicL  Xereievergelic@

En Ln @n

y y y

E L @

5 5 5

Pc lusè ie gftcrsc``gðf bc ies vergelics cf sus cstebns, y sc ies ulgè cf ci jepe.


32


@8 L8

@5

L5

L5

L8

E5

@5 E8

E e) 8 E5

5 @ E8

l)

8 E5

@8

L8

L5

`)

@5

E5

@8

L8 L5

5

E8 @5

5

Ci èjlgn bc ie pnsg`gðf bc ie vergelic, cf ie bcfnjgfe`gðf bci jepe, prnbu`c uf èjlgn cf ie ulgè`gðf bc ie ùebrêùie. @ebe ùebrêùie tgcfc ufe bcagfg`gðf cstelic`gbe. Esê, cf ci jepe (e), ie ùebrgùie jerèbe `nf 5 bcagfc ie gftcrsc``gðf bc E5 L5 @8 , pere ùebrêùie bci jepe (l) bcagfc ie gftcrsc``gðf bc En L5 @5 y ie ùebrêùie bci jepe ( `) bcagfc ie gftcrsc``gðf bc E5 L5 @5. <) Rcfkesc ednre ies vergelics <2 ùebrêùies, cs bc`gr, 51. E, L, @, B. Ci jep e bc Merfeukd bclc tcfcr cftnf`cs

Ins cstebns bc èbe vergelic scråf? 

Xere ie vergelic E



XereievergelicL



Xere ie vergelic @



Xere ie vergelic B

   

En, E5 Ln, L

5

@n, @5 Bn, B5

Pc lusè ie gftcrsc``gðf bc ies vergelics cf sus cstebns y sc ies ulgè cf ci jepe. @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

33


L8 E8 @8

@8

L5

E5

E5

E8

B8 B5

L8 B8

B5 @5

L5

L5

L8

E8

@8 L8

E5

5

E8

@5

E5 B5

B8

@5

@5

@8

B8 B5

5

E5

5

B5 L5

E8

e)

B8

l)

`)

Pc nlscrve quc, cf ins 0 jepes, ie pnsg`gðf bc ie ùebrêùie scic``gnfebe cs ie jgsje, pcrn su bcagfg`gðf cf ci jepe cs bgstgfte. Esê? 

Xere ci jepe (e), ie ùebrêùie bcagfc ie gftcrsc``gðf bc E5 Ln @n B5.



Xere ci jepe (l), ie ùebrêùie bcagfc ie gftcrsc``gðf bc E5 L5 @n Bn.



Xere ci jepe (`), ie ùebrêùie bcagfc ie gftcrsc``gðf bc En Ln @5 B5.

Fnte? Sfe vcz scic``gnfebe ie fnjgfe`gðf bc ie pnsg`gðf bc ies vergelics cf ci jepe, sc ie bclc jeftcfcr bureftc tnbn ci efåigsgs y/n prnyc``gðf bci `grùgtn.

Epigè`gðf bci jepe bc Merfeukd cf ie jgfgjgze`gðf bc auf`gnfcs Cocjpin 5?

Jgfgjgzer ie auf`gðf?a :  (8, <, 0)

5cr. pesn.

Pc bcserrniie ie auf`gðf cf ci sgstcje lgfergn a : 88 + 58 + 55 . Xere cstc èsn scråf ies vergelics E y L.

Pc veinrgze ie auf`gðf, `ninèfbn ies vergelics cf nrbcf y, bc eùcrbn ei rcsuitebn, pnfcr E bnfbc deye 5, n E bnfbc deye 8, sgcjprc quc sc cfùcftrcf cf gkuei ocrerquêe, esê `njn 5 pere L y 8 pere L. a:88 +58

0cr.pesn

+55

:EL +

EL

+EL

@nfstgtugr ci Jepe bc Merfeukd, `nf < vergelics.

L

L

E E


31


2tn pesn. @ninèr bêkgtns cf èbe veinr bc seigbe. @njn a : EL + EL + EL, sc tnje uf ùebrebn pnr èbe vergelic bc ie auf`gðf, esê? L

L

L

E

E

E

E

5

E

5

L

5

EL:

EL :

EL :

L

L

E

Iuckn a : EL + EL + EL, kreagèbe cf ci jepe bc Merfeukd scrå?

E

L

L

5

5

E

5

3tn pesn. Ekruper ins bêkgtns 5. Cf cstc èsn, sc de`c pnr percs.

E E

L

L

5

5 5

1tn pesn. Nltcfcr ci rcsuitebn bc ins krupns, esê? Ci krupn dnrgznftei cstå bcagfgbn pnr E. Ci krupn vcrtgèi cstå bcagfgbn pnr L Iuckn, ci rcsuitebn scrå

:E+L

Bc cstc cocjpin, pucbc `njprnlersc ci rcsuitebn cac`tuefbn ie jgfgjgze`gðf, jcbgeftc ins tcnrcjes bc Åikclre bc Lnnic. Iuckn? a :  (8,<,0)

a:

88 +58 +55 a: EL + EL + EL : EL + E(L + E) :a EL +E :E +L

Cocjpin
:

a:

858

a:

EL@ + EL@+ EL@ + EL@ +EL@

 ( <, 0, 2, 3, ;)

+ 855+ 588+ 585+ 555

Xere `ninèr ins bêkgtns 5 cf èbe veinr bc seigbe, sc tcfbrå cspc`gei ùg beb n pnr scr uf ès n bc 0 ver gel ics .


3;

JEFBNP BC PGPRCJEP CIC@R\NFCSJERG@NP E

E @

E L@ :

E L@: @

5

@ @

5

L

L

L

L

E

E

E

E

L

L E

E

@

@

E L@:

5

E L@: @

@

5

L

L

L

L

L

L

Iuckn ie auf`gðf a : EL@ + EL@ + EL@ + EL@ + EL@ kreagèbe, y ekrupebe pnr percs cf ci Jepe bc Merfeukd, cs? E

E

@

5

@

5

L

5

5 5

L

L

Iuckn ie ekrupe`gðf tnjebe be `njn rcsuitebn? - Xnsg`gðf vcrtgèi EL - Xnsg`gðf vcrtgèi EL - Xnsg`gðf dnrgznftei L@ Xnr teftn, ie auf`gðf qucbe jgfgjgzebe `njn a : EL + EL + L@ Cocjpin 0? Jgfgjgzer ie auf`gðf?

a :  (8, 5, <, 3)

: 888 + 885 + 858 + 585 : EL@ + EL@ + EL@ + EL@



Kreagèfbn y ekrupefbn ins bêkgtns bc ie auf`gðf cf ci jepe bc Merfeukd, sc tgcfc?

E

E @

5

E

E 5

@

5

@

5

5

n sce

@

5

L

L

5

L

Ies ekrupe`gnfcs tnjebes bef `njn rcsuitebn?

L

5

L

5

L

- Xnsg`gðf vcrtgèi EL= ies vergelic @ y @ fn sc tnjef cf ùcfte, pnr quc @ + @ : 5 - Xnsg`gðf dnrgznftei L@, pnr quc E + E : 5 - Xnsg`gðf dnrgznftei E@, pnr quc L +L : 5 Xnr in teftn, ie auf`gðf qucbe jgfgjgzebe `njn ? a : EL + L@ + E@ @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

34


ASF@GNFCP IÐKG@EP Xere `nfstrugr uf `grùgtn iðkg`n, cs fc`csergn tcfcr verges auf`gnfcs iðkgès låsgès. Ciins snf? Relie bc vcrbeb v E L E L

Pêjlnin? E

E

L

v

L

&

8

8

8

8 5 5

5 8 5

8 8 5

Ies cftrebes snf ies vergelics E y L, y ie auf`gðf bc seigbe cs E L . Ie telie bc vcrbeb gfbgè quc sg sc `nfsgbcre ei bêkgtn 8 `njn euscf`ge bc scõei, y ei bêkgtn 5, `njn prcscf`ge bc scõei, delrå ufe scõei bc seigbe, ÿfgèjcftc, cf ci èsn cf quc ejles cftrebes (E y L) tcfkef epigèbe ufe scõei. Cf ntres `nfbg`gnfcs, fn delrå scõei bc seigbe= in quc cstå rcprcscftebn pnr ci bêkgtn 8.

<. Auf`gðf N\ (bgsouf`gðf) Pêjlnin? Relie bc vcrbeb E L

v

5

EvL

E L 8 8 5 5

8 5 8 5

EvL 8 5 5 5

Ies cftrebes snf ies vergelics E y L, y ie auf`gðf bc seigbe cs E L . Ie telie bc vcrbeb gfbgè quc, sg sc `nfsgbcre ei bêkgtn 8 `njn euscf`ge bc scõei, y ei bêkgtn 5, `njn prcscf`ge bc scõei, pere quc cxgste ufe scõei bc seigbe, sc rcqugcrc quc deye ufe scõei bc cftrebe cf E, cf L, n cf ejles.

0. Auf`gðf FNR Pêjlnin? Relie bc vcrbeb E

5

E


E

E

8 5

5 8

37


Ie auf`gðf iðkgè FNR gfvgcrtc ie `nfbg`gðf n cstebn iðkg`n bc ie scõei bc cftrebe, tei `njn in gfbgè ie telie bc vcrbeb.

2. Auf`gðf FEFB Pêjlnin

Relie bc vcrbeb v E L E L

E L

E

v

L 8 8 5 5

&

8 5 8 5

5 5 5 8

Ie auf`gðf iðkgè FEB `nfstgtuyc ie fcke`gðf bc ie auf`gðf EFB.

3. Auf`gðf FN\ Pêjlnin E L

Relie bc vcrbeb v

5

EvL

E L

EvL

8 8 5

8 5 8

5 8 8

5

5

8

Ie auf`gðf iðkgè FN\ `nfstgtuyc ie fcke`gðf bc ie auf`gðf N\.

1. Auf`gðf TN\ (N\ cxìusgvn) Pêjlnin Relie bc vcrbeb

E L

5

U

E L

U

8 8 5 5

8 5 5 8

8 5 8 5

Ie auf`gðf iðkgè TN\, bc eùcrbn e su telie bc vcrbeb, gfbgè quc dey ufe scõei bc seigbe, ùefbn cxgstc ufe scõei cf ie cftrebe E n cf ie cftrebe L. Cf ntres `nfbg`gnfcs, fn dey tcfsgðf n scõei bc seigbe.


18


\CIE@GÐF CFR\C PÊJLNINP BC @G\@SG RNP W PÊJLNIN P IÐKG@ NP Cf ùeiqugcr sgstcje bc `nftrni pucbc bersc ci èsn bc quc verges scõeics lgferg es bclcf cfiezer sc cftr c sg, per eerrgle r e eikÿf r csuiteb n. Bg`dns cfi e`cs def sgbn fnrjei gzebns. Eq uê vejn s e cs tubger eikuf ns bc ciins? gbc ftgbeb , fck e` gðf, `nf ouf`g ðf y bgsouf`gðf.

Pêjlnins fcujåtg`ns Pêjlnins cic`trðfg`ns Pêjlnins iðkg`ns sckÿf BGF GPN 5<75 sckÿf BGF 28 ;50 sckÿf BGF 28 ;88 GBCFRGBEB

+

Relie bc treleon C5

E5

8

8

5

5

E5 C5

C5 R

C5

5

R

E5

E5

-

Qåivuie 0/< vêes (F@)

PG

Fnrjeijcftc elgcrtn

C5 : E5

FCKE@GÐF

+

C5

E5 C5

C5 R

R

C5

8

5

5

8

E5

-

Qåivuie 0/< vêes (FE)

FN

Fnrjeijcftc `crrebn +

E5

C5 : E5

@NFOSF@GÐF C5

C5

C<

C5

5

E5

E5

C<

C<

E5

&

E5

C5

C<

8

8

E5 8

5

8

8

8 5

5 5

8 5

C5

C< : E5

C5

C<

E5

8

8

8

5 8

8 5

5 5

5

5

5

C5

C< : E5

-

EFB

Qåivuie bc prcsgðf buei < gftcrruptnrcs FE cf scrgc +

BGPOSF@GÐF

E5 C5 C5

C<

Qåivuie `nfjutebnre

C< E5

C5 C<

:5

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JEXE BC ME\FESKD EXIG@EBN E @G\@SGRNP PC@SCF@GEICP Ins jepes bc Merfeukd tgcfcf kref epigè`gðf cf ie prnyc``gðf bc `grùgtns scùcf`geics fcujåtg`ns, cf ins quc ies vergelics ies `nfstgtuycf ins `gigfbrns fcujåtg`ns, esê `njn ins jntnrcs, ct`. Ins bns cstebns bc èbe vergelic ins `nfstgtuycf n rcprcscftef ins igjgtebnrcs bc èrrcre. Esê, uf `gigfbrn fcujåtg`n bc bnlic cac`tn E, rcprcscfterå ie vergelic E, ci igjgtebnr bc èrrcre, quc gfbgè quc ci `gigfbrn sc cfùcftre rctre`tebn, rcprcscfterå uf cstebn En y ci igjgtebnr bc èrrcre, quc gfbgè quc ci `gigfbrn sc cfùcftre tnteijcftc cxtcfbgbn, rcprcscfterå E5. Iðkgèjcftc, ùefbn sc bg`c quc ci `gigfbrn E rcprcscfte ufe vergelic, sc eiubc ei `gigfbrn, `nf su rcspc`tgve våivuie bc bgstrglu`gðf, cf ie quc, ùefbn ci `gigfbrn E sc cxtgcfbc, sc rcprcscfte `njn E+, y ùefbn ci `gigfbrn E sc rctre`te, `njn E-. Leon cstes `nfsgbcre`gnfcs y eikufes jås quc sc beråf bureftc ci bcserrniin bc uf `grùgtn scùcf`gei, sc cstelic`c uf nrbcf pere ie prnyc``gðf bc uf `grùgtn scùcf`gei ùeiqugcre.

Cùe`gnfcs iðkgès? Pc cxtrecf bci jepe, tcfgcfbn prcscftc ùåi auc ie vergelic quc èjlgð bc cstebn eftcrgnrjcftc, cstn cs, ùei auc ci ÿitgjn èjlgn bc vergelic. Pgcjprc sc bclc treter bc bcagfgr lgcf ie ùebrgùie bnfbc tcrjgfe èbe vc`tnr. @ebe vc`tnr rcprcscfte uf èjlgn bc vergelic. Esê pucs? E+ L-

: L5.P

L5 pnr quc cs ci ÿitgjn èjlgn y P pnr quc cs ie scõei bc cftrebe

E5:

E-

Ln : L+ :En

Bgekrejes bc `nftrni? Cstc bgekreje sc pucbc de`cr cf < anrjes? e)

Bgekreje bc `nftrni epertc, cs bc`gr, èbe cùe`gðf `nfstgtuyc ie scõei quc de`c e`tuer ci pgintn pere èbe våivuie bci `gigfbrn. Xnr cocjpin?

C 8 B 8

T 0 E 8

C

5

E+ Pgkfgagè E+ : @8. B8. C5 @- Pgkfgagè @- : T0. E8. L5

L

5


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l) Bgekreje bc `nftrni `nfouftejcftc `nf ci bc aucrze, vgcfc e scr ie ufgðf bc ins bns bgekrejes.

EN

E+

E-

R

LN

E5

L+

R

L5

L-

R

R

Pc prnyc`te uf `grùgtn scùcf`gei quc `nfste bc 0 `gigfbrns bc bnlic cac`tn? - `gigfbrn E sc cxtgcfbc - `gigfbrn L sc rctre`te - `gigfbrn @ sc cxtgcfbc

(E+) (L-) (@+)

-- `gigfbrn scrctre`te rctre`te `gigfbrn @ E sc - `gigfbrn L sc cxtgcfbc

(@-) (E-) (L+)

@njn rcqugsgtns tcfcjns? e) Ci sgstcje tgcfc uf scic`tnr eutnjåtg`n - jefuei. l) @uefbn auf`gnfe cf eutnjåtg`n, cs bc `gìn `nftgfuebn `) @uefbn auf `gnfe cf je fuei, ins ` gigfb rns s c cxtg cfbcf y rct re`tef gfbcpcfbgcftcjcftc. b) Rgcfc uf puisebnr bc perebe bc scùcf`ge, cf ùeiqugcr ctepe bc ie scùcf`ge. c) Rgcfc uf puisebnr bc rcpnsg`gðf bc scùcf`ges e `nfbg`gnfcs gfg`geics. a) Bclc trefsùrrgr uf tgcjpn bc <8 sckufbns, ùefbn ci `gigfbrn @, sc de cxtcfbgbn, pere quc ci jgsjn sc rctre`tc. Fntes?

Ins `gigfbrns sc cxtgcfbcf råpgbejcftc y sc rctre`tef icftejcftc. Fn sc usef igjgtebnrcs bc èrrcre.

Nrbcf e sckugr cf ie prnyc``gðf bci `grùgtn scùcf`gei? 5) @nfbg`gnfcs gfg`geics Ci `gigfbrn E sc cfùcftre rctre`tebn, tcfcjns scõei cf En Ci `gigfbrn L sc cfùcftre cxtcfbgbn, tcfcjns scõei cf L5. Ci `gigfbrn @ sc cfùcftre rctre`tebn, tcfcjns scõei cf @n. @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

48


@nfbg`gnfcs gfg`geics ? En, L5 , @n @GIGFB\N E

En

@GIGFB\N L

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5

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E+

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<) @nf ins rcqugsgtns pere ci sgstcje, sc ve ùjpigcfbn e jcbgbe quc sc evefze `nf ci prnyc`tn. Esê sc tgcfc quc, pere ùjpigr `nf ci rcqugsgtn e y ` , sc fc`csgte uf scic`tnr eutnjåtg`n - jefuei, ùefbn ci sgstcje auf`gnfe cf jefuei, ie e``gðf bc èbe `gigfbrn cs gfbcpcfbgcftc. Cstn sc inkre de`gcfbn usn bc gftcrruptnrcs scic`tnrcs NAA JEFSEI

ESRN

ESRN

E-

E+

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JEFSEI E CTRGCFBC

JEFSEI E \CR\E@RE L-

L+

JEFSEI L CTRGCFBC

JEFSEI L \CR\E@RE

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45


@uefbn ci sgstcje cstå treleoefbn cf eutnjåtg`n, bclc de`írscin cf anrje `nftêfuebe= in quc qugcrc bc`gr? quc ie scõei bc seigbe bci scic`tnr eutnjåtg`n jefuei, pnr eutnjåtg`n, bclc eigjcftersc e uf gftcrruptnr fcujåtg`n, quc derå ie auf`gðf bc errefquc. @njn fn sc use igjgtebnrcs bc èrrcre, quc gfbgqucf ùåfbn uf `gigfbrn sc cfùcftre cxtcfbgbn n rctre`tebn, sc cjpice ins cicjcftns iðkg`ns FNR, `njn sc jnstrð cf ci

PRE\R ESRN

bgekreje bc aucrze. Cstns cicjcftns FNR, cståf fujcrebns bci 5 eiiðkg`ns 1, rcprcscftefbn ins fÿjcrns gjpercs cf `nfbg`gnfcs bc `gigfbrn rctre`tebn y ins percs, ci `gigfbrn cxtcfbgbn Sfn bc ins rcqugsgtns quc sc pgbc, cs quc ins `gigfbrns sc cxtgcfbef råpgbejcftc y su rctre``gðf sce icfte. Cstn sc inkre gfscrtefbn ufe rcstrg``gðf rckuielic `nfouftejcftc `nf ufe våivuie `dc`m.

R

R

0) Jepe bc Merfeukd? Pc tgcfc 0 vergelics, ci fÿjcrn jêfgjn bc ùebrêùies cs bc < 0, nsce 4. W0

W0

@8 PRE\R

L5

E8

@5 E5

E+

E5

@5 E8

E8

@8 E5

E5

E8

L-

T0 @+

L8

L8

L+

E-

T5

@-

T0 L5 T5

Ci fÿjcrn bc ùebrêùies bc uf jepe cs < f, pere cstc èsn, f: 0, cs bc`gr, 4 ùebrêùies. Xcrn cstn rgkc ùefbn ie scùcf`ge cs ie jås sgjpic. Xcrn ùefbn cf ie scùcf`ges sc prnbu`c ci èjlgn bc cstebn bc ufe vergelic, c gfjcbgetejcftc, su èjlgn `njpicjcftergn, `njn cs ci èsn bci `gigfbrn @, quc sc cxtgcfbc y iuckn sc rctre`te, tcfbrå quc usersc ufe ufgbeb bc jcjnrge ( uf aigp- ainp), `nf in ùei ci fÿjcrn bc ùebrêùies sc bupigè cs bc`gr 51. @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

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Xere ci cocjpin bebn, pere ufe ère bci aigp - ainp, T0 sc tcfbrå ins jnvgjgcftns bc E+, L - @+. Iuckn sc de`c ci èjlgn bci aigp - ainp pere nltcfcr seigbe pnr T0 , y cf csc cstebn sc `njpicjcfte ins jnvgjgcftns bc @-, E-, L+, y iuckn sc èjlge ci aigp - ainp, pere nltcfcr seigbe pnr T 0. @elc de`cr jcf`gðf , quc ùefbn sc rcprcscfte ufe scùcf`ge cf uf jepe bc Merfeukd , fn bclc nùpersc ufe ùebrgùie bns vc`cs, cs bc`gr quc iickucf bns n jås èlczes bc vc`tnrcs, seivn ei èsn bc `nfbg`gðf gfg`gei bc scùcf`ge. Ie bcPc tcjpnrgzebnrcs, ve`ên, ct`. ... , cùe`gnfcs fn sc pucbciðkgès rcprcscfter cf e``gðf uf jepe. ics bclc tcfcr kcfcre`gnfcs prcscftc cf cibc jnjcftn bc ies 2.- C@SE@GNFCP IÐ[email protected] Equê sc bclc tcfcr prcscftc cf quc ère bci aigp ainp sc cstå treleoefbn, y ùåi auc ie ÿitgje vergelic quc èjlgð. Esê? E+ : P . T L- : E5

@+: Ln. T T 5: @ 5

0.

E- : @n . T 0. L+ : En

0.

@- : T0

T 5 : L5

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L+ : En . W T 5 : L5 . W

0 0

0

@njn scõei pgintn W 5 , sc tcfbrå ies `nfbg`gnfcs gfg`geics bci `grùgtn, cs bc`gr, W

5

: En . L 5 .@n

@njn scõei pere èjlger ci aigp - ainp W, bc W0, e W 0, sc cjpice uf puisebnr bc perebe bc scùcf`ges, cs bc`gr? Xern bc scùcf`ge W5 W5: Xern bc scùcf`ges W0 W5

W0

aigp - ainp usebn pere pern bc scùcf`ge W5


40


@njn uf rcqugsgtn pgbc quc bclc cxgstgr uf puisebnr bc rcpnsg`gðf bc scùcf`ge cf `nfbg`gnfcs gfg`geics, cstn sc inkre e trevçs bc uf puisebnr ùye eigjcfte`gðf prnvcfke bc ie seigbe bci aigp - ainp W cf su pucrte W0. @elc jcf`gnfer quc ci puisebnr bc rcpnsg`gðf bc scùcf`ge, cf `nfbg`gnfcs gfg`geics, fn treleoe, e jcfns quc ci puisebnr bc perebe bc scùcf`ge deye treleoebn W0 Agfeijcftc, sc ùjpic `nf ci ÿitgjn rcqugsgtn= quc bclc trefsùrrgr uf tgcjpn bc <8 sckufbns cftrc ie cxtcfsgðf y ie rctre``gðf bci `gigfbrn @. Pc eprnvc`de ie seigbe bci aigp-ainp T cf su pucrte T 0,pere pnfcr `njn scõei ei tcjpnrgzebnr, ci quc bcspuçs bc <8 sckufbns de`c iicker ie scõei bci cicjcftn iðkg`n EFB pere @. T0 5

0

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@-

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Ednre sc cs`rglc ies cùe`gnfcs agfeics pere ci sgstcje pcbgbn? E+ : P . T 5 . W 0 + Jefuei bc E+ L- : E5 . W 0 + Jefuei bc L@+ : Ln . T 0 . W 0 + Jefuei bc @+ T5 : @5 . W 0 R5 : T 0 @- : R 5 . W 0 + \csct + Jefuei bc @E- : @n . T 0 . W 0 + \csct + Jefuei bc EL+ : En . W 0 + \csct + Jefuei bc L+ T5 : L5 . W0 W5 : Xern bc scùcf`ge W5 : En . L5 . @n

3) BGEK\EJE BC @NFR\NI.- Cf cstc cocjpin sc use ie anrje bc bgekreje bc `nftrni epertc?

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W0 W5

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X\C@ES@GNFCP BC PCKS\GBEB CF IE GFG@GEIG_E@GÐF BC INP CICJCFRNP BC SF JEFBN CIC@R\NFCSJÅRG@N

- Cigjgfc ie dujcbeb prcscftc cf anrje bc vepnr bc ekue, bc su rcb bc egrc `njprgjgbn pnr jcbgns ebcùebns? pnst - cfargebnrcs, scèbnrcs argknrêag`ns, agitrns, ct`. Pu cx`csn bctcrgnre ci pcranjef`c bc ie gfsteie`gðf èusefbn `nrrnsgðf y ’ievefbn‚ ins iulrgèftcs. Eftcs bc èbe epigè`gðf gfsteic agitrns eprnpgebns pere scperer gjpurczes y `nfbcfsebns.

- Pg lgcf ins cqugpns tgcfcf sus rcspc`tgvns refkns bc tcjpcreture bc treleon, ie vgbe ðptgje sc prnbu`c e ins + <3¿@. @uefbn ins cqugpns bclef npcrersc pnr bcleon bc ins +<¿@, rc`njcfbejns user egrc 588 % sc`n pere cvgter ie anrje`gðf bc dgcin quc pucbe gftcracrgr cf ie npcre`gðf fnrjei.

- Rnbe vcz quc sce pnsglic, sc rc`njgcfbe epigèr ei sgstcje prnkrcsgvejcftc, teftn cf ie pucste ei puftn `njn cf ie npcre`gðf fnrjei bc jer`de. Xere cstc prnpðsgtn utgigzer uf rckuiebnr bc prcsgðf bc e``gðf fnrjei n ufe våivuie bc prcsurgze`gðf prnkrcsgve.

- Esckurer quc tnbes ies `nfcxgnfcs cstçf jc`åfgè y fcujåtgèjcftc eoustebns, ye quc esê cvgterå quc ies jefkucres ’pcrbgbes‚ bcf ietgkezns beõefbn e ies pcrsnfes. - Rnbn sgstcje bc jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n bclc cster cqugpebn `nf uf gftcrruptnr bc cjcrkcf`ge prgf`gpei quc pcrjgte bcs`nfc`ter tnbn ci cqugpn bureftc ins treleons bc igjpgcze, jeftcfgjgcftn y rcpere`gðf n bureftc pcrgnbns bc gfe`tgvgbeb prninfkebns. Ci gftcrruptnr cf ùcstgðf bclc scr jefuei y bclcrå cster ère`tcrgzebn `nf 5 y 8 pere ie `nfcxgðf y bcs`nfcxgðf rcspc`tgvejcftc. Ebcjås bclcrå jeftcfcr su pnsg`gðf cf èbe èsn. Esê jgsjn, ie pnsg`gðf bc bcs`nfcxgðf tgcfc quc pnbcrsc linqucer bc tei jefcre quc fn sce pnsglic pnfcr cf jer`de ci cqugpn fg jefueijcftc fg e bgstef`ge. Cf èsn bc delcr verges tnjes, ins gftcrruptnrcs prgf`gpeics bclcråf linqucersc jutuejcftc pere cvgter ùeiqugcr pcigkrn. - Ci cicjcftn quc e`tgve ci pern bc cjcrkcf`ge bclcrå scr bc `ninr rnon vgvn. Ie supcrag`gc bcleon bc bg`dn cicjcftn bclcrå scr bc `ninr ejergiin pere quc sc prnbuzè uf `nftrestc cftrc `ninrcs.


41


2 GFPREIE@GÐF BC @G\@SGRNP CIC@R\NFCSJERG@NP PC@SCF@GEICP RCJXN\G_EBNP


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80 Xrnler jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n scùcf`gei tcjpnrgzebn bc trcs `gigfbrns.

X_E. @EFR.

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BCFNJGFE@GNF - FN\JE / BGJCFPGNFCP

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NXC\E@GÐF Xrnler jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n scùcf`gei tcjpnrgzebn bc bns `gigfbrns Pc rceigzeråf prucles bc auf`gnfejgcftn bci sgstcje ciç`trg`n y fcujåtg`n? `nfcxgnfebn, aukes, egsiejgcftn, rckuie`gðf bc tgcjpn, npcretgvgbeb bc cicjcftns y scùcf`ge gfbgèbe cf ci bgekreje bc jnvgjgcftns.

X\N@CPN BC COC@S@GÐF 5. <. 0. 2. 3.

\ckuic prcsgðf bc treleon ( p : 1 ler) Qcrgagquc tcfsgðf cf ie aucftc bc eigjcfte`gðf (<2 QB@) \ckuic ci tgcjpn cf ci Rcjpnrgzebnr. E``gnfc gftcrruptnr P Xuisc ’JE\@DE‚ y vcrgagquc scùcf`ge gfbgèbe cf ci bgekreje bc jnvgjgcftns. -PC@SCF@GE - Pc cfcrkgze ci rciç bc `nfte`tns m5 y `nf ufn bc sus `nfte`tns euxgigercs fnrjeijcftc elgcrtn cfcrkgze ci rciç bc `nfte`tns M<. - @nf ufn bc ins `nfte`tns euxgigercs, fnrjeijcftc elgcrtn, bc M< sc cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W5 y ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 5.8 (E) rctnrfe. - Ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 5.8 (E) e``gnfe ci agfei bc èrrcre P5 y cfcrkgze ci tcjpnrgzebnr R. Rrefsùrrgbn ci tgcjpn rckuiebn, cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W0 y sc cxtgcfbc ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn <.8 (L). - Ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn <.8 (L) e``gnfe ci agfei bc èrrcre P2 y cfcrkgze ci rciç bc `nfte`tn M0. Bcscfcrkgze ci rciç bc `nfte`tns M<. - Cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W< y ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 5.8 (E) sc cxtgcfbc. - Ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 5.8 (E) e``gnfe ci agfei bc èrrcre P< y cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W2. Ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn <.8 (L) rctnrfe, e``gnfe ci agfei bc èrrcre P0. Ci `gìn sc rcpgtc.


<

0

2

5

E

8 5

3

1:5

P<

P5 P2

L

P0

8

R @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

D.N. 5 / 5

75


NXC\E@GÐF Xrnler jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n scùcf`gei tcjpnrgzebn bc trcs `gigfbrns Pc rceigzeråf prucles bc auf`gnfejgcftn bci sgstcje ciç`trg`n y fcujåtg`n? `nfcxgnfebn, aukes, egsiejgcftn, rckuie`gðf bc tgcjpn, npcretgvgbeb bc cicjcftns y scùcf`ge gfbgèbe cf ci bgekreje bc jnvgjgcftns.

X\N@CPN BC COC@S@GÐF 5. \ckuic prcsgðf bc treleon ( p : 1 ler) <. Qcrgagquc tcfsgðf cf ie aucftc bc eigjcfte`gðf (<2 QB@) 0. \ckuier ci tgcjpn cf ci Rcjpnrgzebnr. 2. E``gnfc gftcrruptnr P  Ci `grùgtn ciç`trg`n bc jefbn qucbe eigjcftebn `nf tcfsgðf bc <2 QB@, sc cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W 3. Xuisc ’JE\@DE‚ y vcrgagquc scùcf`ge gfbgèbe cf ci bgekreje bc jnvgjgcftns. PC@SCF@GE - Pc cfcrkgze ci rciç bc `nfte`tns M5 y ci rciç bc `nfte`tns M<. - E trevçs bc ufn bc ins `nfte`tns, fnrjeijcftc elgcrtn, bc M< sc cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W5 y ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 5.8 (E) rctnrfe. - Ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 5.8 (E) e``gnfe ci agfei bc èrrcre P5 y cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W3. C våstekn bci `gigfbrn 0.8 ( @) rctnrfe. - Ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 0.8 ( @) e``gnfe ci agfei bc èrrcre P3 y cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W0. Ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn <.8 sc cxtgcfbc. - Ci Qåstekn bci `gigfbrn <.8 (L) e``gnfe ci agfei bc èrrcre P2 y cfcrkgze ci Rcjpnrgzebnr R. Rrefsùrrgbn ci tgcjpn rckuiebn cfcrkgze ci rciç bc `nfte`tns M0. Bcscfcrkgze ins snicfngbcs W5, W0 y W3. - Ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 5.8 (E) sc cxtgcfbc. E``gnfe ci agfei bc èrrcre P< y cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W1. Ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 0.8 ( @) sc cxtgcfbc. - Ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn 0.8 (@) e``gnfe ci agfei bc èrrcre P1 y cfcrkgze sc snicfngbc W2. Ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn <.8 (L) rctnrfe, e``gnfe ci agfei bc èrrcre P0 y sc rcpgtc ci `gìn.


<023

1

5 8 5 8 5 8

E

4:5

P<

P5 P2

L @

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P0 P1 P3 R


7<


@G\@SGRNP CIC@R\NFCSJERG@NP PC@SCF@GEICP RCJXN\G_EBNP Cf ins sgstcjes bc jefbn eutnjåtg`n cs juy fc`csergn ci usn bci ae`tnr tgcjpn, sckÿf ci èsn. Fn tnbes ies scõeics tcfbråf ie jgsje bure`gðf= cftnf`cs sc bclcrå bgspnfcr bc ins cicjcftns quc pcrjgtef `nftrnier n rckuier ies scõeics fcujåtgès.

Cocjpin? Bgspnsgtgvn bc Jnfteoc bc \nbejgcftns y cfkresc. Pc bclcfbci jnfter rnbejgcftns cf ufe lefbcoe bcsc jnfteoc, cfkreserins. Bcspuçs jnfteoc bc ins pgczes gfbgvgbueics, suoctefy ins rnbejgcftns jcbgeftc uf `gigfbrn fcujåtg`ns 5.8 (E)= y ci `gigfbrn <.8 (L) e``gnfe ie prcfse bc cfkreser pere iicfer ins rnbejgcftns. Ci fÿjcrn bc èrrcres bc ie prcfse cs eoustelic, ye quc cf cste lefèbe sc jnftef rnbejgcftns bc bgacrcftc tejeõn. Xiefn bc Pgtue`gðf @gigfbrn bc suoc`gðf <.8 (L)

@gigfbrn bc suoc`gðf 5.8 (E)

\nbejgcftn

Xrcfse bc cfkresc


<

02

3

1

;

4

:75

5

@gigfbrn 5?8 (E)

8 5

@gigfbrn

70


\CIÇ RCJXN\G_EBN\ @nf uf rciç tcjpnrgzebn pucbc rcterbersc ie `nfcxgðf n bcs`nfcxgðf bc ie lnlgfe bci jgsjn. Ci rcterbn bc tgcjpn, quc pucbc scr èiglrebn agon n vergelic e eouster, sc `nfsgkuc `nf `njpnfcftcs cic`trðfg`ns gf`nrpnrebns ei rciç. Pckÿf su `nfstru``gðf, uf rciç tcjpnrgzebn pucbc tcfcr ufe `nfcxgðf ebg`gnfei `nf ie ùei `njefbe ci rcterbn.

5. \ciç tcjpnrgzebn bc `gcrrc rcterbebn Iuckn bc `nfc`ter ie `nrrgcftc bc cx`gte`gðf, trefsùrrc uf tgcjpn R deste quc sc e`tgve ie lnlgfe bci rciç y sc `gcrre n elrcf ins rcspc`tgvns `nfte`tns. BGEK\EJE BGP@\CRN 5 Pcõei bc cftrebe 8 5 Pcõei bc seigbe 8

t

RCJXN\G_EBN\ FCSJERG@N Pcõei bc seigbe

Pcõei bc cftrebe

R R

RCJXN\G_EBN\ CIC@R\G@N

Pcõei bc cftrebe

\ciç `nf rcterbn bc `nfcxgðf


Pcõei bc seigbe

72


<.

\ciç R cjpnrgzebnr bc epcrture r cterbebe.

Ei `nfc`ter ie `nrrgcftc bc cx`gte`gðf, ins `nfte`tns èjlgef bc pnsg`gðf. Iukn bc bcs`nfc`ter ie `nrrgcftc bc cx`gte`gðf tresùrrc cf Rgcjpn R deste quc ins `nfte`tns quc ins `nfte`tns rctnjef su pnsg`gðf gfg`gei.

BGEK\EJE BGP@\CRN 5 Pcõei bc cftrebe 8 5 Pcõei bc seigbe

8

t

RCJXN\G_EBN\ FCSJERG@N Pcõei bc seigbe

Pcõei bc cftrebe

R R

RCJXN\G_EBN\ CIC@R\G@N

Pcõei bc cftrebe

\ciç `nf rcterbn bc `nfcxgðf


Pcõei bc seigbe

73


BGPCÕN BC SF @G\@SGRN CIC@R\NFCSJÅRG@N PC@SCF@GEI RCJXN\G_EBN Sf csqucje bc bgstrglu`gðf pucbc `nfac``gnfersc bc bns jefcres? 5. <.

Jçtnbn Gftugtgvn. Jçtnbn Pgstcjåtg`n.

Cf ejlns èsns sc snlrcftgcfbc quc tgcfc quc cxgstgr uf prnlicje bc jefbn quc sc qugcre sniu`gnfer jcbgeftc uf csqucje. @uefbn sc npte pnr ci prgjcrn bc ins jçtnbns, sc rcùrrc cxìusgvejcftc e ie gftug`gðf y cxpcrgcf`ge sg ci jefbn cs jås `njpicon, sc rcqugcrc bc `gcrte cxpcrgcf`ge y bc ju`dn tgcjpn. @uefbn sc epigè ci sckufbn jçtnbn quc sc rgkc pnr rckies bcagfgbes, tgcfc quc prn`cbcr bc anrje sgstcjetgzebe, in quc prcsupnfc ci `nfn`gjgcftn bc rckies. Cf tnbn èsn, ùeiqugcre bc ins bns jçtnbns bclcrêe bcscjlnèr cf uf jufbn bc auf`gnfejgcftn sckurn.

Cocjpin? \ejpe Pcperebnre Xiefn bc Pgtue`gðf

E L


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0

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5

8

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CPUSCJE FCSJERG@N

5.8 (E)

<.8 (L)

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5.5. W5

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L

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CPUSCJE CIC@R\G@N + P

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M<

M0

M0

PRNX R<

M<

M5

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2

3

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FE F@ 3 1 R5 : 5 sck (RGXN NF BCIEW) R< : < sck (RGXN NF BCIEW)


7;


X\C@ES@GNFCP @NF IE CIC@@GNF BCI RGXN BC RCFPGNF XE\E CI RCJXN\G_EBN\. -

Cf sgstcjes bc jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n cs prcacrglic utgigzer uf leon vniteoc bc prntc``gðf. Pc utgigze kcfcreijcftc ufe tcfsgðf bc <2 QB@.

-

Pc rc`njgcfbe quc tnbns ins cicjcftns bci sgstcje bci jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n rciçs bc iåjperes bc scõeigze`gðf, ct`),(Rcjpnrgzebnrcs, sc scic``gnfcf pere quc`nfte`tn, treleocfsnicfngbcs, `nf ci jgsjn fgvci bc tcfsgðf.

-

Ie tcfsgðf bc treleon, esê `njn ie èpe`gbeb bc èrke bc ins `nfte`tns bci Rcjpnrgzebnr sc gfbgèf cf su pieè bc ère`tcrêstgès. Cf ci èsn bc treleoer `nf tcfsgðf `nftgfÿe, ci pntcf`gei bc NQ bc ie tcfsgðf bc eigjcfte`gðf sc `nfc`te e tgcrre, iuckn e trevçs bc uf puisebnr, `nfte`tn bc agf bc èrrcre n `nfte`tn bc rciç sc `nfc`te ei `nfbu`tnr bc pniergbeb pnsgtgve. Pc bclc prn`cbcr bc cstc jnbn pnr reznfcs bc sckurgbeb.

-

Rcðrgèjcftc tejlgçf cs pnsglic `nfc`ter ci Rcjpnrgzebnr ei `nfbu`tnr bc pniergbeb pnsgtgve?

+ <2 v

E5 R

R

E<

5; 54

Cf èsn bc aeiie `nfjute R

0 P5 2 W5 NQ

Cxgstgrêe sgf cjlerkn ci pcigkrn bc quc bclgbn e uf bcac`tn bc egsie`gðf n pnr eikufe ntre èuse ci lnrfc fcketgvn bci Rcjpnrgzebnr sc `nfc`tc e tgcrre cf anrje fn bcscebe (aeiie bc `nfjute`gðf).

-

Xere ufe jeynr bure`gðf bc ins `njpnfcftcs bci Rcjpnrgzebnr, bclc `nfc`tersc cf pereicin e ciins uf vergstnr.


74


3 GFPREIE@GÐF BCI @G\@SGRN CIC@R\NFCSJERG@N BC SF REIEB\N


77

REIEB\N FCSJÅRG@N

5

<

ICWCFBE

F¿

5

? REIEB\N FCSJÅRG@N

<

? @GIGFB\N BC BNLIC CAC@RN

N\BCF BC COC@S@GNF

85

De`cr csqucje bc jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n bc uf teiebrn

8<

Xrnler jntnr fcujåtg`n bc teiebrn

80

Xrnler `grùgtn cic`trnfcujåtg`n bc uf teiebrn

X_E. @EFR.

JERC\GEICP / GFPR\SJCFRNP

Reiebrn fcujåtg`n @gigfbrn bc bnlic cac`tn Cic`trnvåivuie 2/<, jnfncstelic Cic`trnvåivuie 0/<, jnfncstelic Xrcsnstetn Qåivuie rckuiebnre bc prcsgðf Qåivuie bc cstrefkuie`gðf Qåivuie bc cstrefkuie`gðf ufgbgrc``gnfei


GFPREIE@GÐF BCI @G\@SGRN CIC@R\NFCSJERG@N BC SF REIEB\N

XC\ß


JERC\GEI D.R.

3

RGCJXN CP@EIE?


588


NXC\E@GNF \ceigzer csqucje bc jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n bc uf teiebrn Pc rceigzerå ci csqucje fcujåtg`n y ciç`trg`n, pere ci `nftrni y rckuie`gðf bci `gigfbrn y jntnr fcujåtg`n.

Xrn`csn bc Cocù`gðf 5.

\ceig`c csqucje fcujåtg`n. 5

XJ X\CPNPRERN B5

B< W5

W<

R R

X5

X<

E

Ci csqucje `nfste låsgèjcftc bc? L

-

8.5

-

85 Sfgbeb bc jeftcfgjgcftn. 8< Qåivuies rckuiebnres bc prcsgðf, pere rckuier ie prcsgðf bc scrvg`gn bci jntnr fcujåtg`n y ci `gigfbrn. 85 Cic`trnvåivuie 0/<, jnfncstelic. 85 Cic`trnvåivuie 2/<, jnfncstelic. 85 Qåivuie bc cstrefkuie`gðf. 85 Qåivuie bc cstrefkuie`gðf ufgbgrc``gnfei. 85 Xrcsnstetn. 85 @gigfbrn bc bnlic cac`tn. 85 Jntnr fcujåtg`n.


D.N. 5 / <

585


<. \ceig`c csqucje ciç`trg`n

+

P G6

XE\N

XJ

JE\@DE JNRN\

M5 M5

E@

M5

W5

W<

8 5

<

0

2

FE F@ < 2 -

NLPC\QE@GNFCP 

Ins jntnrcs bc egrc `njprgjgbn kcfcref uf jnvgjgcftn bc rnte`gðf quc pucbc trefsjgtgrsc bcsbc uf coc kgretnrgn.



Xere ci bgscõn bci `grùgtn sc de `nfsgbcrebn quc ci jntnr fcujåtg`n kgrc ei e`tgver ci puisebnr bc jer`de y ùefbn ci prcsnstetn eièfze ie prcsgðf prcagoebe, cs pnsglic quc ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn sc cxtgcfbe ei puiser —E@‗



Rejlgçf cs pnsglic rckuier ie prcsgðf bc treleon bci `gigfbrn y bci jntnr fcujåtg`n, usefbn ies våivuies bc rckuie`gðf bc prcsgðf.


D.N. < / <

58<


NXC\E@GÐF Xrnler jntnr fcujåtg`n bc Reiebrn Cf ci jntnr bc egrc `njprgjgbn sc trefsanrje cfcrkêe fcujåtgè cf treleon jc`åfg`n, ei gkuei quc cf ci `gigfbrn bc egrc `njprgjgbn. Pc prnlere ci jntnr fcujåtg`n `nfc`tefbn egrc `njprgjgbn y vcrgagèfbn rnte`gðf, cstefqucgbeb y `nfbg`gnfcs fnjgfeics bc npcretgvgbeb.

X\N@CPN BC COC@S@GÐF 5.@nfc`tc egrc `njprgjgbn y rceig`c prucles bc npcretgvgbeb. 5 <

0

5 < 0

? Xercbcs bci jntnr ? \ntnr cx`çftrg`n ? Xeictes bcsigzeftcs

Pêjlnin

X\C@ES@GÐF - Bclc prn`cbcr `nf sujn ùgbebn ei bcs`nfc`ter y vnivcr e `nfc`ter ies tulcrêes quc `nfbu`cf egrc e prcsgðf . Ie cfcrkêe bc ie prcsgðf `nftcfgbe cf ins tulns aicxglics y rêkgbns cs iglcrebe vcinzjcftc. Ie prcsgðf cs tef krebc quc ,ies tulcrêes sc jucvcf gf`nftrniebejcftc , pnfgcfbn cf pcigkrn e ins npcrebnrcs. @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

D.N. 5 / 5

580


NXC\E@GÐF Xrnler `grùgtn cic`trnfcujåtg`n bc uf teiebrn. Cf cste npcre`gðf sc vcrgagèrå npcretgvgbeb bc ins cicjcftns fcujåtg`ns y ciç`trg`ns, jnfteoc, `nfcxgnfebn y rckuie`gðf bc ie prcsgðf, eoustc bc vcin`gbeb bc e`tuebnrcs y prucles bc auf`gnfejgcftn.

X\N@CPN BC COC@S@GÐF 5.

Qcrgagquc cicjcftns fcujåtg`ns y ciç`trg`ns.

<.

\ceig`c ci jnfteoc y `nfcxgnfebn bc ins cicjcftns fcujåtg`ns y ciç`trg`ns.

0.

\ckuic prcsgðf bc treleon bc ins e`tuebnrcs (`nf våivuies rckuiebnres E y L).

2.

Eoustc ie vcin`gbeb bc ins e`tuebnrcs.

3.

Qcrgagquc tcfsgðf cf ie aucftc bc eigjcfte`gðf (<2 BQ@).

1.

E``gnfc —P Ô‗

;.

<2.88

Xuisc 'Jer`de'? cfcrkgze ci rciç bc `nftretns M5 y ci snicfngbc W5 bci bgstrglugbnr B5. Ci jntnr kgre. Ei eièfzer ie prcsgðf XJ, ins `nfte`tns bci prcsnstetn èjlgef bc pnsg`gðf. Cs cf cste `grùfstef`ge ùefbn pucbc rceigzersc ci evef`c bci `gigfbrn.

4.

Xuisc ’E@‚ bc anrje `nftgfue, sc cfcrkgze ci snicfngbc W< bci bgstrglugbnr B<. ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn sc cxtgcfbc. Pg aeitere prcsgðf ei jntnr, ci prcsnstetn XJ elrgrå su `nfte`tn y cf `nfscùcf`ge, eufquc sc cstuvgcre puisefbn ’E@‚, ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn rctnrfe. Cf auf`gnfejgcftn fnrjei, sg sc bcoe bc puiser ’E@‚ ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn rctnrfe.

NLPC\QE@GÐF 

Ie rckuie`gðf bci fÿjcrn bc rcvniu`gnfcs cs juy aå`gi bc rceigzer jcbgeftc ufe våivuie cstrefkuiebnre, sgcfbn tejlgçf pnsglic ci jnfteoc bc rckuiebnrcs eutnjåtg`ns pnr aucrze `cftrgauke.


D.N. 5 / 5

582


@G\@SGRN CIC@R\NFCSJERG@N BC SF REIEB\N Ci teiebrebn bc pepci, èrtðf, jebçre, piåstg`n y jctei cs ufe bc ies prgjcres epigè`gnfcs bc ie fcujåtgè cf ie jcèfgze`gðf `nf errefquc bc vgrute. Ie lesc bc ie eutnjetgze`gðf bc ufe teiebrebnre, cs ie ufgbeb igfcei fcujåtgè n ci `gigfbrn rntetgvn fcujåtg`n. Bcpcfbgcfbn bc ie vcin`gbeb bc evef`c jås icfte quc sc fc`csgte pere teiebrer, pucbc utgigzersc uf evef`c purejcftc fcujåtg`n n uf evef`c cicnfcujåtg`n. Cstn bcpcfbcrå prgf`gpeijcftc bci jetcrgei e teiebrer. Xere jebcre liefbe y eikufns tgpns bc piåstg`n sc bcsce ufe kref vcin`gbeb bc evef`c y fn cs elsniutejcftc fc`csergn quc ci jgsjn sce `nfsteftc rckuier. Pgf cjlerkn pere teiebrer jcteics sc fc`csgte rckuiergbeb cf ci jcèfgzebn y, pnr in teftn, vcin`gbeb bc evef`c eoustelic. Cocjpin? Jåqugfe pcranrebe

Xiefnbcsgtue`gðf

Xiefn scùcf`gei

5

e+

L e5

<

E

l+

b+

l5 l-

0 ln

@

e-

2

b-

en `+

3 `5

E/ L/ @ B

? @gigfbrns bc bnlic cac`tn ? Reiebrn fcujåtg`n

1

``n


583


SFGBEB REIEB\EBN\E BC EQEF@C Ies ufgbebcs teiebrebnres pnr uf sgstcje bc jðbuins= pnr cocjpin, ufe teiebrebnre ciç`trgè n fcujåtgè `njlgfebe `nf ufe ufgbeb bc evef`c fcujåtgè n fcujåtg`n dgbråuig`n, n lgcf tnbns ins cicjcftns gfbgvgbueics snf `njpnfcftcs `nfstru`tgvns bc ufe ufgbeb.

@nfstgtu`gðf? Ie èrèse prgf`gpei (5) `nftgcfcf ci jntnr bc iåjgfes bc egrc `njprgjgbn (<) `nf jnvgjgcftns exgei y ie èrèse bci jntnr `nf bcftebn infkgtubgfeics pere ie seigbe bci egrc. Cf ie èrèse bci jntnr, ebcjås bci jntnr bc egrc `njprgjgbn agkuref ci cfkrefeoc piefctergn bc ufe n verges ctepes y ci coc jntrgz. Cf ci krupn bc evef`c, `nf ci çjlnin bc jer`de ebcieftc (2) y ci bc rctrn`csn (3), cståf scperebes ies `åjeres bc ins `gigfbrns pere ins bns çjlnins (jer`de ebcieftc y rctrn`csn) pnr ie percb gftcrjcbge (;). Ci tnrfgiin bc perebe (7) quc snlrcseic bci krupn bc evef`c cstå ufgbn bgrc`tejcftc `nf ci çjlnin bc rctrn`csn. Pnlrc ci tnrfgiin bc perebe dey bns tucrès (58), y pnr ÿitgjn ie peiefè bc gfvcrsgðf sgtuebe cftrc ies bns tucrès pere ci eoustc bc ie prnaufbgbeb bc teiebrn y pere ci èjlgn bc ie jer`de. Pnlrc ci tnrfgiin bc perebe dey tejlgçf uf èsqugiin (5<) `nf uf tnrfgiin rckuielic (50) pere ie igjgte`gðf bci rctrn`csn y eoustc bc ie infkgtub bci teiebrn

Auf`gðf bc evef`c? Ie ufgbeb teiebrebnre bc evef`c bc egrc `njprgjgbn cs e``gnfebe `nf egrc `njprgjgbn prcperebn lgcf e trevçs bc uf linquc bgstrglugbnr bc egrc (51) n lgcf e trevçs bc re`nrcs bc ebjgsgðf bc egrc pnr ufe våivuie efcxe bc 2 vêes. Ci egrc `njprgjgbn quc sc de`c peser pnr ie ufgbeb cjpuoe de`ge ebcieftc ei çjlnin bc evef`c y ie èrèse bci jntnr. Sfe pertc bci egrc `njprgjgbn cs bcrgvebn e trevçs bc nrgag`gns cf ci pgstðf bc evef`c pere de`cr kgrer ci jntnr. Ci egrc sgf prcsgðf (e ie prcsgðf fnrjei) eaiuyc rcargkcrefbn ie lrnè e trevçs bci csèpc bc ie `åpsuie bci jntnr. Ci pgstðf bc rctrn`csn cxpuise bureftc ci evef`c ci egrc bc ie `åjere gfacrgnr bci `gigfbrn snlrc ie våivuie eftgrrctnrfn `nf cstrefkuiejgcftn (57) jnftebe cf ci linquc bgstrglugbnr bc egrc. Ie vcin`gbeb bc evef`c sc rckuie bc jnbn `nftgfun eoustefbn ci cstrefkuiejgcftn jcbgeftc ci tnrfgiin bc rckuie`gðf bc evef`c (<8).


581


50 5< \

X

AGKS\E Pc``gðf bc ufe Sfgbeb teiebrebnre fcujåtgè, cf ies auf`gnfcs bc evef`c y rctrn`csn. e) l) `) B)

Xrntc``gðf @esqugiin - kuêe bc ies lrnès @elczei Jefbrgip nrtelrnès.

X

\ 58 7

55 <5 <<

<8 57

51

3

; 2

Ies cxpigè`gnfcs bc ins fÿjcrns agkuref cf ci tcxtn.

5 < 5; 0 —b

—` U

50


58;


Eoustc bc ie prnaufbgbeb bci Reiebrn? Ie prnaufbgbeb bc teiebrn pucbc eoustersc jcbgeftc ie peiefè bc gfvcrsgðf (<5) rcsuitefbn bc cstc jnbn ju`des pnsglgigbebcs pere ie prnaufbgbeb bci teiebrn quc cf èbe èsn cstå igjgtebe pnr ie prcscf`ge bc ie peiefè bc gfvcrsgðf, quc evefze snigberge snlrc ie våivuie bc gfvcrsgðf agoebe. @uefbn sc cxgkc ufe prnaufbgbeb bci teiebrn `nf prc`gsgðf jg`rnjçtrgè, bclcf cs`nkcrsc ufgbebcs `nf linquc bgstrglugbnr cf ies quc ie tucrè krebuebe gfacrgnr `nrre snlrc ci tnpc cf ie tepe bc `gcrrc (<<) bc ie èrèse prgf`gpei y bc cstc jnbn igjgtc `nf prc`gsgðf ci evef`c. Jerkcf bc pntcf`ges bc ies ufgbebcs teiebrebnres fcujåtgès jås usueics `nf evef`c purejcftc nicnfcujåtg`n Xntcf`gebciJntnr 8,0-5,3@Q Fÿjcrn bc rcvniu`gnfcs cf ve`ên 53888 - 088 rcv/jj. sckÿf ci cfkrefeoc cs`nkgbn. Xntcf`ge bci teiebrn cf Pt 0; (bgåjctrn bci teiebrn ) cf auf`gðf 5,3 - <3 jj. bci fÿjcrn bc rcvniu`gnfcs cf ve`ên Infkgtubbcevef`c 08-538jj. 0 @nfsujnbcegrc. 8,2-5,0Fj /jgf

X\C@ES@GNFCP CF IE NXC\E@GÐF BC SF REIEB\N Cf ci èsn bc quc sc cxgoe ufe sckurgbeb cspc`gei bureftc ci prn`csn bc teiebrebn pucbc rceigzersc uf `nftrni bc ie lrnè, pnr cocjpin jcbgeftc lerrcres bc egrc. Cf gfsteie`gnfcs eutnjåtgès scrå cf ju`dns èsns gjprcs`gfbglics ci `nftrni bc ie pgcze jcèfgzebe, bclgbn ei jetcrgei e teiebrer n ei cjpicn bc lrnès quc sc rnjpcf aå`gijcftc e èuse bc ie rcie`gðf bc ie infkgtub y ci bgåjctrn. Ie utgigze`gðf bc lerrcres


584


1 GFPREIE@GÐF BCI @G\@SGRN CIC@R\NFCSJERG@N BC PCIC@RN\ BC JERC\GEICP


587

PCIC@RN\ BC JERC\GEICP

GG T

P5

P< W

G

E

ICWCFBE E P5/P< T/W

F¿

? @gigfbrn bc bnlic cac`tn ? Agfeics bc èrrcre ? @eoes bc bgacrcftc ef`dn

N\BCF BC COC@S@GNF

85

De`cr csqucje bc j efbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n bc scic`tnr bc jetcrgeics

8<

Xrnler agfei bc èrrcre tgpn peipebnr

80

Xrnler `grùgtn cic`trnfcujåtg`n bc scic`tnr bc jetcrgeics

X_E. @EFR.

JERC\GEICP / GFPR\SJCFRNP

@gigfbrn bc bnlic cac`tn Cic`trnvåivuie 3/<, lgcstelic Xefci bc jnfteoc \ciç bc `nfte`tns. Agfei bc èrrcre Gftcrruptnr scic`tnr Gftcrruptnr bc cjcrkcf`ge Xuisebnrcs


GFPREIE@GÐF BC @G\@SGRN CIC@R\NFCSJERG@N BC PCIC@RN\ BC JERC\GEICP

XC\ß


JERC\GEI D.R.

1

RGCJXN CP@EIE?


558


NXC\E@GÐF \ceigzer csqucje bc jefbn cic`trnfcujåtg`n bc scic`tnr bc jetcrgeics Xgczes bc bgacrcftc ef`dure iickef snlrc ufe `gfte trefspnrtebnre y snf bctc`tebns e trevçs bc bns tresjgsnrcs bc scõeics y ìesgagèbes e trevçs bc uf bgstrglugbnr jcbgeftc uf `gigfbrn fcujåtg`n. Ie bgstef`ge bc trefspnrtc bc ies pgczes cs tei, quc fn pucbcf prcscftersc gftcracrcf`ges.


\ceig`c csqucje fcujåtg`n.

5.8 (E)

5.5. W5

L

E R

\ 8.5

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R

P X


D.N. 5 / <

555


<. \ceig`c csqucje ciç`trg`n +

M5

P G6

M<

JE\@DE

P<

M0

P5

M3

M2

M2

PRNX

M0

M0

M3

M2

CJC\KCF@GE W \CPCR

M5

M0

M<

M2

W5

M3

W<

-

5

<

0

FE F@ FE F@ FE F@ < - 0 2 1 - - 3 -

2

3

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NLPC\QE@GNFCP



Ei e``gnfer PRNX, ci `gigfbrn rctnrfe e su pnsg`gðf nrgkgfei.



Ci agfei bc èrrcre P5 bctc`te ies èoes bc ef`dn jcfnr.





Ci agfei bc èrrcre P< bctc`te ies èoes bc ef`dn jeynr. Ei e``gnfer W5, sc cxtgcfbc ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn y ies èoes sc pnsg`gnfef cf ci `nfbu`tnr GG.



Ei e``gnfer W<, ci våstekn bci `gigfbrn rctnrfe y ies èoes sc pnsg`gnfef cf ci `nfbu`tnr G.


D.N. < / <

55<


NXC\E@GÐF Xrnler agfei bc èrrcre tgpn peipebnr. Pc vcrgagèrå ins agfeics bc èrrcre y sc rceigzerå prucles bc `nftgfugbeb y egsiejgcftn


Qcrgagquc agfeics bc èrrcre

-

<.

Cicjcftn bc e``gnfejgcftn. @nfte`tns. @erèse.

5

\ceig`c prucles bc auf`gnfejgcftn

-

2

<

E``gnfc jefueijcftc ci agf bc èrrcre y pruclc `nftgfugbeb bc `nfte`tns? 5- 2, 5-<

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28

18

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5

-

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Ssc ci jckndjctrn y rceig`c prucle bc egsiejgcftn cftrc ins `nfte`tns y èrèse.

X\C@ES@GÐF - Ies prucles bc `nftgfugbeb y rcsgstcf`ge bc egsiejgcftn sc rceigzef sgf tcfsgðf.


D.N. 5 / 5

550


NXC\E@GÐF Xrnler `grùgtn cic`trnfcujåtg`n bc scic`tnr bc jetcrgeics. Cf cste npcre`gðf sc rceigzerå ci jnfteoc c gfsteie`gðf bc ins cicjcftns fcujåtg`ns y ciç`trg`ns, prucles bc npcretgvgbeb y scùcf`ge bc treleon.


\ceig`c ci jnfteoc y `nfcxgnfebn bc ins cicjcftns fcujåtg`ns.

<.

\ceig`c ci jnfteoc y `nfcxgnfebn bc ins cicjcftns ciç`trg`ns.

58 3 588

0.

\ckuic prcsgðf bc treleon (p : 1 ler)

538

38 <88

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53

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2.

Qcrgagquc tcfsgðf cf ie aucftc bc eigjcfte`gðf (<2 QB@)

3.

E``gnfcP Ô

1.

Xuisc 'Jer`de' y vcrgagquc scùcf`ge bc treleon.

Mp/`j 8

51

PC@SCF@GE -

Xnr ie `gfte trefspnrtebnre iickef èoes bc ef`dure ’T‚ c ’W‚

-

Ies èoes snf bctc`tebes pnr bns agfeics bc èrrcre (P 5 y P <).

-

E ies èoes bc ef`d. ’T‚ ics `nrrcspnfbc ci trefspnrtebnr GG y e ins bc ef`d. ’W‚ ci trespnrtebnr G.

@eoe

8 T

P5

5 5

P<

@GIGFB\N

8 8 \CR\EGBN \CR\EGBN G 5 CTRCFBGBN Cùe`gðf ?

T : P5 W : P<

Í

R\EFPXN\REBN\ BC PEIGBE G GG

P<

X\C@ES@GNFCP -

Ci @gìn npcretgvn fn bclcrêe gfg`gersc sg eftcs fn sc ùjpicf tnbes ies cxgkcf`ges bc sckurgbeb.

-

Ins gftcrruptnrcs bc agfei bc ie èrrcre tgcfcf quc cster prntckgbns `nftre `nfte`tns gfvniuftergns.


D.N. 5 / 5

552


@G\@SGRN CIC@R\NFCSJERG@N BC SF PCIC@RN\ BC JERC\GEICP. Cste`gðf vcrgagèbnre pere ares`ns. Cf ufe cste`gðf bc `nftrni de bc qucber `njprnlebn quc ins ares`ns veyef prnvgstns bc tepe. @uefbn iicke uf ares`n sgf tepe, cftnf`cs ci ares`n de bc qucber epertebn jcbgeftc fcujåtg`n. Ie tepe y ci ares`n snf bctc`tebns pnr jcbgn bc bctc`tnrcsuf bc `gigfbrn prnxgjgbeb. Xiefn bc Pgtue`gðf

Bctc`tnr bc prnxgjgbeb ’e‚

Bctc`tnr bc prnxgjgbeb ’l‚ @gigfbrn cxpuisnr

Ies `nfbg`gnfcs `nftcfgbes cf ci pieftcejgcftn bci prnlicje sc pucbcf bgspnfcr cf anrje bc telie. Ci ðrkefn bc scõei 'e' (bctc`tnr bc prnxgjgbeb) `njprucle ie tepe, ci ðrkefn bc scõei 'l' (bctc`tnr bc prnxgjgbeb) ci ares`n. Repe

Ares`n

Fn Cxgstcftc Fn Cxgstcftc Cxgstcftc Cxgstcftc Fn Cxgstcftc Cxgstcftc Cxgstcftc Fn Cxgstcftc

e

5

l

@gigfbrn

8 5 8

8 5 5 8


\ctreêbn \ctreêbn Cxtcfbgbn Xrå`tgèjcftc gjpnsglic

553


Cf anrje sgjpigagèbe pucbc rcprcscftersc cste telie `njn ufe iiejebe telie bc veinrcs. Cf cste telie bc veinrcs cståf rcprcscftebes ies 2 `njlgfe`gnfcs pnsglics bc bns scõeics lgferges bc cftrebe y ie scõei bc seigbe. e

l

y

5. <.

8

8

8

5

5

8

0.

8

5

5

2.

5

8

8

Xere ci `grùgtn sgkfgagè quc ci `gigfbrn bclc seigr ùefbn ie scõei 'e' tgcfc ci veinr 8 y ie scõei 'l' ci veinr 5 (vcr iêfces). Cstå `nfbg`gðf sc pucbc rcprcscfter tejlgçf `njn cùe`gðf lnnicefe.

Cùe`gðf ? W :ì Í l

Xere ie rceigze`gðf tç`fgè bc cste cùe`gðf cs fc`csergn quc ie scõei bc seigbe bci bctc`tnr bc prnxgjgbeb 'e' cstc bgspnfglic `njn scõei ' ì'. Cstn sc inkre jcbgeftc ufe auf`gðf FN.

@GIGFB\N CTXSIPN\ 5.8.

5.5.

E

L

W X

\

8.5.


551


@NFRE@RN BC AGF BC @E\\C\E Ci `nfte`tn bc agf bc èrrcre pcrtcfc`c ei krupn bc ins bcfnjgfebns `nfte`tns bc ðrbcfcs. Ntrn rcprcscfteftc bc cstc krupn cs ci puisebnr. Xnr `nfte`tn bc ðrbcfcs sc cxtgcfbc cf kcfcrei `nfte`tns quc `nfjutef `grùgtns bc jefbn y `grùgtns euxgigercs. Jgcftresbcquc ci puisebnr cs e``gnfebns, e``gnfebn jefueijcftc pnr ci usuergn., ins bc `nfte`tns jc`åfg`ns agf bc èrrcre snf pnr cocjpin, pnr ufe peiefè ertgùiebe bc uf `gigfbrn. Ouftn e cstns `nfte`tns jc`åfg`ns bc agf bc èrrcre quc `nfjutef pnr uf `nfte`tn aêsg`n bgrc`tn, cxgstcf ins bcfnjgfebns agfcs bc èrrcre sgf `nfte`tn aêsg`n. Cstns ÿitgjns sc bcfnjgfef tejlgçf `nfte`tns bc prnxgjgbeb. Pckÿf ci tgpn `nfstru`tgvn sc ics bnjgfe gfbu`tgvns, èpe`gtgvns y ðptg`ns (lerrcres iujgfnses). Ins `nfte`tns bc agf bc èrrcre sc bgvgbcf cf bns krupns?

Ci Agf bc @errcre `nfjute

Pgf`nfte`tnaêsg`n, `nf eyube bc @ejpns Aêsg`ns - Gftcrruptnr jekfçtg`n

Gftcrruptnr gfbu`tgvn - Gftcrruptnr èpe`gtgvn

bclgbne`nfte`tn aêsg`n, `nf eyube bc Nfbes vgsglics cgfvgsglics lerrcre ufgbgrc``gnfei lerrcre rcaic`teftc lerrcre eutnrcaic`teftc

Aucrzes jc`åfgès Xrnsnstetn Agf bc @errcre. @nfte`tn e Ainteftc

Cf ie agkure sc ekrupef ins `nfte`tns bc agf bc èrrcre sckÿf ci tgpn bc cx`gte`gðf bci iebn bci scfsnr. Pc pucbcf ìesgagèr sckÿf ci `nfte`tn bc seigbe y sg snf e``gnfebns `nf n sgf `nfte`tn aêsg`n? 5.

@nfte`tns bc agf bc èrrcre e``gnfebns cf anrje jc`åfgè, `nf `nfte`tn aêsg`n.

<.

Gftcrruptnr bc prnxgjgbeb `nf `nfte`tn bc seigbe iglrc bc pntcf`gei.


55;


BCRC@RN\ BC X\NTGJGBEB GFBS@RGQN Ci bctc`tnr gfbu`tgvn bc prnxgjgbeb cs uf cicjcftn pere ie gftrnbu``gðf ciç`trgè bc scõeics sgf `nfte`tn. @nfsgstc cf uf `grùgtn ns`gieftc (5), uf csèiðf bc rcieoe`gðf (<) y uf ejpigagèbnr (0). Sfe vcz epigèbe ie tcfsgðf, ci `grùgtn ns`gieftc kcfcre uf èjpn eitcrfn bc eite arcùcf`ge cf ie ère arnftei bci gftcrruptnr gfbu`tgvn bc prnxgjgbeb. Ei gftcrpnfcrsc uf ùcrpn jctåig`n cf ci èjpn jekfçtg`n eitcrfn, qucbe etcfuebn ci `grùgtn ns`gieftc. Ci csèiðf bc rcieoe`gðf pnst`nfc`tebn efeigze ie scõei bc `grùgtn ns`gieftc y knlgcrfe e trevçs bci ejpigagèbnr ie seigbe bci jefbn (2).

NLOCRN

PCFPN\

CREXEP BCI PCFPN\

5? @grùgtn ns`gieftc
<

0

2

PGJLNIN

0 dgins, `nfte`tn F.E., Rgpn XFX

0 dgins, `nfte`tn F.E., Rgpn FXF

PCFPN\

PCFPN\ JE\\NF + FCK\N - E_SI

JE\\NF + FCK\N @E\KE


@E\KE

- E_SI

554


Ins bctc`tnrcs bc prnxgjgbeb sgf `nfte`tn snf usebns prcacrcftcjcftc cf ins sgkugcftcs èsns? -

Pg fn sc bgspnfcf bc aucrzes pere ci e``gnfejgcftn.

-

Pg cs fc`csergn `nfter `nf ufe vgbe ÿtgi ierke.

-

Pg cf ci sgstcje sc prnbu`cf aucrtcs vglre`gnfcs.

-

Pg ies `nfbg`gnfcs bci jcbgn ejlgcftc snf bgaê`gics.

-

Pg snf fc`csergns eites arcùcf`ges bc `nfjute`gðf. Fn nlsteftc, bclcrå tnjersc cf ùcfte in sgkugcftc?

-

Ins bctc`tnrcs bc prnxgjgbeb tgcfcf quc scr eigjcftebns `nf `nrrgcftc ciç`trgè (pere in quc sucic rcùrrgrsc ei `grùgtn bc `nrrgcftc bc jefbn) .

-

Ie bgstef`ge bc `nfjute`gðf (cs bc`gr, ie bgstef`ge bc rcspucste bci bctc`tnr) bcpcfbc bci jetcrgei bci nloctn quc sc ’eprnxgje‚ ei bctc`tnr.

-

Ci bctc`tnr bc prnxgjgbeb gfbu`tgvn snin rce``gnfe arcftc e jetcrgeics jctåig`ns.

-

Ins bctc`tnrcs verêef sckÿf sc tretc bc `grùgtns bc `nrrgcftc `nftgfue n eitcrfe.

-

Ie dujcbeb y ie tcjpcreture ejlgcftc sucicf gfaiugr igkcrejcftc cf ie bgstef`ge bc rcspucste. Ins bctc`tnrcs gfbu`tgvns snf jcfns scfsglics e cstns ae`tnrcs.

-

Bebn quc ins bctc`tnrcs pucbcf prnvnèr gftcracrcf`ges rc`gprnès, cs fc`csergn eèter ufe bgstef`ge jêfgje cftrc ciins.

-

Bclcråf eètersc tejlgçf bctcrjgfebes prcs`rgp`gnfcs pere ci jnfteoc, bgaufbgbns pnr ins aelrgèftcs. Cstes prcs`rgp`gnfcs snf gjpnrteftcs cspc`geijcftc cf equciins èsns cf quc ins bctc`tnrcs snf jnftebns e res n cjpntrebns.

@ejpn jekfçtg`n bc uf trefsjgsnr gfbu`tgvn @NFR\NIGPRE BC JEUSGFEP W X\N@CPNP GFBSPR\GEICP

557


BCRC@RN\ BC X\NTGJGBEB @EXE@GRGQN Ci bctc`tnr èpe`gtgvn bc prnxgjgbeb cs uf cicjcftn pere ie gftrnbu``gðf ciç`trgè bc scõeics sgf `nfte`tn. @nfsgstc cf uf `grùgtn ns`gieftc (5), uf csèiðf bc rcieoe`gðf (<) y uf ejpigagèbnr (0). Sfe vcz epigèbe ie tcfsgðf sc anrje uf èjpn ciç`trg`n cf ie ère arnftei bci gftcrruptnr èpe`gtgvn bc prnxgjgbeb. Ei gftcrpnfcrsc uf ùcrpn jctåig`n n fn jctåig`n cf ci èjpn ciç`trg`n qucbe cx`gtebn ci `grùgtn ns`gieftc. Ci csèiðf bc rcieoe`gðf pnst`nfc`tebn efeigze ie scõei bci `grùgtn ns`gieftc y knlgcrfe e trevçs bci ejpigagèbnr ie seigbe bc

NLOCRN

PCFPN\

CREXEP BCI PCFPN\

5 ? @grùgtn ns`gieftc < ? Csèiðf bc rcieoe`gðf 0 ? Ejpigagèbnr 2 ? @erke 5

<

0

2

PGJLNIN

0 dgins, `nfc`tnr F.E., Rgpn XFX

0 dgins, `nfc`tnr F.E., Rgpn FXF

PCFPN\

PCFPN\ +

JE\\NF

-

+

JE\\NF

FCK\N

FCK\N @E\KE

E_SI


@E\KE

E_SI

5<8


Ei gkuei quc ins gfg`gebnrcs gfbu`tgvns, ins bctc`tnrcs bc prnxgjgbeb èpe`gtgvns tejlgçf auf`gnfef `nf uf ns`giebnr. Fn nlsteftc tretåfbnsc bc scfsnrcs èpe`gtgvns fnrjeics, ci ns`giebnr fn cstå e`tgvn `nfsteftcjcftc. Pg sc e`crè uf nloctn jctåig`n n fn jctåig`n e ie supcrag`gc e`tgve bci scfsnr, eujcfte ie èpe`gbeb ciç`trgè cftrc ie `nfcxgðf `nf tgcrre y bg`de supcrag`gc e`tgve. @uefbn sc rclnse bctcrjgfebn veinr, cftnf`cs cjpgcze e cx`gtersc ci ns`giebnr, ci ùei sucic tcfcr ufe scfsglgigbeb rckuier. Ies ns`gie`gnfcs snf cveiuebes pnr uf ejpigagèbnr, ins pesns `nfscùcftcs snf gkueics e ins scfsnrcs gfbu`tgvns. Cf `nfscùcf`ge, ies seigbes auf`gnfef `nf gftcrruptnrcs fnrjeijcftc elgcrtns, fnrjeijcftc `crrebns n ufe `njlgfe`gðf bc bns sckÿf ie vcrsgðf. Xere quc rcspnfbe ci gfg`gebnr, leste `nf e`crèr ci jcbgn quc bclcrå scr bctc`tebn e ie supcrag`gc e`tgve bci scfsnr. Fn cs fc`csergn quc sc prnbuzè uf `nfte`tn bgrc`tn. Ci jcbgn cf ùcstgðf bclcrå eièfzersc teftn jås, ùeftn jcfnr sce su `nfsteftc bgciç`trgè. Ins jcbgns quc bgspnfkef bc ufe `nfsteftc bgciç`trgè krefbc (ekue, `cjcftn) pucbcf scr bctc`tebns e trevçs bc èpes bcikebes (pnr cocjpin, e trevçs bc rcvcstgjgcftns egsieftcs bc ins scfsnrcs). Ins jcteics tgcfcf ies jgsjes ère`tcrgstgès quc ins jcbgns `nf `nfsteftc bgciç`trgès cicvebes. Bclcrå tcfcrsc ùgbebn cf quc, pnr reznfcs ìgjåtgès, fn sc anrjc ufe pciêùie bc dujcbeb snlrc ci gfg`gebnr, ye quc cstå prnvnèrêe su rce``gðf. Pg cs gfcvgtelic rcùrrgr e scfsnrcs èpe`gtgvns e pcser bc quc cxgstc ci prnlicje bc dujcbeb, cs fc`csergn cvgter bg`dn bcpðsgtn bc dujcbeb snlrc ie supcrag`gc e`tgve bci scfsnr jcbgeftc èicae``gðf, grrebge`gðf bc èinr n vcftgie`gðf `nf egrc èigcftc.

Pupcrag`gc e`tgve bci scfsnr


5<5


BCRC@RN\ BC X\NTGJGBEB ÐXRG@N @nfsgstc cf uf bgnbn iujgfnsn y uf antncicjcftn (5), uf csèiðf bc sgf`rnfgze`gðf (<)y uf ejpigagèbnr (0). @nf tcfsgðf ciç`trgè bc eigjcfte`gðf ci bgnbn (5) kcfcre uf reyn bc iuz bc infkgtub bc nfbe gfvgsglic quc seic bc ie ère arnftei. @ufbn sc gftcrpnfc uf ùcrpn cf ci reyn bc iuz, ins gjpuisns bc iuz qucbef rcaicoebns y rc`glgbns pnr ci antncicjcftn. Ci csèiðf bc sgf`rnfgze`gðf (<) efeigze ie scõei rc`glgbe y iefze e ie seigbe bc jefbn (2) e trevçs bci ejpigagèbnr(0).

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Ci gfg`gebnr nptn - cic`trðfg`n rce``gnfe sgf `nfte`tn bgrc`tn arcftc e tnbn tgpn bc jetcrgeics, `njn pnr cocjpin vgbrgn, jebcre, piåstg`n, iåjgfes, `cråjgè, pepci, iêqugbns y jcteics. Ci bctc`tnr bc prnxgjgbeb ðptg`n cjgtc ufe iuz ùye rcaicxgðf verêe cf auf`gðf bc jetcrgei. Bc cstc jnbn cs ae`tglic scic``gnfer jetcrgeics quc prnbu`cf rcaicxgnfcs bgacrcftcs. Cstc tgpn bc bctc`tnrcs auf`gnfe sgf prnlicjes e trevçs bc `rgsteics n iêqugbns y, ei gkuei quc tnbns ins bctc`tnrcs bc prnxgjgbeb, cs gfscfsglic e ies vglre`gnfcs, cstef`n ei ekue y fn sc bcskeste. Ntres pnsglics epigè`gnfcs snf ie bctc``gðf pgczes bc juy pcqucões, jcbg`gðf bc fgvcics bc iicfebn, bctc``gðf cf znfes cxpucstesbc ei pcigkrn cxpinsgðf, ct`. Ins jðbuins scjg`nfbu`tnrcs snf ’nptn - cic`trðfg`ns‚ sg cjgtcf scõeics iujgfnses (jcbgeftc bgnbns iujgfnsns, pnr cocjpin), sg rc`glcf scõeics iujgfnses (pnr cocjpin antnbgnbns n antntrefsgstnrcs) n sg trefsanrjef scõeics iujgfnses cf scõeics ciç`trgès (pnr cocjpin antn`çiuies n antncicjcftns). e). Lerrcres bc iuz `nf cjgsnr y rc`cptnr scperebns

l). Lerrcres bc rcaicxgðf, `njpucstes bc cjgsnr y rc`cptnr gf`nrpnrebns bc ufe snie èoe, y bc uf rcaic`tnr.

`). Bctc`tnrcs bc iuz bc rcaicxgðf= ei gkuei quc ies eftcrgnrcs, cståf `njpucstes bc cjgsnr y rc`cptnr gf`nrpnrebns cf ufe snie èoe, eufquc auf`gnfef `nf bgstef`ges jås `nrtes quc ies lerrcres `nf rcaic`tnr, ye quc utgigzef `njn ’rcaic`tnr‚ ei nloctn quc bctc`tef.


5<0


@NFQC\RGBNP BC PCÕEICP FCSJÅRG@N-CIÇ@R\G@N (X\CPNPRERN) Cstc gftcrruptnr rckuielic fcujåtgèjcftc (pnr prcsgðf) tgcfc ie auf`gðf bc `nfvcrtgr scõeics fcujåtg`ns cf scõei ciç`trgès. Pg ie cftrebe T rc`glc uf scõei, ie jcjlrefe e`tÿe snlrc ci cjpuoebnr. Fn nlsteftc snin ciin nùrrc sg ie prcsgðf cf ie cftrebe T cs jeynr e ie aucrze quc sc deye eoustebn cf ci juciic. Bg`dn eoustc sc cac`tÿe jcbgeftc uf tnrfgiin. Pg ie prcsgðf cs jeynr quc ie aucrze bci juciic, ci e``gnfejgcftn e`tÿe snlrc ci gftcrruptnr `nfjutebnr. Ie scõei ciç`trgè bc seigbe sc jeftgcfc jgcftres quc ie scõei bc cftrebe cf T tcfke ie prcsgðf fc`cserge. Rnbns ins `nfvcrtgbnrcs bc scõei auf`gnfef `nf ies tcfsgnfcs usueics bc `nrrgcftc `nftgfue n eitcrfe. Ie lnlgfe n ci jg`rngftcrruptnr tgcfc quc gf`nrpnrersc sckÿf ie epigè`gðf `nf`rcte bci `nfvcrtgbnr.

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—e) Gfe`tgvn

—l) E`tgvn


5<2


X\C@ES@GNFCP CF IE NXC\E@GNF BC INP AGFCP BC @E\\C\E

-

Pnf ufgbebcs bc aå`gi e``csn y bclcf cster ulgèbns cf iukercs sc`ns y igjpgns, prntckgbns `nftre dujcbeb, pnivn, e`cgtc, jcbgns rcargkcreftcs y beõns tçrjg`n y jc`åfg`ns.

-

Ins gftcrruptnrcs bc agfei èrrcre y ins igjgtebnrcs bc èrrcre fn bclcråf beõersc cf èsn bc scr rclesebns e èuse bc uf aeiin. Xrc`gsejcftc cs cstc uf espc`tn quc `nf arcùcf`ge fn cs tnjebn cfùcftre pnr ci aelrgèftc bc ie jequgferge (cspc`geijcftc cf equciins èsns cf ins quc fn sc rceigze ufe dnjninke`gðf bci tgpn bc Jequgfe)

-

Ins gftcrruptnrcs bc agfei bc èrrcre tgcfcf quc cster prntckgbes `nftre `nfte`tns gfvniuftergns. Cf `nfscùcf`ge, sgcjprc sc ics ulgèrå bc tei jefcre quc fn pcrjgtcf ufe eùjuie`gðf bc su`gcbeb y vgrutes quc pnbrêef gftcracrgr cf ies scùcf`ges bci jefbn.

-

Ins cicjcftns bc jefbn bc ins agfeics bc èrrcre bclcrêef scr prcacrcftcjcftc bc rupture lrusè. Ins agfcs bc èrrcre def bc `njpnfcrsc n bc uf gftcrruptnr `nfjutebnr (fnrjeijcftc elgcrtn n `crrebn) n lgcf bc uf gftcrruptnr gfbgvgbuei fnrjeijcftc elgcrtn y uf gftcrruptnr gfbgvgbuei fnrjeijcftc `crrebn. Pg aucscf fc`csergns ntrns gftcrruptnrcs ebg`gnfeics, cs ae`tglic rcùrrgr e `nfte`tnrcs cic`trnjekfçtg`ns euxgigercs n e rciçs.

-

Ins gftcrruptnrcs jÿitgpics tgcfbcf e aeiier bcspuçs bc ju`dn usn, bcpcfbgcfbn bci csaucrzn ciç`trg`n y jc`åfg`n ei quc deyef sgbn snjctgbns. Cstc cs uf ae`tnr quc ci gfsteiebnr bclcrêe tnjer cf ùcfte ei cickgr cftrc ins bgvcrsns jefbns quc ic snf narc`gbns cf ci jcrèbn. Sf jefbn `nf gftcrruptnrcs jÿitgpics sucic scr jcfns `nstnsn, eufquc tejlgçf cs jcfns agelic quc cf jefbn `nf rciçs. Ebcjås, uf sgstcje `nf gftcrruptnrcs jÿitgpics narc`c jes prnlicjes bureftc ins treleons bc jeftcfgjgcftn.


5<3


RE\CEP BC \CAN\_EJGCFRN (ACCBLE@M)


5<1


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XIEFN BC PGRSE@GÐF

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RE\CE 0? BGPXNPGRGQN BC IICFEBN BCP@\GX@GÐF Ci `gigfbrn 5.8 (E) sc cfùcftre cxtcfbgbn, `crrefbn ie znfe bc bcsèrke bc ie tnive. Ci `gigfbrn <.8 (L) sc cfùcftre rctreêbn. Ei ber ie nrbcf bc gfg`gn bc scùcf`ge, ci `gigfbrn 5.8 (E) rctnrfe, prnbu`gcfbn ie bcsèrke bc pgcbres bc sc gkfg`gðf ei bcpnsgtn bureftc uf tgcjpn R. Rrefsùrrgbn ci tgcjpn, ci `gigfbrn 5.8 (E) cxtgcfbc. Ei `crrer5`njpictejcftc ie bcsèrke bc ie tnive, ci `gigfbrn <.8 (L) sc cxtgcfbc y `ninè ci bcpnsgtn < cf znfe bc iicfebn sc rcpgtc ie scùcf`ges pere ci iicfebn bc ins bcpðsgtns sgkugcftcs. XIEFN BC PGRSE@GÐF

Xgcbres bc gkfg`gðf

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Bcpðsgtn bc `gfte <

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@gigfbrn @ Puoc`gðf

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Puocter y pcranrer ufe pgcze bc cielnre`gðf

Puocter Ie suoc`gðf bc ie pgcze cf cielnre`gðf tgcfc quc cs e`tgvebe jefueijcftc bc bns iukercs bgstgftns. Ie iglcre`gðf bc ie pgcze tejlgçf sc rceigze jcbgeftc uf lntðf.

@nfbg`gnfcs bc igjgtc e). Ie suoc`gðf snin tgcfc quc scr pnsglic ùefbn ie pgcze cf cielnre`gðf sc cfùcftre cf pnsg`gðf. l). Ie pgcze fn pucbc scr iglcrebe jgcftres sc cstçf rceigzefbn ies pcranre`gnfcs. Xcranrer Jcbgeftc uf cicjcftn cjgsnr bc scõeics sc be ie scõei bc errefquc pere ci prn`csn bc pcranre`gðf. @uefbn ie pufte bci pcranrebnr de eièfzebn ie pnsg`gðf agfei eftcrgnr, tgcfc quc rctrn`cbcr.

@nfbg`gnfcs bc igjgtc e) Ie jer`de bc gbe bc ie pufte bc pcranrebnr tgcfc quc pnbcrsc rckuier e jcfns vcin`gbeb. l) Ie jer`de bc rckrcsn tgcfc quc rceigzersc e jes vcin`gbeb. `) Ci bc pcranre`gðf `gigfbrnbc bc suoc`gðf suoc`gðf deprn`csn eièfzebn ie pnsg`gðfbclc agfeirceigzersc eftcrgnr ysnin sc ùefbn tgcfc ie ciprcsgðf bcscebe XIEFN BC PGRSE@GÐF

@gigfbrn L

@gigfbrn E


528


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5. <.

Jefuei bc Cic`trnfcujåtgè Jefuei bc Cic`trnfcujåtgè

0.

JefueibcCic`trnfcujåtgè

Jeffcsjejj \cxrntd

2.

JefueibcCic`trnfcujåtgè

Jg`rn

3.

FcujåtgècDgbråuigè

Cbgtnrgei@uiturei

1.

PgstcjesCic`trnfcujåtg`ns

;.

www.acstn.cs

4.

w w w. eutnjetgnfstubgn. `nj

7.

w w w. lns`drcxrntd.`nj. lr.

58.

dttp? // wnrib.mcfycf`c.`nj

55.

w w w. rcce.1x.tn

5<

dttp? // kcn`gtgcs.`nj/

50

w w w. cesysèbe.`nj/gfbre`nftrni/

52 53

w w w. `nftrni-eutnjetg`n.fct/ dttp? //cè.rcbcye.`nj/


Lns`d. Acstn

Xerefgfan

525

X\NXGCBEB GFRCIC@RSEI BCI X\NDGLGBE PS \CX\NBS@@GÐF W QCFRE PGFPCFERG IE ESRN\G_E@GÐF @N\\CPXNFBGCFRC

@ÐBGKN BC JERC\GEI 854<

CBG@GÐF OSFGN <882

182 Mandos de Sistemas Electroneumaticos

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